12 GRADE TEACHER : QUYNH NHU

Exercise

PHONOLOGY ( NGỮ ÂM )
Cách phát âm chữ “s” ở cuối:
- s được đọc là /s/  sau các từ tận cùng bằng các âm: / p/ , /t/ , /k/, /f/ , /θ/      (k,f,pt,th,gh)
- es được đọc là /iz/ sau các từ tận cùng bằng các âm: /s/, /z/, /∫/, /t∫/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/    (s, ch, x. sh, z)
- s được đọc là /z/  sau các từ tận cùng bằng các âm còn lại.
Cách phát âm  “ed” ở cuối:
- ed được đọc là /t/  sau các từ tận cùng bằng các âm: / p/ , /s/ , /k/, /f/ , /θ/, /ò /, /tò/,    (k, p, f, s,
x, c, ch, sh)
  - ed được đọc là /id/  sau các từ tận cùng bằng các âm: / t/ , /d/ .  (d,t)
 

-  ed được đọc là /d/  sau các từ tận cùng bằng các âm còn lại.
 

*Lưu ý: một số tính từ tận cùng la – ed hoặc trạng từ tận cùng là – edly thì ed được phát âm
là /id/ :naked, wicked, crooked, ragged, rugged, learned, deservedly, supposedly, markedly,
allegedly.
Khi gặp gạch dưới chữ S :
Bình thường chữ s phát âm là /s/, nhưng có những ngoại lệ cần nhớ là :
s đọc /z/các chữ sau:busy, please, easy, present, desire, music, pleasant, desert, choose,
reason, preserve, poison..
-Chữ s đọc / ʃ / : sugar,sure
Đối với chữ CH
- CH đọc /tò/ là bình thường
- CH đọc : /k/ gồm các chữ sau: chemist, ache, Christmas, mechanic, architect, character …
- CH đọc là / ʃ / : machine, champagne, chamois, chalet, charade ,...
 Đối với chữ H
các chữ H sau đây là h câm : hour, honor, honest (và các gia đình từ của chữ này)
Đối chữ GH
Bình thường đọc là /f/
Đối với âm /u/ và /u:/
/u/ gồm: put, pull, full, could, woman, foot, look, good, book....
/u:/ gồm: food, school, tooth, fruit, June, noon, soup, through, move, shoe,.....
* Silent consanant (âm câm)
"B"câm khi đứng sau "M" hoặc đứng trứơc "T": bomb, climb, comb, tomb, doubt, subtle,
debt....
12 GRADE TEACHER : QUYNH NHU

(Chú ý: có từ không tuân theo quy tắc này: timber...)

"H" sau đây là h câm: hour, honor, honest .
"K" câm khi đứng trước "N": know, knife, knob.
"N" câm khi đứng sau "M": autumn, column, hymn, condemn.
"P" câm: cupboard, receipt, psychology,...
"W" câm: sword
"T" câm: Listen , often , fasten, ballet, ...

The pronunciation of the endings: -s/es and -ed

Exercise 1: Choose the word whose ending ‘-s/es’ or ‘-ed’ is pronounced differently from
the others’
1.         A. talked                     B. naked                      C. asked                      D. liked
2.         A. worked                   B. stopped                   C. forced                     D. wanted
3.         A. lays                         B. says                         C. stays                       D. plays
4.         A. waited                    B. mended                  C. naked                      D. faced
5.         A. promises                 B. devises                    C. surprises                  D. realises
6.         A. houses                    B. faces                       C. horses                     D. places
7.         A. naked                     B. sacred                     C. needed                    D. walked
8.         A. asks                        B. breathes                  C. breaths                    D. hopes
9.         A. kissed                     B. helped                     C. forced                     D. raised
10.       A. sees                         B. sports                      C. pools                       D. trains
11.       A. naked                     B. beloved                   C. helped                     D. wicked
12.       A. ticked                     B. checked                  C. booked                   D. sacred
13.       A. tombs                     B. lamps                      C. brakes                     D. invites
14.       A. books                      B. floors                      C. combs                     D. drums
15.       A. investigates           B. provides                  C. clothes                    D. paths
16.       A. confused                B. faced                      C. cried                       D. defined
17.       A. trays                       B. says                         C. bays                        D. days
18.       A. kissed                     B. pleased                   C. increased                D. ceased
19.       A. devoted                  B. suggested               C. provided                 D. wished
20.       A. closes                      B. loses                        C. loves                       D. chooses
12 GRADE TEACHER : QUYNH NHU

UNIT 1 – 2 – TENSES
CHUYỂN ĐỔI TỪ THÌ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH SANG
THÌ QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN (VÀ NGƯỢC LẠI)
 
* Dạng 1:
        S + HTHT (phủ định) + for + thời gian
       It’s + thời gian ….+ since …+ last + QKĐ (khẳng định)
Ex: I haven’t seen my father for one month. 
      – It is one month since I last saw my father.
      Tom hasn’t had his hair cut for over three months. 
     – It is three months since Tom last had his hair cut. 
 
* Dạng 2: 
     S + HTHT (phủ định) + before
     It’s + the first time + S + HTHT (khẳng định)
Ex: I haven’t seen that man here before. 
    – It is the first time I have met that man here.
      It is the first time I have read this book. 
    – I haven’t read this book before.
 
* Dạng 3:     
   -  S + HTHT (phủ định) + since / for + …..
   - S + last + QKĐ (khẳng định) …+ when + mệnh đề
   - The last time + S + QKĐ (khẳng định) + was + thời gian
Ex: I haven’t heard him since August. 
     – The last time I heard him was in August.
      I haven’t seen him since I left school. 
     – I last saw him when I left school.                                                                   
 
* Dạng 4:
    S + HTHT (khẳng định) + for + thời gian
    - S + began / started + V-ing + thời gian + ago
Ex: I have worked here for ten years. 
     – I began working here ten years ago.
      It started raining two days ago.   
     – It has rained for two days.
12 GRADE TEACHER : QUYNH NHU

Cách biến đổi câu từ thì Quá khứ đơn sang thì Hiện tại hoàn thành và ngược lại.

