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DIP LOMA IN ME CHANICAL E NGINEERING

DJJ 30113 MATERIAL SCIENCE

www.pis.edu.my

CHAPTER
CLO 1 :
Apply the fundamental of material science to
identify the materials, properties, behavior,
processes and treatment. (C3,PLO1).

Prepared By: Suria Mohd Samdin (2015)

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Chapter 3: Mechanical Properties of Metal and Failure

3.1 Construct the concepts of stress-strain
A. TENSION
the state of being stretched or strained.

3.1 Construct the concepts of stress-strain

Stress is the force applied to a material, divided by the

3.2 Describe the elastic and plastic deformation material’s cross-sectional area
from the stress-strain curve

3.3 Analyze the failure in engineering materials

Strain is the deformation or displacement of material that results from an applied stress.
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Chapter 3: Mechanical Properties of Metal and Failure Chapter 3: Mechanical Properties of Metal and Failure
3.1 Construct the concepts of stress-strain 3.1 Construct the concepts of stress-strain
B. COMPRESSION C. SHEAR
the state of being compressed. break off or cause to break off, due to a
structural strain.

Compressive stress is the force that is responsible for Shear Stress - force tending to cause deformation of a
the deformation of the material such that the volume material by slippage along a plane or planes parallel to
of the material reduces. the imposed stress.

Shear Strain - is the ratio of the change

Compressive Strain is produced when a body
in deformation to its original length perpendicular to
decreases in length when equal and opposite forces
the axes of the member due to shear stress.
try to compress (or squeeze) it.

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Chapter 3: Mechanical Properties of Metal and Failure Chapter 3: Mechanical Properties of Metal and Failure
3.1 Construct the concepts of stress-strain 3.2 Describe the elastic and plastic deformation from the stress-strain curve.
D. TORSION A. Stress-strain behavior for elastic deformation.
the action of twisting or the state of being
twisted.

TORSIONAL STRESS - Shear stress produced when we

apply the twisting moment to the end of a shaft about
its axis is known as Torsional stress.
Shear Strain (due to torsion) - the change
in deformation to its original angle perpendicular to
the axes of the member due to shear stress.

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Chapter 3: Mechanical Properties of Metal and Failure Chapter 3: Mechanical Properties of Metal and Failure
3.2 Describe the elastic and plastic deformation from the stress-strain curve. 3.2 Describe the elastic and plastic deformation from the stress-strain curve.
B. Tensile properties for plastic deformation. B. Tensile properties for plastic deformation.

Yield and Yield Strength Resilience

The yield strength or yield stress is a Resilience is the ability of a material to
material property and is absorb energy when it is deformed
the stress corresponding to the yield elastically, and release that energy
point at which the material begins to upon unloading.
deform plastically.

Tensile Strength Toughness

Tensile strength is defined as the Toughness is the ability of a material to
ability of a material to resist a force Ductility absorb energy and plastically deform Brittleness
that tends to pull it apart. Ductility is the ability to undergo without fracturing. A material is brittle if, when subjected to stress, it
significant plastic deformation before breaks with little elastic deformation and without
rupture or breaking. significant plastic deformation.
Brittle materials absorb relatively little energy
prior to fracture, even those of high strength.
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Chapter 3: Mechanical Properties of Metal and Failure Chapter 3: Mechanical Properties of Metal and Failure
3.3 Analyze the failure in engineering materials. 3.3 Analyze the failure in engineering materials.
A. Fundamentals of fracture. A. Fundamentals of fracture.

Brittle fracture.
Ductile fracture. Brittle Fracture is the sudden, very
Ductile fracture is a type rapid cracking of equipment under
of fracture characterized by extensive stress where the material exhibited
deformation of plastic or "necking." little or no evidence of ductility or
The term "ductile rupture" refers to plastic degradation before
the failure of highly ductile materials. the fracture occurs.

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Chapter 3: Mechanical Properties of Metal and Failure Chapter 3: Mechanical Properties of Metal and Failure
3.3 Analyze the failure in engineering materials. 3.3 Analyze the failure in engineering materials.
B. Fatigue. C. Creep.
Fatigue Failure is defined as the tendency Creep may be defined as a time-dependent
of a material to fracture by means of deformation at elevated temperature and constant
progressive brittle cracking under stress. It follows, then, that a failure from such a
repeated alternating or cyclic stresses of condition is referred to as a creep failure or,
an intensity considerably below the occasionally, a stress rupture. The temperature at
normal strength. which creep begins depends on the alloy
composition.

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Chapter 3: Mechanical Properties of Metal and Failure Chapter 3: Mechanical Properties of Metal and Failure
mechanical properties in material mechanical properties in material
material properties material properties
testing testing
EXAMPLES OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES EXAMPLES OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
• Strength: • Hardness: • Elasticity: • Plasticity:
• The ability of a material to • The ability of a material to • The ability of a material • The ability of a material
withstand stretching force withstand scratching or to deform and return to to deform permanently
(tensile strength) and squeezing indentation by another hard its original size when and never return to its
force (compressive strength) until body. the load is removed. original size when the
it breaks. load is removed.

Fig 3.6. Tensile and compressive strength

Fig 3.7. Elasticity (rubber band) Fig 3.8. Plasticity (plasticine)
Fig 3.5. Tensile and compressive strength

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Chapter 3: Mechanical Properties of Metal and Failure Chapter 3: Mechanical Properties of Metal and Failure
mechanical properties in material mechanical properties in material
material properties material properties
testing testing
EXAMPLES OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES EXAMPLES OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
• Ductility: • Brittleness: • Toughness: • Creep:
• The ability of a material • No plastic deformation • The ability of a material to • The ability of material to
to exhibit plastic exhibited by a material withstand sudden deform slowly in
deformation before before fracture. impact force applied onto relation of time under a
fracture. it. Also known as impact constant stress.
strength.
stress

dial
specimen

load

specimen
strain
Fig 3.9. Ductility vs brittleness
Fig 3.10. Impact strength (toughness) Fig 3.11. Creep

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Chapter 3: Mechanical Properties of Metal and Failure Chapter 3: Mechanical Properties of Metal and Failure
mechanical properties in material
material properties material properties mechanical properties in material testing
testing
EXAMPLES OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
• Fatigue: • Fracture:
• The ability of a • Breaking or failure of material.
• Two types of fracture:
material to • Ductile fracture: Happens in most metals.
withstand Plastic deformation is stable and resists
alternating stress further extension.
• Brittle fracture: Happens in ceramics, ice &
applied onto it cold metals. Relatively little plastic 1. Define Creep.
without breaking. deformation, unstable and propagates 2. What are the differences between elasticity and plasticity?
rapidly. 3. Differ between tensile and impact test.
4. Differ between ductile and brittle fracture.

Fig 3.13. Types of Fracture

Fig 3.12. Fatigue

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