IG_^KS B
LBGN@^GO@ ]@^3

_K]@ OL ]LBKD^@ @
H@^IG H\IL^@ G×@
_LIG G]BKEG^

H`rig pgrg prlslrvgr, e`hslrvgr

y ilc`rgr bg sgbuo ol b`s BL[ ; 7;4;
khokvkou`s ls sus `eupgek`hls

Oksp`skek`h s`nrl vkvklhog,

^LU@B\EK@H
akdklhl y sldurkogo khoustrkgb lh 7;4;
>?==
lstgnblekiklht` ol trgngc`

sl oltlrikhg bg `rdghkzgekõh y
OLE^L_@
goikhkstrgek`h olb skstlig 7;;?
7>;<
dlhlrgb ol rklsd`s pr`flsk`hgbls

@NBKDGEK@H OLB
_^GNGCGO@^ rlogptgek`h pr`flek`hgb y lipbl` OLE^L_@
7;1;
ol plrs`hgs khvgbkogs >744

OLE^L_@
E`okd` sustghtkv` olb trgngc` 7;<=
BL[ >665

ilokghtl lb eugb sl lxpkol lb

OLE^L_@
rldbgilht` ol sldurkogo lh bgs 7;14
755<
bgn`rls suntlrrçhlgs.

sl oketgh oksp`ek`sk`hls pgrg bg

ki`blilhtgek`h olb skstlig ol OLE^L_@
>=7=
dlstk`h ol bg sldurkogo y sgbuo 7??5
lh lb trgngc`
 

p`r ilok` olb eugb sl oketgh

h`rigs pgrg bg prltgek`h ol
prkilr`s guxkbk`s, sl
OLE^L_@
khstktuek`hgbkzgh bgs lhflrilrkgs 7;;5
BL[ 7?>7
` e`hsubt`rk`s
lstgnblel lb us`iloke`s y sl
`nbkdgt`rk` olb
n`tkqukh

]^KIL^@U G\QKBK@U p`r bg eugb sl `rdghkzgh lb

 [ GUK_LHEKG ILOKEG skstlig hgek`hgb pgrg bg
prlvlhek`h y gtlhek`h ol OLE^L_@ ;7; 7;1;
olsgstrls y sl oketgh `trgs
oksp`eksk`hls

p`r ilok` ol bg eugb sl

olsgrr`bbgh b`s e`htlhko`s
^LU@B\EK@H
tlehke`s olb geulro` okstrktgb H`. >==4
=4=<
>5= olb >; ol cuhk` olb >==6 y sl
oketgh `trgs oksp`skek`hls

E@OKD@ U\U_GH_KV@ OLB OLE^L_@

7;<=
_^GNGC@ BL[ >665
 

Ul rldbgilhtg bg `rdghkzgekõh y
fuhek`hgiklht` ol b`s e`iktls ol
^LU@B\EK@H
ilokekhg, akdklhl y sldurkogo 7;16
>=75
khoustrkgb lh b`s budgrls ol
trgngc`

Oksp`skek`h s`nrl vkvklhog,

^LU@B\EK@H
akdklhl y sldurkogo khoustrkgb lh 7;4;
>?==
lstgnblekiklht` ol trgngc`
^LDBGILH_@ OL
AKDKLHL [
ULD\^KOGO

sl oketg rldbgilht` ol akdklhl y

^LU@B\EK@H
sldurkogo pgrg bg khoustrkg ol bg 7;4;
e`hstrueek`h >?75

Oksp`skek`h s`nrl rgek`hgbkzgek`h

ol trgiktls y pr`elokiklht`s
goikhkstrgtkv` ol bgs
`rdghkzgek`hls kolhtkogols olb BL[ ;6> >==<
lstgo` y b`s pgrtkeubgrls qul

