Integration of Thermal and Electrical Storage

with Supply and Demand Energy Systems

Adel Khalil
Professor of Energy Engineering
Cairo University

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 Energy Storage Technologies

Storage is needed because Renewable Energy Resources

could be variable and intermittent.
• Mechanical storage (flywheels)
• Pumped-Hydro storage (Potential Energy)
• Compressed Air Storage
• Thermal Energy storage
• Thermo-chemical storage
• Liquid air Energy Storage
• Electro-chemical storage (batteries)
• Electrical storage-Magnetic field storage
• Electric Double Layer Super Capacitors
• Hydrogen/Ammonia as a storage medium

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Potential locations and applications of electricity
storage (IRENA 2017)

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Grid applications of energy storage(IRENA 2020)

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Electricity storage energy capacity growth by
source, 2017-2030 (IRENA)

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Techno-economic parameters for electricity storage
suitability assessment (IRENA2020)

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An overview of energy storage technologies
Source: Apricum- CSP Today

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 Power to X

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eoip2nM
apz0
Electricity storage services and their relevance to
renewable power integration (IRENA 2020)

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System services that electricity storage can provide
at varying timescales (IRENA 2020)

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Demand Side Management Load Shape Modifications

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 Energy Storage

• Chemical and Nuclear are pure forms of stored

energy
• Energy storage is important for use with RE
because of its unsteady nature.
• Storage reduces system capacity and cost
• ES reduces operating costs-TOU tariffs
• Storage efficiency
• ES density (kJ/m3)- sp ES (kJ/kg)-
charge/discharge rate

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 Kinetic Energy Storage (Flywheels)

https://youtu.be/8X_Sn2_BDUI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8X2U7bDNcPM

Energy Stored = mV2/2 = 2p2N2I

N =Angular Velocity
I= moment of Inertia
https://youtu.be/8X_Sn2_BDUI
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Effect of flywheel material on energy storage
density

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 pumped hydro-electric storage system
Energy Recovered = rgQDHxh(pump)xh(Turbine)
Overall efficiency = 75-85 %
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pumped-
storage_hydroelectric_power_stations

https://youtu.be/7nmC-qV1G7I

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 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)

Energy Stored =[n/(n-1)][P2V2-P1V1]

Oveall eff=70-80%

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 Thermal Storage

• Hot water storage

• Chilled water storage
• Pebble bed storage
• Molten Salt Storage
• Phase-change material storage (PCM)
• Building Thermal mass

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Thermal Energy Storage Systems

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 Thermal Storage

Energy Stored = m C DT (Sensible storage)

or
Energy Stored =m x Latent heat of fusion
(Latent Storage)

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Solar Water Heating
Hot water

Cold water

Hot water

Radiators

Cold water
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 Chilled Water Storage
(for HVAC systems)

Benefits
• Increases efficiency of chilled-water production
• Increases reliability of the district cooling system
• Reduces chiller cooling capacity and cost
• Reduces peak electric demands Charges
• Reduces use of CFC refrigerants
• Improves regional air quality

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 Thermal Storage Is Useful When:

1. Loads are short duration

2. Loads are infrequent
3. Loads are cyclic
4. Loads do not match availability of
energy sources
5. High E costs at time of use
6. Utility rebates
7. Limited E supply from utilities
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Thermal Cool Storage (load shifting)

Water Chiller Load (TR) Chiller Load Without storage (TR)

Chiller load with storage (TR)

0 6 12 18 24
Hour

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•Built Area 180,000 sq m
•Max Elect Demand 14 MW
•Max AC load 3600 TR

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• https://youtu.be/3ESSftxQAc4
•https://youtu.be/7IZ3PBr7dO4
•https://youtu.be/tEh16-NusuQ
• https://youtu.be/XM08h6xI9Rw

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solar absorption air Cooling

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Parabolic Concentrator
for Solar Cooling

•Cool

•Hot

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 Passive Solar Cooling in Green
Architecture

• Thermal storage
• Using Building Mass-Large to reduce
Temperature Swing
• Phase change materials
• Roof Ponds
• Night Sky Cooling

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 Use of Thermal mass

Activated concrete
thermal storage Sultan Hasan Madrasah

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Phase Change Material storage

