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    2. Đề cương 10 Đại số 1. Bất phương trình 1

    Uploaded by

    Lâm Hải

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    of 30

    Chương 4.

    BẤT PHƯƠNG TRÌNH


    Bài 1. BẤT PHƯƠNG TRÌNH BẬC NHẤT – BẤT PHƯƠNG TRÌNH BẬC HAI
    

    DẤU CỦA NHỊ THỨC BẬC NHẤT – BẤT PHƯƠNG TRÌNH BẬC NHẤT

     Định nghĩa: Bất phương trình bậc nhất là bất phương trình có dạng:
    ax b 0, ax b 0, ax b 0, ax b 0 với a, b .
     Giải và biện luận bất phương trình dạng: ax b 0 (1)
    b b
    Nếu a 0 thì (1) ax b x S ;
    a a

    b b
    Nếu a 0 thì (1) ax b x S ;
    a a
    Nếu a 0 thì (1) 0.x b. Khi đó, xét:
    Nếu b 0 S . Nếu b 0 S .
    Lưu ý: Ta giải tương tự với ax b 0, ax b 0, ax b 0.
     Dấu của nhị thức bậc nhất: Cho nhị thức bậc nhất f (x ) ax b, (a 0).
    b
    x
    a
    f (x ) ax b Trái dấu với a 0 Cùng dấu với a
     Giải hệ bất phương trình bậc nhất 1 ẩn:
    Giải từng bất phương trình trong hệ. Lấy giao nghiệm.

    DẤU CỦA TAM THỨC BẬC HAI – BẤT PHƯƠNG TRÌNH BẬC HAI MỘT ẨN

     Dấu của tam thức bậc hai: Cho tam thức bậc hai f (x ) ax 2 bx c, (a 0)
    ― Trường hợp 1. 0:
    x
    f (x ) Cùng dấu với a
    ― Trường hợp 2. 0:
    x x
    f (x ) Cùng dấu với a 0 Cùng dấu với a
    ― Trường hợp 3. 0:
    x x1 x2
    f (x ) Cùng dấu với a 0 Trái dấu với a 0 Cùng dấu với a
    Nhận xét: Cho tam thức bậc hai f (x ) ax 2 bx c, (a 0)
    a 0 a 0
    ax 2 bx c 0, x ax 2 bx c 0, x
    0 0

    a 0 a 0
    ax 2 bx c 0, x ax 2 bx c 0, x
    0 0
    Daïng toaùn 1: Baát phöông trình baäc hai

    Giải bất phương trình bậc hai: f (x ) ax 2 bx c 0, (hay 0; 0; 0).

    Phương pháp:
    ― Bước 1. Xét f (x ) 0 tìm nghiệm x 1, x 2 (nếu có):

    Nếu f (x ) 0 vô nghiệm ( 0), suy ra f (x ) cùng dấu với hệ số a .


    Nếu f (x ) 0 có nghiệm kép ( 0), suy ra f (x ) cùng dấu với hệ số a .

    Nếu f (x ) 0 có hai nghiệm phân biệt x 1, x 2 thì sẽ sang bước 2.

    ― Bước 2. Lập bảng xét dấu, dựa vào dấu của tam thức: “trong trái – ngoài cùng”.
    ― Bước 3. Từ bảng xét dấu, suy ra tập nghiệm của bất phương trình.
     Lưu ý một số trường hợp sau:
    (x a )2 0 x . (x a )2 0 x a.

    (x a )2 0 x a. (x a )2 0 x .

    1. Giải BPT: x 2 4x 3 0. 2. Giải BPT: 2x 2 5x 3 0.

    Lời giải tham khảo ..............................................................................


    Đặt f (x ) x2 4x 3. ..............................................................................

    Xét x 2 4x 3 0 x 1 hoặc ..............................................................................


    x 3. ..............................................................................
    Bảng xét dấu: ..............................................................................

    x 1 3 ..............................................................................

    3
    f (x ) 0 0 Đáp số: S 1; . .............................................
    2
    Suy ra: S ( ;1] [3; ).

    3. Giải BPT: 7x 2 4x 3 0. 4. Giải BPT: 5x 2 4x 12 0.

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    3 6
    Đáp số: S ;1 . ......................................... Đáp số: S ; [2; ). ..................
    7 5
    5. Giải BPT: x 2 x 6 0. 6. Giải BPT: x2 7x 10 0.

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    Đáp số: S [2; 3]. ............................................. Đáp số: S (2;5). .............................................

