TCC Lien Thong

NGUYN QUC TIN
BI GING TON
CAO CP
THNH PH H CH MINH-2011
0 Ths.NGUYN QUC TIN

CHNG 1. GII HN-TNH LIN TC CA HM S
1.1 Gii hn hm s
1.1.1 nh ngha
Cho hm s f ( x ) xc nh trong mt ln cn ca x0 (c th tr ti x0 ). S L c gi l
gii hn ca hm s f ( x ) khi x dn n x0 nu:
0, 0, x D : (0 x x0 f ( x) L )
v c k hiu
lim f ( x) L hay f ( x ) L khi x x0 .
x x0
Gii hn ca hm s f ( x ) khi x dn n x0 cn c th nh ngha thng qua gii hn ca dy
s nh sau:
lim f ( x) L xn : xn x0 f ( xn ) L
x x0
1.1.2 nh l
Cho f ( x ), u ( x), v( x ) xc nh trong mt ln cn ca x0 c th tr ti x0 .
Nu u ( x) f ( x) v( x) vi mi x thuc ln cn v lim u ( x) lim v ( x ) L th

x x0 x x0
lim f ( x) L
x x0
sin x
V d. Chng minh lim 1
x0 x
sin x
Tht vy x :0 x ta c bt ng thc cos x 1 , m lim cos x 1 suy ra
2 x x 0
sin x
lim 1
x 0 x
1.1.3 Mt s tnh cht ca gii hn hm s
i) Nu lim f ( x) L th gii hn l duy nht

x x0
ii) lim C C (C : hng s)

x x0
iii) Nu f ( x) g ( x), x thuc mt ln cn no ca x0 hoc v cc th
lim f ( x) lim g ( x) (nu cc gii hn ny tn ti).

x x0 x x0
1 Ths.NGUYN QUC TIN

iv) Nu f ( x) g ( x) h( x), x thuc mt ln cn no ca x0 hoc v cc v
lim f ( x) L lim h ( x) th lim g ( x) L

x x0 x x0 x x
0
v) Gi s cc hm s f ( x), g ( x) c gii hn khi x x0 khi ta c cc kt qu sau :
lim ( f ( x) g ( x )) lim f ( x ) lim g ( x )

x x0 x x0 x x0
lim kf ( x) k lim f ( x)
x xo x xo
lim f ( x). g ( x) lim f ( x). lim g ( x)

x xo x xo x xo
f ( x) xlim f ( x)
lim
x x0
x
0
, lim g ( x ) 0
g ( x ) lim g ( x) x x0
x x0

1.2 V cng b
Gi s ta xt cc hm trong cng mt qu trnh, chng hn khi x xo . (Nhng kt qu t
c vn ng trong mt qu trnh khc)
1.2.1 nh ngha
Hm ( x) c gi l mt v cng b (VCB) trong qu trnh x xo nu lim ( x ) 0
x x0
x 1
V d. sin x, tgx, 1 cos x l nhng VCB khi x 0 , cn l VCB khi x
x2 2
1.2.2 So snh hai VCB

Cho ( x) v ( x ) l hai VCB trong mt qu trnh no (chng hn khi x xo ). Khi
tc tin v 0 ca chng i khi c ngha quan trng. C th ta c cc nh ngha:

( x)
Nu lim 0 th ta ni ( x) l VCB bc cao hn VCB ( x) trong qu trnh ( ( x)
( x)
dn ti 0 nhanh hn ( x ) khi x xo )
( x)
Nu lim L 0 th ta ni ( x) v ( x ) l hai VCB ngang cp trong qu trnh ( ( x)
( x)
v ( x ) dn ti 0 ngang nhau khi x xo .
c bit khi L 1 ta ni ( x) v ( x ) l hai VCB tng ng, k hiu l ( x) ( x) .
1.2.3 Mt s VCB tng ng c bn khi x 0
sin x x tgx x arcsin x x arctgx x;
2 Ths.NGUYN QUC TIN

(ax )2 1
1 cos ax log (1 x)
a
x 1 x 1 x ln(1 x) x
2 ln a
a x -1 x ln a e x -1 x an x n an 1 x n 1 ... a p x p a p x p , (n p, a p 0)
Sinh vin c th t kim tra cc tng ng ny (xem nh bi tp)

V d. So snh cp ca cc VCB:
( x) sin x tgx; ( x) 1 cos x , khi x 0
Ta c:
1
sin x 1
( x) sin x tgx cos x sin x
lim lim lim lim 0
x 0 ( x) x 0 1 cos x x 0 1 cos x x 0 cos x
Do , ( x) l VCB cp cao hn ( x )
V d. So snh cp ca cc VCB: ( x) 1 cos x, ( x) x 2 , x 0

( x) 1 cos x 1
Ta c: lim lim 2
0
x 0 ( x) x 0 x 2
Do , ( x ) v ( x) l hai VCB cng cp.
1.2.4 Quy tc ngt b VCB cp cao

i) Nu ( x ) 1 ( x) v ( x) 1 ( x) trong cng mt qu trnh th trong qu trnh y
( x) ( x)
lim lim 1
( x) 1 ( x )
ii) Cho ( x ) v ( x) l hai VCB trong mt qu trnh v ( x ) c cp cao hn ( x) . Khi

( x ) ( x) ( x) .
T hai kt qu trn ta suy ra quy tc ngt b VCB cp cao:

Gi s ( x ) v ( x) l hai VCB trong mt qu trnh no . ( x ) v ( x) u l tng ca
( x)
nhiu VCB . Khi gii hn ca t s bng gii hn ca t s hai VCB cp thp nht
( x)
trong ( x ) v ( x) .
V d. Tm cc gii hn sau:
x 3sin 2 x 4 sin 3 x
1) lim
x 0 5 x x3 x8
x 3sin 2 x 4 sin 3 x x 1
Ta c lim 3 8
lim
x 0 5x x x x 0 5x 5
1 x 1
2) lim .
x 0 3
1 x 1
3 Ths.NGUYN QUC TIN

1 1
1 1
Khi x 0 ta c 1 x 1 (1 x) 2 1 x ; 3 1 x 1 (1 x) 3 1 x
2 3
1 x 1 3 1 x 1 3
Suy ra 3
. Vy lim
2 x 0 3 2
1 x 1 1 x 1
tgx sin x
3) lim
x 0 x
Khi x 0 , ta c:
tgx sin x x x tgx sin x
2 khi x 0 . Do lim 2
x x x 0 x
tgx sin x sin 3 x
4) Tnh lim .
x 0 x3
Ta c
1
x. x 2
sin x(1 cos x ) 1
tgx sin x 2 x3 khi x 0
cos x 1 2
1 3 3
Do tgx sin x sin 3 x x x 3 x3 khi x 0
2 2
3 3
x
tgx sin x sin 3 x 2 3
Suy ra 3
3 khi x 0
x x 2
tgx sin x sin 3 x 3
Vy lim
x x0 x3 2
1.3 Hm s lin tc
1.3.1 Cc nh ngha
Hm s y f ( x) c gi l lin tc ti xo D nu lim f ( x ) f ( x0 ) . Khi x0 gi l
x x0
im lin tc ca hm f ( x ) .
Hm s y f ( x) c gi l lin tc trn (a, b) nu f ( x ) lin tc ti mi im thuc (a, b) .
Hm s y f ( x) c gi l lin tc bn tri (bn phi) x0 D nu
lim f ( x ) f ( x0 ) ( lim f ( x) f ( x0 ) ).
x x0 x x0
Hm f ( x ) c gi l lin tc trn [a, b] nu f ( x ) lin tc trn (a, b) v lin tc bn phi ti

a, bn tri ti b.
1.3.2 Tnh cht ca hm s lin tc

Gi s f ( x), g ( x) l hai hm lin tc trn [a, b] . Khi :
4 Ths.NGUYN QUC TIN

f ( x)
i) f ( x) g ( x) v f ( x) g ( x) lin tc trn [ a, b] , nu g ( x) 0 th lin tc trn [a, b] .
g ( x)
ii) f ( x) lin tc trn [ a, b] .
iii) Nu u ( x ) lin tc ti x0 v f (u ) lin tc ti u0 u ( x0 ) th hm f 0u ( x) lin tc ti x0 .
iv) f ( x) lin tc trn [a, b] th t gi tr ln nht, gi tr b nht trn on .
1.3.3 im gin on
Nu f ( x ) khng lin tc ti x0 D th ta ni f ( x ) gin on ti x0 v im x0 gi l im
gin on.
Hm f ( x ) gin on tai x0 nhng tn ti gii hn ca f(x) ti x0 , x0 th x0 c gi l im
gin on loi 1. Cc im gin on khc gi l im gin on loi 2.

V d. Xt tnh lin tc ca hm
1, x 0

1) f ( x ) sin 2 x
2 , x 0
Ta c
sin 2 x
lim f ( x ) lim 2 f (0) 1 .
x 0 x 0 x
Vy f ( x) gin on ti x 0 ,v x 0 l im gin on loi 1
1 x, x 0
2) f ( x)
-1 x, x 0
Hm s gin on ti x 0 v
lim f ( x) 1, lim f ( x ) 1
x 0 x 0
nn x 0 l im gin on loi 1
2x 3
3) f ( x ) , c im gin on ti x0 2
x2
Ta c lim f ( x ) v lim f ( x )

x 2 x 2
Suy ra x0 2 l im gin on loi 2.
BI TP CHNG I
Cu 1. Tm min xc nh ca hm s
5 Ths.NGUYN QUC TIN

1 1 x
a) y ln 1 x 2 b) y arctan c) 2
x 1 x x 1
2
x 1 sin x 1 x
d) e x c) f)
2
x 2x 3 x2 x 2
Cu 2. Tnh gii hn ca cc dy s sau:

1 n4 n n
a) lim ( n 2 n n ) ; ds b) lim ;ds 1
n 2 n 1 n2
3n 4 n 1 1 1
c) lim ;ds 0 d) lim ...
n 2n 7 n n 1.2 2.3 n.( n 1)

Cu 3. Tnh gii hn ca cc hm s sau:

x2 x 2 x 1 x 2 1 3
x 1
a) lim b) lim d) lim
x 1 x 2 4 x 3 2
x
2x2 x 3 x 1 x 1
x4 a4
e) lim f) lim( x x 2 2 x ) g) lim(2 x x 2 2 x )
xa x3 a 3 x x
3
2x 1 3 x 2 x 1
a) lim b) lim 2
d) lim
x4 x 4 x 3x 4 x 1 4
x 4 x 1

(1 cos x)2 1 cos 2 x
a) lim 2
; ds 1/4 b) lim ; ds 1
x 0 x sin x tan x x 0 sin 2 x
sin 3x tgx sin x
c) lim ; ds 3/2 d) lim ; ds
x 0 ln(2 x 1) x 0 x3

a) lim(s in x cos x)cot x ; ds e b) lim x ln x ; ds 0
x 0 x 0
1
x 2( x 1)
c) lim xe ; ds 0 d) lim x ; ds e
x x 1
1
x sin 3 x tan 5 x 2
e) lim ;ds 1/3 f) lim(cos x) x
x 0 3x x 2 9 x 6 x 0
Cu 6. Tm a cc hm s sau lin tc trn tp xc nh ca chng.

