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Design Example - Cantilever Retaining Wall

# Design a cantilever retaining wall (i.e. T-type) to

retain earth for a height of 4m. The backfill is
horizontal. The density of soil is 18 kN/m3. Safe
bearing capacity of soil is 200 kN/m2. Take the co-
efficient of friction between concrete and soil as
0.6. The angle of repose of earth is 30o. Use M20
concrete and Fe500 steel.
DESIGN EXAMPLE -1
RETAINING WALL
Dr. Hassan Irtaza, Professor
Department of Civil Engg., A.M.U., Aligarh, India

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# Solution PROPORTIONING OF WALL

Data:  Thickness of base slab = 1/10th
h' = 4m to 1/14th of H [0.52 m to 0.43
m] say 450 mm
Safe Bearing Capacity of soil =
200 kN/m2  Width of the base slab = 0.5 to
0.6 of H [2.6 m to 3.12 m] say
γ = 18 kN/m3, μ = 0.6, ø = 30o 3m
Height of the retaining wall = H  Toe projection = 1/3 to 1/4 of B
= h' + Df [1m to 0.75 m] say 0.75 m
2
SBC  1-sin  
Df =
γ  1+sin  
 Provide 450 mm thickness for
= 1.23 m say 1.2 m
the stem at the base and 200 at
Therefore H = 5.2 m the top of the stem.

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DESIGN OF STEM
1 - sin 1 - sin30o 1 Adopt a 300 mm effective depth and 350 mm overall
Ka = = =
1 + sin 1+sin30o 3 thickness of the stem at base and 200 mm thickness at the top
of the stem. Area of steel required:
Ph = 1 .K a .γ.H 2 = 1 × 1 ×18×4.752 = 67.69 kN
2 2 3
 σ y .A t 
M = Ph . = 67.69  4.75 = 107.17 kN-m
h M u = 0.87σ y A t  d - 
3 3 σ ck .b
 
M u = 1.5×M = 160.76 kN-m
Taking 1m width of the vertical of  500×A t 
160.76×106 = 0.87×500×A t  300 - 
wall, its thickness is given by  20×1000 
B.M. = 0.133 σ ck bd 2 A t =1394mm 2
160.76  106 = 0.133×20×1000×d 2 Area of steel required for balanced section:
or, d = 246 mm

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CURTAILMENT OF BARS
0.36σck bx m 0.36×20×1000×0.46×300 Curtail 50% steel from top where
At = =
0.87σ y 0.87×500 the moment is 50% of base
moment. Position where the B.M.
= 2284 mm 2  1394 mm 2 is half from top = 3.77m
The section is under reinforced Actual point of cut off = 3.77 - Ld
= 3.77 - 58φbar
Use 16 mm diameter TMT bars @ 125 mm c/c
= 3.77 - 0.928
[* less than 300 mm and 3d, o.k.] = 2.85 m from top
201×1000 125 spacing of bars = 250 mm c/c
A t provided = ×100
1000×300 < 300 mm and 3d o.k.

= 0.54% > 0.12%

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Development length (Stem steel) Check for Shear

Ld = 58bar = 58×16 = 928 mm Max. SF at junction x-x = Ph =
Secondary steel for stem at front 67.69 kN
(350+200) 1000 Ultimate SF = Vu = 1.5 x 67.69 =
0.12% GA = 0.12× × 101.535 kN
2 100
= 330 mm2 Nominal shear stress =
#10 bar @ 175 - 200 mm c/c both ways 101.535  1000
τ v = Vu bd =
1000  300
< 450 mm and 5d o.k.
Distribution steel = 0.34 M Pa
= 0.12% GA = 0.12×275×1000 100 To find τ c : 100A st bd = 0.788%
From IS: 456 - 2000
= 330 mm 2
τ c =0.57 M Pa
#10 mm  bar @175-200 mm c/c
τ v < τ c , hence safe in shear
< 450 mm and 5d o.k.