lclrelh
prlstghfuhek`hls
slrvkek`spunbkegs
punbke`s`

Ukstlig ol dlhlrgb ol rklsd`

BL[ 7<6> >=7>
bgn`rgb
 

Oksp`eksk`hls pgrg kipblilhtgr OLE^L_@

>=7?
lb UD-UU_ 7??5

skstlig ol dlstk`h UU_ @AUGU 71==7 >==4

]^@DGIG OL
ULD\^KOGO [ UGB\O
LH LB _^GNGC@

Dukg lstrueturg ngskeg olb ]U@ D_E 5? 7;;4

H`rig pgrg prlslrvgr, e`hslrvgr

y ilc`rgr bg sgbuo ol b`s BL[ ; 7;4;
khokvkou`s ls sus `eupgek`hls

^LU@B\EK@H
]@BK_KEGU OL ULD\^KOGO >=7<
?=?>5

Ngsl pgrg bg `rdghkzgekõh ol

OLE^L_@ 67? 7;1?
sgbuo `eupgek`hgb lh lb pgks

sl oltlrikhg bg `rdghkzgekõh y
OLE^L_@
goikhkstrgek`h olb skstlig 7;;?
7>;<
dlhlrgb ol rklsd`s pr`flsk`hgbls
 

E@]GUU_
rldbgilhtg bg `rdghkzgekõh y
^LU@B\EK@H
fuhek`hgiklht` ol b`s e`iktls ol 7;16
>=75
ilokekhg akdklhl y sldurkogo

Oksp`eksk`hls pgrg kipblilhtgr OLE^L_@

>=7?
lb UD-UU_ 7??5

Oksp`skek`h s`nrl vkvklhog,

akdklhl y sldurkogo khoustrkgb lh B L[ ; 7;4;
lstgnblekiklht` ol trgngc`

H`rig pgrg prlslrvgr, e`hslrvgr

y ilc`rgr bg sgbuo ol b`s Bly ; 7;4;
khokvkou`s ls sus `eupgek`hls

UL×GBKSGEK@H [
OLIG^EGEK@H OLB
GL^LG
Ul oketg lb e`okd` hgek`hgb ol
Bly 7515 >=7=
trghskt` y `trgs oksp`skek`hls

sl oltlrikhg bg `rdghkzgekõh y
goikhkstrgek`h olb skstlig Olerlr` 7>;< 7;;?
dlhlrgb ol rklsd`s pr`flsk`hgbls
 

]`r lb eugb sl go`ptg bg tgnbg ol

Ole. 715> 7;;?
lhflrilogols pr`flsk`hgbls

^ldbgilhtg bg gfkbkgek`h
e`tkzgek`hls gb UD^]. y bgs Ole.764> 7;;?

_gnbg ol ebgskfkegek`h ol
getkvkogols le`h`ikegs pgrg lb Ole. 76=4 >==>
UD^]

]bghkbbg khtldrgog ol bg
Ole. 7?6< >==<
bkqukogek`h ol gp`rtls

E`htlhko` f`riubgrk` uhke` `

pbghkbbg khtldrgog bkqukogek`h ol ^ls. 65? >==6
UKU_LIG DLHL^GB gp`rtls
OL ^KLUD@U
BGN@^GBLU

E`htlhko`
pbghkbbg f`riubgrk`
khtldrgog uhke` `
bkqukogek`h ol ^ls. 75=5 >==<
gp`rtls

Olrr`dg bg lhtrgog lh vkdlhekg y

^ls. 7574 >==6
i`okfkeg bg ^ls. 65? olb >==6

E`htr`b ol lvgek`h gb skstlig ol

sldurkogo s`ekgb Bly 1>1 >=75
 

]`r bg eugb sl i`okfkeg lb skstlig

ol rklsd`s bgn`rgbls y sl oketgh
BL[ 7<6> >=7>
`trgs oksp`ske`hls lh igtlrkg ol
U.@

]`r bg eugb sl erlg lb skstlig ol

sldurkogo s`ekgb khtldrgb y sl Bly 7== 7;;5
oketgh `trgs oksp`skek`hls

^lqukskt`s ikhki`s ol akdklhl y

H]B-UL-GG-
sldklrkogo khoustrkgb lh lspgek`s >=77
=5=
e`hfkhgo`s

ilokghtl lb eugb sl lxpkol lb

rldbgilht` ol sldurkogo lh bgs Olerlt` 755< 7;14
LU]GEK@U bgn`rls suntlrrçhlgs.
E@HFKHGO@U

lspgek`s e`hfkhgo`s ol plriks`s @UAG >; EF^

rlqulrko`s 7;7=.7?6

erktlrk` ol sldurkosgo rlssplet`s

ol bgs tgrlgs lcleutgogs lh rlsubuek`h ;<5 >=7=
lspgek`s e`hfkhgo`s.
 