    7. Giải BPT: x2 6x 9 0. 8. Giải BPT: 2x 2 4x 2 0.

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    Đáp số: S . .................................................. Đáp số: S \ { 1}. .....................................

    9. Giải BPT: 16x 2 24x 9 0. 10. Giải BPT: 9x 2 24x 16 0.

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    4 4
    Đáp số: S .............................................. Đáp số: S \ . .......................................
    3 3

    11. Giải BPT: x 2 12x 36 0. 12. Giải BPT: x2 6x 9 0.

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    Đáp số: S . .................................................. Đáp số: S {3}. ................................................
    Daïng toaùn 2: Baát phöông trình daïng tích soá

    Giải bất phương trình: f (x ).g(x ) 0 (hoặc f (x ).g(x ) 0 hoặc f (x ).g(x ) 0,...).
    Phương pháp:
    Bước 1. Xét f (x ) 0, g(x ) 0, tìm nghiệm x 1, x 2 ,....., x i .

    Bước 2. Sắp xếp nghiệm theo thứ tự tăng dần, xét dấu f (x ), g(x ) dấu f (x ).g(x ).
    Bước 3. Kết luận tập nghiệm S .

    1. Giải BPT: (x 2)(x 2 5x 4) 0. 2. Giải BPT: (2x 4)( x 2 5x ) 0.

    Lời giải tham khảo ..............................................................................


    Đặt f (x ) (x 2)(x 2 5x 4). ..............................................................................

    x 2 0 x 2. ..............................................................................

    x2 5x 4 0 x 1 hoặc x 4. ..............................................................................

    Bảng xét dấu: ..............................................................................


    ..............................................................................
    x 1 2 4
    ..............................................................................
    x 2 0
    ..............................................................................
    x2 5x 4 0 0
    ..............................................................................
    f (x ) 0 0 0
    ..............................................................................
    Suy ra S ( ;1) (2; 4).
    Đáp số: S ( ; 0) (2;5). ...........................

    3. Giải BPT: (x 2)(x 2 2x 3) 0. 4. Giải BPT: (3x 15)(x 2 5x 6) 0.

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    Đáp số: S ( ; 3] [ 2;1]. ....................... Đáp số: S ( 1;5) (6; ). ........................

    5. Giải BPT: (4 x 2 )(x 2 6x 8) 0. 6. Giải BPT: (x 2)( x 2 x 2) 0.


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    Đáp số: S ( ; 2] [4; ). ................... Đáp số: S ( 2;1) (2; ). .........................

    7. Giải: (x 2 5x 6)(x 2 10x 21) 0. 8. Giải: (x 2 4x 3)(x 2 8x 7) 0.

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    Đáp số: S ( ;2] [7; ) {3}. ............ Đáp số: S [3;7] {1}. ....................................

    9. Giải BPT: ( x 2 2x 3)(x 2 1) 0. 10. Giải BPT: (x 2)2 (2x 1)2 .

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    Đáp số: S [1; 3] { 1}. ................................. Đáp số: S ( 1;1). ..........................................
    Daïng toaùn 3: Baát phöông trình daïng thöông

    f (x ) f (x ) f (x ) f (x )
    Giải bất phương trình: 0 (hoặc 0 hoặc 0 hoặc 0).
    g (x ) g (x ) g (x ) g (x )
    Bước 1. Xét f (x ) 0, g(x ) 0, tìm nghiệm x 1, x 2 ,....., x i .
    f (x )
    Bước 2. Sắp xếp nghiệm theo thứ tự tăng dần, xét dấu f (x ), g(x ) dấu
    g(x )
    Bước 3. Kết luận tập nghiệm S .

    3 x x2 4x 5
    1. Giải bất phương trình 2
    0. 2. Giải bất phương trình 0.
    x 3x 4 x 2

    Lời giải tham khảo ..............................................................................


    3 x ..............................................................................
    Đặt f (x ) 2
    x 3x 4 ..............................................................................
    3 x 0 x 3. ..............................................................................
    x2 3x 4 0 x 1 hoặc x 4. ..............................................................................
    Bảng xét dấu: ..............................................................................

    x 1 3 4 ..............................................................................

    3 x 0 ..............................................................................

    x2 3x 4 0 0 ..............................................................................

    f (x ) 0 ..............................................................................

