UNIVERSIDAD ANTONIO NARIÑO

INGENIERIA MECÁNICA
CIENCIA DE LOS MATERIALES
ING. CARLOS BATISTA

Material Properties Report

(Mayo 2023)
Ayala Sotelo Laura Natalia (laayala09@uan.edu.co)
Código: 20452217435
Buitrago Vargas Saul (sbuitrago12@uan.edu.co)
Código: 20452228538
Pineda Rivera Jonathan Fernando (ypineda34@uan.edu.co)
Código: 20452112616
Rodríguez Matamoros Cristian Ferney(crodriguez06@uan.edu.co)
Código: 20452222223

Abstract— This paper presents the analysis of the mechanical

properties of materials. Taking into account the knowledge
acquired about stresses, strains and strength of materials, its VII. PROPERTIES
advantages and disadvantages compared to analytical modeling
methods, allowing to identify the measurement methods, in order
to interpret the deformation behavior of materials. The application of a force to an object is known as loading.
Materials can be subjected to many different loading scenarios
Index Terms— Mechanical Properties of Materials.
and a material’s performance is dependent on the loading
conditions. There are five fundamental loading conditions;
I. INTRODUCCIÓN tension, compression, bending, shear, and torsion. Tension is
the type of loading in which the two sections of material on
The mechanical properties of a material are those properties either side of a plane tend to be pulled apart or elongated.
that involve a reaction to an applied load. The mechanical Compression is the reverse of tensile loading and involves
properties of metals determine the range of usefulness of a pressing the material together. Loading by bending involves
material and establish the service life that can be expected. applying a load in a manner that causes a material to curve and
Mechanical properties are also used to help classify and results in compressing the material on one side and stretching
identify material. The most common properties considered are it on the other. Shear involves applying a load parallel to a
strength, ductility, hardness, impact resistance, and fracture plane which caused the material on one side of the plane to
toughness. want to slide across the material on the other side of the plane.
Torsion is the application of a force that causes twisting in a
The mechanical properties of a material are not constants and material.
often change as a function of temperature, rate of loading, and
other conditions. For example, temperatures below room
temperature generally cause an increase in strength properties
of metallic alloys; while ductility, fracture toughness, and
elongation usually decrease. Temperatures above room
temperature usually cause a decrease in the strength properties
of metallic alloys. Ductility may increase or decrease with
increasing temperature depending on the same variables

It should also be noted that there is often significant variability

in the values obtained when measuring mechanical properties.
Seemingly identical test specimen from the same lot of
material will often produce considerable different results.
Therefore, multiple tests are commonly conducted to
determine mechanical properties and values reported can be an
average value or calculated statistical minimum value. Also, a
range of values are sometimes reported in order to show
variability. [2]

