CHEMISTRY

G. C . E . A D VA N C E D L E V E L

whksl iu;=,s;;dj
Ionic equilibrium

Dr. rka§¾ lreKdkdhl

MBBS, University
1 of Colombo
 pH + pOH = pKW Tmamq lsÍu
KW = [H3O+] [OH-]
(i) fomiu ,>q .kak'
log KW = log [H3O+] + log [OH-]
(ii) by; m%ldYkfha fomiu (-) 1ka .=K lrkak'
-log KW = -log [H3O+] - log [OH-]

pKW = pH + pOH

b;sß Golden Rules

^5& ish¨ ÿn, wï, c,fha Nd.slj (Fractional dissociation) ú>gkh ù ^iu;=,s;hla idoñka&
whkj,g fjka ù mj;S'
^6& ish¨ ÿn, NIau c,fha Nd.slj ú>gkh ù ^iu;=,s;hla idoñka& whkj,g fjkaù mj;S'
^5& yd ^6& kS;s ir,j = ish¨ ÿn, wï, yd ÿn, NIau c,fha § b;d l=vd m%udKhla whkj,g
fjkaù mj;S'
^7& .eg¨ wxl ^5& isg ^13& olajd
zzfkd.sksh yels ;rï l=vdhZZ wdldrfha Wml,amk ^1& la fyda ^2& la we;'

wï,

m%n, wï, ÿn, wï,

wï,fha wï,fha
idkaøKh idkaøKh
lSh jqK;a lSh jqK;a

100] whkSlrKh jkafka

whkSlrKh fõ' 100] g jvd wvqfjks'
(Ionization)
^lSh jqK;a lshkafka th idudkHfhka
idkaøKh b;d wvq jqj;a 1]la fyda Bg;a jvd wvq
lshk tlhs'& w.hls'

tA lshkafka
bÈß m%;sl%shdj 100]
fjkafka kE lshk tlhs'

tA lshkafka ÿn, wï,hl

ú>gkh (dissociation)
m%;Hdj¾;H (Reversible)
m%;sl%shdjla

2
 m%n, wï,j, ú>gk m%;sl%shdj ^c,h iu.&
+ -
HCl + H2O H3O + Cl
1' wdrïNl idkaøKh 1M
2' ú>gkh jk idkaøKh -1M
3' ksmofjk idkaøK 1M 1M
4' b;sß wï, idkaøKh 0
-3
M = moldm

+ -
HCl + H2O H3O + Cl
-1
1' wdrïNl idkaøKh 10 M
2' ú>gkh jk idkaøKh -10-1M
3' ksmofjk idkaøK -1
10 M 10-1M
4' b;sß wï, idkaøKh 0

+ -
HCl + H2O H3O + Cl
-7
1' wdrïNl idkaøKh 10 M
2' ú>gkh jk idkaøKh -10-7M
3' ksmofjk idkaøK -7
10 M 10-7M
4' b;sß wï, idkaøKh 0

fuh ish¨ m%n, wï, i|yd wod< fõ'

oeka ÿn, wï,hla c,h iu. m%;sl%shd lr isÿlrk ú>gkh i,ld n,uq'
iq,nju fok ÿn, wï,h ;uhs weisála wï,h (CH3COOH) tfiau HA f,io ÿn, wï,hla
Èh yel'
CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO- + H3O+

wï,h NIauh iu;=,s; ,l=K fhdod we;'

- +
CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO + H3O
1' wdrïNl idkaøKh 1M
2' ú>gkh jk idkaøKh -3
(-3.16×10 )
-3 -3
3' ksmofjk idkaøK 3.16×10 M 3.16×10 M
4' b;sß wï, idkaøKh
(1-3.16
10 (
M
3

5' ú>gk m%udKh 2 mshjr 3.16 3.16

= 3 =
(Degree of dissociation) 1 mshjr 10 103
1
6' ú>gk m%;sY;h 2 mshjr 3.16
= ×100% = ×100% = 0.316%
1 mshjr 103
1

3
 whkSlrK ú>gk ú>gk whkSlrK
m%udKh × 100% = m%udKh × 100% = m%;sY;h = m%;sY;h

ú>gk m%udKh = ∝
ú>gk m%;sY;h = ∝%

- +
CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO + H3O
1' wdrïNl idkaøKh 10-3M
2' ú>gkh jk idkaøKh -5
(-10 M)
-5 -5
3' ksmofjk idkaøK 10 M 10 M
4' b;sß wï, idkaøKh 9.9×10
-4