1 cos x
1 x 2 ( x 0)
( x 0) x ln x 2 ( x 0)
a) y x 2 b) y c) y
a ( x 0) a 2 x 2 ( x 0) a ( x 0)
2
Cu 7. Tm cc im gin on ca hm s v chng thuc loi no
sin x
x 1 x2 x 2 0 x 0 ( x 0)
a) y b) y c) y y x
2x 5 x2 1 x 0 a
( x 0)
6 Ths.NGUYN QUC TIN

2 CHNG 2. PHP TNH VI PHN HM MT BIN
2.1 o hm
2.1.1 o hm ti mt im
f ( x ) f ( x0 )
Cho hm s y f ( x) xc nh ti x0 v ti ln cn x0 . Khi nu t s
x x0
c gii hn khi x x0 th ta ni f ( x ) kh vi ti x0 hay f ( x ) c o hm ti x0 v gii
hn c gi l o hm ca f ( x) ti x0 . K hiu l f '( x0 ) hay y '( x0 ) .Vy

f ( x ) f ( x0 )
f '( x) lim .
x x0 x x0
Nu t
x x0 x
x x x0
x x0 x 0
Lc
f ( x0 x ) f ( x0 )
f '( x0 ) lim
x 0 x
Hm s y f ( x) c gi l c o hm trn khong (a, b) nu n c o hm ti
mi im x0 ( a , b) . Khi o hm ca hm s f ( x ) l mt hm s xc nh trn
(a, b) . Cho nn k hiu ca o hm ca y f ( x) trn (a, b) l f '( x) hoc y '
f ( x x ) f ( x)
Vy y ' f '( x) lim
x 0 x
V d. Xt hm s y f ( x) x 2
Ta c min xc nh ca hm s l R . o hm ca hm s trn tp xc nh l
f ( x x ) f ( x ) ( x x) 2 x 2
y ' lim lim
x 0 x x 0 x
( x x x )( x x x )
lim lim (2 x x) 2 x
x 0 x x 0
Do y ' f '( x) ( x 2 ) ' 2 x
7 Ths.NGUYN QUC TIN

2.1.2 Bng cc o hm c bn
C' 0 ( C const )
' 1
( x ) ' x 1 , R x n
n
n
x n 1
ln x ' 1x
1
(log a x ) '
x ln a
( e) ' e x
(sin x) ' cos x
(cos x)' -sin x
1
(tgx)' 1 tg 2 x
cos 2 x
1
(cot gx) ' 2 (1 cot g 2 x)
sin x
2.1.3 Cc quy tc tnh o hm
Nu hai hm u ( x) v v ( x) c o hm ti im x th tng, hiu, tch, thng ca chng
cng c o hm ti im x v:
(u v ) ' u ' v '
(ku ) ' ku ', k R
(u.v ) ' u ' v uv '
u u ' v - uv '
( )' , v0
v v2
2.1.4 o hm ca hm hp
Xt hm hp y y u ( x) nu hm y y(u ) c o hm i vi u v u u ( x) c o
hm i vi x th y y u ( x) c o hm i vi x v y '( x ) y '(u ).u '( x)
V d. Xt hm s y (1 x 3 )10
Ta c
y ' 10(1 x3 )9 (1 x 3 ) '
10(1 x 3 )9 3 x 2 30 x 2 (1 x 3 ) 9
V d. Gi s ( x), ( x) c o hm vi mi x R . Tnh o hm ca hm
y 2 ( x) 2 ( x)
t u 2 ( x) 2 ( x) khi y u
Ta c
8 Ths.NGUYN QUC TIN

1
y '( x ) y '(u ).u '( x) 2 ( x) '( x) 2 ( x) '( x)
2 u
( x) '( x) ( x) '( x)

2 ( x) 2 ( x)
x
1
V d. Tnh cc o hm ca hm s sau: y 1
x
1
Ta c ln y x ln(1 )
x
y' 1 1
Ly o hm hai v ta c: ln(1 )
y x x 1
x
1 1 1
Suy ra y ' 1 ln(1 )
x x x 1
2.1.5 o hm cp cao
Cho hm s f ( x ) c o hm f '( x) . Hm s f '( x) c gi l o hm cp mt ca
f ( x) . Nu f '( x) kh vi th o hm ca f '( x) c gi l o hm cp hai ca f ( x ) v
k hiu l f ''( x) . Vy f ''( x) f '( x ) '
Tng qut, o hm ca o hm cp n 1 ca f ( x ) c gi l o hm cp n ca
f ( x) k hiu f ( n ) ( x) vy f ( n ) ( x) f ( n 1) ( x) '
V d. Tm o hm cp n ca y f ( x ) xe x
Ta c
y ' e x xe x (1 x)e x
y " e x (1 x)e x (2 x )e x
...
Chng minh bng quy np ta i n kt qu sau y ( n ) ( n x)e x
2.1.6 Vi phn
Cho hm s y f ( x) xc nh trn (a, b) v x (a, b) , nu hm s y f ( x) kh vi
ti im x th s gia ca hm s ti x c th vit c di dng
f ( x) f ( x x) - f ( x) f '( x)x o(x )
vi o (x) l VCB cp cao hn x khi x 0 .
Biu thc f '( x).x c gi l vi phn ca f ( x ) ti x . K hiu: df ( x) hoc dy ( x) tc
l
df ( x) f '( x).x
Xt hm y f ( x) x ta c f '( x) 1 nn df ( x) dx 1.x x t ta c
9 Ths.NGUYN QUC TIN

df ( x) f '( x).x f '( x).dx . ngn gn ta vit df f '( x).dx
Gi s y f ( x), x (t ) l cc hm s kh vi, khi vi phn hm y f (t ) l
df ( f (t ) ) ' dt f '( x) x '(t )dt f '( x)dx . Vy dng vi phn ca hm y f ( x) khng

thay i d x l bin c lp hay l x l hm kh vi theo bin t . Tnh cht ny
gi l tnh bt bin ca dng vi phn.
V d.. Tm vi phn ca hm y ln x
dx
p dng nh ngha dng vi phn ta c dy d (ln x)
x
2.1.7 ng dng ca vi phn tnh gn ng
Cho hm y f ( x) kh vi ti x0 . Theo nh ngha vi phn ta c s gia ca hm ti x0 l :
f f ( x0 x) - f ( x0 ) f '( x0 ) x o( x)
Do khi x kh b ta c cng thc gn ng.
f ( x0 x) f '( x0 ) x f ( x0 )
V d. Tnh gn ng 122
Ta thy 122 1211
Xt hm y f ( x ) x
p ng cng thc gn ng f ( x0 x) f '( x0 )x f ( x0 ) suy ra
1
x0 x .x x0 . Chn x0 121, x 1 ta c
2 x0
1
122 .1 121 0, 0454 11 11, 0454
2 121
V d. Tnh gn ng sin 29o

Ta thy sin 290 sin . Xt hm y f ( x) sin x
6 180

Ta c sin( x0 x) cos x0 .x sin x0 , p dng cho x0 , x - ta c
6 180
1 3
sin 29 o sin sin cos . . 0, 484
6 180 6 6 180 2 2 180
10 Ths.NGUYN QUC TIN

2.2 ng dng o hm
2.2.1 nh l ( Quy tc LHospital).
i) Cho f ( x), g ( x) 0 l hai hm lin tc v kh vi ti ln cn x0 ( x0 hu hn hoc

). Gi s lim f ( x) lim g ( x) 0 v g '( x) 0 vi mi x thuc ln cn x0 . Khi nu
x xo x xo
f '( x ) f ( x)
lim L th lim L.
x xo g '( x ) x xo g ( x)
ii) Cho f ( x), g ( x) 0 l hai hm lin tc v kh vi ti ln cn x0 . Gi s

lim f ( x) lim g ( x) v g '( x) 0 , vi mi x thuc ln cn x0 . Khi :
x xo x xo
f '( x) f ( x)
Nu lim L th lim L
x xo g '( x ) x xo g ( x)
ax xa 0
V d. Tnh lim (dng )
xa xa 0
(a x x a ) ' a x ln a ax a 1
Ta c: lim lim a a ln a a a .
xa ( x a ) ' x a 1
a x xa
Vy lim a a ln a a a
xa x a
x
V d.. Tnh lim x
(dng )
x e
x' 1 x
Ta c: lim x
lim x
0 . Vy lim 0
x (e ) ' x e x ex
f '( x )
Ch : Khi x tin ti mt qu trnh no (chng hn x tin ti x0 ), nu lim
x x0 g '( x )
f ( x)
khng tn ti th khng kt lun c cho lim . Nu p dng quy tc LHospital m
x x0 g ( x)
0
gii hn vn cn dng v nh hoc th c th p dng quy tc LHospital mt ln
0
na v tip tc cho n ht dng v nh.
1 cos x
V d. Tnh lim
x 1 x2 2x 1
p dng lin tip hai ln quy tc LHospital ta c
sin x sin x cos x 2
lim lim lim .
x 1 2x 2 2 x 1 x 1 2 x 1 1 2
1 cos x 2
Vy lim
x 1 x2 2x 1 2

x3
V d. Tnh lim
x 0 x sin x
p dng lin tip quy tc LHospital ta c:
x3 3x2 6x 6
lim lim lim lim 6
x 0 x sin x x 0 1 cos x x 0 sin x x0 cos x
x3
Vy lim 6
x 0 x sin x
i vi cc dng v nh , 0., 00 , 0 v 1 ta phi a cc dng v nh v
0
mt trong hai dng hoc sau li p dng quy tc LHospital.
0
V d. Tnh lim x.ln x ( dng 0. )
x 0

Ta bin i a gii hn v dng

1
ln x x lim x 0
lim x ln x lim lim

x 0 x 0 1
x 0

1 x 0

2
x x
1 1
V d. Tnh lim x (dng - )
x 0
x e 1
0
Ta bin i gii hn a v dng 0
sau p dng lin tip quy tc LHospital
x x x
1 1 e 1 x e 1 e 1
lim x lim x
lim x x
lim x x

x 0
x e 1 x 0 x(e 1) x 0 e 1 xe x 0 2e xe 2
V d. Tnh lim x ln 3 x (dng - )

x
ln 3 x
Ta c: x ln 3 x x(1- ) v
x
1
3ln 2 x.
ln 3 x 2
x lim 3 ln x lim 6 ln x lim 6 1 0
lim lim
x x x 1 x x x x x x
ln 3 x
Vy: lim x ln 3 x lim x 1- .1
x x
x
2
V d. Tnh lim x x ( dng 0)
x
1
2 ln x
2 lim ln x 2 lim 2 lim x
Ta c lim x e x x x e x x e x 1 e0 1
x