  DGB UD UU_ - ^LU_G\^GH_L

B\S IK^KGI ]L×G ^@O^KD\LS
E\I]BL
LIKU@^ G^_KE\B@U
UK H@

 G^_KE\B@.
]rlskolhekg ol bg ^lpunbkeg x
1<

Ikhkstlrk` olb trgngc` y sldurkogo

 G^_KE\B@. 5 x
s`ekgb

Ikhkstlrk` ol ageklhog, ikhkstlrk`

 G^_KE\B@.
ol trgngc` y sldurkogo s`ekgb y x
>>
ikhkstlrk` ol sgbuo

 G^_KE\B@.
]rlskolhekg ol bg ^lpunbkeg x
76. 74. 71. >4

 G^_KE\B@.
e`hdrls` ol bg rlpunbkeg
<6. <1. 6=.

]rlskolhtl ol bg rlpunbkeg G^_. 4

Ikhkstlrk` olb trgngc` x

 

Lb e`helc` ol N@D@_G O.E. G^_KE\B@. 7 x

 G^_KE\B@.
Lb prlskolhtl ol bg rlpunbkeg x
74

Ulerltgrk` okstrktgb ol sgbuo G^_KE\B@ 7 x

 G^_KE\B@U.
E`hdrls` ol bg rlpunbkeg
5?; GB 5<1
 

_@O@U B@U
]rlskolhekg ol bg ^lpunbkeg
 G^_KE\B@U

Ikhkstlrk` ol trgngc` y ol  G^_KE\B@.>.

sldurkogo ?

Ikhkstlrk` ol trgngc` y sldurkogo  G^_KE\B@.

s`ekgb y ikhkstlrk` ol sgbuo 67. 1?. ;5

 G^_KE\B@.<
]rlskolhekg ol bg ^lpunbkeg x
<

_@O@U B@U
E`hdrls` ol e`b`inkg x
 G^_KE\B@U
 

Lb ikhkstlrk` ol trgngc` G^_KE\B@. > x

_@O@U B@U

KU@ H\IL^GBL
U x

_@OG BG
]rlskolhekg ol bg ^lpunbkeg
D\KG

 G^_KE\B@.
]rlskolhekg ol bg ^lpunbkeg
777

Ikhkstlrk` ol ikhgs y ol lhlrdkg x

Ikhkstlrk` ol trgngc` y sldurkogo  G^_KE\B@U.

x
s`ekgb y ikhkstlrk` ol sgbuo ><. >6

Ikhkstlrk` ol ageklhog,
ikhkstlrk` ol trgngc` y  G^_KE\B@.
sldurkogo s`ekgb y ikhkstlrk` ol 65
sgbuo
 

Ikhkstlrk` ol trgngc` ol _@OG BG

sldurkogo s`ekgb y ikhkstlrk` ol ^LU@B\EK@
sgbuo H

G^_KE\B@.
]rlskolhekg ol bg ^lpunbkeg
>

E`hdrls` ol bg ^lpunbkeg ol  G^_KE\B@.

E`b`inkg 777

E`hdrls` ol E`b`inkg Grt. ;? x

E`hdrls` ol E`b`inkg Grt. 5 x

Ikhkstlrk` ol trgngc` y sldurkogo

 Grt. 5> x
s`ekgb y ikhkstlrk` ol sgbuo
 

 _`o` lb
]rlskolhekg ol bg rlpunbkeg x
olerlt`

 Grt.
]rlskolhekg ol bg rlpunbkeg >,5,?,4,1,7=,7 x
5,76

Ikhkstlrk` ol trgngc` y sldurkogo  _`o` lb

Q
s`ekgb olerlt`

_`o` lb
]rlskolhekg ol bg rlpunbkeg x
olerlt`

Ikhkstlrk` ol bg pr`tleek`h s`ekgb Grt. 7 y < x

Ikhkstlrk` ol bg pr`tleek`h s`ekgb Grt. 7 y > Q

Ikhkstlrk` ol bg pr`tleek`h s`ekgb Grt. 7 y ; x

E`hdrls` ol bg rlpunbkeg _`o` bg bly x

 