    Suy ra S [ 1; 3) [4; ). Đáp số: S ( 5; 2) (1; ). .....................

    x 2 3x x2 4x 5
    3. Giải bất phương trình 0. 4. Giải bất phương trình 0.
    6 3x x 2
    4x

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    Đáp số: S ( ; 0] (2; 3]. ............................ Đáp số: S ( ; 5] (0;1] (4; ). .......
    3x 2 12 (x 2 4)(x 1)
    5. Giải BPT: 0. 6. Giải BPT: 0.
    x 2
    x 12 3 x

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    Đáp số: S ( ; 3) ( 2;2) (4; ). .. Đáp số: S [ 2;1] [2; 3). .............................

    (3 x )(2x 2 5x 2) (x 2 5x 6)(2x 1)
    7. Giải BPT: 0. 8. Giải BPT: 0.
    x 3 4 3x

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    1 1 4
    Đáp số: S ( ; 3) ;2 3; ..... Đáp số: S ; 2; 3 . ...............................
    2 2 3
    x2 5x x2 3x 4
    9. Giải BPT: 2
    1. 10. Giải BPT: 2
    1.
    x 4x 3 x 3x 2

    Lời giải tham khảo ..............................................................................

    x2 5x ..............................................................................
    Bất phương trình 1 0
    x2 4x 3 ..............................................................................

    x2 5x (x 2 4x 3) ..............................................................................
    2
    0
    x 4x 3 ..............................................................................
    x 3 x 3 ..............................................................................
    2
    0, đặt f (x ) 2
    x 4x 3 x 4x 3 ..............................................................................
    x 3 0 x 3. ..............................................................................
    x2 4x 3 0 x 1 hoặc x 3. ..............................................................................
    Bảng xét dấu: ..............................................................................

    x 3 1 3 ..............................................................................
    x 3 0 ..............................................................................
    x2 4x 3 0 0 ..............................................................................
    f (x ) 0 ..............................................................................
    Suy ra S ( 3;1) (3; ). Đáp số: S (1;2). ..............................................

    2x 2 x 1 2x 2 7x 7
    11. Giải BPT: 2
    2. 12. Giải BPT: 2
    1.
    x x 6 x 3x 10

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    Đáp số: S ( ; 3) (2;13]. ....................... Đáp số: S ( ; 2) [1; 3] (5; ). .......
    x2 3x 4 x 4
    13. Giải BPT: 1. 14. Giải BPT:
    x 2
    x 2 x 1 x 3

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    Đáp số: S ( 1;2) (3; ). ........................ Đáp số: S ( 3;1). ..........................................

    2 3 7 2x 5 1
    15. Giải BPT: 2
    16. Giải BPT: 2
    x 1 1 x x 1 x 6x 7 x 3

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    Đáp số: S ( ; 2] ( 1;1). ...................... Đáp số: S ( ; 8] ( 3; 1) [1;7). ......
    Daïng toaùn 4: Giaûi heä baát phöông trình

    Phương pháp: Giải từng bất phương trình trong hệ, ta được S 1, S 2 và giao tập nghiệm lại
    được tập nghiệm của hệ bất phương trình là S S1 S2.

    2x 2 7x 3 0 3x 1 0
    1. Giải hệ BPT: . 2. Giải hệ BPT: 2
    8x 3 12x 7 x 4x 3 0

    Lời giải tham khảo ..............................................................................

    Giải 2x 2 7x 3 0. ..............................................................................
    1 ..............................................................................
    2 x
    Xét 2x 7x 3 0 2 ..............................................................................
    x 3
    ..............................................................................
    Bảng xét dấu:
    ..............................................................................
    1
    x 3 ..............................................................................
    2
    2x 2 7x 3 0 0 ..............................................................................
    1 ..............................................................................
    Suy ra S1 ; 3; .
    2
    ..............................................................................
    Giải 8x 3 12x 7 2x 2 0
    ..............................................................................
    x 1 S 2 [1; ).
    Kết luận: S S1 S2 [1; ). Đáp số: S [1; 3]. ..............................................

    2x 5 3(2x 1) x2 6x 7 0
    3. Giải hệ BPT: 4. Giải hệ BPT:
    (x 1)2 (x 6)2 3x 1 5 2x 0

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    1 5
    Đáp số: S ; . .................................... Đáp số: S 1; . ..........................................
    2 2
    x2 7x 6 0 x2 8x 15 0
    5. Giải hệ BPT: 2
    6. Giải hệ BPT: 2
    x 8x 15 0 x 2x 15 0

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    Đáp số: S [1; 3) (5;6]. ................................. Đáp số: S ( ; 5] [5; ) {3}. ..........

