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Bài giảng thủy tinh PDF
Bài giảng thủy tinh PDF
Raw Materials
• Silica
• CaCO3
• Soda ash
Properties
• Low cost
• Resistant to water
• Attacked by acids
Composition
• Melts easily
Na2O . CaO . 6SiO2
• Moulded easily to any shape
• Poor thermal & chemical resistance
Uses
Window glasses, electric bulbs, bottles, jars, table wares etc.,
Raw Materials
• Silica
• CaCO3
• K2CO3
Properties
• High Melting point
• Not attacked by acids, alkali and other solvents Composition
• Costlier than soda-lime glass K2O . CaO . 6SiO2
Uses
Combustion tubes (ống chịu nhiệt), chemical apparatus (dụng
cụ thí nghiệm)
Uses
• High quality table wares, neon sign tubings , optical lenses
• High dense glasses are used for windows to protect from
X-rays and gamma rays
Raw Materials K2 O 3 %
Al2O3 3 %
• Silica B2O3 13 %
Na2O 0.5 %
• Small amount of alumina
• Some oxides
Properties SiO2 80.5 %
• Substitution of alkali (Na2O) and basic alkaline
earth oxides(CaO) of the soda glasses by boron
and aluminium oxides results in low thermal co-efficient
• High softening point and excellent resistivity(shock proof) Composition
• High chemical resistance
Uses
Industrial pipeline for corrosive liquids, gauge glasses (thuỷ
tinh điện trở suất cao), superior laboratory apparatus etc.,
Uses
Optical lenses
Ủ thủy tinh
Sản phẩm 19
Nguyên vật liệu và phối liệu
• Nguyên liệu dùng sản xuất thủy tinh chia làm 2 nhóm: Nhóm
nguyên liệu chính và nhóm nguyên liệu phụ.
• Nguyên liệu chính có khả năng cung cấp cho thủy tinh các oxit
kiềm, kiềm thổ, oxit axit.
• Nguyên liệu phụ: chất nhuộm màu, chất gây đục, chất khử bọt …
• Thực tế để nấu thủy tinh người ta thường sử dụng các loại
nguyên liệu: Cát, đá vôi, trường thạch, đôlômit, sôđa,
borat…và trong nhiều trường hợp có cả các oxit tinh khiết.
SiO2: thành phần chủ yếu của đa số các thủy tinh công nghiệp
thông thường (50-80% SiO2). Nó cung cấp cho thủy tinh độ
bền cơ, bền nhiệt, bền hóa.’
B2O3
• Làm tăng độ bền cơ, bền nhiệt, bền hóa của thủy tinh
Al2O3
• Giảm tốc độ và khả năng kết tinh của thủy tinh
• Có ảnh hưởng thuận lợi đến biến thiên độ nhớt theo nhiệt độ
• Tăng độ bền cơ bền hóa.
rium (Ba) Silica Others 7 Borate Borax, boric acid Heat & shock
proof glass
3. Annealing (ủ)
1. The ingredients for glass are mixed, and along with a proportion of
cullet (broken glass), are added to a bath furnace, where they are
heated to about 1500°C and fused together.
2. Molten glass is fed as ‘gobs’ to an automatic bottle or jar making
machine.
3. A hot gob is first made into a parison or blank shape (by either pressing
or blowing), which is then blown to the final bottle or jar shape. Surface
coatings (sc) may be applied while hot.
36
4. The bottles or jars pass into a lehr (an annealing oven), where they
are first reheated to soften the glass to remove stresses, and then
cooled gradually to prevent stresses developing.
5. The bottles or jars are inspected and tested to meet quality
standards. Bottles not passing the quality checks are broken and
returned to the furnace as cullet. Cullet reduces the amount of
energy required to melt the glass ingredients.
6. Bottles passing inspection and testing are packed for dispatch to
where they will be filled, capped, and labeled.
37
Shaping Processes in Glassmaking
➢ Shaping processes to fabricate these products can be
grouped into three categories:
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Shaping of Piece Ware
➢ Ancient methods of hand-working glass included glass blowing.
➢ Handicraft methods (pp thủ công) are still used today for making
glassware items of high value in small quantities. However, most
modern glass shaping processes are highly mechanized technologies
for producing discrete pieces in high quantities.
➢ Piece Ware Shaping Processes
1. Spinning (quay) – similar to centrifugal casting of metals
2. Pressing (nén) – for mass production of flat products such as
dishes, bake ware, and TV tube faceplates
3. Press-and-blow (nén – thổi) – for production of wide-mouth
containers such as jars
4. Blow-and-blow (thổi)- for production of smaller-mouth containers
such as beverage bottles and incandescent light bulbs
5. Casting (đúc) – for large items such as large astronomical lenses
that must cool very slowly to avoid cracking. 39
Spinning of funnel-shaped glass parts such as back sections of cathode
ray tubes for TVs and computer monitors:
(1) gob of glass dropped into mold; and
(2) rotation of mold to cause spreading of molten glass on mold surface
40
Pressing of flat glass pieces:
(1) glass gob is fed into mold from furnace;
(2) pressing into shape by plunger; and
(3) plunger is retracted and finished product is removed (symbols v
and F indicate motion (velocity) and applied force)
41
1. A gob of hot glass drops into the blank (parison) mould.
2. The mould is sealed shut by a ‘base’ part and a plunger pushes the glass
into the mould (made from iron).
3. The glass is shaped into a ‘blank’ and also pushed into the neck finish by
the plunger. This part of a jar or bottle is finished to its final shape at this
stage.
4. The blank shape (parison) is removed, rotated 180°, and transferred to
the blow (finishing) mould.
5. This mould is in two halves, made from fine-grain cast iron, and is highly
polished.
6. Air is blown into the hot parison to expand it tightly against the mould
walls.
7. The mould opens, the bottle is removed, annealed in the lehr, inspected
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and tested, and shipped for filling.
1. A gob of hot glass drops into the blank (parison) mould.
2. The end is sealed and a puff of air pushes glass into the neck (finish).
3. A puff of air from below pushes glass into the mould and shapes it into
a ‘blank’ or parison, a thick-walled bottle looking vaguely like the final
bottle shape.
4. The blank shape (parison) is removed, rotated 180°, and transferred to
the blow (finishing) mould.
5. This mould is in two halves, made from fine-grain cast iron, and is
highly polished.
6. Air is blown into the hot parison to expand it tightly against the mould
walls.
7. The mould opens, the bottle is removed, annealed in the lehr, inspected
and tested, and shipped for filling. 43
Casting
44
Shaping of Flat and Tubular Glass
❖ Processes for producing flat glass such as sheet and plate glass:
45
Float Process
46
Danner Process
47
Forming of Glass Fibers
Glass fiber products can be divided into two categories, with
different production methods for each:
48
Heat Treatment
➢ Annealing of Glass
➢ Tempering of Glass