E`hdrls` ol e`b`inkg _`og bg bly x

E`hdrls` ol bg rlpunbkeg ol
_`og bg bly x
e`b`inkg

#6.6 ol bg
x
h`rig

]rlskolhtl ol bg rlpunbkeg t`og bg h`rig x

t`og bg h`rig x

Ikhkstlrk` ol trgngc` , lipbl` y t`og bg h`rig

x
sldurkogo s`ekgb.
 

^LW\KUK_@U LU]LEKFKE@U

usgr y ightlhlr
e`htr`b b`se`bgn`rgr
ol rklsd`, oksp`s`tkv`s
lh bgol
kipblilhtgek`h ol bgs ilokogs ol
prlvlhek`h

ogr euipbkiklht` g bgs `nbkdgek`hls qul

bls e`rrlsp`hol lh,igtlrkg ol
sldurkogo y sgbuo lhl b trgngc` , utbkzgr
b`s lqp, rlp`rtgt e`hokek`hls plbkdr`sgs,
ightlhlr bgs khstgbgek`hls lh nulhgs
e`hokek`hls ol gsl`, h` pr`ouekr hk
prllhtgrsl ngc` bg khfbulhekg ol gbe`a`b
` or`dgs

vlbgr p`r bg khtldrkogo ol bg

sgbuo,euipbkr bgs h`rigsy rldbgilht`s
olb pr`drgig ol sst, pgrtkekpgr lh
bgprlvlhek`h olb rklsd`, plhsk`hgo`s
p`r khvgbkolz ightghlr bg getugbkzgek`h
lh bg khf`rigek`h

`nslrvgr ilokogs y `rolhls

prlvhltkvgs, pr`aknkek`hls3 prlslhtgrel
gb trgngc` ngc` ol lflet` ol gbe`a`b `
or`dg
e``plrgr lh bg prlvlhek`h ol rklsd`s
pr`flek`hgbls,usgr b`s lpp lh f`rig
plrighlhtl,rleknkr eggpgektgek`hls ol
sldurkogog l akdklhl lte.
 

B`s lstgnblekiklht`s louegtkv`s

olnlrgh ehtgr e`h b`s lblilht`s
hlelsgrk`s pgrg bg prlstgek`h ol prkilr`
guxkbk`s g b`s gbuih`s, o`elhtls,
goikhkstrgtkv` lh egs` ol geekolhtl `
blsk`hls blvls.

B`s prkilr`s guxkbk`s lh sktugek`hls ol

olsgstrl olnlrgh slr prlstgo` p`r
eugbquklr plrs`hg ` lhtkogo.

_`o` lstgnblekiklht` e`ilrekgb olnlrg

e`htgr e`h uh n`tkqukh ol prkilr`s
guxkbk`s, e`h lb fkh ol gtlholr bgs
lilrdlhekgs qul sl prlslhtlh lh sus
khstgbgek`hls.

Lbgn`rgek`h, e`htlhko` y unkegek`h

 

E`hf`rigek`h ol ilokekhg, akdklhl y

sldurkogo khoustrkgb

U`nrl b`s rlqukskt`s bldgbls ol akdklhl

lh b`s budgrls ol trgngc` y e`hokek`hls
ol `rolh y bkipklzg

U`nrl bgs e`hokek`hls ol akdklhl y

sldurkogo qul sllh

e`hstrueek`h olnlh euip`bkr
tlrikh`s lh uhg
bldgbls

Uuplrvkek`h ol bg rlvksk`h y gpr`ngek`h

ol rldbgilht` ol akdklhl y sldurkogo
khoustrkgb
 

Lstgnblekiklht` olb ]U@

Lstrueturg ngskeg qul olnl e`htlhlr lb

]U@

E`hstktuek`h y huilr` ol
rlprlslhtghtls rlsp`hsgnkbkogols olb
e`iktë

Eginkg lb h`inrl gb e`iktë pgrktgrk` ol

U@, `nbkdgek`h olb lipblgo`r ol
suikhkstrgr ? a`rgs slighgbls olhtr`
olb a`rgrk` ol trgngc`, plrk`o` ol
lbleek`h ol > g÷`s
 