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Geothermal energy storage

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9 Thermal Energy Storage
Thermal Energy Storage in CSP Power Plants

Fossil co-firing
(optional)
Heat

Concentrator
Power block
system

Electricity
to the grid
Energy
Storage
(optional)

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 Thermal Storage with CSP

Q = m  c p ,m (Dmin/ max )

Temperature
Temperature 290 °C
550 °C

Molten salt (Nitrates) 0.22 MWh/m3

Sodium 0.08
Rock (0.25% void fraction 0.15
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Thermal Storage in CSP and Hybrid Power Plants

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 Sensible Energy Storage media
Average
Volume
Temperature Average heat Average Thermal
Solid storage specific heat
Cold Hot density conductivit heat capacity diffusivity
media capacity
(°C) (°C) (kg/m³) y (kJ/(kgK)) (m2/s)
(kWht/m³)
(W/(mK))

Sand-rock-
200 300 1700 1.0 1.30 4.5×10-7 60
mineral oil

Reinforced
200 400 2200 1.5 0.85 8.0×10-7 100
concrete

NaCl (solid) 200 500 2160 7.0 0.85 3.8×10-6 150

Cast iron 200 400 7200 37.0 0.56 9.2×10-6 160

Cast steel 200 700 7800 40.0 0.60 8.6×10-6 450

Silica fire
200 700 1820 1.5 1.00 8.2×10-7 150
bricks

Magnesia fire
200 1200 3000 5.0 1.15 1.4×10-6 600
bricks 35
 Latent Energy Storage Media for CSP
Melting
Enthalpy
temperature
Phase change storage media H
Tm
(J/g)
(°C)

LiOH(20wt%)-NaOH(80wt%) 215 280

LiNO3 252 380-530

KNO3(54wt%)-NaNO3(46wt%) 222 100

Ca(NO3)2(45wt%)-NaNO3(55wt%) 230 ~110

KCl-ZnCl2 # 230-430 200-220

NaNO2-NaOH# 232-265 250-300

LiCl-LiOH# 262 485

NaOH-NaNO3# 247-292 240-300

NaNO3 306 178

KNO3(94wt%)-KCl(6wt%) ~320 ~80

KNO3 334 98 36
 Thermal Storage Options

BASE load
Delayed Intermediate Load

Intermediate load Peak load

 Thermo Chemical Storage

CH4 + H2O = CO + 3H2 – 6020 kJ per kg CH4

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 Thermo-chemical storage
Thermo-
Chemical
Parameter Sensible Energy Storage Latent-Heat Storage
Energy
Storage
Water Rock Concrete Glauber salt Paraffin NH4Br
Heat capacity c
4.19 0.84 1.1 3.3 2.5 -
(kJ/(kgK))
Density ρ (kg/m3)
1000 1600 2240 1330 770 -
Enthalpy h
333.5 - - 251 209 1910
(kJ/kg)
Energy density:
q (kJ/kg) 84 17 22 317 259 1910
qv (MJ/m3) 84 27 49 422 199 5540
Mass m (103 kg) 42.8 211.7 163.4 11.5 14.0 1.9
Relative mass 1 4.9 3.8 0.27 0.33 0.04
Volume in m3 42.8 203.6* 73.4 8.6 18 0.65
Relative volume 1 4.76 1.7 0.2 0.42 0.015

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 Integrated Thermal Storage (Heat Battery)

Applications
1. Domestic hot water (DHW)
2. Space Heating
3. Industrial Process Heat

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Liquid Air Energy Storage (70%+ eff.)

LAES is environmentally friendly

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 Claude Air Liquefaction Cycle
-196 C

-183 C

Claude Cycle

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Stand-alone Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) plant

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LNG Storage (-162 C)

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 Electrical Energy Storage

• Electro-Chemical(Batteries)-BESS
• Inductive field (SMES)
• Double layer Capacitors (EDLC)
• Electrostatic field

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Batteries
Lithium Batteries

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 NaS batteries
sodium–sulfur battery is a type of molten-salt battery constructed from --liquid sodium (Na)
and sulfur (S).[1][2]
-This type of battery has a high energy density, high efficiency of charge/discharge (89–92%)
-long cycle life (2500 charge/discharge cycles),
-fabricated from inexpensive materials.
-However, because of the operating temperatures of 300 to 350 °C
-highly corrosive nature of the sodium polysulfides,
-such cells are primarily suitable for large-scale non-mobile applications such as grid energy
storage.
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REDOX Flow Battery