2.2.2 S bin thin ca hm s
Cho hm s y f ( x) lin tc trn [ a, b] v c o hm hu hn trn (a, b) , khi ta c
cc kt qu sau :
Nu f ( x ) lun tng (gim) trn [a, b] th f '( x) 0, x (a , b) ( f '( x) 0, x (a, b) )
Nu f '( x) 0, x (a, b) ( f '( x) 0, x (a , b) ) th trn [a, b] hm f ( x ) n iu tng
(gim)
Vic chng minh hai kt qu trn da vo nh ngha hm s tng (gim), nh ngha o
hm v nh l Lagrange. Sinh vin t chng minh nh bi tp.
T hai kt qu trn ta c nhn xt : Nu hm f ( x ) c o hm ng nht bng 0 trn [a, b]
th f ( x) l hm hng trn [ a , b] .
2.2.3 nh l .
Gi s f ( x ) lin tc trn mt ln cn ca x0 c o hm trong ln cn (c th tr x0 )
v x0 l im ti hn ca f ( x ) . Khi :
i) Nu f '( x) i du t m sang dng khi x i qua x0 th f ( x ) t cc tiu ti x0
ii) Nu f '( x) i du t dng sang m khi x i qua x0 th f ( x ) t cc i ti x0
iii) Nu f '( x) khng i du khi x i qua x0 th f ( x ) khng t cc tr ti x0
V d. Tm cc tr ca hm s y f ( x) ( x 1) 3 x 2
Min xc nh ca hm s l R
5x - 2 2
Bng xt du ca o hm : y ' 3 , vi cc im ti hn l : x 0, x
3 x 5
2
Ta c hm s t cc i x 0 v t cc tiu ti x
5
2.2.4 nh l .
Cho hm s y f ( x) lin tc trn [ a, b] v kh vi lin tc n cp hai trn (a, b) , khi :
i) Nu ti x0 ( a , b), f '( x0 ) 0 v f ''( x0 ) 0 th f ( x ) t cc i ti x0
ii) Nu ti x0 ( a , b), f '( x0 ) 0 v f ''( x0 ) 0 th f ( x ) t cc tiu ti x0
x3 4
V d. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s y
x2
Ta c : TXD R \ 0
x3 4
lim 2 : ng cong c tim cn ng x 0
x 0 x
3
x 4
lim 2 : ng cong khng c tim cn ngang
x x

f ( x) x3 4
a lim lim 3 1
x x x x
x3 4
b lim f ( x) ax lim 2 x 0
x x
x
ng cong c tim cn xin y x
8
y ' 1 3 , y ' 0 x 2
x
24
y '' 4 0 : ng cong lun lm.
x
Ta c bng bin thin
Hm s t cc tiu ti x 2 v ymin 3
Giao im ca thi vi trc honh ( 3 4,0)
V th
BI TP CHNG II
Cu 1. Tnh o hm ca cc hm s sau:
a) y sin 2 x b) y cos(x 2 3x) c) y ln( x 2 3 x)
d) y x 2 x 1 e) y e sin x f) y x x
x2 x 1
g) y xsin x h) y ln x 2 3x i) y
x
Cu 2. Tnh o hm cp 3 ca cc hm s sau
1
a) y sin ax b) y
ax b
c) y sin 2 x d) y x ln x
Cu 3. Kho st s bin thin ca cc hm s sau

x2
a) y ln x b) y 1 arctan x c) y xe x
2
1 x2 4
d) y e) y x 2 4 x 3 f) y e
2
x 2x
Cu 4. Tm cc tr ca cc hm s sau
x2

2
a) y x ln x b) y 3x 2sin x c) y e 2
Cu 4. Tnh cc gii hn sau bng quy tc Lhospital

e x e x 2 x ln(cos 2 x) 1 1
a) lim b) lim c) lim 2
x 0 x sin x x 0 sin x x 0 x sin x x

1 x ln x
d) lim e) lim 1 x f) lim x sin x
x 1 ln x ln x x0 x0

3 CHNG 3. PHP TNH TCH PHN HM MT BIN
3.1 Nguyn hm
3.1.1 nh ngha (Nguyn hm)
Hm F ( x) c gi l mt nguyn hm ca f ( x) trn (a, b) nu
F '( x) f ( x), x a, b .

V d. tg ( x) l mt nguyn hm ca 1 tg 2 x trn R \ 2 n 1 , sin x 100 l mt nguyn
2
hm ca cos x
C th chng minh c: nu F ( x ) l mt nguyn hm ca f ( x ) trn (a, b) th mi
nguyn hm ca f ( x ) trn khong u c dng F ( x) C vi C l mt hng s. H v s
cc nguyn hm c gi l tch phn bt nh ca hm f ( x ) k hiu f ( x)dx . Vy

f ( x)dx F ( x) C
trong du c gi l du tch phn, f ( x) l hm di du tch phn, f ( x)dx l biu
thc di du tch phn v x l bin s tch phn.
3.1.2 Mt s tnh cht ca tch phn bt nh

'
i) f ( x ) dx f ( x )
ii ) C. f ( x )dx C . f ( x) dx , C l hng s
iii ) f ( x) g ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx g ( x )dx
Vic chng minh cc tnh cht trn xem nh bi tp.
3.1.3 Tch phn bt nh ca mt s hm s c bn.
x 1
kdx kx C x dx C, ( 1)
1
dx 1 dx
x
C, ( 1) ln | x | C
1 x 1 x
x ax x e x
a dx C, (a 0, a 1) e dx C, ( 0)
ln a
1 1
cos(ax b)dx a sin(ax b) C sin(ax b)dx a cos(ax b) C
2 2
(1 tg x)dx tgx C (1 cot g x )dx cot gx C

1 1 x
dx arcsin x C , dx arcsin C , ( a 0)
2 2 2 a
1 x a x
1 1 1 x
1 x 2
dx arctgx C a 2 2
dx arctg C , ( a 0)
x a a
1 1 1 xa
a x dx ln a x C x 2 a 2 dx 2a ln x a C
1 x 1 x
cos x dx ln tg 2 4 C sin x dx ln tg 2 C
1 1 ax b dx 1 eaxb C , ( a 0)
cos (ax b) dx atg (ax b) C
2 e a
1 1 1 1
sin 2
dx cotg (ax b ) C ax b dx a ln ax b C , (a 0)
(ax b) a
3.2 Tch phn xc nh

3.2.1 nh ngha
Cho hm s f ( x) lin tc trn a , b v F ( x) l mt nguyn hm ca f ( x ) trn on .
Khi gi tr F (b) F (a) c gi l tch phn xc nh ca hm f ( x ) trn a , b . K hiu
b b
f ( x)dx . Ngi ta thng vit F ( x) a F (b) F ( a ) . Vy
a
b b
f ( x)dx F ( x) F (b) F (a ) .
a a
Nhn xt. Tch phn xc nh khng ph thuc vo k hiu ca bin di du tch phn,
ngha l
b b
f ( x) dx f (u ) du ...
a a
1
2
V d. Tnh x dx
0
1 1
x3 x3 1
Ta c l mt nguyn hm ca f ( x) x 2 , do 0 x2
dx
3 3 0
3

4
V d. Tnh tgxdx
0

Ta c trn on [0, ] hm s ln(cos x) l mt nguyn hm ca tgx nn
4

4
4 2
tgxdx ln(cos x) ln( ) ln(1) ln 2 .
0
0 2
3.2.2 Cc tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh

Gi s f ( x), g ( x) l cc hm kh tch trn a , b khi :
b b
i) kf ( x)dx k f ( x)dx (k const )
a a
b b b
ii ) [ f ( x) g ( x)]dx f ( x) dx g ( x) dx
a a a
b b
iii ) f ( x ) g ( x ), x [a, b] f ( x )dx g ( x )dx
a a
b c b
iv) f ( x)dx f ( x)dx f ( x) dx, c a, b
a a c
b b
v ) f ( x) kh tch trn a , b v f ( x)dx f ( x) dx
a a
Khi i tm nguyn hm hay tnh tch phn xc nh trong nhiu trng hp hm di du

tch phn khng n gin, khng c dng nh nhng hm c bn nu trn, ta phi bin i
hm di du tch phn sao cho c th p dng c cc tch phn c bn. C hai phng
php bin i tch phn trong trng hp ny.
3.3 Hai phng php tnh tch phn c bn

3.3.1 Phng php i bin s
Phng php i bin trong tch phn bt nh c th chia lm hai dng

Dng 1: t x (t ) , trong (t ) l hm kh vi v n iu i vi bin t . Ta c:
f ( x)dx f [ (t )] '(t )dt

sin 3 x
V d. Tnh 3
dx
x2
t x t 3 , x kh vi v n iu vi mi t , suy ra dx x '(t )dt 3t 2 dt
sin 3 x 3t 2 sin t
dx 2
3 sin tdt 3cos t C 3cos 3 x C
3
x2 t
V d. Tnh 1 x 2 dx

t x sin t , t t arcsin x, (1 x 1) . Ta c dx x '(t )dt cos tdt
2 2

1 x 2 1 sin 2 t cos 2 t cos t

cos t (cos t 0 do t )
2 2
1 cos 2t t 1
Suy ra 1 x 2 dx cos 2 tdt dt sin 2t C
2 2 4
1 1
thay t arcsin x 1 x 2 dx arcsin x x 1 x 2 C
2 2
Dng 2: t u u ( x) trong u ( x ) l hm kh vi. Ta c
f ( x)dx f [u ( x)]u '( x)dx f (u )du

e5 x dx
V d. Tnh e2x 1
t u e x du u '( x)dx e x dx . Suy ra
e5 x dx u 4 du 2 1
e2 x 1 u 2 1 (u 1 u 2 1)du

u3 e3 x
u arctg u e x arctg (e x ) C
3 3
sin 2 xdx
V d. Tnh cos 4
x4
t u cos 2 x du u '( x)dx 2sin x cos xdx . Suy ra
sin 2 xdx du 1 u2
cos4 x 4 u 2 4 4 ln u 2 C
1 cos2 x 2
ln C
4 cos 2 x 2
V d. Tnh I1
2x 2
1 x
dx
4
x 1
t u x 2 du 2 xdx , khi :
1 2u 1 1 2udu 1 du
I du 2
2
2 u 1 2 u 1 2 u2 1
1 1
ln(u 2 1) arctgu C
2 2
1 1
ln( x 4 1) arctg ( x 2 ) C
2 2
p dng phng php trn khi tnh tch phn xc nh ta c th thc hin nh sau:
i vi dng 1:

t x (t ) vi (t ) c o hm lin tc trn [ , ] v [ ( ) a, ( ) b khi t bin thin
b
trong [ , ] th x bin thin trong [ a , b] . Khi f ( x) dx f ( (t )) '(t ) dt
a
1
2
V d. Tnh I x 1 x 2 dx
0

t x sin t , (0 t ) dx cos tdt
2

Ta c x 0 t 0 , x 1 t
2
Do :
1 2 2
2
I x 1 x 2 dx sin 2 t 1 sin 2 t .cos tdt sin
2
t cos 2 tdt
0 0 0
2 2 2
1 2 1 1 sin 4t

4 0
sin 2tdt
8
0
(1 cos 4t ) dt x
8 4 0

16
i vi dng 2:
t u u ( x) vi u ( x ) n iu, kh vi lin tc trn [a, b] v f ( x)dx tr thnh g (u )du tha
u(b)
b
g (u ) lin tc trn [u (a), u (b)] . Khi f ( x)dx g (u )du
a
u (a)

2
cos3 x
V d. Tnh I 3
dx
sin x
4

2 2
cos 2 x 1 sin 2 x
Ta c I 3
cos xdx 1
cos x dx
sin x 3
4 4
(sin x)
2
t u sin x du cos xdx v u ( ) , u ( ) 1 . Khi
4 2 2
1 1 1 5
1 u2
I 1
du (u 3 u 3 ) du
2 3 2
2
u 2
3.3.2 Phng php tch phn tng phn

Nu u u ( x), v v( x) l hai hm kh vi lin tc trn mt khong no , khi :
udv uv vdu
cng thc ny gi l cng thc tch phn tng phn, thay v tnh tch phn biu thc udv ta
i tnh tch phn biu thc vdu c th n gin hn.

tnh f ( x)dx bng phng php tch phn tng phn ta cn phn tch
f ( x ) g ( x )h ( x) sau t
u g ( x)

dv h( x)dx
Vic chn u v dv trn, cn thc hin sao cho u ' n gin v v h( x)dx d tnh.
Cc dng tch phn sau y c tnh bng phng php tch phn tng phn vi cch t
tng ng:
ax
P ( x) sin axdx, P
n n ( x) cos axdx, P ( x )e
n dx: t u Pn ( x)
P ( x) ln xdx, P ( x)arctgxdx, P ( x)arc cot gxdx, P ( x) arcsin xdx, P ( x) arccos xdx,...: t

n n n n n
dv Pn ( x)dx vi Pn ( x) l a thc bc n theo x
V d. Tnh I (2 x 3)e 2 x dx
du 2dx
u 2 x 3
t 2x
1 2x
dv e dx v 2 e
2x 3 2x 3 1
I e 2 x e 2 x dx e 2 x e 2 x C ( x 1)e2 x C
2 2 2
p dng vo tch phn xc nh ta tin hnh nh sau:
Nu u ( x), v( x) l hai hm kh vi lin tc trn [a, b] . Khi
b b
b
udv uv
a
a
vdu
a
Cch t u v dv tng t nh trong tch phn bt nh.

