Saint Francis College

Pascual B. Gutay St., Sabang II

Allen, Northern Samar

MODULE 6 : 2ND SEM

GENERAL BIOLOGY
Julianne Mae H. Tan
Grade 11- STEM B/ St. Bernard of Quintavalle
 ACTIVITY

STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS DEFINITION and FUNCTION

1. GLYCOPROTEIN 2. GLYCOLIPID
Glycoprotein is a protein with carbohydrates attached to
them. They are found on the surface of the lipid bilayer of
cell membranes. They function in the structure, immune
system, reproduction, hormones, and protection of the cells
and organisms. The hydrophilic nature they have enables
1. GLYCOPROTEIN them to function in the aqueous environment wherein they
perform cell-to-cell recognition and binding of other
molecules. The cell surface of glycoproteins is essential to
add stability and strength through cross-linking proteins and
cells. Glycoproteins in plant cells help the plants to stand
straight from the gravitational force.

Glycolipids are lipids containing carbohydrate attachments

7.
that are found in cell membranes. They play a significant
PHOSPHOLIPID
3.PERIPHERA role in energy production and function as cellular
4. INTEGRAL 5.CHOLESTEROL BILAYER
LMEMBRANE recognition signals. A hydrophobic lipid tail and one or
MEMBRANE 6.PROTEIN
more hydrophilic sugar groups connected by CHANNEL
a glycosidic
PROTEIN
bond make up these molecules. Glycolipids are located on
2. GLYCOLIPID PROTEIN
the outside leaflet of cellular membranes, where they serve
as receptors, protein anchors, and signal transduction
regulators, as well as a structural function in maintaining
membrane stability. A glycolipid's fundamental structure
consists of one or two fatty acids coupled to a mono- or
oligosaccharide group attached to a glycerol group.

Peripheral proteins, also known as peripheral membrane

proteins, are a class of biologically active components made
composed of amino acids that interact with the lipid bilayer
of cell membranes on the surface. Peripheral proteins
contain unique amino acid sequences that enable them to
3. PERIPHERAL MEMBRANE
bind to the phosphate heads of lipid molecules or integral
PROTEIN
proteins. They function in transporting chemicals within or
outside of a cell, activating other proteins and enzymes,
interacting with other cells, and providing structural support
to intracellular cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix of the
cell.

4. INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEIN It is a protein that is permanently attached to the plasma

membrane. It serves the cells entry point for substances like
minerals, ions, hormones, medicines, and other big
molecules like DNA and proteins. Integral membrane
proteins are found in the bilayer membranes, surrounding
cells and organelles, and they play a vital role or function in
 molecule movement as well as energy and signal
transmission.

It is a fat-like waxy substance that can be found in all cells

of the body. Cholesterol has a significant role in the plasma
membrane of the cell in which they are the main component
in many metabolic pathways. This substance may reside
among phospholipid molecules, preventing water-soluble
substances from spreading across the membrane. They are
5. CHOLESTEROL
essential for the proper operation of the cell membrane,
assisting in the restriction of molecule flow through
stimulating the packing of phospholipids. It contributes to
membrane fluidity, but the most significant function is to
help sustain cell membrane permeability in order to maintain
the right number of molecules that will enter one at a time.

A channel protein is an amino acid sequence that sets in the

cell membrane and creates a hydrophilic pathway for water
and tiny polar ions. They have two types, which are the
gated and non-gated. The function of the channel protein is
different depending on whether it is gated or non-gated.
Non-gated channel proteins enable ions and water to freely
6. PROTEIN CHANNEL pass through one side of a membrane to the other. Such
channels are more commonly found inside organelles and
areas where ion concentrations are not sustained. While
gated channel proteins plays a role of restraining back the
tide of ions and other substances till they are commanded by
a special chemical or electrical signal to release whenever an
ion gradient needs to be sustained.

It is a double layer of phospholipids that shaped the cell

membrane. They are composed of lipid molecules, made
from polar phosphate group head and two non-polar fatty
acids. This part of the cell membrane plays a role as the
binding sites of other substance like proteins. It acts as a
7. PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER barrier from the movement of ions and molecules going in
and out of the cell. It constitutes the permeability of the cell
membrane from the aqueous environment. The phospholipid
bilayer only permits essential substances like oxygen and
water to enter but very large substances like water and
oxygen are not allowed or are not able to enter enough.

I. EVALUATION

1. How is the cell membrane regulate the movement of materials into or out of the cell?

The cell membrane regulates or controls the movement of material into or out of the cells with the help of its
components. Protein channels are mainly the ones that help in regulating; acting like a pump, and selectively
allows essential substances and molecules that will be used to sustain the cell. They may freely pass
substance and they may not in which they wait for a command from a special chemical signal that will allow
substances to enter and go out. The phospholipid bilayer acts as a barrier from very large substance from
 entering the cell. And cholesterol assists through restricting molecule flow and which help in sustaining the
membrane’s permeability to control the specific number of molecules that will go in and out of the cell.

2. Why does the cell membrane described as a fluid mosaic model?

The cell membrane is described as a fluid mosaic model due to bilayers of phospholipids. It is made up of
various proteins and clusters of different molecules, which is scattered throughout the membrane. Different
sorts of molecules are assembled and joined together across of it, presenting a look of mosaic pattern. Such
molecules flow or continually move in two components in a fluid manner describing it as a fluid mosaic
model.

3. Describe a phospholipid bilayer.

The phospholipid bilayer contains and is arranged in two layers of phospholipids, a water-hating or phosphate
group head, which is hydrophilic, and a water-loving or a non-polar fatty acid tail, which is hydrophobic. The
hydrophilic polar head group and hydrophobic tails, which are fatty acid chains, are shown in a single
phospholipid molecule. Every phospholipid molecule consists of two tails and a head. Water "loves" the
head, a hydrophilic, whereas water "hates" the tails, a hydrophobic. The water-hating tails reside from the
inside of the membrane, while the water-loving heads point outwards, whether toward the cytoplasm or the
surrounding fluid. The phospholipid bilayer serves as a wall from unwanted or very large substances,
protecting the aqueous environment and inside components of the cell from the extracellular environment.
Through this, it allows the cell to have stability in the interior conditions.