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Energy and Power Storage Density for Batteries

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Energy storages types Comparison:

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Positioning of diverse energy storage technologies per their
power rating and discharge times at rated power

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Learning curve for Li-Ion Batteries price

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Battery Management System

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Battery End of Life Management

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Sample default values for storage technology mapping (IRENA2020)

C-rate is a measure of the ratio between the power rating and the energy rating of a storage
device. A 1C rate means that at full power, the storage will be depleted in 1 hour. A 2C rate =
30 minutes for
the device to be completely discharged, while C/2 = 2 hours for a full discharge, and so on.
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage System
(SMES)

E= 0.5xL x I2
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Helium Property Diagram

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SMES Systems

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Energy Storage in Super Capacitors

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 Conventional Capacitor

Conventional capacitors have high power densities but relatively low energy densities
as compared to batteries and fuel cells

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 Electro Chemical Double Layer Super Capacitor

-Voltage during discharge is determined by the equivalent Series resistance (ESR)

-Max Power of a Capacitor is expressed by :

-Super capacitors incorporate high surface area, thinner dielectric (smaller distance between electrodes).
-Higher capacitance , higher energy densities, shorter charging times and longer shelf life.
-Life about 1 million cycles and efficiency close to 99%
-Application: frequency inertial stability for the electricity grid.
-Cost is still high as compared to batteries( 5-10 times)- environmentally friendly (biomass based) A. Khalil
Pseudo Capacitance

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Applications of super capacitors

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Power and Energy Density Comparison

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Energy storages types Comparison:

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 Power to X (ptx)

Hydrogen as a storage medium/fuel

Ammonia as a storage media/fuel
Production of carbon neutral fuels
Production of Chemicals

Production/Storage/Transport
• H2 Production: Electrolysis(ALK, PEM and SOEC), reforming, cracking, TC
reactions,..
• H2 Storage/Transport: Pressurized, Cryogenic, Adsorption in Mg Hydride

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 Hydrogen
Property Plot

and
Conversion
Units

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Hydrogen Storage Methods

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Integration of VRE into end uses by means of hydrogen

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Hydrogen Storage

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Hydrogen mobility

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EU Hydrogen Strategy

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Types of Hydrogen

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Hydrogen Value Chain Development

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Methods of producing hydrogen using CSP

Hydrogen production processes

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10 Secondary Applications

Thermochemical Cycle (TC Cycle)

Research in the project Hydrosol

Fig. : Thermochemical cycle

Sources: [6]

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10 Secondary Applications

Thermochemical Cycle (TC Cycle)

Fig. : Receiver with quartz window and a ceramic honey comb absorber structure

Sources: [8]

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10 Secondary Applications

Solar Steam Reforming of Natural Gas

Steam Reforming Process

The following illustration shows the steam reforming process

the reformer shown can be taken as a black box, as there are several reformer
design options

Fig.: Process of steam reforming and chemical equation

Sources: [7]

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Global Warming

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Carbon footprint

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CO2 Indicators

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Ammonia to Green Hydrogen

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Direct conversion of chemical energy into
electricity-Fuel Cells
Enthalpy of formation and Gibbs free energy
 Fuel Cell losses

• Fuel crossover losses are prominent in the fuel

cell operation at low temperatures.
• The activation losses are due to the slow
reaction kinetics on the surface of the electrodes.
• Ohmic losses are due to the resistance offered
to the flow of electrons and ions through
electrodes and electrolytes, respectively.
H mobility
Integration of Storage into RE Systems

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E Storage Simulation

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 Conclusions

• Energy Storage serves both SDGS 7 and 13

• Energy storage is the way forward to de-carbonize the
power sector and achieve zero carbon buildings and
transition to 100% renewables.
• More R&D is needed to drive down the investment costs
of Energy storage technologies ($/kWh) for both Supply
and demand sides.
• Policies and incentive schemes needed to support
increasing energy storage implementation.

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Thank you
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DER-VET software(Storage Value Estimation Tool)

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Electricity Grid in Egypt

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