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4장.

위치 해석

Once a tentative mechanism design has been


synthesized, it must be analyzed. A principal goal of
kinematic analysis is to determine the accelerations
of all moving parts in the assembly.
In order to calculate the accelerations, we must find the positions of all the links
and then differentiate the position versus time to find velocities and then
differentiate again to obtain the expressions for acceleration.
This can be done by several methods. We could use a graphical approach to
determine the position, velocity, and acceleration or we could derive the general
equations of motion for any position, differentiate for velocity and acceleration.

위치 해석
4.5 대수 방법에 의한 링크의 위치 해석
(Algebraic position analysis of linkages)
Ex.4-1 Given a fourbar linkage with the link lengths d=100 mm,
a=40 mm, b=120 mm, c=80 mm. For q2=40, find all possible
values of q3 and q4.

c
q3
a
q4
q2 =40
d

위치 해석
4.5 대수 방법에 의한 링크의 위치 해석
(Algebraic position analysis of linkages)

 Solution

A  cos q2  K1  K2 cos q2  K3  2.129


B  2 sin q2  1.286
C  K1  cos q2  K2 cos q2  K3  1.339

d 100 d 100
q2  40 K1    2.5 K2    1.25
a 40 c 80

a2  b2  c2  d2 402  1202  802  1002


K3    0.562
2ac 2( 40)(80)

위치 해석
4.5 대수 방법에 의한 링크의 위치 해석
(Algebraic position analysis of linkages)

 Solution
A  2.129
q4  B  B2  4AC
tan  B  1.286
2 2A
C  1.339
  1.286   1.2862  4 2.129 1.339

2 2.129
 1.15, 0.55 q4  98.01, 57.33

 a sin q2  c sin q4
tan q3 
 a cos q2  c cos q4  d

 1.80, 0.37 q3  60.98, 20.30

위치 해석
4.5 대수 방법에 의한 링크의 위치 해석
(Algebraic position analysis of linkages)

 Solution
A  2.129
q4  B  B2  4AC
tan  B  1.286
2 2A
C  1.339
  1.286   1.2862  4 2.129 1.339

2 2.129
 1.15, 0.55 q4  98.01, 57.33

 a sin q2  c sin q4
tan q3 
 a cos q2  c cos q4  d

 1.80, 0.37 q3  60.98, 20.30

위치 해석
4.5 대수 방법에 의한 링크의 위치 해석
(Algebraic position analysis of linkages)

q3 , q4   20.30, 57.33


 Solution

20.30
-60.98
57.33
40

-98.01

q3 , q4  60.98,98.01

위치 해석
4.11 전달각 (Transmission Angle)
 최소 전달각 m
• Overlapped

b2  c2  (d  a)2 
b c m  arccos 
 2bc 
a
d

b2  c2  (d  a)2 
• Extended g arccos 
 2bc 
m
m  g

위치 해석
4.14 Newton-Raphson 방법
• 1차원 근 찾기 (One-dimensional root-finding) f( xi )
f( xi ) 
xi  xi 1
Step 1. Guess xi.

Step 2. Calculate f(xi).


f(x)
Step 3. Calculate xi+1.

f( xi ) f(xi)
xi 1  xi 
f( xi )

Step 4. Calculate f(xi+1). f(xi+1)


xi x
Step 5. If f(xi+1) <  xi+1
stop
else
xi= xi+1
Calculate f’(xi)
Goto Step 3
4.14 Newton-Raphson 방법
• 다차원 근 찾기 (Multi-dimensional root-finding)
f1 x1
 f2  x2
f  x 
 
f ( x )=0
fn xn
f(x)=0 f1(x1,x2,……,xn)=0
f2(x1,x2,……,xn)=0


fn(x1,x2,……,xn)=0

위치 해석
Newton-Raphson 방법
• 다차원 근 찾기

Step 1. Guess xi.

Step 2. Calculate f ( xi ).
Step 3. Calculate xi+1.  f1 f1 f1 
  
   -1   x1 x2 x2 
x i  1  x i  ( fx ) f  f f2 f2 
 2 
  x1 x2 xn 
 fx   
Step 4. Calculate f ( xi+1 ).  
     
Step 5. If f ( xi+1 ) <   
 
stop  fn fn 
else  x  
xn 
 1
xi= xi+1 
Calculate  fx
Goto Step 3

위치 해석
Newton-Raphson 방법에 의한 4절 기구 해석

 Solution procedure (풀이 과정)


Newton-Raphson 방법에 의한 4절 기구 해석

 Solution Procedure
a cos q2  b cos q3  c cos q4  d  f
01
a sin q2  b sin q3  c sin q4  f02

 q3  f1
x  f 
q4 f2

 f1 f1 
 x x 

fx  
1 2
   b  sin q3 c  sin q4 

  b  cos q  c  cos q 
 f2 f2   3 4

 x1 x2 
Newton-Raphson 방법에 의한 4절 기구 해석

• Ex 4-1

140

120

100

Link angle (deg)


80

q4
60

40

q3
20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
# of iterations

위치 해석
Newton-Raphson 방법에 의한 4절 기구 해석

• Ex 4-1

-20

-40

q3

Link angle (deg)


-60

-80
q4
-100

-120

-140
0 1 2 3 4
# of iterations

위치 해석
Newton-Raphson 방법에 의한 4절 기구 해석

• Watt 기구

Trajectory(P) of the Watt linkage


250 1.5
q3
q4
200 1

150 0.5
q3 & q4 (deg)

Y direction
100 0

50 -0.5

0 -1

-50 -1.5
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 1.75 1.8 1.85 1.9 1.95 2 2.05 2.1 2.15 2.2 2.25
q2 (deg) X direction

위치 해석

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