-5
5' ú>gk m%udKh = ∝ 2 mshjr 10
= = 10-2 = 0.01
1 mshjr 10-3

6' ú>gk m%;sY;h = ∝% = 2 mshjr

× 100 = 0.01 × 100% = 1%
1 mshjr

CH3COOH wï,fha idkaøK fjkia wjia:d folla i,l,d .dK yo,d ne¨ju ∝ yd ∝%
^ú>gk m%udKh $ ú>gk m%;sY;h& fjkiajk wdldrh wmg oel.; yel' CH3COOH ys
idkaøKh wvq wjia:dj,§ wvq ∝ w.hl=;a idkaøKh jeä wjia:dj,§ jeä ∝ w.hl;=;a ,efnk
nj ksÍCIKh lrkak'
tA lshkafka CH3COOH kï ÿn, wï,fhka ú>gkh $ whkSlrKh jk m%;sY;h 1] ;rï l=vd
-3
w.hla fõ' ^idkaøKh 1 moldm úg&

oeka n,uq HCN jeks ÿn, wï,hla i|yd idkaøKh 1 moldm-3 úg whkSlrK m%;sY;h

+ -
HCN + H2O H3O + CN
1' wdrïNl idkaøKh 1M
2' ú>gkh jk idkaøKh -10-5M
3' ksmofjk idkaøK 10-5M 10-5M
4' b;sß wï, idkaøKh (1-10-5)

5' ú>gk m%udKh = ∝ 2 mshjr 10-5 -5

= = 10
1 mshjr 1

2 mshjr -5
6' ú>gk m%;sY;h = ∝% = × 100% = 10 ×100% = 10-3 %
1 mshjr 1
-3
tA lshkafka HCN wï,fha ú>gk m%;sY;h 0'001] ;rï l=vd w.hla njhs' ^idkaøKh 1moldm
úg& tA wkqj ÿn, wï, w;ro zzÿn,;djfhaZZ fjkialï mj;S'
CH3COOH ÿn, wï,hla jk w;r HCN Bg idfmaCIj zzb;d ÿn, wï,hlaZZ fõ'

4
 wï,

m%n, wï, ÿn, wï, ^idfmaCIj& b;d ÿn, wï,

HCl CH3COOH HCN
-3
(∝% = 100%) (∝% = 1%) (∝% = 10 %)

ÿn, wï,hla by; wdldrhg iu;=,s;hla we;s lrk neúka tAjdg KC tlla ,súh yelshs'
b;sx ,shuq'
- +
CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(aq) CH3COO (aq) + H3O (aq)
fuu m%;sl%shdjg KC ,shuq'

- +
[CH3COO ] × [H3O ]
KC =
[CH3COOH] × [H2O]

H2O ys idkaøKh iodld,slj 55.56 moldm-3 ys ksh;j mj;sk nj KW Tmamq l< wjia:dfõ wms
Tmamq l<d' tAl fu;kÈ;a tfyuhs' tA ksid tAl;a KC me;a;g f.k tuq'

- +
[CH3COO ] [H3O ]
KC[H2O] =
[CH3COOH]

KC yd H2O folu ksh; neúka KC[H2O] .=‚;h ksh;hla fõ' ∴ tu iuia; ksh;hg w¨;a kula
fouq' wï,h = acid neúka

KC[H2O] = Ka f,i ,shuq'

- +
[CH3COO ] [H3O ]
∴ Ka =
[CH3COOH]

-3
Ka ys tAll iEuúgu moldm fõ'

5
Ka hkq wï,fha wdï,sl ú>gk ksh;hhs'
KC r|d mj;skafka WIaK;ajh u; mu‚' tu ksid Ka r|d mj;skafkao WIaK;ajh u; mu‚'
0 -5 -3
CH3COOH wï,fha Ka w.h 25 C ys§ 1×10 moldm fõ'

CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO- + H3O+

1' wdrïNl idkaøKh 1M
2' ú>gkh jk idkaøKh
) -3.16
1000 )
3.16 3.16
3' ksmofjk idkaøK
) 1000 ) ) 1000 )
4' b;sß wï, idkaøKh )1- 1000
3.16
) =1
3.16 3.16
7' iu;=,s; idkaøKhka )1- 1000
3.16
) =1 ) 1000 ) ) 1000 )
3.16 3.16
8' Ka g wdfoaYh [CH COO ] [H O ] ) 1000 ) ) 1000 )
- +

1×10-5 =K =
a
3
=3

[CH COOH]
1 - 3.16 ys 1g idfmaCIj 3.16 w.h b;d l=vd fõ'
3
)1 - 1000
3.16
)
1000 1000

tu ksid 1 - 3.16 ≃ 1 nj ie,lsh yelshs'

1000
tA wkqj
3.16 3.16
Ka= 1×10
-5
)
= 1000
) ) 1000 )
(1)

Wml,amkh ( wdrïNl CH3COOH idkaøKhg idfmaCIj ú>gkh jk CH3COOH

idkaøKh fkd.sksh yels ;rï l=vd fõ'

-4
by; Wml,amkh Ka = 1×10 g jvd wvq wï,j,g l< yelshs'

ÿn, wï,hl Ka wdfoaY l< hq;af;a ^3& yd ^4& mshjrj,g wod< ms<s;=rehs' tfy;a ÿn, wï,hl ^3&
mshjf¾ ms<s;=re ish¨ wjia:dj,§ ^1& mshjf¾ w.hg wdikak jYfhka iudk fõ' Ka wdfoaY
lsÍug kï ^1& mshjf¾ w.h yd ^4& mshjf¾ w.hka oekisáh hq;=hs'

6
.eg¨ j¾. wxl - (5) (a)
WodyrK .eg¨j
CH3COOH wï, ødjKhl idkaøKh 0.001 moldm-3 fõ' ødjKfha pH w.h fidhkak'
250C § CH3COOH wï,fha Ka = 1×10-5 moldm-3 fõ'

- +
Golden rule (5) CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO + H3O

1' wdrïNl wï, idkaøKh 10-3M

2' ú>gkh jk idkaøKh (-x) ×1
3' iEÿKq whk idkaøK ×1 (x) (x)

-3 -3
4' b;sß wï, idkaøKh (10 -x = 10 )

7' iu;=,s; idkaøKh -3

(10 ) (x) (x)
8' Ka g wdfoaYh [CH3COO-] [H3O+]
Ka =
[CH3COOH]
(x) (x)
1×10-5 =
(10-3)
x2 = 10
-8

- + -4 -3
[CH3COO ] = [H3O ] = x = 10 moldm
pH = -log H3O+
-4
pH = -log 10
pH = 4

mcq 2000-37 ;a fïl;a tlalu lrkak'

^4& mshjf¾ isÿl< Wml,amkh ,sùug ,l=Kq ,efí'

Golden Rule No (7)

Wml,amkh ( wdrïNl CH3COOH idkaøKhg idfmaCIj ú>gkh jk CH3COOH

idkaøKh fkd.sksh yels ;rï l=vd fõ' (10-3-x ≃ 10-3)
.eg¨ j¾. wxl (5) (a) ys o;a;
1' wdrïNl wï, idkaøKh
2' iu;=,s; whk idkaøK
3' Ka
4' pH

iu;=,s; whk foflka tll idkaøK okakjd kï pH fiúh yelshs' pH okakjd kï iu;=,s;
whk foflau idkaøK fiúh yelshs'
∴ by; o;a; 4ka 2la muKla okakjd kï Ka iólrKhg wdfoaY lr b;sß o;a; fiúh yelshs'

7
 1991-15 / 1993-23 / 2000-37 / 2007-12 / 2010-22 / 2018-15 → 5(a) .eg¨

1991-15 mcq
tAl NdIañl ÿn, wï,fha iQ;%h § ke;s ksid th HA f,i .uq' idkaøKh § we;' pH § we;'
Ka fiúh hq;=hs'

Golden rule (5) + -

HA + H2O H 3O + A
1' wdrïNl wï, idkaøKh 0.1M
2' ú>gkh jk idkaøKh (-x) ×1
3' iEÿKq whk idkaøK ×1 (x) (x)

4' b;sß wï, idkaøKh 0.1 -x ≃ 0.1

7' iu;=,s; idkaøKh 0.1 (x) (x)