    (3 2x )(x 2 2x 15) 0 2x 2 7x 5
    0
    7. Giải hệ BPT: 2x 3 3 8. Giải hệ BPT: x 1
    x 6 x 6 x2 8x 12 0

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    Đáp số: S ( ; 9] ( 6; 5). .................. Đáp số: S [2;6]. ..............................................
    Daïng toaùn 5: Baøi toaùn chöùa tham soá

     Dấu tam thức bậc hai f (x ) ax 2 bx c (tam thức luôn dương hoặc luôn âm,…)

    a 0 a 0
    f (x ) 0, x f (x ) 0, x
    0 0

    a 0 a 0
    f (x ) 0, x f (x ) 0, x
    0 0

    Lưu ý: Nếu a chứa tham số m, ta chia ra hai trường hợp:


    TH 1 : a 0 m .... và thế vào f (x ) kiểm tra xem đúng hay sai ?
    TH 2 : a 0, sử dụng dấu tam thức như trên.
    Kết luận: Hợp hai trường hợp sẽ tìm được giá trị m cần tìm.
     Điều kiện của bất phương trình bậc hai vô nghiệm với f (x ) ax 2 bx c.

    a 0
    f (x ) 0 vô nghiệm f (x ) 0, x
    0

    a 0
    f (x ) 0 vô nghiệm f (x ) 0, x
    0

    a 0
    f (x ) 0 vô nghiệm f (x ) 0, x
    0

    a 0
    f (x ) 0 vô nghiệm f (x ) 0, x
    0

     Điều kiện của bất phương trình bậc hai có nghiệm với f (x ) ax 2 bx c.
    Xét bất phương trình bậc hai vô nghiệm (như mục 2).
    Lấy phủ định kết quả được kết quả có nghiệm.

    Bài tập 1. Tìm các giá trị của tham số m để các bất phương trình sau luôn đúng

    1. x 2 2mx 4m 2 3 0, x . 2. x 2 2(m 1)x 4(m 1) 0, x .

    Lời giải tham khảo ..............................................................................


    Ta có: b2 4ac 4m 2 4.(4m 2 3) ..............................................................................

    4m 2 16m 2 12 12m 2 12. ..............................................................................

    Để x 2 2mx 4m 2 3 0, x ............................................................................ \
    ..............................................................................
    a 0 1 0 : LĐ
    0 12m 2 12 0 ..............................................................................
    ..............................................................................
    m ( ; 1] [1; ).
    ..............................................................................
    Kết luận: m ( ; 1] [1; ).
    Đáp số: m ( 1; 3). ..........................................
    3. x2 6x m 3 0, x . 4. x2 (m 1)x 2m 3 0, x .

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    Đáp số: m ( ; 6]. ...................................... Đáp số: m ( 1;11). ......................................

    5. 3x 2 2mx 4m 9 0, x . 6. x2 2mx m 6 0, x .

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    Đáp số: m [3;9]. .............................................. Đáp số: m ( 2; 3). .........................................

    7. x2 2(m 2)x 2m 1 0, x . 8. x2 2(m 2)x 2m 2 10m 12 0, x.

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    Đáp số: m ( 5; 1). ....................................... Đáp số: m ( ; 4] [ 2; ). ...............
    9. 3(m 2 1)x 2 2(m 1)x 1 0, x. 10. (m 1)x 2 2(m 1)x 3m 3 0, x.

    Lời giải tham khảo ..............................................................................

    TH 1 : a 0 m2 1 0 m 1. ..............................................................................
    Với m 1 thì bất phương trình trở thành: ..............................................................................
    1 0, x : đúng nhận m 1. ............................................................................ \
    Với m 1 thì bất phương trình thành:
    ..............................................................................
    4x 1 0, x : sai loại m 1.
    ..............................................................................
    TH 2 : a 0 m2 1 0 m 1.
    ..............................................................................
    Để 3(m 2 1)x 2 2(m 1)x 1 0, x
    ..............................................................................
    a 0 3(m 2 1) 0
    ..............................................................................
    0 4(m 1)2 12(m 2 1) 0
    ..............................................................................
    m 2
    1 0 1 m 1
    ..............................................................................
    2 1
    16m 8m 8 0 m 1 ..............................................................................
    2
    1 1 ..............................................................................
    m 1 m ;1 .
    2 2 ..............................................................................

    1 ..............................................................................
    Kết luận: Hợp 2 TH m ;1 .
    2 Đáp số: m ( ; 1]. ....................................

    11. (m 2 m 6)x 2 2(m 2)x 4 0, x. 12. mx 2 2(m 2)x m 3 0, x .