1
 UNIVERSIDAD ANTONIO NARIÑO
INGENIERIA MECÁNICA
CIENCIA DE LOS MATERIALES
ING. CARLOS BATISTA
Fuente:https://www.ndeed.org/Physics/Materials/Graphics/
Mechanical/LoadingModes.gif
STRESS: Stress is the applied force or system of forces that
tends to deform a body. From the perspective of what is
happening within a material, stress is the internal distribution
of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads
applied to it.
STRAIN: Strain is the response of a system to an applied
stress. When a material is loaded with a force, it produces a
stress, which then causes a material to deform.
TENSILE PROPERTIES
Tensile properties indicate how the material will react to
forces being applied in tension. A tensile test is a fundamental
mechanical test where a carefully prepared specimen is loaded
in a very controlled manner while measuring the applied load
and the elongation of the specimen over some distance.
Tensile tests are used to determine the modulus of elasticity,
elastic limit, elongation, proportional limit, reduction in area,
tensile strength, yield point, yield strength and other tensile
properties.
2
As can be seen in the figure, the stress and strain initially
increase with a linear relationship. This is the linear-elastic
portion of the curve and it indicates that no plastic
deformation has occurred. In this region of the curve, when
the stress is reduced, the material will return to its original
shape. In this linear region, the line obeys the relationship
defined as Hooke's Law where the ratio of stress to strain is a
constant.
The slope of the line in this region where stress is proportional
to strain and is called the modulus of elasticity or Young's
modulus. The modulus of elasticity (E) defines the properties
of a material as it undergoes stress, deforms, and then returns
to its original shape after the stress is removed. It is a measure
of the stiffness of a given material. The modulus of elasticity
applies specifically to the situation of a component being
stretched with a tensile force.
YIELD POINT
In ductile materials, at some point, the stress-strain curve
deviates from the straight-line relationship and Law no longer
applies as the strain increases faster than the stress. From this
point on in the tensile test, some permanent deformation
occurs in the specimen and the material is said to react
plastically to any further increase in load or stress. The
material will not return to its original, unstressed condition
when the load is removed. In brittle materials, little or no
plastic deformation occurs and the material fractures near the
end of the linear-elastic portion of the curve.
Yield strength is the stress required to produce a small-
specified amount of plastic deformation.
 UNIVERSIDAD ANTONIO NARIÑO
INGENIERIA MECÁNICA
CIENCIA DE LOS MATERIALES
ING. CARLOS BATISTA

BRINELL HARDNESS TEST

Ultimate Tensile Strength
The ultimate tensile strength, is the maximum engineering
stress level reached in a tension test. The strength of a material
is its ability to withstand external forces without breaking.
The Brinell test uses a desktop machine to applying a
specified load to a hardened sphere of a specified diameter.
The Brinell test is frequently used to determine the hardness
metal forgings and castings that have a large grain structures.

The ductility of a material is a measure of the extent to which

a material will deform before fracture. The amount of ductility
is an important factor when considering forming operations
such as rolling and extrusion. It also provides an indication of
how visible overload damage to a component might become
before the component fractures. Ductility is also used a quality
control measure to assess the level of impurities and proper
processing of a material.
ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST
The Rockwell method measures the permanent depth of
indentation produced by a force/load on an indenter. First, a
preliminary test force (commonly referred to as a preload or
minor load) is applied to a sample using a ball or diamond
indenter. This preload is passed through the surface to reduce
the effects of surface finish. After maintaining the preliminary
test force for a specified dwell time, the indentation reference
depth is measured.

The Rockwell Superficial Hardness

Tester is used to test thin materials, lightly carburized steel

surfaces, or parts that might bend or crush under the
conditions of the regular test.

THE VICKERS AND KNOOP HARDNESS

Tests are a modification of the Brinell test and are used to

Brittle materials can handle high stresses without straining
very much, but they also break with very little strain. Ductile
materials easily deform, so they can take large strains, but not
very high stresses.The conventional measures of ductility are
the engineering strain at fracture (usually called the
elongation.
measure the hardness of thin film coatings or the surface
hardness of case-hardened parts. With these tests, a small
diamond pyramid is pressed into the sample under loads that
are much less than those used in the Brinell test. The
difference between the Vickers and the Knoop Tests is simply
the shape of the diamond pyramid indenter.
X. BIBLIOGRAFÍA

BRITTLENESS: describes the property of a material that [1]https://www.nde-ed.org/Physics/Materials/Mechanical/

fractures when subjected to stress but has a little tendency to Fatigue.xhtml
deform before rupture. Brittle materials are characterized by
little deformation, poor capacity to resist impact and vibration
of load, high compressive strength, and low tensile strength.

HARDNESS

The lack of a fundamental definition indicates that hardness is

not be a basic property of a material, but rather a composite
one with contributions from the yield strength, work
hardening, true tensile strength, modulus, and others factors.
Hardness measurements are widely used for the quality
control of materials because they are quick and considered to
be nondestructive tests when the marks or indentations
produced by the test are in low stress areas.