3 mshjr
+
pH = -log [H3O ]
pH = 3 = -log [H3O+]
+ -3
[H3O ] = 10 M= (x)
H3O+ = A- = x = 10-3
+ - -3 -3
[H3O ] [A ] (x) (x) (10 ) (10 )
8. Ka = = =
[HA] (0.1) (0.1)
-5 -3
Ka = 10 moldm
Golden Rule (7) Wml,amkh ,súh hq;=hs rpkdjl § kï

.eg¨ - (5) (b) j¾.h

∝ yd ∝% wdY%s; .eg¨
1981- w;=re-57 | 1981-kj-19 | 1989-19 | 1996-15 | 2011-Old-18 $ New-16

HA wï,h ÿn, wï,hls' tys ú>gk m%udKh ∝ fõ' tys wdrïNl idkaøKh C fõ' tys wdï,sl
-4
ú>gk ksh;h Ka fõ' Ka w.h b;d l=vd fõ' ^10 g jvd wvqhs'&
-3
wdrïNl wï, idkaøKh 1moldm kï ú>gkh jk idkaøKh ∝ fõ'
+ -
HA + H2O H 3O + A
1' wdrïNl wï, idkaøKh 1moldm-3
2' ú>gkh jk idkaøKh -∝ ×1
3' iEÿKq whk idkaøK ×1 ∝ ∝

4' b;sß wï, idkaøKh 1-∝≂1

Ka b;d l=vd úg fuu Wml,amkh l< yel' wdrïNl idkaøKh 2 kï ú>gk m%udKh 2∝ fõ'

8
 + -
HA + H2O H 3O + A
1' wdrïNl wï, idkaøKh 2moldm-3
2' ú>gkh jk idkaøKh -2∝ ×1
3' iEÿKq whk idkaøK ×1 2∝ 2∝

4' b;sß wï, idkaøKh 2 - 2∝ = 2

-3
Ka b;d l=vd úg fuu Wml,amkh l< yel' wdrïNl idkaøKh C moldm kï ú>gk m%udKh
C∝ fõ'

+ -
HA + H2O H 3O + A

1' wdrïNl wï, idkaøKh C

2' ú>gkh jk idkaøKh C∝ ×1
3' iEÿKq whk idkaøK ×1 (C∝) (C∝)
4' b;sß wï, idkaøKh (C - C∝)=C

7' iu;=,s; idkaøKh (C - C∝)=C (C∝) (C∝)

8' Ka
[H3O+] [A-]
Ka =
[HA]
(C∝) (C∝) (C∝) (C∝)
Ka = =
(C - C∝) C (1- ∝)

C (1- ∝) = C - C∝ ≃ C f,i ,súh yelshs'

^Ka w.h b;d l=vd úg C - C∝ ≃ C f,i .; yel'&
2 2
C∝
Ka =
C

Ka = C∝2

TiaÜj,aâ ;kqllrK kshuh

Dilution Law of Ostwald (Ostwald Dilution Law)

9
C g idfmaCIj C∝ b;d l=vd fõ'
fya;=j (- Ka, 10
-4
g jvd wvq ksid fujeks .eg¨j,§ ∝ j, w.g 1g idfmaCIj b;d l=vd fõ'
tuksid ∝% j, w.h 100] g jvd b;d l=vd fõ' tfy;a iuyr .eg¨j,§ ∝ ys w.h
0.25 (∝% = 25%) fyda ∝ = 0.5 (∝% = 50%) wd§ by< w.hla .; yel' tys§ wï,fha
Ka w.h 10-4 1 moldm-3 jvd by< fõ'
túg .eg¨jla úi|k whqre n,uq'
tys§ ∝ ys w.h 1g idfmaCIj b;d l=vd ke;s ksid
1 - ∝ = 1 f,i .; fkdyel'
C - C∝ = C f,i .; fkdyel'
+ -
HB + H2O H3O + B

fuu wï,fha ∝, 1g idfmaCIj ie,lsh hq;= ;rï by< fõ'

idkaøKh 1 moldm-3 hehs is;uq'
+ -
HB + H2O H 3O + B
-3
1' wdrïNl wï, idkaøKh 1 moldm
2' ú>gkh jk idkaøKh -∝ ×1
3' iEÿKq whk idkaøK ×1 ∝ ∝
4' b;sß wï, idkaøKh (1 - ∝)