V d. Tnh cc tch phn sau:
e
1) I ln xdx
1
dx e
u ln x du e
t x . Khi : I x ln x 1 dx e ln e (e 1) 1
dv dx v x 1

2
2) J e x cos xdx
0
u e x du e x dx 2
t . Khi : J e x sin x 02 e x sin xdx .

dv cos xdx v sin x 0

2
t J1 e x sin xdx , ta tip tc tch phn tng phn J1
0
u e x du e x dx
t
dv sin xdx v cos x

2
J1 e x cos x 2 e x cos xdx e x cos x 2 J

0 0
0
2 2 2
J e x sin x J1 e x sin x e x cos x J . Vy ta c
0 0 0
1 x 2 1 2
J e sin x e x cos x
2 0 2 0
1 1 1
J e 2 (e 2 1)
2 2 2
Nh vy ta xy dng khi nim v ch ra cch tnh tch phn trong trng hp cc cn
ly tch phn l hu hn v hm ly tch phn lin tc . Di y chng ta s m rng khi
nim tch phn vi trng hp cn ly tch phn l v hn.
3.4 Tch phn suy rng

3.4.1 Tch phn suy rng dng f ( x) dx
a
Xt hm s f ( x) xc nh trn [a, ) , kh tch trn mi on [a, b], b a . Ta nh

b
ngha tch phn suy rng ca f ( x ) trn [a, ) l lim f ( x) dx v k hiu: f ( x) dx .
b
a a
b
Vy f ( x) dx lim f ( x) dx
b
a a

Nu gii hn trn l hu hn ta ni f ( x) dx hi t, nu gii hn v hn hoc khng tn ti
a
ta bo tch phn phn k.

b
dx dx 1 b 1 1
V d. 2
lim 2
lim lim 1
1
x b
1
x b
x 1 b b 1

dx dx
Vy hi t v x 1
1
x2 1
2
b
dx dx b
V d. lim lim ln x lim ln b ln1
1
x b 1 x b 1 b

dx
Vy phn k
1
x

dx
V d. x
( R)
1
Nu 1
b b
dx x1 b1 1 dx
lim x dx lim lim Suy ra phn k.
x b 1 x
b 1

1 1
b
1 1

dx
Nu 1 th phn k
1
x
Nu 1
b b
dx x1
lim x dx lim
1
x b 1 b 1
1
b1 1
lim
b 1 1

1 1 1 dx
lim 1 . Suy ra x
hi t
b 1 ( 1)b 1
1
b

Tng t ta cng nh ngha tch phn suy rng vi khong ly tch phn l (, b] v
( , )
Tch phn suy rng ca f ( x) trn (, b] l
b b
lim f ( x) dx, (a b) v k hiu f ( x) dx .
a
a
b b
Vy f ( x) dx lim f ( x) dx ,
a
a
b b
nu gii hn ny l hu hn ta ni f ( x) dx hi t, ngc li ta bo tch phn f ( x) dx

phn k.


b
Tch phn suy rng ca f ( x ) trn (, ) l lim f ( x) dx v c k hiu:
a
b a

f ( x) dx . Vi gi thit f ( x) kh tch trn mi khong [ a, b] , nh vy ta c th vit

f ( x) dx f ( x) dx f ( x ) dx , c .
c
c
Tch phn f ( x) dx hi t f ( x) dx v f ( x) dx cng hi t.
c
0 0 0
x x a x
V d. e dx lim e dx lim (1 e ) 1 . Vy e dx hi t.
a a
a
c
1 1 1
V d. 1 x 2 dx 1 x 2 dx 1 x
c
2
dx
lim (arctgc arctga ) lim (arctgb arctgc )

a b

arctgc arctgc
2 2

1
Suy ra 1 x 2
dx hi t.

3.5 Cc tiu chun hi t

Thng thng ch bit mt tch phn suy rng c hi t hay khng, ngi ta khng nht
thit phi tnh ra tch phn . Thay vo ta s dng cc kt qu sau y kt lun tnh
cht hi t. Cc kt qu ta gi chung l cc tiu chun hi t.
3.5.1 nh l (Tiu chun hi t th nht)

Cho f ( x), g ( x) l hai hm khng m trn [ a, ) , kh tch trn mi khong [ a , b] v
f ( x) g ( x) . Khi

i) Nu g ( x) dx hi t th f ( x) dx hi t
a a

ii) Nu f ( x) dx phn k th g ( x) dx phn k
a a

1
V d. Xt x 2
dx
1
x

1 1 1 1
Ta thy: 2
2 , x [1, ] m dx hi t suy ra x dx hi t
x x x 1 x2 1
2
x

1
V d. Xt 3
dx
0 x 1 1

1 1 1 1
Ta c 3
3
, m 3
dx phn k nn 3
dx phn k.
x 1 1 x 1 0 x 1 0 x 1 1
3.5.2 nh l (Tiu chun so snh th hai)

Cho f ( x), g ( x) l hai hm khng m trn [a, ) , kh tch trn mi khong [a, b] . Khi

f ( x)
i) Nu lim k , 0 k th cc tch phn f ( x) dx v g ( x) dx s cng hi t
x g ( x )
a a
hoc cng phn k.

f ( x)
ii) Nu lim 0 th g ( x) dx hi t suy ra f ( x) dx hi t
x g ( x) a a

f ( x)
iii) Nu lim th g ( x) dx phn k suy ra f ( x) dx phn k
x g ( x) a a
V d. Xt s hi t ca cc tch phn sau

dx
1) x 3
1
2x 1

1 1 f ( x) dx
t f ( x) 3
, chn g ( x) 3
. Ta c lim 1 0 m hi t
x 2x 1 x x g ( x )
1
x3

dx
Suy ra tch phn x 3
hi t.
1
2x 1

5
2) dx
3 3
1 x 2x 1

5 1 f ( x) dx
t f ( x) , chn g ( x) . Ta c lim 5 , m phn k. Suy ra tch
3 3
x 2x 1 x x g ( x) 1
x

5
phn dx phn k
3
1 x3 2 x 1

x3
3)
1
x2 x 1
x3 1
1
Ta c lim 2 : , m dx phn k nn tch phn cho phn k Trng
x x x 1 x x
1
hp f ( x ) c du ty ta c kt qu sau.
3.5.3 nh l (S hi t tuyt i v bn hi t)

Nu f ( x) dx hi t th f ( x) dx hi t.
a a

Khi ta ni f ( x) dx hi t tuyt i cn nu f ( x) dx phn k nhng f ( x) dx hi t
a a a

th ta ni f ( x) dx bn hi t.
a

cos x
V d. Xt s hi t ca x 2
dx
1
1

cos x 1 1 cos x cos x
Ta c 2
2 2 nn dx hi t, vy x dx hi t tuyt i
x 1 x 1 x 1
x2 1 1
2
1
b
Ch . Cc tch phn f ( x) dx, f ( x) dx cng c nhng nh l tng t.

3.6 ng dng tch phn

3.6.1 Tnh din tch hnh phng
Cho hm s f ( x ) lin tc v f ( x) 0 trn [a, b] . Khi din tch hnh thang cong gii
hn bi ng cong f ( x ) v hai ng thng x a, x b v trc Ox l
b
S f ( x)dx
a
Hm s f ( x ) lin tc [ a , b] th din tch hnh thang cong gii hn bi ng cong f ( x )

b
v hai ng thng x a, x b v trc Ox l S | f ( x) | dx
a
Din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng cong f ( x ) v g ( x) lin tc trn [ a, b] v hai

b
ng thng x a, x b cho bi cng thc sau S | f ( x) g ( x) | dx
a
Trong qu trnh tnh din tch hnh phng ta nn ch n tnh cht i xng ca hnh
phng vic tnh din tch n gin hn.
x2
V d.. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc n y x 2 , y v y 2 x .
2
tnh din tch ny ta chia n lm hai phn, phn th nht ng vi
x [0, 2] phn th hai ng vi x [2, 4]

2 2
2 x2 x3 4
S1 ( x )dx
0
2 6 0 3
Din tch hnh phng cho l S S1 S 2 4 .

x2 y2
V d. tnh din tch hnh elip 1
a 2 b2
ng elip chnh tc i xng qua cc trc ta nn din tch

l :
a a
x2
S 4 f ( x)dx 4 b 1 dx
0 0
a2
a
4b 2 2 4b a 2
a x dx ab
a 0 a 4
Vy S ab .
3.6.2 Tnh th tch vt th

Cho mt vt th gii hn bi mt mt cong v hai mt phng x a, x b (a b ) . Gi s
din tch thit din ca vt th ct bi mt phng vung gc vi
Ox ti x l S ( x) , S ( x) l mt
hm lin tc trn on [a, b] . Khi th tch vt th c tnh

b
nh bng cng thc V S ( x)dx .
a
V d.. Tnh th tch vt th gii hn bi elipsoid

x2 y2 z2
1
a 2 b2 c 2
Ct vt th bi mt phng vung gc vi Ox ti im c honh l x thit din nhn
c l mt elip c phng trnh

y2 z2 x2 y2 z2
1 1
b2 c 2 a2 x2 2 x2 2
(b 1 2 ) ( c 1 2 )
a a
x2
Din tch ca elip ny l : S ( x) bc(1 2 ) .
a
Th tch ca vt th l
a a a
x2 2 bc
V S ( x) dx bc (1 2 )dx 2 ( a 2 x 2 )dx
a a
a a 0
a
2 bc x3 2 bc a3 4 abc
2 (a 2 x ) 2 (a3 ) .
a 3 0 a 3 3
Trng hp vt th trn xoay ta c: Cho hnh thang cong gii hn bi ng cong
f ( x) lin tc trn on [a, b] , trc Ox v hai ng thng x a, x b xoay quanh trc Ox .
Khi ta thu c mt vt th trn xoay. Cc thit din vung gc vi trc Ox ti im x
u l cc hnh trn c tm nm trn Ox vi bn knh l f ( x) , din tch ca cc thit din ny
b
l S ( x) f 2 ( x) . Vy th tch vt th trn xoay l : V f 2 ( x)dx .
a
2 2
x y
V d. Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay to bi elip 2
2 1 khi n quay quanh trc Ox
a b
b2 2
Ta c f 2 ( x) y 2 2
(a x 2 ) . Theo cng thc ta c
a