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    Đáp số: m [ 2;2). ........................................... Đáp số: m (4; ). ......................................
    13. (m 2 2)x 2 2(m 2)x 2 0, x. 14. (m 2)x 2 2(m 2)x 3m 4 0, x .

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    Đáp số: m ( ; 4] [0; ). .................... Đáp số: m ( ; 2]. ....................................

    15. (2m 2 3m 2)x 2 2(m 2)x 1 0, x. 16. (m 1)x 2 2(m 1)x 2 m 0, x.

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    1 1
    Đáp số: m ;2 . .......................................... Đáp số: m 1; . ........................................
    3 2

    Bài tập 2. Tìm các giá trị của tham số m để cá bất phương trình sau vô nghiệm
    (Cần nhớ: Lấy phủ định của luôn đúng x )

    1. (m 1)x 2 2(m 1)x 2m 3 0 vô nghiệm 2. x2 6x m 7 0 vô nghiệm.

    Lời giải tham khảo ..............................................................................


    TH 1 : a 0 m 1 0 m 1. ..............................................................................
    Bất phương trình trở thành: ..............................................................................
    3 0 : vô nghiệm nhận m 1.
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    TH 2 : a 0 m 1 0 m 1.
    2
    ..............................................................................
    (m 1)x 2(m 1)x 2m 3 0 : vô nghiệm
    ..............................................................................
    (m 1)x 2 2(m 1)x 2m 3 0, x
    ..............................................................................
    a 0
    ..............................................................................
    0
    ..............................................................................
    m 1 0
    ..............................................................................
    4(m 1)2 4.(m 1)(2m 3) 0
    ..............................................................................
    m 1 m 1
    ..............................................................................
    2
    4m 12m 16 0 4 m 1
    ..............................................................................
    m 1.
    Đáp số: m (2; ). .......................................
    Kết luận: Hợp 2 TH m [1; ).

    3. x2 2(m 2)x m 2 0 vô nghiệm. 4. (m 2)x 2 2(m 1)x 4 0 vô nghiệm.

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    Đáp số: m ( 3; 2). ....................................... Đáp số: m ( 1;7). .........................................

    5. mx 2 2(m 1)x m 2 0 vô nghiệm. 6. mx 2 (2m 1)x m 1 0 vô nghiệm.


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    1 1
    Đáp số: m ; . ........................................ Đáp số: m ; . .....................................
    4 8

    7. (2m 2 m 6)x 2 (2m 3)x 1 0 vô nghiệm. 8. (m 2 3m 4)x 2 2(m 4)x 3 0 vô nghiệm.

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    5 3 7
    Đáp số: m ; . ......................................... Đáp số: m ; 4; . ................
    6 2 2

    Bài tập 3. Tìm các giá trị của tham số m để cá bất phương trình sau có nghiệm
    (Cần nhớ: xét trường hợp vô nghiệm trước, sau đó lấy phủ đỉnh kết quả được có nghiệm)
    1. (m 1)x 2 2(m 1)x 3m 3 0 có nghiệm. 2. (m 1)x 2 2(m 1)x 3m 3 0 có nghiệm.

    Lời giải tham khảo ..............................................................................


    Đặt f (x ) (m 1)x 2 2(m 1)x 3m 3. ..............................................................................
    Có f (x ) 0 vô nghiệm f (x ) 0, x . ..............................................................................
    TH 1 : a 0 m 1 0 m 1. ..............................................................................
    3 ..............................................................................
    f (x ) 4x 6 0 x không thỏa
    2
    ..............................................................................
    nên loại m 1.
    ..............................................................................
    TH 2 : a 0 m 1 0 m 1.
    ..............................................................................
    a 0
    f (x ) 0, x ..............................................................................
    0
    ..............................................................................
    m 1 0
    (m 1)2 (m 1)(3m 3) 0 ..............................................................................
    ..............................................................................
    m 1
    2m 2 2m 4 0 ..............................................................................
    ..............................................................................
    m 1
    m 2. ..............................................................................
    m 2 m 1
    ..............................................................................
    Do đó f (x ) 0 vô nghiệm khi m 2.
    Suy ra f (x ) 0 có nghiệm khi m 2. Đáp số: m ( ; 1]. ....................................

    3. x 2 2(m 2)x 2m 1 0 có nghiệm. 4. (m 1)x 2 2(m 1)x 3m 6 0 có nghiệm.

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    Đáp số: m ( 5; 1). ....................................... Đáp số: m ( ; 0, 5]. ...................................

    Bài tập 4. Tìm m để các hàm số sau xác định với mọi x (tập xác định D ).
    1. y (m 1)x 2 2(m 1)x 2m 3. 2. y (m 1)x 2 2(m 1)x 3m 6.