7' iu;=,s; idkaøKh (1 - ∝) ∝ ∝

HB ys idkaøKh C moldm-3 hehs is;uq'

+ -
HB + H2O H 3O + B
1' wdrïNl wï, idkaøKh C
2' ú>gkh jk idkaøKh -C∝ ×1
3' iEÿKq whk idkaøK ×1 C∝ C∝
4' b;sß wï, idkaøKh (C - C∝)

7' iu;=,s; idkaøKh (C - C∝) (C∝) (C∝)

+ -
[H3O ] (B ] (C∝) (C∝)
8' Ka g wdfoaYh Ka = =
[HB] (C - ∝)
2 2 2 2
C∝ C∝
Ka = =
(C - C∝) C (1 - ∝)
2
C∝
Ka =
(1 - ∝)

b;d jeo.;a( Ka w.h 10-4 moldm-3 g jvd úYd, wï,hla kï 1 - ∝ ≂ 1 f,i

,súh fkdyelshs' ukao ∝ w.h 1g idfmaCIj ie,lsh hq;= ;rï úYd, fyhsks'

10
 (5) (b) j¾.fha .eg¨jl ∝ ys w.h wkqj iólrK 2la ,efí'

(i) ∝ ys w.h (ii) ∝ ys w.h

^1g idfmaCIj& ^1g idfmaCIj&
b;d l=vd úg b;d l=vd fkdjk úg
fyda Ka w.h fyda Ka w.h
10 moldm-3g jvd
-4
10 moldm-3g jvd
-4

l=vd úg úYd, úg

2
Ka = C∝2 C∝
Ka =
(1 - ∝)
TiaÜj,aâ ;kqllrK kshuh

1996-15-mcq

tAl NdIañl wï,hla hkq msgl< yels H mrudKq 1la mj;sk wï, fõ'

HCl - tAl NdIañlhs'

H2SO4 - oaú NdIañlhs'
H3PO4 - ;%s NdIañlhs'

wï,h HA hehs is;uq' ∝% = 25 nj § we;'

∝% = ∝ ×100
25
∝= = 0.25
100

oeka ∝ ys w.h 1g idfmaCIj b;d l=vd fkdjk nj ´kEu flfkl=g f;af¾'

C∝2
tu ksid Ka = iólrKh fhdod .eg¨j úi¢h hq;= nj f;areï .kak'
(1-∝)

+ -
HA + H2O H3O + A
C = 1 moldm-3
∝ = 0.25
1 × (0.25)2
Ka =
(1 - 0.25)
Ka = 8.33 ×10-2 moldm-3

1989 - 19 ;a fï úÈyu ;uhs' yo,d n,kak'

1981 - w;=re -57 ;a fï úÈyuhs' yo,d n,kak'

11
1981- kj-19-mcq
HAc hkq CH3COOH weisála wï,h y÷kajk ;j;a iïu; fkdjQ l%uhls'
HAc + H2O H3O+ + Ac-
-5 -3
Ka = 1.8 × 10 moldm
C = 0.1 moldm-3
∝ =?
-4
Ka 1×10 g jvd wvqh'
∝ okafka kE'
Algorithm tlg wkqj
2
Ka = C∝ fhÈh yelshs'
1.8 2
5 = (0.1) ∝
10
1.8
∝2 = 4
10
2 1.8 1.34
∝ = = = 0.0134
10 4 100

2011- Old -18 / New-16

HCOOH hkq f*dañla wï,hhs'

-4 -3
fuu .eg¨fõ § Ka w.h 1.7 ×10 fõ' ^idkaøKh 0.1 moldm &
-4 -3 2
Ka w.h 10 moldm g jvd wvq kï Ka = C∝ hk ir, iólrKh fhÈh yel'
-4
tfy;a fuu .eg¨fõ Ka w.h 10 g jvd uola jeähs'
∴ fhÈh hq;= iólrKh jkafka
2
C∝
Ka = hkakhs'
(1-∝)
0.1∝2
1.7 ×10-4 =
(1-∝)

oeka fïl iq¿ lrkak j¾.c iólrKhla (Quadratic equation) úi|kak fjkjd' fïl
lrorldÍ jevla' yenehs tA jf.au Ka w.h 1.7 ×10-4 lshk tl wmsg jeo.;a jk w.h jk 10-4 g
2
jvd pqÜghs jeä' tA ksid by; iq¨ lsÍu wmyiq iólrKhg wdfoaY lrkjdg jvd Ka= C∝
iólrKhg wdfoaY lsÍfuka wdikak jYfhka ksjerÈ W;a;rhla ,nd.kak mq¨jka' tAl b;du
ksjerÈ ke;sfjhs' ta;a <Õska hk tlla .kak mq¿jka'