A. – I
 
      S + last + V QKĐ – KĐ+…………..+ when/in …… / ago
↔ S  + V HTHT – PĐ + ………… + since…… / for…….
Rewrite the following sentences, using the words given:
Ex : - I last saw her when I was a student / 2 years ago.
àI haven’t seen her since I was a student / for 2 years.
1. We last saw Tom when I moved to Bristol.
àWe haven’t                                                                                                                                      .
2. She (last) wrote to me nearly 2 years ago.
àShe hasn’t                                                                                                                                        .
3. This film was (last) shown on TV nearly 10 years ago.
àThis film                                                                                                                                          .
4. She last swam in the river 3 years ago.
àShe                                                                                                                                                   .
5. I last visited the city museum 5 years ago.
àI                                                                                                                                                       .
       6. I haven’t attended the club since 1988.
àI last                                                                                                                                                 .
       7.I haven’t seen him for 2 months.
àI last                                                                                                                                                 .
      8. I haven’t gone swimming for 2 years.
à I last                                                                                                                                                            .
 
II.
 
 The last time  + S + V QKĐ – KĐ + ….. + was in (at….) / was …..ago
 
 
↔                            S + V HTHT – PĐ … +    since / for
  Rewrite the following sentences, using the words given.
Ex : The last time I heard him was in August.
12 GRADE TEACHER : QUYNH NHU

      ↔ I haven’t heard him since August.

1.The last time I played football was in 1970.
àI have                                                                                                                                               .
2. The last time it rained was a fortnight ago.
àIt has                                                                                                                                                .
3. The last time Lucy wore that dress was at Barbara’s wedding.
àLucy has                                                                                                                                          .
4. The last time my father was to Vung Tau was 2 years ago.
àMy father                                                                                                                                         .
5.The last time Betty rode to work was a fortnight ago.
àBetty has                                                                                                                                          .
6.He hasn’t played tennis since 1990.
àThe last time                                                                                                                                    .
7.I haven’t met her for 2 months.
àThe last time                                                                                                                                    .
III.
 
S + V HTHT – PĐ + for + time
↔ It’s + time + since + S last + V QKĐ – KĐ +…… (bỏ for)
Rewrite the following sentences, using the words given.
Ex: I haven’t seen my father for one month.
àIt’s one month since I last saw my father.
1.Tom has not had his hair cut for over 3 months.
àIt’s_________________________________________________________________________ .
2.M father hasn’t been to Hanoi for 2 years.
àIt is_________________________________________________________________________ .
3.I haven’t enjoyed myself so much for years.
àIt is_________________________________________________________________________ .
4. I haven’t eaten this kind of food for 2 years.
àIt is_________________________________________________________________________ .
5.Mary hasn’t rung for hours.
àIt is_________________________________________________________________________ .
12 GRADE TEACHER : QUYNH NHU

6.We haven’t seen him for 4 years.

àIt is_________________________________________________________________________ .
7.It’s over a year since I last went to see them.
àI haven’t_____________________________________________________________________ .
8.It’s more than ten years since I last played football.
àI haven’t_____________________________________________________________________ .
 
B –
 
     S + V QKĐ – start / begin + ………………… + ago
 
 
↔ S + V HTHT / HTHTTD + ………………… + since / for (bỏ start / begin
Rewrite the following sentences, using the words given.
Ex: - He started working for this factory a year ago.
àHe has been working for this factory since last year / for a year.
1.Tom began playing the piano 4 years ago.
àTom has                                                                                                                                           .
2. I started cooking for the party 4 hours ago.
àI have                                                                                                                                               .
3. She started working as a secretary 2 years ago.
àShe                                                                                                                                                   .
4. My father is reading a newspaper. He started 2 hours ago.
àMy father                                                                                                                                         .
5.My sister began to study English a year ago.
àMy sister                                                                                                                                          .
6.Scientists began to fight against AIDS in 1980.
àScientists have________________________________________________________________ .
7.The Browns have been living in London for 20 years.
àThe Browns began_____________________________________________________________ .
8. John has worked for this electronics firm since 1999.
àJohn started__________________________________________________________________ .
12 GRADE TEACHER : QUYNH NHU

9. Women have been fighting for their rights since the middle of the 20th century.
àWomen began________________________________________________________________ .
10. Jack and Jill have learned to drive for 2 weeks.
àJack and Jill started____________________________________________________________ .
11. How long have you studied English?
àWhen_______________________________________________________________________ .
12. When did you begin to do research on lung cancer?
àHow long____________________________________________________________________ .
C-
 

                S + V HTHT – PĐ + ………… +before

↔ It / This is the first time + S + V HTHT – KĐ +………… (bỏ before)
Rewrite the following sentences, using the words given:
Ex : I haven’t seen that film before.
àIt / This is the first time I have seen that film.
1.My father hasn’t driven a car before.
àThis is the first time____________________________________________________________ .
2.I’ve never met such a famous singer before.
àIt’s the first time_______________________________________________________________ .
3.She has never been to the ballet before.
àIt’s the first time_______________________________________________________________ .
4.She hasn’t drunk Coca Cola before.
àThis is the first time____________________________________________________________ .
5.I have never read this book before.
àIt’s the first time_______________________________________________________________ .
6.I have never met such an intelligent student before.
àIt’s the first time_______________________________________________________________ .
7.This is the first time my grandfather has been to hospital.
àMy grandfather has____________________________________________________________ .