    Lời giải tham khảo ..............................................................................


    Hàm số xác định khi: ..............................................................................
    (m 1)x 2 2(m 1)x 2m 3 0 ..............................................................................
    Để hàm số xác định x thì ............................................................................ \
    2
    (m 1)x 2(m 1)x 2m 3 0, x ..............................................................................
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    Đáp số: m [1; ). ......................................... Đáp số: m [5; ). .......................................

    3. y x2 (2m 1)x 2m . 4. y (m 1)x 2 2(m 1)x 3m 3.

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    Đáp số: m 0, 5. ................................................ Đáp số: m [1; ). .......................................

    2018 2019x x2 4x 3
    5. f (x ) 6. f (x )
    2 2
    mx 4x m mx 2(m 1)x 4m 4
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    Đáp số: m (2; ). ........................................ Đáp số: m (1; ). .......................................

    x 2 2x 4 x2 2mx m2 1
    7. y 2
    8. f (x ) 2 2
    (m 2)x 2(2m 3)x 5m 6 x 2mx m 2m 6

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    Đáp số: m (3; ). ........................................ Đáp số: m (3; ). ......................................

    Bài tập 5. Tìm tham số m để phương trình bậc hai có nghiệm thỏa mãn điều kiện cho trước
     Cần nhớ: Cho phương trình bậc hai f (x ) ax 2 bx c 0.
    a 0
    f (x ) 0 có hai nghiệm phân biệt .
    0

    f (x ) 0 có hai nghiệm trái dấu a.c 0.

    0
    f (x ) 0 có hai nghiệm phân biệt cùng dấu
    P 0

    0
    f (x ) 0 có hai nghiệm phân biệt dương S 0
    P 0

    0
    f (x ) 0 có hai nghiệm phân biệt âm P 0
    S 0

    ➢ Lưu ý:
    Nếu không có chữ “phân biệt” thì 0.
    Định lí Viét:

    b
    S x1 x2
    Nếu x 1, x 2 là hai nghiệm của f (x ) 0 thì a
    c
    P x 1x 2
    a
    Ngược lại, nếu hai số u và v có tổng u v S và tích uv P thì u, v là hai nghiệm
    2 2
    của phương trình: x Sx P 0, (S 4P 0).
    Một số biến đổi thường gặp:

    x 12 x 22 S2 2P , (x 1 x 2 )2 S2 4P , x 13 x 23 S3 3SP ,.....

    x1 x2 a 0 (x1 x 2 )2 a2 S2 4P a 2.

    Nếu đề bài yêu cầu so sánh hai nghiệm x 1, x 2 với số , thường có hai cách làm sau:

    Một là đặt ẩn phụ t x để đưa về so sánh hai nghiệm t1, t2 với số 0 như trên.

    Hai là biến đổi, ví như:

    x1 a 0
    x1 a x2 (x 1 a )(x 2 a) 0......
    x2 a 0

    x1 a x1 a 0 nhân (x 1 a )(x 2 a) 0
    a x1 x2 ......
    x2 a x2 a 0 x1 x2 2a 0

    Nếu gặp phương trình bậc ba, sẽ chia Hoócner đưa về bậc nhất nhân bậc hai như HK1.

    1. Tìm m để phương trình (m 2 m 6)x 2 2(m 2)x 4 0 có 2 nghiệm phân biệt ?


    Lời giải tham khảo

    a 0 m2 m 6 0
    Phương trình có hai nghiệm phân biệt 2
    0 (m 2) 4(m 2 m 6) 0

    m 2 m 2
    m 3 m 3 m ( ; 2) (2; ) \ {3}.
    5m 2 20 0 m 2 m 2

    2. Tìm m để phương trình (m 1)x 2 2(1 m )x 4m 0 có 2 nghiệm phân biệt ?

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    1
    Đáp số: m ;1 . ...........................................................................................................................
    3

    3. Tìm m để phương trình x 2 2(m 1)x 3 m 0 có hai nghiệm phân biệt ?

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    Đáp số: m ( ; 1) (2; ). ......................................................................................................

    4. Tìm m để phương trình (m 2)x 2 2(2m 3)x 5m 6 0 có 2 nghiệm trái dấu ?

    Lời giải tham khảo


    Phương trình có hai nghiệm trái dấu a.c 0 (m 2)(5m 6) 0
    6
    5m 2 16m 12 0 m 2.
    5
    5. Tìm m để phương trình x 2 2mx m2 3m 2 0 có 2 nghiệm trái dấu ?