b a
b2 2
V f 2 ( x)dx 2
a a 2 (a x )dx
a
a a
b2 b2 x3 4
2 2 (a 2 x 2 )dx 2 2 (a 2 x ) ab 2
a 0 a 3 0 3
BI TP CHNG III
Cu 1. Tnh cc tch phn sau:
sin xdx x x x x
a) 2
cox x
b)
x
dx c) 1 x x2 x 1 dx
sin xdx sin(ln x) dx 2dx
d) e) f) x 2
cos 2 x 4 x 6x 8
2 ex x 3x 2
g) (2 3cot x)dx h) I
ex 2
dx i) 1 x2 2 x3 dx
Cu 2. Tnh cc tch phn sau
a) x.arctgx.dx b) ln xdx c) x cos xdx
x 1 sin xdx
2 x
d) x e dx e) x ln xdx f)
2x 1
Cu 3. Cho hm s f ( x) . Xc nh A, B, C sao cho
( x 1)3
A B C
f ( x) 3
2
ri tnh f ( x)dx .
( x 1) ( x 1) x 1
Cu 4. Tnh tch phn sau
1 e 1
x cos(arctan x)
a) I 2 dx b) I ln xdx c) I dx
0 1 0
1 x2
e 1 /2
dx 3x 2
d) I
1
x(1 ln 2 x)
e) I
0 1 x3
dx f) I x 1 sin xdx
0

e 2
2
g) I xe x dx h) I x cos xdx i) I x cos x dx
1 1 1
Cu 5. Xt s hi t ca cc tch phn suy rng sau:

dx xdx dx
a) ; ds b) 2 ; ds c) 1 x 2
; ds
1
5 2x 0
x 2x 3 0
2
1 2
ln( x 1)dx dx xdx 4
d) ; ds phn k a) ; ds 2 b) ; ds
1
x 0 1 x 1 x 1 3
2 1
dx xdx
c) ln x ; ds phn k d) e
0
sin x
1
; ds hi t
1
Cu 6. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng sau:

4
a) y 2 2 x, x 2 2 y ; ds b) y x 2 4, y x 4 ; ds 1/6
3
Cu 2. Tnh th tch cc vt th cho bi:
16
a) y 2 x x 2 , y 0 xoay quanh trc Ox ; ds
15
1
b) y x 2 , y 1 xoay quanh trc Oy ; ds
2

4 CHNG 4. PHP TNH VI PHN HM NHIU BIN
4.1 Hm nhiu bin
4.1.1 Cc nh ngha
Mt qui lut f t tng ng mi cp s thc ( x, y ) D D, D R vi mt v ch mt
phn t z R th ta ni f l hm hai bin s trn D D . K hiu f : D D R hay
z f ( x, y ) .
V d. Cc hm z xy, t x 2 y 2 1
i vi hm ba bin th ta c nh ngha tng t, khi ta c: u f ( x, y, z ) . Chng hn
u 1 x 2 y 2 z 2 , u x y 2 z , ...
Tp hp cc cp ( x, y ) m ng vi chng c th xc nh c gi tr ca z c gi l min
xc nh ca hm hai bin z f ( x, y ) , k hiu l D( f ) .
V d.
1
1) Min xc nh ca hm z l x 2 y 2 4 . Vy D( f ) gm cc im nm
2 2
1 x y
trong vng trn tm l gc to v bn knh bng 2.
2) Min xc nh ca hm z sin( x y) l R 2
4.1.2 Gii hn ca hm hai bin

S L c gi l gii hn ca hm z f ( x, y ) khi im M ( x, y ) tin n im
M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) nu vi mi 0 b tu cho trc c th tm c 0 sao cho khi
0 M 0 M th f ( x, y ) A . K hiu lim f ( x, y) A hay lim f ( x, y ) A
M M 0 x x0
y y0
Gii hn ca hm hai bin cn c th nh ngha thng qua gii hn ca dy nh sau:

Cho hm s f ( M ) f ( x, y ) xc nh trong min D cha im M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) c th tr im
M 0 . Ta ni rng L l gii hn ca f ( x, y ) khi im M ( x, y ) dn ti im M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) nu
vi mi dy M n ( xn , yn ) thuc D dn ti M 0 ta u c lim f ( xn , yn ) L . K hiu

n
lim f ( x, y ) L hay lim f ( M ) L

( x , y ) ( x0 , y0 ) M M 0
xy
V d. Tnh lim f ( x, y ) vi f ( x, y)
( x , y ) (0,0)
x y2
2
x
Ta c f ( x, y ) . y y , ( x, y) (0,0) , do ( xn , yn ) (0, 0) ta u c
x2 y 2

lim f ( xn , yn ) 0 .
( xn , y n ) (0,0)
xy
V d. Chng minh lim khng tn ti.
x 0
y 0
x y2
2
x2 1 2 x2 2
Cho y x ta c L lim , nhng cho y 2 x th L lim . Vy khi
x 0
y 0
x2 x2 2 x 0 x 2 4 x 2
y 0
5
( x, y ) tin v (0, 0) theo cc hng khc nhau th f ( x, y ) c nhng gii hn khc nhau. Do
xy
lim khng tn ti.
x 0
y 0
x y2
2
4.1.3 Tnh lin tc ca hm hai bin.

Gi s M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) D( f ) . Hm z f ( x, y ) c gi l hm lin tc ti im M0 nu
lim f ( x, y ) f ( x0 , y0 )
x x0
y y0
Hm s lin tc ti mi im ca mt min no gi l hm lin tc trong min . im

m ti hm s khng lin tc gi l im gin on ca hm s
V d. Hm s f ( x, y) x 2 y 2 lin tc ti mi im ca R 2
xy
, ( x, y ) (0, 0) xy
Hm s f ( x, y ) x 2 y 2 gin on ti (0, 0) v khng tn ti lim 2
x 0 x y 2
1 , ( x, y ) (0,0) y 0

4.2 o hm ring
4.2.1 nh ngha
Cho hm z f ( x, y ) . Nu xem y l mt hng s (tham s) th f tr thnh hm ca mt bin
s x. Ta gi o hm ring ca z theo bin x l gii hn
z f ( x x, y) f ( x, y )
lim
x x 0 x
z f
K hiu z x' , f x' , , . Tng t ta cng nh ngha o hm ring ca hm z f ( x, y ) theo
x x
bin y
V d.
z z
1) Cho z x 2 y . Ta c 2 x, 1.
x y
z z
2) Hm s z x y . Ta c yx y-1 v x y ln x
x y

4.2.2 o hm ring cp cao
Cho hm s z f ( x, y ) . Cc o hm f x' , f y' l nhng o hm ring cp mt. Cc o
hm ring ca cc o hm ring cp mt gi l cc o hm ring cp hai. K hiu o hm

ring cp hai nh sau:
f 2 f '' f 2 f
2 f x2 x, y f yx'' x, y
x x x x y xy
f 2 f f 2 f
f xy'' x, y ''
2 f y 2 x, y
y x yx y y y
4.2.3 nh l (Schwarz)
Nu trong mt ln cn U no ca im M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) hm s z f ( x, y ) c cc o
hm ring f xy'' , f yx'' v nu cc o hm y lin tc ti M 0 th f xy'' , f yx'' ti M 0 .
2 z 2 z
V d. z e xy ; e xy xye xy
xy yx
4.3 Vi phn ton phn

Nu hm s z f ( x, y ) c cc o hm ring trong ln cn im ( x0 , y0 ) v cc o hm
f f
ring , lin tc ti ( x0 , y0 ) th ta c
x y
f f
z f ( x, y ) f ( x0 , y0 ) ( x0 , y0 )x ( x0 , y0 )y 0( )
x y
Trong
x x x0 , y y y0 , (x)2 (y )2 ,
z f ( x, y) f ( x0 , y0 ) c gi l s gia ton phn ca z. Hm 0( ) l v cng b cp cao

hn khi 0 . Ta cng ni hm z kh vi ti im ( x0 , y0 ) .
4.3.1 nh ngha
f f
Khi z f ( x, y ) kh vi ti ( x0 , y0 ) ta gi phn tuyn tnh ( x0 , y0 )x ( x0 , y0 )y c
x y
gi l vi phn ton phn ca z f ( x, y ) ti ( x0 , y0 ) v k hiu dz ( x0 , y0 ) . Vy
f f
dz ( x0 , y0 ) ( x0 , y0 ) x ( x0 , y0 ) y .
x y
hay

f f
df ( x, y ) ( x, y)dx ( x, y )dy
x y
V d.
z z
Xt hm z x y ta c: dz dx dy yx y 1dx x y ln x dy
x y
4.3.2 Vi phn cp hai

Vi phn cp hai ca hm z f ( x, y ) l vi phn ton phn ca df ( x, y) tc l d (df ) v c
k hiu l d 2 z hay d 2 f . Bng cch da vo o hm ring cp 2, ta c cng thc:
2 f 2 2 f 2 f 2
d 2 f ( x, y ) dx 2 dxdy dy
x 2 xy y 2
4.3.3 p dng vi phn ton phn tnh gn ng

Xt hm z f ( x, y ) kh vi ti ( x0 , y0 ) . Khi x v y b ta c cng thc gn ng sau:
f f
z f ( x, y) f ( x0 , y0 ) ( x0 , y0 )x ( x0 , y0 )y
x y
hoc
f f
f ( x, y ) f ( x0 , y0 ) ( x0 , y0 ) x ( x0 , y0 ) y
x y
V d. Tnh gn ng gi tr 1, 023,01 .
Xt hm z x y , x 1, y 3, x 0, 02, y 0, 01 . Khi :1, 023,01 1 0, 06 1, 06 .
4.3.4 o hm hm hp
Cho z f (u , v) vi u u ( x, y), v v( x, y ) th cc o hm ring c tnh nh sau:
z z u z v

x u x v x
Tng t
z z u z v

y u y v y
2
v2
V d. Vi z eu , u a cos x, v a sin x th:
dz z du z dv

dx u dx v dx
2
v2 2
v2
eu 2u ( a sin x) eu 2v( a cos x)
u 2 v 2
2ae (v cos x u sin x)

4.4 Cc tr hm hai bin
4.4.1 im cc i-im cc tiu
M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) c gi l im cc i ca z f ( x, y ) nu ti mi im M ( x, y) trong ln
cn ca M0 ta u c f ( x0 , y0 ) f ( x, y ) . Trong trng hp ny ta cng ni l hm

z f ( x, y ) t cc i ti M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) . Nu thay ch i bi ch tiu v bt ng thc
f ( x0 , y0 ) f ( x, y ) thay bi
f ( x0 , y0 ) f ( x, y ) th M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) c gi l im cc tiu ca z f ( x, y )
im cc i v cc tiu khi cha cn phn bit c gi chung l cc tr.
V d.
Hm z x 2 ( y 1)2 2 c z (0,1) 2 v z ( x, y ) 2 z (0,1), ( x, y ) .Vy (0,1) l im cc
tiu ca hm z . Gi tr cc tiu thu c l 2. im (2,3) chng phi l im cc tr ca
hm z v trong ln cn ca n c cc im khc m gi tr ti chng c th ln hn, c th
nh hn gi tr ca z ti (2,3) .?
4.4.2 Cch tm cc tr hm hai bin

Ngi ta chng minh c rng nu hm z f ( x, y ) t cc tr ti M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) th ti hoc
f f
khng tn ti hai o hm ring hoc cc o hm ring , u bng 0. Cc im
x y
f f
( xo , yo ) m ( xo , yo ) ( xo , yo ) 0 l im dng.
x y
Nh vy tm cc tr ca hm hai bin trc ht ta tm cc im ( xo , yo ) m ti khng
tn ti hai o hm ring v cc im dng.
Gi s M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) l mt im dng ca z f ( x, y ) v ti M0 hm z c cc o hm ring
2 z 2 z 2 z
( x0 , y 0 ) A, ( x0 , y 0 ) B , ( x0 , y0 ) C .
x 2 xy y 2
Khi :
Nu B 2 AC 0 th hm t cc tr ti M0 (t cc tiu nu A 0 , t cc i nu A 0 ).
Nu B 2 AC 0 th hm khng c cc tr ti M0.
Nu B 2 AC 0 th cha c kt lun.
V d.
Tm cc tr ca hm s f ( x, y) x3 y 3 6 xy .
Ta c f x' 3 x 2 6 y, f y' 3 y 2 6 x ( x, y ) hay hm s lun tn ti hai o hm ring. Cc
im dng l nghim ca

3 x 2 6 y 0 y 12 x 2
2 2
.
3 y 6 x 0 x 12 y
Gii h ta c hai im dng M 0 (0; 0) v M 1 (2; 2)
Xt im M 0 (0; 0) :
Ta c A f xx'' (0; 0) 6 x M 0 , B f xy'' (0;0) 6 , C f yy'' (0;0) 6 y M 0 .