liprlsgs e`h igs ol 7= trgngcgo`rls g

su slrvkek` lstgh `nbkdgogs g e`hf`rigrg
lb e`iktë ol ilokekhg, akdklhl y
sldurkogo khoustrkgb

olfkhl bgs okrletkels ol `nbkdgt`rk`s

euipbkiklht`s pgrg UD-UU_ qul olnl
slr gpbkego` p`r t`o`s b`s lipblgo`rls
punbke`s ` prkvgo`s

Ul lstgnblel uh pr`drgig ol sgbuo

`eupgek`hgb olhtr` ol bg eugb sl
lfletugh getkvkogols g prlvlhkr b`s
geekolhtls

_`ogs bgs z`hgs o`hol pulogh lxkstkr

rklsd`s ol egkogs olnlrgh tlhlr
sl÷gbkzgek`hls pgrg prlvlhkr geekolhtls

 Gut`rkogo olb trghskt`

_rgsbgo` ol lhtkogo goikhkstrgo`rg ol

rklsd`s pr`flsk`hgbls
 

Kolhtkfkegek`h ol lhflrilogols
pr`flsk`hgbls

 Gfkbkgek`h gb UD^],slbleekõh g bg lhtkogo

 G^], okbkdlhekgiklht` ol gfkbkgek`h,G_ y
L], `nbkdgt`rklogo ol bgs e`tkzgek`hls.

_gnbg ol ebgskfkegek`h,ebgskfkegek`h ol
liprlsgs,i`okfkegek`h ol bg getkvkogo
le`h`ikeg

Ul lstgnblel uhg pbghkbbg uhkeg pgrg

bkqukogek`h ol gp`rtls

Ul lstgnblel lb e`htlhko` `nbkdgt`rk`

pgrg bkqukogek`h ol gp`rtls g bg L]U,
 GF]U y G^] olrr`dgog p`r rls`buek`h
rls`bue k`h
75=5 ol >==<

Ul lstgnblel lb e`htlhko` `nbkdgt`rk`

pgrg bkqukogek`h ol gp`rtls g bg L]U,
 GF]U y G^] olrr`dgog p`r rls`buek`h
rls`bue k`h
65? ol >==6

I`okfkeg b`s egip`s 4,1,;,7=,77,7>,7;

Ilokogs pgrg lvktgr y e`htr`bgr bg

lvgek`hs`ekgb
sldurkogo ol gp`rtls gb skstlig ol
G^].L]U,ULHG,KENF
 

Oksp`skek`hls olstkhgogs g
prlvlhkr,pr`tldlr y gtlholr g b`s
trgngcgo`rls ol b`s lflet`s ol bgs L] [
 G_ qul pulolh `eurrkr e`h `egek`h `
e`i` e`hsleulhekg olb trgngc` qul
olsgrr`bbgh

]rkhekpk`s olb skstlig ol sldurkogo

s`ekgb khtldrgb

plriks`s pgrg trgngcgr lh lspgek`s

e`hfkhgo`s

`nbkdgek`hls qul lb lipblgo`r olnl

tlhlr e`h lb trggngcgo`r lh lstl tkp` ol
bgn`rls y b`s trgngcgo`rls e`h lb
lipblgo`r , qul olnlh ageelr lh egs`s
ol lilrdlhekgs.

gsksdhgek`h ol rlsp`hsgnkbkogols, budgr

ol trgngc` y lspgek`s ol plriks` ol
lvgbugek`h,suikhkstr` ol lpp, pbgh ol
rlsegtl , plriks`s p`r lserkt`.