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    ..................................................................................................................................................................
    Đáp số: 1 m 2. ...............................................................................................................................

    6. Tìm m để pt: (m 2)x 2 (2m 2 1)x m2 4m 5 0 có 2 nghiệm trái dấu ?

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    Đáp số: m (2; 1) (5; ). .........................................................................................................

    7. Tìm m để phương trình x 2 2x 2m 2 3m 1 0 có 2 nghiệm dương phân biệt ?


    Lời giải tham khảo
    0 1 (2m 2 3m 1) 0
    Phương trình có hai nghiệm dương phân biệt khi S 0 2 0 : LĐ
    2
    P 0 2m 3m 1 0

    3 1
    2m 2 3m 0 0 m 0 m
    2 2.
    2m 2 3m 1 0 1 3
    m m 1 1 m
    2 2

    8. Tìm m để phương trình x2 (m 2)x 4 0 có 2 nghiệm dương phân biệt ?

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    Đáp số: m (2; ). ............................................................................................................................

    9. Tìm m để pt: x 2 2(1 2m )x 2m 2 7m 3 0 có 2 nghiệm dương phân biệt ?

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    Đáp số: m 0, 5. ...................................................................................................................................

    10. Tìm m để phương trình x 2 2(m 1)x 4m 1 0 có hai nghiệm x 1, x 2 thỏa mãn
    x 12 x 22 14 4x 1x 2 .

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    Đáp số: 2 m 3. ...............................................................................................................................

    11. Tìm m để phương trình x 2 2(m 1)x 2m 2 3m 5 0 có hai nghiệm phân biệt
    2 2
    x 1, x 2 thỏa mãn x 1
    x 2
    x 1x 2 16.

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    Đáp số: m 1, 5 hoặc m 1. .........................................................................................................

    12. Cho phương trình x 2 2mx m2 m 1 0 ( )

    a) Tìm m để phương trình ( ) có hai nghiệm phân biệt x [1; ).


    Đặt t x 1 x t 1. Khi đó ( ) trở thành (t 1)2 2m(t 1) m2 m 1 0

    t2 2t 1 2mt 2m m2 m 1 0 t2 2(1 m )t m2 3m 2 0 ( )
    Phương trình ( ) có hai nghiệm phân biệt x [1; ) phương trình ( ) có hai nghiệm
    0 m 1 0 m 1
    2
    phân biệt t [0; ) P 0 m 3m 2 0 m 1 m 2 m 2
    S 0 m 1 0 m 1

     Lưu ý: Học sinh có thể giải theo định lý đảo dấu tam thức bậc hai sẽ nhanh hơn. Cụ thể:

    Cho f (x ) ax 2 bx c và f (x ) 0 có hai nghiệm x 1, x 2 phân biệt và số xét số .

    x1 x2 a.f ( ) 0.

    a 0, 0 a 0, 0
    S S
    x1 x2 . x1 x2 .
    2 2
    a .f ( ) 0 a .f ( ) 0

    b) Tìm m để phương trình ( ) có nghiệm x 1.


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    Đáp số: m [1;2]. ..................................................................................................................................

    c) Tìm m để phương trình ( ) có nghiệm x 1 1 x2.

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    Đáp số: m (1;2). .................................................................................................................................

    Bài tập 6. Tìm các giá trị của tham số m để các bất phương trình sau luôn đúng
    x2 5x m 3x 2 mx 6
    1. 1 2
    7, x . 2. 9 2
    6, x .
    2x 3x 2 x x 1

    7 0 ..............................................................................
    2x 2 3x 2 0, x vì .
    a 2 0 ..............................................................................

    Khi đó bất phương trình trở thành ..............................................................................


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    (2x 2 3x 2) x2 5x m 7(x 2 5x m)
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    (2x 2 3x 2) x2 5x m
    ..............................................................................
    x2 5x m 7(x 2 5x m)
    ..............................................................................
    2
    3x 2x m 2 0 (1) ..............................................................................
    2
    13x 26x m 14 0 (2)
    ..............................................................................
    Xét (1) : 3x 2 2x m 2 0, x ..............................................................................

    a 3 0 : LĐ ..............................................................................
    5
    m
    1 3(m 2) 0 3 ..............................................................................
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    Xét (2) : 13x 2 26x m 14 0, x
    ..............................................................................
    a 13 0 : LĐ
    m 1. ..............................................................................
    132 13(14 m) 0
    ..............................................................................
    5 ..............................................................................
    Giao tập nghiệm m ;1 .
    3
    Đáp số: m ( 3;6). .........................................