0 0
B 2 AC 36 0 nn ti M0 khng phi l cc tr.

Xt im M 1 (2; 2) :
Ta c: A f xx'' (2, 2) 6 x M 12 , B f xy'' (2, 2) 6 , C f yy'' (2, 2) 6 y M 12 .

1 1
B 2 AC 108 0 . M A 12 0 . Do (2, 2) l im cc tiu ca hm s v gi tr cc

tiu l f (2, 2) 8 8 24 8 .
BI TP CHNG IV
Cu 1. Min xc nh ca hm s
1 x2 1 sin xy xy
a) z b) z c) z
2
1 x y 2
4 x2 y2 5 x2 y2
1 x2 1
d) z ln e) z e1sin xy f) z
2 sin x 8 x y
Cu 2. Min gi tr ca hm s
a) z cos(1 xy ) b) w xy sin z c) w x 2 2 x 4 y 2
Cu 2. Tnh cc gii hn
xy 1 x2 x 2 y
a) lim
( x , y ) (0;0) x 1
b) lim
( x , y )(1;0) 2
x 3y 2
c) lim
( x , y )(2;1)
e x2 y2

1
x 2 2 xy y 2 x2 y2 e y sin(1/ 2 x)
d) lim e) lim f) lim
x 2 x y ( x , y ) (0;0) x4 y 4 ( x , y )( ;1) 1/ 2 x
y 2
x y x2 y 1
g) lim e h) lim 2 2
i) lim ( x 2 y 2 ) sin
( x , y )(1;1) ( x , y ) (0;0) x y x 0 x y
y 0
x2 y 2 1 1
Cu 3. Cho hm s f ( x, y ) 2 2
. nh ngha f (0,0) hm s lin tuc trn R 2
x y
Cu 4. Tm a cc hm s lin tc

cos2 xy 1
, x, y 0, 0
a) f ( x, y) x 2 y trn R 2
a , x, y 0,0

x3 y 3
, x, y 0, 0
b) f ( x, y) x y ti 0, 0
a , x, y 0, 0

x3 y 3
, x, y 1, 1
c) f ( x, y) 2 x y ti 1, 1
a , x, y 1, 1

Cu 5. Tnh cc o hm ring cp mt
2 x
a) z x3 ln y3 3 xy b) z e x yx
ln x c) z x 2 sin
y
x
d) z x3 3x y e) z ln x x2 y 2 f) z x 2tg
y
Cu 6. Tnh cc o hm ring cp hai
a) z e x sin y x3 2 y b) z x3 y3 ln xy c) z x y
d) z sin(2 x 3 y ) b) z x 2 y 2 c) z cot g x y
z x
Cu 7. Tnh vi z = eucosv, u = xy, v =
y y
2
y2 z
Cu 8. Cho z e x , x a cos t , y a sin t . Tnh
t
z
Cu 9. Cho z ln x y , y sin x . Tnh
x
Cu 10. Tm cc tr ca cc hm s sau:
a) z x 4 8 x 2 y 2 5 b) z x 2 y 2 2 x 1 c) z x 2 y 2
d) z xy 3x 2 y b) z x 2 y 2 c) z 4( x y ) x 2 y 2

5 CHNG 5. MA TRN - NH THC
5.1 Ma trn
5.1.1 nh ngha.
Ma trn A cp m n trn R l mt bng s hnh ch nht gm m hng v n ct c biu din
nh sau:
a11 a12 ... a1 n
a a22 ...

a2 n
A = aij , i 1, m, j 1, n
21
mn

am1 am 2 ... amn
Trong :
aij R : l phn t thuc dng i v ct j ca ma trn A.
ai1 ai 2 ... ain : dng th i ca ma trn A.
a1 j
a
2 j : ct th j ca ma trn A.
...

amj
K hiu M mn ( R ) l tp hp cc ma trn cp m n trn R .
1 0 2
V d.. Xt ma trn B . Ma trn B l ma trn cp 2 3 .
1 2 0
5.1.2 Cc dng c bit ca ma trn.

1) Ma trn dng
Ma trn dng l ma trn c mt dng v n ct, k hiu l A = a1 a2 ... an
V d.. A 2 8 3
2) Ma trn ct
a1

a
Ma trn ct l ma trn c m dng v mt ct, k hiu l : A 2

am

1
2
V d. A
4

0
3) Ma trn khng:
Ma trn khng l ma trn c tt c cc phn t u bng 0, k hiu 0 0mn
0 0
0 0
V d. 0 032 0 0 ; 0
0 0 0 0

4) Ma trn vung cp n:
Ma trn vung cp n l ma trn c s dng v s ct bng n, k hiu l
a11 a12 ... a1n

a a22 ... a2 n
A 21 aij
n

an1 an 2 ... ann
Tp hp cc ma trn vung cp n c k hiu : A M n ( R ) .
ng thng i qua cc phn t a11 , a22 , a33 ,..., ann c gi l ng cho chnh ca ma trn
A. ng thng i qua cc phn t a1n , a2( n 1) , a3( n 2) ,..., an1 c gi l ng cho ph ca
ma trn A.
V d.
1 1 4
Ma trn A 1 2 0 l mt ma trn vung. ng thng i qua cc phn t 1,2,-3 l
4 0 3

ng cho chnh.
5) Ma trn cho
Ma trn cho l ma trn vung c cc phn t khng nm trn ng cho chnh bng 0
1 0 0
V d. A 0 2 0
0 0 3

6) Ma trn n v cp n
Ma trn n v cp n l ma trn cho c cc phn t nm trn ng cho chnh bng 1. K
hiu l I I n .

1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 ; 1 0 0
V d. I 2 ; I
3 I 4 .
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1
5.1.3 Cc php ton v ma trn

1) Hai ma trn bng nhau.
Hai ma trn cng cp A M nm ( R ) v B M nm ( R ) gi l bng nhau nu cc phn t tng
ng ca chng bng nhau, tc l: A B aij bij (i, j ) .
1 2 1 2
V d. Cho A ,B . Tm a, b sao cho A B
a a b 2 1
Theo nh ngha trn gii c a 2, b 1 .
2) Php nhn mt s vi ma trn.
Cho c 0 v ma trn A aij M mn ( R ) . Khi : cA (caij )mn
m n
1 2 3
V d. Cho A . Khi
2 1 0
1 2 3 2 4 6
2 A 2 .
2 1 0 4 2 0
1 2 3 3 6 9
A v 3 A
2 1 0 6 3 0
3) Php cng hai ma trn.
Cho A aij v B bij . Tng ca A v B l ma trn C cij c xc nh nh sau:
m n m n m n

cij aij bij , i 1, m, j 1, n
1 2 3 1 1 1 1 3 1
V d. Vi A v B , C . Khi
2 3 1 0 1 0 0 4 0
0 3 4 2 3 2
A B ; A B 2C
2 4 1 2 4 1
Nhn xt. Php cng hai ma trn ch thc hin c khi hai ma trn cng cp.
4) Php nhn hai ma trn
Cho A M mk ( R ) v B M k n ( R ) . Gi A1, A2, ..., Am l m dng ca A; B (1) , B (2) , ..., B ( n ) l n
ct ca B.
Ta vit:

A1

A
A 2 v B B (1) B (2) ... B ( n )

Am
b1 j
b
.
2j
Vi Ai ai1 ai 2 ... aik v B ( j )

bkj
Khi C = AB gi l ma trn tch ca A vi B v phn t cij ca C c xc nh nh sau
cij Ai B ( j ) ai1b1 j ai 2b2 j ... aik bkj
Nhn xt
Php nhn hai ma trn AB ch thc hin c khi s ct ca ma trn A l s dng ca ma trn
B. Vi A M mk ( R) v B M k n ( R) th C M mn ( R)
Ni chung AB BA . Trng hp AB BA th ta ni A v B l hai ma trn giao hon.

1 0 1 2 1 2 3 2
V d. Cho A v B . Khi AB BA .
1 1 0 1 1 3 1 1
1 2
1 2 3 4
V d. Cho A 3 0 , B .
2 4 2 1 0 3

Ta c: A1 1 2 , A2 3 0 , A3 2 4 v
1 2 3 4
B(1) , B (2) , B (3) , B( 4) . Khi ma trn AB xc nh bi :
2 1 0 3
1
c11 A1 B (1) 1 2 1.1 2(2) 3 , tng t
2
c12 4, c13 3, c14 10, c21 3, c22 6, c23 9, c24 12
.
c31 6, c32 8, c33 6, c34 20
3 4 3 10
Vy AB 3 6 9 12
6 8 6 20

1 5 2
1 2 3 8 1 14
V d. A , B 0 1 0 . Khi AB ; BA khng thc hin
3 1 0 3 2 4 3 14 6

c.

