Aim:

The aim of the experiment is to investigate Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Law by determining the EMF
and internal resistance of a battery. We will plot a graph to illustrate the relationship between current
and voltage measured in a simple circuit. To illustrate this, we will create simple circuits with an
ammeter, Battery, Voltage, and a junction to connect battery and ammeter.

The current passing through ammeter should be measured in Amperes (A). Potential difference
should be measured by Voltmeter.

2:

Definitions and Background:

Investigating Ohm’s Law by determining the emf and internal resistance:

The purpose of investigating Ohm's law by determining the emf and internal resistance of a battery
is to better understand the behavior and characteristics of the battery. The emf (electromotive
force) of a battery is a measure of the potential difference across its terminals and represents the
maximum voltage that the battery can provide. The internal resistance of a battery, on the other
hand, is a measure of the opposition to the flow of electric current within the battery and it affects
the actual voltage available for use. Knowing the emf and internal resistance of a battery helps in
determining its efficiency, performance, and maximum power output.

Ohm's Law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional
to the voltage across the two points, and inversely proportional to the resistance between them.
Mathematically, this is expressed as V = IR, where V is the voltage, I is the current, and R is the
resistance.

To investigate Ohm's Law for a battery, you can determine its electromotive force (emf) and internal
resistance. The emf of a battery is the maximum voltage that it can produce when there is no current
flowing through it. The internal resistance of a battery represents the resistance that the battery
itself presents to the flow of current.

To determine the emf and internal resistance of a battery, you will use the following steps:

1. Connect the battery to a load Ammeter, I, in a circuit.

2. Measure the voltage across the battery and the current flowing through the circuit.
3. Repeat the measurement for different values of I to create a plot of voltage vs. current.
4. Extract the emf and internal resistance from the plot by finding the intercepts and slope of
the line.
5. The intercept on the voltage axis represents the emf of the battery, Y-Axis Shows the
Current, while the slope of the line represents the internal resistance.

Investigating Kirchhoff’s Law by determining the emf and internal resistance:

Investigating Kirchhoff's Law to determine the electromotive force (emf) and internal resistance of a
battery involves using both Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL).
Connect a battery to a load current in a circuit.

Measure the voltage across the battery and the current flowing through the circuit.

Apply Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) at the junction between the battery and the load current to
calculate the total resistance.

Apply Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) around the loop of the circuit, which states that the sum of the
voltages in the circuit must be equal to zero. This means that the voltage gain in the loop must equal
the voltage loss.

Therefore, the relationship between current and voltage in a circuit can be described by Ohm's law,
which states that the voltage across a resistor is proportional to the current flowing through it, with
the proportionality constant being the resistance. Mathematically, this can be expressed as V = IR,
where V is the voltage, I is the current, and R is the resistance.

Using the measured values of voltage and current, and the equations derived from KCL and KVL,
solve for the emf and internal resistance of the battery.

Method:

Note the value of current from Ammeter entering in the junction and Note the Voltage (Potential
Difference) by Voltmeter entering in the junction.

A X

X
V
Diagram 1
Diagram 2

Increase the current by terminals of battery to measure different values of potential difference.

Current Voltage Resistance

0.075 1.28 17.18
0.076 1.16 15.28
0.076 1.17 15.35
0.077 1.27 16.58
0.080 1.27 15.97
0.084 1.18 14.13
0.088 1.27 14.51
0.092 1.2 13.02
0.095 1.27 13.37
0.101 1.2 11.92
0.105 1.26 11.99
0.108 1.21 11.16
 0.114 1.26 11.07
0.119 1.21 10.17
0.122 1.25 10.29
0.132 1.23 9.35
0.135 1.25 9.29
0.144 1.23 8.55
0.158 1.24 7.84
0.164 1.24 7.58

Followings are the measurements of current and potential difference (Voltage) by a simple circuit.
Here in third column, we calculated the total resistance using the Ohm’s Law formula.

V =IR
V
So , R=
I
V
As example took first measurement I = 0.0745 A and V = 1.28 V. By using R= .
I
0.0745
R= =17.18 Ω
1.28
Repeat these calculations for all measurements.

Chart Title
1.3

1.25

1.2
Voltage

1.15

1.1

1.05
0.070 0.080 0.090 0.100 0.110 0.120 0.130 0.140 0.150 0.160 0.170
Current (A)

Discussion:
The plotted graph shows the relationship between Current, and Voltage (Potential Difference)
measured by Ammeter and Voltmeter respectively. X-axis showing the Voltage (Potential Difference)
and Y-axis showing the Current in Amperes. The line shows the point where the values meet. We
show the Resistance there.

Conclusion:
Ohm's law gives a conductor the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance.
Voltage measures the electrical potential difference across two points in a conductor. Current
measures how many electrons flow across a given point under unit time.
In each circuit, measurements were made of the sum of the voltages around several closed
paths and of the sum of the currents at several nodes. It was found that within experimental
error, KCL successfully predicted the sum of the currents at a node in all configurations
tested.