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STABILITY ANALYSIS
Load Magnitude Distance from A BM about A
(kN) (m) (kN-m)
Stem W1 0.2x4.75 x1x25 0.85+0.15+0.1 26.125
=23.75 =1.1
Stem W2 ½ x 0.15 x 4.75 0.85 +2/3 x 8.455
x1 x 25 = 8.90 0.15 = 0.95
Base Slab W3 3.0 x 0.45 x 1 x 1.5 50.625
25 = 33.75
Back fill W4 1.8 x 4.75 x 1 x 2.1 323.19
18 =153.9
Total ΣW=220.30 ΣMR = 408.40
Total Horizontal Ph= 0.333x18 x H/3 = 5.2/3 Mo=140.61
Earth Pressure = 5.22/2=81.12
Ph

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Pressure Below the Retaining Wall

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Stability Checks Design of Heel Slab

Check for overturning
FOS = ΣMR/Mo = 408.40/140.61 = 2.940> 1.55 safe W  6e  W  6e 
Pmax   1 , Pmin  1  
Check for sliding bl  l  bl  l 
FOS = μ ΣW/PH = (0.6 x 220.30)/81.12=1.63 > 1.55 safe where, b = 1 m, l = 3 m
Check for subsidence
x = ΣM/ΣW = (408.40-140.61)/220.30= 1.215 > b/3
and e = b/2 - x = 3/2 - 1.215 = 0.285 < b/6
Pressure below the base slab
Pmax = 115.29 kN/m2 < SBC, safe
Pmin = 31.57 kN/m2 > zero,
No tension or separation, safe

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Design of Heel Slab

Load Magnitude Distance BM, Mc Mu = 1.5 x 78.47 = 117.71 kN-m
(kN) from C (m) (kN-m)
S.F. = 72.113 kN
Back fill 1.8 x 4.75 x 18 0.9 138.51
=153.9 Vu = 1.5 x 72.113 = 108.17 kN
Heel Slab 0.45 x 1.8 x 25 0.9 18.23 Effective depth of heel is given as
= 20.25
Upward Pressure 31.57 x 1.8 = 0.9 -51.15 117.71 106
d  210mm
(Rectangular portion) 56.83 0.133  20  1000
Upward Pressure ½ x (81.802- 1/3 x 1.8 -27.12 C
(Triangular portion) 31.57) x 1.8 = Adopt an effective depth of 300 mm
45.207 and overall depth of 350 mm.
Total Load 72.113 KN ΣMc= 78.47

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 σyAt 
M u = 0.87σ y A t  d -  Development length Ld
 σ ck b 
= 58 φbar
500A t
117.71×10 6 = 0.87×500A t (300 - ) = 58 x16 = 928 mm
20×1000
Distributed steel
A t = 982 mm 2
Same, #10@ 200
Spacing calculated for 16 mm  bars = 204 mm c/c < 450mm and 5d o.k.
Check for Shear at Junction
Provide 16 mm TMT bars @ 150 mm c/c < 300 mm (Tension)
and 3d O.K. Maximum shear = V = 72.113 kN,
Pt = 0.46% < 0.12% Vu, max=108.17 kN

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Design of Toe Slab

Nominal Shear Stress:
Load Magnitude Distance from C Bending
τ v = Vu bd =108.17×1000 1000×300 (kN) (m) Moment, Mc
(kN-m)
= 0.36 MPa
Toe slab 0.85 x 0.45 x 25 = 0.85/2 -4.064
To find τ c : 100Ast bd = 0.46% 9.5625
From IS: 456-2000 Pressure 91.57 x 0.85 = 0.85/2 33.08
distribution, 77.83
τc =0.47MPa rectangular
τc is slightly greater than τ v Pressure ½ x 23.72 x 1 x 2/3 x 0.85 = 0.567 5.71
distribution, 0.85 = 10.08
Although safe in shear. The overall thickness Triangular
may be taken as 350 mm and effective Total load at 78.35 Total B.M. ΣM=34.726
Junction at junction
to 300 mm.

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Design of Toe Slab
M u =1.5x34.726 = 52.1 kN-m
M u bd 2 = 0.325 < 2.76, URS
Pt = 0.09% very small
provide 0.12% GA
Ast =540 mm 2
C
#10@140 < 300 mm and 3d o.k.
Development length:
Ld = 58φ bar = 47x10 = 580 mm
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Check for shear
Shear at ‘d’ from junction
(at section x-x the wall is in compression)
Net shear force at the junction
V = Calculate
Vu = 1.5 x calculated S.F.
τ v = Vu x 1000/(1000x400) = xxx MPa
Pt = 0.14%, from IS:456 - 2000
τc =0.375MPa
τ v < τc
Hence safe in shear
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Drawing and Detailing

OTHER DETAILS
 Construction joint

 A key 200 mm wide x 50 mm deep with nominal steel

#10@250, 600 mm length in two rows

Drainage:
 100 mm dia. pipes as weep holes at 3 m c/c at bottom

Also provide 200 mm gravel blanket at the back of the

stem for back drain.

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THANKS

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