    3x 2 mx 5 x m
    3. 1 2
    6, x . 4. 2
    1, x .
    3x x 1 x x 1

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    Đáp số: m 1. ................................................... Đáp số: m [0;1]. .............................................

    x2 mx 1 x2 x 4
    5. 2
    2, x . 6. 2
    2, x .
    x 1 x mx 4

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    Đáp số: m [ 2;2]. ........................................... Đáp số: m [ 5/2; 3/2]. ................................

    Bài tập 7. Tìm các giá trị của tham số m để các bất phương trình sau luôn đúng x (a;b)
    1. x 2 (2m 1)x m2 m 0, x 2. 2. x2 2mx (m 2 1) 0, x 1.

    Lời giải tham khảo ..............................................................................


    Đặt f (x ) x2 (2m 1)x m2 m. ..............................................................................
    Xét x 2 (2m 1)x m2 m 0 ..............................................................................

    x1 m ............................................................................ \
    với x 1 x2.
    x2 m 1 ..............................................................................
    ..............................................................................
    TH 1: x 1 x2 2 m 1 2 m 1.
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    Bảng xét dấu:
    ..............................................................................
    x x1 x2 2 ..............................................................................
    ..............................................................................
    f (x ) 0 0
    ..............................................................................
    Từ bảng xét dấu f (x ) 0, x 2.
    ..............................................................................
    Do đó nhận giá trị m 1. ..............................................................................
    TH 2: x 1 2 x2 ................................... ..............................................................................
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    TH 3: 2 x1 x2 ................................... ..............................................................................

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    Kết luận: ............................................................. Đáp số: m 0. .................................................

    3. x 2 2(2m 1)x 2(m 2 m) 0, x 2. 4. x 2 2(m 1)x m2 2m 0, x (0;1).


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    Daïng toaùn 6: ÖÙng duïng daáu tam thöùc ñeå chöùng minh baát ñaúng thöùc vaø tìm
    giaù trò lôùn nhaát, giaù trò nhoû nhaát

    Phương pháp:

    Ta đưa bất đẳng thức về một trong các dạng ax 2 bx 2 c 0 hoặc ax 2 bx 2 c 0


    2 2 2 2
    hoặc ax bx c 0 hoặc ax bx c 0 và chứng minh (theo thứ tự):

    a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0
    hoặc hoặc hoặc .
    0 0 0 0

    Nếu bất đẳng thức cần chứng minh có dạng A2 4BC (hoặc A2 BC ), ta có thể chứng
    2 2
    minh tam thức f (x ) Bx Ax C (hoặc f (x ) Bx 2Ax C ) luôn cùng dấu với
    B . Khi đó 0.

    1. Cho hai số thực x , y . Chứng minh rằng: 2. Cho hai số thực x , y . Chứng minh rằng:
    3x 2 5y 2 2x 2xy 1 0. 3x 2 8xy 9y 2 4x 2y 5 0.

    Lời giải tham khảo ..............................................................................


    Viết bất đẳng thức cần chứng minh dưới dạng ..............................................................................
    2 2
    3x 2(y 1)x 5y 1 0. ..............................................................................
    Đặt f (x ) 3x 2 2(y 1)x 5y 2 1, xem y ............................................................................ \
    là tham số. ..............................................................................
    Khi đó f (x ) là tam thức bậc hai ẩn x có: ..............................................................................
    ax 3 0 ..............................................................................
    x
    (y 1)2 3(5y 2 1) ..............................................................................

    ax 3 0 ..............................................................................
    .
    x
    14y 2 2y 2 ..............................................................................
    ..............................................................................
    Xét tam thức g(y ) 14y 2 2y 2 có:
    ..............................................................................
    ay 14 0
    g(y ) 0. ..............................................................................
    y
    1 28 27 0
    ..............................................................................
    ax 3 0 ..............................................................................
    Do đó, ta có 2
    x
    14y 2y 2 0
    ..............................................................................
    Nên f (x ) 0, số thực x và y . ..............................................................................
    Hay 3x 2 5y 2 2x 2xy 1 0 (đpcm). ..............................................................................

    3. Cho hai số thực x , y, z . Chứng minh: 4. Cho x , y thỏa x 2 y2 4x 3y.


    x2 y2 z2 x 2y 2z 2 4xyz y 2z 2 2yz 1. Tìm GTLN & GTNN của P 2x 3y.

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    ............................................................................... 9 45 13 9 45 13
    Đáp số: P
    ............................................................................... 18 18

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