5) Ma trn chuyn v
Chuyn v ca ma trn A l ma trn c c t A bng cch vit cc hng ca ma trn A theo
th t thnh ct, k hiu l At .
1 1 4 1 1 5
V d. Cho A 1 2 1 . Khi A 1 2 2
t
5 2 3 4 1 3

5.1.4 Cc tnh cht ca cc php ton trn ma trn

Php cng hai ma trn c cc tnh cht sau:
Cho A, B M mn ( R ) v , R \ {0} . Ta c :
1) A B B A 2) ( A B) C A ( B C )
3) Omn A A Omn A 4) A ( A) Omn
5) ( ) A ( A) 6) ( A B ) A B
7) ( ) A A A 8)1A A, 0. A 0
Php nhn hai ma trn c cc tnh cht sau:
1) A( B C ) AB AC , 2) A( BC ) ( AB)C ,
3) ( AB)t Bt At , 4) c( AB) (cA) B A(cB)
5.1.5 Cc php bin i s cp trn dng

Cc php bin i bin ma trn A thnh ma trn A sau c gi l cc php bin i s cp
trn dng.
Loi 1 : i ch hai dng cho nhau, k hiu :
d d
A
i j
A'
Loi 2 : Bin dng i thnh c ln dng i (c 0) , k hiu :
di cdi
A A'
Loi 3 : Bin dng i thnh dng i cng c ln dng j (c 0, i j ) , k hiu :
d d cd
A
i i j
A'
1 2 3
V d.. Cho ma trn A 4 5 6 . Ta c
7 8 9

1 2 3 1 2 3
d 2 2 d2
A 4 5 6 A ' 8 10 12
7 8 9 7 8 9


1 2 3 1 2 3
d 2 d2 2 d1
A 4 5 6 A ' 6 9 12
7 8 9 7 8 9

1 2 3 4 5 6
A 4 5 6 A ' 1 2 3
d2 d1
7 8 9 7 8 9

5.1.6 Ma trn bc thang

Ma trn bc thang l ma trn c cc c im sau:
1) Phn t khc 0 u tin ca dng trn nm v bn tri so vi phn t khc 0 u tin ca
dng di.
2) Dng bng 0 (nu c) nm pha di so vi dng khc 0.
Ta c th dng php bin i s cp dng a mt ma trn bt k v dng bc thang.
V d.. Hy a ma trn A v dng bc thang dng v bc thang dng.
1 2 3 4
A 2 4 1 10
3 6 1 15

Dng php bin i dng a ma trn A v dng bc thang dng nh sau:

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
8
d 2 d2 2 d1 d3 d3 d 2
7

A
d3 d 3 3 d1 0 0 7 2 0 0 7 2 B
0 0 8 3 5
0 0 0
7
V d.. Cc ma trn sau y l ma trn bc thang:
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 0
1 4 5
A 0 5 6; B
0 0 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1
5.1.7 Hng ca ma trn

Cho A M mn ( R ) v B l ma trn bc thang nhn c t A bng mt s hu hn cc
php bin i s cp. Khi s dng (s ct) khc khng ca B c gi l hng ca A, k

hiu l rank(A) hoc r(A).
1 2 3
V d. Tm hng ca ma trn A 4 5 6 .
3 3 9


Dng php bin i s cp dng a ma trn A v dng bc thang:
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
d 2 d2 4 d1
A 4 5 6 d3 d3 3 d2 '
d3 d3 3 d1 0 3 6 0 3 6 A
3 3 9 0 9 18 0 0 0

Ma trn bc thang A c hai dng khc 0 nn rank ( A) 2
5.2 nh thc
5.2.1 nh thc cp 2.
Cho A aij M 2 ( R ) , nh thc cp 2 ca ma trn A c xc nh v k hiu nh sau
2
a11 a12
det A A a11a22 a21a12
a21 a22
1 2 1 2
V d.. Cho A ta c : det A 1 1 2 (3) 7 .
3 1 3 1
5.2.2 nh thc cp 3.
Cho A aij M 3 ( R) . nh thc cp 3 ca ma trn A c xc nh v k hiu nh sau :
3
a11 a12 a13

det A a21 a22 a23 a11a22 a33 a12 a23 a31 a21a32 a13 a13 a22 a31 a12 a21a33 a23 a32 a11
a31 a32 a33
5.2.3 Cc tnh cht ca nh thc

Da vo nh ngha ca nh thc ta suy ra c cc tnh cht sau:
1) Nu i dng thnh ct, ct thnh dng th nh thc khng thay i , tc l det A det At
2) Nu i ch hai dng cho nhau th nh thc i du, tc l:
d d
A
i j
A ' det( A) det( A ')
3) T mt dng (mt ct) ta cng vo mt dng khc (ct khc) sau khi nhn mt s c 0 th
nh thc khng i
d d cd
A
i i j
A ' khi det( A ') det( A) .
4) Ta c th a tha s chung c 0 ra ngoi nh thc, tc l:
di cdi
A A ' khi det( A ') c det( A) .
5) Cho A, B M n ( R ) khi det AB det A det B .
Nhn xt.
1) Da vo cc tnh cht trn, ta c th dng cc php bin i s cp dng tnh nh thc

cp n.
1 2 5
V d. Cho A 1 1 2 . Khi :
1 2 1

1 2 5 h2 h2 h1
1 2 5
1 3
h3 h3 h1
det( A) 1 1 2
0 1 3 1 6
4 6
1 2 1 0 4 6
2) Cho A aij . Hng ca ma trn l cp cao nht ca nh thc con khc 0.

m n
3) Cho A aij l ma trn vung cp n. Khi rank ( A) n det A 0

n
1 2 3
V d.. Cho ma trn A 4 5 6 . Tm hng ca ma trn A theo m.
3 3 m

Ta c det A m 9. Nu m 9 th rank ( A) 2 ; nu m 9 th rank ( A) 3 .
5.3 Ma trn nghch o

5.3.1 nh ngha
Cho ma trn A M n ( R) . Ta ni ma trn A kh nghch nu B M n ( R ) tho mn:
BA AB I n
Ta ni B (tn ti duy nht) l ma trn nghch o ca A. K hiu B A1
5.3.2 Tnh cht ca ma trn nghch o

Nu A, B M n ( R) l hai ma trn kh nghch th :
1) ( A1 )1 A 2) ( AB)1 B 1 A1
1 1
3) ( At ) 1 ( A1 )t 4) (cA)1 A
c
1
5) Nu A kh nghch th det A1 det A
6) Cho A M n ( R ) . Khi A kh nghch nu v ch nu det A 0
5.3.3 Tm ma trn nghch o bng php bin i s cp

Ngi ta chng minh c kt qu sau: Cho A M n ( R) l ma trn kh nghch. Khi
nhng php bin i s cp trn dng no bin A thnh In th chng cng bin In (theo th t
) thnh A1 .
T ta c phng php tm ma trn nghch o nh sau:
tm ma trn A1 vi

a11 a12 ... a1n

a a22 ... a2 n
A 21

an1 an 2 ... ann
Ta lp ma trn
a11 a12 ... a1n 1 0 ... 0

a a22 ... a2 n 0 1 ... 0
A I
n 21

an1 an 2 ... ann 0 0 ... 1
Dng php bin i s cp dng i vi A I n bin A thnh In khi In bin thnh A1 .
1 3 2
V d. Tm A vi A 1 4 2 .
1
1 3 3

Ta c :
1 3 2 1 0 0 d d d 1 3 2 1 0 0
A I3 1 4 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
d 22 d 22 d11
1 3 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1

1 0 0 6 3 2
d1 d1 2 d3

0 1 0 1 1 0 I3 A1 .
d1 d1 3 d 2
0 0 1 1 0 1

6 3 2
Vy A 1 1 0
1
1 0 1

5.3.4 Phng php tm ma trn nghch o nh nh thc

Ta gi ma trn ph hp PA ca ma trn A l ma trn c xc nh nh sau:
PA ij Aji ; i, j 1, n
tm A1 ta thc hin hai bc
Bc 1. Tnh D det A
Nu det A 0 th A khng kh nghch
Nu det A 0 th A kh nghch, chuyn sang bc 2.
1
Bc 2. Lp ma trn ph hp PA . Khi : A1 PA .
D

1 3 2
V d. Dng phng php nh thc tm A ca A 1 4 2
1
1 3 3

Ta c: D det A 1
4 2 1 2 1 4
A11 (1)11 6; A12 (1)1 2 1; A13 (1) 13 1;
3 3 1 3 1 3
3 2 1 2 1 3
A21 (1) 21 3; A22 (1)2 2 1; A23 (1)2 3 0;
3 3 1 3 1 3
3 2 1 2 1 3
A31 (1)31 2; A32 (1)3 2 0; A33 (1)33 1
4 2 1 2 1 4
6 3 2
1
Khi : A PA 1 1 0 .
1
D 1 0 1

BI TP CHNG V
Cu 1. Thc hin cc php ton trn ma trn
4
1 2 2 1
1 3 2
a ) 1 2 3 4 b) 4 2 3
0 5 1 0
2 0 1
5
1 0
2 4 2 1 2
c) 3 1 3 2 d) 4 1 2
4 3 1 3 4 1
3
2 2 1 2 1
1 1 2
Cu 2. Cho A , B 4 2 3 , C 7 2 . Tnh
5 1 3 2 0 1 1 6

a) 3A+2BT b) AB c) AB-BA
d) BC e) ABC f) BA-3C+I3
3 1 2
Cu 3. Cho f ( x) 2 x 2 3 x 1, g ( x) x 2 2 x , A . Tnh f ( A), g ( A).
x 2 5
1 a 2 1 a 1 n 10 2011
Cu 4. Cho A , B , C . Tnh A , B , C
0 1 1 3 0 a

1 0 3 2 2 1
Cu 5. Cho A 2 1 1 , B 4 2 3 . Tm ma trn nghch o A1 , B 1 (nu c)

3 2 2 2 0 1

bng 2 phng php hc.
Cu 6. Tnh cc nh thc sau:
2 3 1 1 0 3 2 2 1
2 3
a) b) 0 2 2 c) 2 1 1 , d)B 4 2 3
1 2
1 3 m 3 2 2 2 0 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 4 0 a b c
1 0 1 1 1
2 3 4 1 a 0 c b
e) f) g) 1 1 0 1 1
3 4 1 2 b b 0 a
1 1 1 0 1
4 1 2 3 c c a 0
1 1 1 1 0
Cu 7. Gii cc phng trnh sau:

1 3 2 1 0 3 1 1 0
a ) 3 7 5 0 b) 2 1 1 0 c) 0 1 1 0
2 5 8 3 2 2 1 2 1
Cu 8. Tm hng ca cc ma trn sau:

1 0 3 1 2 1
A 2 1 2 B 4 5 3
3 2 2 2 0 1

1 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
2 3 7 1
C D 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 3 5
1 1 1 1 1
10 2 4 15 1 1 1 1 1


6 CHNG 6. H PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH
6.1 H phng trnh tuyn tnh
6.1.1 H phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut.
H phng trnh gm m phng trnh n n c dng:
a11 x1 a12 x2 ... a1n xn b1
a21 x1 a22 x2 ... a2 n xn b2

(3.1)
...
am1 x1 am 2 x2 ... amn xn bm
c gi l h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut.Trong aij , bi R , x1 , x2 ,..., xn l cc n s.
Ta t
a11 a12 ... a1n

a a22 ... a2 n
A 21

am1 am 2 ... amn
gi l ma trn h s ca (3.1)
b1 x1

b2 x
B : ct h s t do, X 2 : ct n s.

bm xn
a11 a12 ... a1n b1

a a22 ... a2 n b2
A B 21
gi l ma trn b sung (m rng) ca h (3.1).

am1 am 2 ... amn bm
Vi cch t nh trn h (3.1) c vit li : AX B

Khi B=0 h (3.1) c gi l h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht. Ngc li ta gi l h
khng thun nht .
6.1.2 Nghim ca h phng trnh

c1

c
Nghim ca h (3.1) l b s C 2 sao cho AC B . Qu trnh i tm tp nghim ca h

cn
phng trnh tuyn tnh gi l gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh.

