EXERCISE 9

SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUES

OBJECTIVE

To identify the different types of simple permanent tissues

SPECIMENS

Oregano (Coleus amboinicus), mayana (Coleus blumei),pansit-pansitan (Peperomia pellucida), young

langka (Artocarpus heterophyllus ) leaf, prepared slides of x.s. of Aristolochia, pine tree (Pinus) and
x.s. of santan (Ixora ) midrib.

MATERIALS

Compound microscope, sharp razor blade, prepared slides of the x.s. of Arostolochia and pine stems

PROCEDURE

1. Make freehand sections of the stems of oregano, mayana, and pansit -pansitan and study these
specimens under LPO and HPO. Locate the simple permanent tissues, such as the epidermis,
parenchyma, collenchyma, and schlerenchyma. Make a cross-section of a young santan leaf to see
the tissues comprising the midrib.

2. Peel off the upper and lower epidermis of a young leaf of langka ( Artocarpus heterophylus Lamk)
and examine under the microscope. Compare the two layers.

3. Use prepared slides for the cross-section of the stems of Aristolochia (capa de la reyna), and pine
tree (Pinus). Be able to identify the outermost tissues consisting of several layers and the
secretory cells that are filled with resins in the stem of a pine tree.

RESULTS

1. Mayana, oregano, santan, and young langka leaf

Draw at least 5 cells of each of the various simple permanent tissues examined.

a. parenchyma b. collenchyma

c . schlerenchyma d. epidermis

e . cork f. secretory cells

QUESTIONS

1. Cross-section of Aristolochia

a . What tissue covers the outermost part of the section?

b . What is the difference between the epidermis and the periderm?

2. Cross-section of a pine stem

a . What are secretory cells?

b . What substance do secretory cells in pines produce?

c . Which has more stomata, the upper or lower epidermis? Why?

3. Describe the lower and the upper epidermis of a young langka leaf.

EXERCISE 10
 COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUES

OBJECTIVE

To identify the different types of complex permanent tissues

SPECIMENS

Prepared slides of a x.s. of corn (Zea mays ) and a fresh stem of camote (Ipomea batatas)

MATERIALS

Compound microscope, sharp razor blades, glycerin, safranin stain, brush, petri dish, glass slide and
cover slip

PROCEDURE

1. Examine a prepared slide of corn under the LPO and HPO. Notice the skull-like structures scattered
throughout the stem. These structures are the vascular bundles. The vascular bundle is composed
of the phloem and xylem. It is bounded by a mass of schlerenchyma fibers.

2. Make thin longitudinal sections of a young dicot stem of camote with a sharp razor blade and
transfer sections using a brush into a petri dish with water.

3. Transfer around 3 thinnest sections you made into another petri dish with safranin stain, and after
one minute, transfer the stained sections to a glass container with water to wash the stain
thoroughly.

4. Put a drop of glycerin on a clean slide and transfer the section to it.

5. Put a cover slip on the specimen and examine under the LPO and HPO.

6. Draw each type of tracheary element observed.

RESULTS

1. Draw an enlarged vascular bundle and label the vessel elements and sieve tube.

2. Draw and label separately the 5 types of tracheary elements that you saw under the LPO.

QUESTIONS

1. What is the advantage of having perforated walls among the vessel elements?

2. What fibers surround the xylem and phloem? What are their functions?

3. What is the function of the companion cells?