12
 2
Ka = C∝
1.7
4
= 0.1∝2
10
17
5
×10 = ∝2
10
17
∝2 = 4
10
4.12
∝= 2
10
wikafka ∝ fkdfõ' wikafka ∝%
4.12 ×100 = 4.12%
∝% = ∝ × 100 = 2
10
ienE ms<s;=r 4.12 g wdikak úh hq;=hs' § we;s ms<s;=rej,ska .e<fmk ^<Õska hk& tlu ms<s;=r 4]
fõ' ∴ .eg¨jla ke;sj ksjerÈ ms<s;=r f,i 4] .; yelshs'

Final Algorithm tl ÿn, wï,hla muKla we;s ´kEu .eg¨jla i|yd

.eg¨fõ ú>gk m%;sY;h fyda

ú>gk m%udKh hk jpkh

ke; we; (5) (b) (ii)

(5) (a) (5) (b) (i) ∝ ys w.h ∝ ys w.h

l%uhg 1g idfmaCIj b;d l=vhs 1g idfmaCIj b;d l=vd fkdfõ
.eg¨j úi|kak' fyda fyda
∝% ys w.h 100 g ∝% ys w.h 100 g
2
x idfmaCIj b;d l=vhs idfmaCIj b;d l=vd fkdfõ
Ka =
C fyda fyda
Ka w.h 10-4g jvd Ka ys w.h 10-4g jvd
l=vhs fyda kï úYd,hs kï

Ka = C∝
2
C∝2
Ka =
fhdod (1-∝)
úi|kak' fhdod
úi|kak'

13
s ^5& j¾.fha .eg¨ i|yd ÿn, NIau fhdodf.k mcq tlla §,d ke;'
s iq,Nju fok ÿn, NIauh ;uhs NH3
^5& ^a& .eg¨ j¾.h - ÿn, NIauhla i|yd
H+
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

Golden Rule no (6)

WodyrK .eg¨j( NH3 + H2O
+
NH4 + OH
-

1' wdrïNl NIau idkaøKh 1 moldm-3

2' ú>gkh jk idkaøKh -(x) ×1
3' iEÿKq whk idkaøK ×1 (x) (x)
4' b;sß NIau idkaøKh (1 - x) =1

7' iu;=,s; idkaøKh 1 x x

Wml,amkh ( ÿn, NIauhl wdrïNl idkaøKhg idfmaCIj ú>gkh ksid wvqjk

idkaøKh fkd.sksh yels ;rï l=vd fõ'

∴ 4 mshjr = 1 mshjr → 0.1 - x = 0.1

Golden Rule no (7)

8' Kb ,sùu → NIauhla i|yd (Base = NIauh) Ka f,i fkdj Kb f,i ,súh hq;=hs'
[NH4+] [OH-]
Kb =
[NH3]
Kb ,sùfï § [OH-] fhÈh hq;= nj;a mqreoaog jf.a [H3O+] fkd,súh hq;= nj;a
isys;nd .kak'
(x) (x)
Kb =
(1)
3.16
NH3 i|yd x = fõ'
1000
tu w.h by; iólrKfha wdfoaY lruq'

3.16 3.16
Kb = ) ) ) )
1000
×
1000
1
Kb = 1×10-5 moldm-3
-5 -3 0
tA wkqj NH3 j, Kb w.h 10 moldm ^25 C ys§& jk nj u;l ;nd.kak'