Hai h phng trnh tuyn tnh c cng s n (s phng trnh c th khc nhau) gi l tng
ng nu chng c cng tp hp nghim.
V d.. Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh sau:
x1 3 x2 2 x3 1

x1 4 x2 2 x3 2 (1)
x 3x 3x 3
1 2 3
Ma trn h s ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh l:
1 3 2
A 1 4 2
1 3 3

Ma trn nghch o ca A ( c c t V d. trc) l
6 3 2
A 1 1 0
1
1 0 1

6 3 2 1 6
H (1) AX B X A B 1 1 0 2 1
1
1 0 1 3 2

x1 6

Vy h phng trnh c nghim l: x2 1 .
x 2
3
V d.. Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh sau:
x1 x2 x3 1

3 x1 4 x2 3 x3 3
2 x 2 x 3x m
1 2 3
1
H phng trnh tng ng At X C X At C
6 1 1 1 3 m
X A 1 t
C 3 1 0 3 0
2 0 1 m 2 m

6.1.3 Phng php gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh
6.1.4 Phng php Cramer gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh

H phng trnh tuyn tnh (3.1) c gi l h Cramer nu m n v det A 0

a11 x1 a12 x2 ... a1n xn b1

a21 x1 a22 x2 ... a2 n xn b2
(3.2)
...
an1 x1 an 2 x2 ... ann xn bn
t D det( A) v D j ( j 1, n) l nh thc c c bng cch thay ct j ca D bi ct t do.
Khi h phng trnh Cramer c nghim duy nht xc nh theo cng thc:
D1 D D
x1 , x2 2 , ..., xn n .
D D D
x1 x2 x3 1

V d.. Gii h phng trnh : 2 x1 6 x2 x3 0 .
3 x 4 x 2 x 0
1 2 3
1 1 1
Ta c : A 2 6 1 , D det( A) 11 0 ,
3 4 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
D1 0 6 1 8 , D2 2 0 1 7 , D3 2 6 0 26 .
0 4 2 3 0 2 3 4 0
8 7 26
Vy h c nghim duy nht : x1 , x2 , x3 .
11 11 11
6.1.5 nh l Kronecker Capelli

H (3.1) c nghim khi v ch khi r ( A) r ( A B ) . Hn na
i) r ( A) r ( A B ) n : h (3.1) c nghim duy nht.
ii) r ( A) r ( A B ) n : h (3.1) c v s nghim ph thuc (n r ) tham s.
iii) r ( A) r ( A B ) : h (3.1) v nghim.
6.1.6 Phng php Gauss gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh

gii h (3.1) ta thc hin cc bc:
Bc 1: Lp ma trn m rng ca A:
a11 a12 ... a1n b1

a a22 ... a2 n b2
A B 21

am1 am 2 ... amn bm

Bc 2: Dng cc php bin i s cp dng a ma trn ( A B ) v ma trn ( A' B ' ) , trong
A' l ma trn bc thang (rt gn). Da vo nh l Kronecker Capelli kt lun

nghim.
x1 2 x2 x3 1

V d.. Gii h phng trnh : 2 x1 5 x2 x3 6 .
x 4 x 2 x 2
1 2 3
Ma trn ho h phng trnh trn ta thu c :

1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 3 7 1 0 0 40

2 5 1 6 0 1 1 4 0 1 1 4 0 1 0 15
1 4 2 2 0 2 3 3 0 0 1 11 0 0 1 11

H c nghim duy nht l : x1 40, x2 15, x3 11
V d. . Gii h phng trnh :
x1 2 x2 3 x3 x4 1
3 x1 x2 5 x3 3 x4 1 .
4 x 3x 8x 4 x 0
1 2 3 4
Ta c
1 2 3 1 1 1 2 3 1 1
A B 3 1 5 3 1 0 7 4 0 4 .
4 3 8 4 0 0 0 0 0 2

Suy ra : r ( A B ) 3 . M r ( A) 2 r ( A B) . Vy h v nghim.
V d. . Gii h phng trnh :

x1 x2 x3 1
.
2 x1 x2 3 x3 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 4 1
Ta c : A B .
2 1 3 2 0 1 5 0 0 1 5 0
Suy ra : r ( A) r ( A B ) 2 n 3 , vy h c v s nghim.
Ta vit h thnh
x1 4 x3 1 x1 1 4 x3
.
x2 5 x3 0 x2 5 x3
x1 1 4t

Vy tp nghim ca h c dng x2 5t (t R) .
x t
3

BI TP CHNG VI
Cu 1. Gii cc h phng trnh tuyn tnh sau:
x1 x2 2 x3 3 2 x1 x2 2 x3 1

a ) x1 x2 x3 1 b) 3 x1 2 x2 6 x3 5
x x 2 x x 7x 3
1 3 1 2 3
x 2 y 3 z 2t 1
2 x y z 2t 1
4 x y 3z 2t 2
c ) x 3 y 2 z t 1 c)
2 x y z 5t 0 16 x 9 y z 3t 3
x 4 y 7t 7 z 4
1 0 1
Cu 2. Cho ma trn A 1 1 1 . Tm A1 , ri gii cc h phng trnh sau:
1 2 2

x z 1 x y z 1 x z 1

a) x y z 2 b) y 2 z m 1 c) x y z 2
x 2 y 2 z 5 x y 2 z 2 2 x 2 y z 5

Cu 3. Trong mt ngy, khu phn n ca mi ngi cn c 80g Protit, 50g Lipit, 450g
Gluxit. Hm lng cc cht trn c trong 1g thc n A v B nh sau:
Cht dinh dng Thc n
A B
Protit (g) 0,1 0,2
Lipit (g) 0,2 0,3

Gluxit (g) 0,6 0,4
Hy lp phng trnh ma trn cho bi ton trn. Hy cho bit cc n s trong phng trnh ma
trn trn cho bit iu g?

MC LC
1
1 CHNG 1. GII HN-TNH LIN TC CA HM S..............1
1.1 Gii hn hm s ................................................................................................ 1
1.2 V cng b........................................................................................................ 2
1.3 Hm s lin tc ................................................................................................. 4
2 CHNG 2. PHP TNH VI PHN HM MT BIN ...................7

2.1 o hm ........................................................................................................... 7
2.2 ng dng o hm.......................................................................................... 11
3 CHNG 3. PHP TNH TCH PHN HM MT BIN............ 16

3.1 Nguyn hm.................................................................................................... 16
3.2 Tch phn xc nh.......................................................................................... 17
3.3 Hai phng php tnh tch phn c bn ........................................................... 18
3.4 Tch phn suy rng.......................................................................................... 22
3.5 Cc tiu chun hi t....................................................................................... 24
3.6 ng dng tch phn......................................................................................... 26
4 CHNG 4. PHP TNH VI PHN HM NHIU BIN .............. 30

4.1 Hm nhiu bin............................................................................................... 30
4.2 o hm ring................................................................................................. 31
4.3 Vi phn ton phn ........................................................................................... 32
4.4 Cc tr hm hai bin ........................................................................................ 34
5 CHNG 5. MA TRN - NH THC........................................... 37

5.1 Ma trn ........................................................................................................... 37
5.2 nh thc ........................................................................................................ 43
5.3 Ma trn nghch o ......................................................................................... 44
6 CHNG 6. H PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH ........................ 48

6.1 H phng trnh tuyn tnh.............................................................................. 48
6.2 Phng php gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh .................................................. 49

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NGUYN QUC TIN

0 Ths.NGUYN QUC TIN

gii hn ca hm s f ( x ) khi x dn n x0 nu:

Gii hn ca hm s f ( x ) khi x dn n x0 cn c th nh ngha thng qua gii hn ca dy

Nu u ( x) f ( x) v( x) vi mi x thuc ln cn v lim u ( x) lim v ( x ) L th

1.1.3 Mt s tnh cht ca gii hn hm s

i) Nu lim f ( x) L th gii hn l duy nht

ii) lim C C (C : hng s)

iii) Nu f ( x) g ( x), x thuc mt ln cn no ca x0 hoc v cc th

lim f ( x) lim g ( x) (nu cc gii hn ny tn ti).

1 Ths.NGUYN QUC TIN

lim f ( x) L lim h ( x) th lim g ( x) L

v) Gi s cc hm s f ( x), g ( x) c gii hn khi x x0 khi ta c cc kt qu sau :

lim ( f ( x) g ( x )) lim f ( x ) lim g ( x )

lim f ( x). g ( x) lim f ( x). lim g ( x)

c vn ng trong mt qu trnh khc)

1.2.2 So snh hai VCB

tc tin v 0 ca chng i khi c ngha quan trng. C th ta c cc nh ngha:

c bit khi L 1 ta ni ( x) v ( x ) l hai VCB tng ng, k hiu l ( x) ( x) .

1.2.3 Mt s VCB tng ng c bn khi x 0

sin x x tgx x arcsin x x arctgx x;

2 Ths.NGUYN QUC TIN

Sinh vin c th t kim tra cc tng ng ny (xem nh bi tp)

V d. So snh cp ca cc VCB: ( x) 1 cos x, ( x) x 2 , x 0

Do , ( x ) v ( x) l hai VCB cng cp.

1.2.4 Quy tc ngt b VCB cp cao

ii) Cho ( x ) v ( x) l hai VCB trong mt qu trnh v ( x ) c cp cao hn ( x) . Khi

T hai kt qu trn ta suy ra quy tc ngt b VCB cp cao:

3 Ths.NGUYN QUC TIN

Hm f ( x ) c gi l lin tc trn [a, b] nu f ( x ) lin tc trn (a, b) v lin tc bn phi ti

1.3.2 Tnh cht ca hm s lin tc

4 Ths.NGUYN QUC TIN

ii) f ( x) lin tc trn [ a, b] .

iii) Nu u ( x ) lin tc ti x0 v f (u ) lin tc ti u0 u ( x0 ) th hm f 0u ( x) lin tc ti x0 .

iv) f ( x) lin tc trn [a, b] th t gi tr ln nht, gi tr b nht trn on .

gin on loi 1. Cc im gin on khc gi l im gin on loi 2.

Vy f ( x) gin on ti x 0 ,v x 0 l im gin on loi 1

Suy ra x0 2 l im gin on loi 2.

5 Ths.NGUYN QUC TIN

Cu 2. Tnh gii hn ca cc dy s sau:

Cu 3. Tnh gii hn ca cc hm s sau:

Cu 4. Tnh gii hn ca cc hm s sau:

Cu 5. Tnh gii hn ca cc hm s sau:

Cu 6. Tm a cc hm s sau lin tc trn tp xc nh ca chng.

6 Ths.NGUYN QUC TIN

c gii hn khi x x0 th ta ni f ( x ) kh vi ti x0 hay f ( x ) c o hm ti x0 v gii

hn c gi l o hm ca f ( x) ti x0 . K hiu l f '( x0 ) hay y '( x0 ) .Vy

Do y ' f '( x) ( x 2 ) ' 2 x

7 Ths.NGUYN QUC TIN

8 Ths.NGUYN QUC TIN

Chng minh bng quy np ta i n kt qu sau y ( n ) ( n x)e x

9 Ths.NGUYN QUC TIN

Gi s y f ( x), x (t ) l cc hm s kh vi, khi vi phn hm y f (t ) l

df ( f (t ) ) ' dt f '( x) x '(t )dt f '( x)dx . Vy dng vi phn ca hm y f ( x) khng

10 Ths.NGUYN QUC TIN

i) Cho f ( x), g ( x) 0 l hai hm lin tc v kh vi ti ln cn x0 ( x0 hu hn hoc

ii) Cho f ( x), g ( x) 0 l hai hm lin tc v kh vi ti ln cn x0 . Gi s

11 Ths.NGUYN QUC TIN

V d. Tnh lim x ln 3 x (dng - )

12 Ths.NGUYN QUC TIN

13 Ths.NGUYN QUC TIN

Cu 3. Kho st s bin thin ca cc hm s sau

Cu 4. Tnh cc gii hn sau bng quy tc Lhospital