Biology

Grade: 11
Time: 12:40– 1:50 (Thursday)
Week 1: 5th – 9th Sept, 2022
Date: 15th Sept, 2022
Environmental Conservation
This is referred to as the practice of humans saving the environment from the loss of species and
the destruction of the ecosystem, mainly due to pollution and other human activities.
Environmental conservation is important to protect and assist both animals and trees considering
that we depend on them for survival. The environment can be conserved in the following ways:
a. Developing national parks
b. Protecting the sea from the damage done by overfishing and pollution
c. Rescuing endangered animals
d. Reducing habitat destruction
Restoration
The environment can be restored in the following ways:
a. Tree planting
b. Restoring mangroves to protect the coasts

Inspiration and Expiration

Breathing is defined as the movement of air in and out of the lungs. Inspired air enters the nose
or mouth, goes down the throat and then the larynx. The air passes through the trachea, bronchi
and bronchioles to the alveoli for gaseous exchange to occur there. Inspiration is breathing in and
expiration is breathing out.
Gas Inspired air Expired air Reason for
difference
Oxygen 21.0% 16% Only some of the
oxygen is used by the
cells during
respiration
Carbon Dioxide 0.04% 4% Made by the cells and
transported to the
lungs by the blood
Nitrogen 78.0% 78% Unused

During inspiration, the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles contract. When the
diaphragm contracts, there’s an increase in size of the thoracic cavity, while contraction of the
 Biology

external intercostal muscles elevates the ribs and sternum. Therefore, bot muscles cause the
lungs to expand and increases the volume of their internal air passages. The air pressure inside
the lungs decreases below the air outside the body and air rushes in the lungs.
Expiration occurs when the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles relax. This causes the
lungs to recoil to their original volume. The air pressure inside the lungs increases above the air
pressure outside the body and the air rushes out the body.