14
 -5 -3
s CH3COOH ys ienE Ka w.h 1.75 ×10 moldm fõ'
-5 -3
NH3 ys ienE Kb w.h 1.75 ×10 moldm fõ'
u;l ;nd .ekSfï myiqj ms‚i 1 ×10-5 f,i folu u;l ;nd.uq'

s fldfydu jqK;a CH3COOH ys Ka yd NH3 ys Kb w.hka fol iudk jqfKa lsishï fya;=jla
ksido ke;skï wyïfnkao@
ms<s;=r - wyïfnks'

s fï fofla Ka yd Kb wyïfnka iudk ùu ^13& .eg¨ j¾.h biairyg yok ojig wjYH
fjkjd wmsg' tA ksid tAl u;l ;shdf.k bkak'

ÿn, NIauhl Kb i|yd m%ldYkh jHq;amkak (derive) lsÍu'

NH3 kï ÿn, NIauh i,luq'

+ -
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4 (aq) + OH (aq)

by; m%;sl%shdj iu;=,s;hla ksid Kc tlla ,súh yelshs'

[NH4+] [OH-]
Kc =
[NH3] [H2O]

[H2O] ys idkaøKh 55.56 moldm-3 kï jQ iodld,sl ksh;hla nj Kw m%ldYkh jHq;amkak l< úg

wms bf.k.;a;d' ∴ (H2O) idkaøKho Kc me;a;g f.k huq'
[NH4+] [OH-]
Kc [H2O] =
[NH3]

Kc yd (H2O) idkaøKh hk folu WIaK;ajh ksh; kï ksh;hls' tuksid (Kc × H2O) hkak ;ks
ksh;hla f,i ,súh yelshs'
Kc [H2O] = Kb f,i ,shuq'
[NH4+] [OH-]
Kb =
[NH3]

WIaK;ajh iu. Kb w.h fjkia fõ'

tfukau ÿn, NIau i|yd

2
x
Kb =
C
2
Kb = C∝
2
C∝
Kb =
(1 - ∝)

hk iólrK 3ka tlla fhdod .eg¨ fokak mq¨jka'

15
ÿn, wï, i|yd Ndú; l< we,af.dß;uh tf,iskau Ndú; lrkak mq¨jka fuys§;a"

Ka fjkqjg Kb
[H3O+] fjkqjg [OH-]
pH fjkqjg pOH
NIau i|yd .Kka yok úg ,shkak ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=hs'
oeka fhduqfjuq .eg¨ wxl 6" 7 yd 8 fj;' fuu .eg¨ ;=ku tlu wdldrfha .eg¨ fõ'

CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO- + H3O+

+
by; ÿn, wï,h iu;=,s;j we;s Ndckfha H3O whk we;' fjk;a wï,hla fuu ødjKhg
msáka fhdod wmsg mq¨jka H3O+ whk idkaøKh ;j jeä lrkak' fï mdvfï .eg¨j,g wod<j
wms oekg wï, j¾. 3la okakjd'

1' m%n, wï, - (HCl / HNO3)

2' ÿn, wï, - (CH3COOH / HCOOH)
3' idfmaCIj b;d ÿn, wï, (HCN / H2S)

HCOOH → Ka = 1× 10-4 moldm-3

CH3COOH → Ka = 1× 10-5 moldm-3
HCN
H2 S
→ Ka = 1× 10-10 moldm-3
→ Ka = 1× 10-22 moldm-3
} wdikak
w.hka
fhdod we;'

s Ka ∝ ÿn, wï,hl m%n,;dj

b;ska wms CH3COOH ødjKfha H3O+ idkaøKh ;j jeä lrkak by; wï, j¾. 3 fjk fjku
fhdouq'

uq,ska m%n, wï,hla fhdouq'

.eg¨ j¾. wxl ^6&

CH3COOH + HCl

ÿn, wï,hla yd m%n, wï,hl ñY%Khla we;' wï, foflau idkaøK § we;' ñY%Kfha pH w.h
-
fidhkak' CH3COO whk idkaøKh fidhkak'
HCl + CH3COOH → Ka = 1×10-5 moldm-3

C1 = 0.1M C2 = 0.1M

16
1' øjH 2l ñY%Khla neúka tlsfkl m%;sl%shd lrhso n,kak'
2' wï, + wï, neúka m%;sl%shdjla ke;'
3' øjH fol c,h iu. olajk m%;sl%shd fjk fjku ,shkak'

HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-

1' wdrïNl wï, idkaøKh 0.1M
2' ú>gkh jk idkaøKh -0.1M
3' iEfok whk idkaøK 0.1M 0.1M
4' wjidk wï, idkaøKh 0

+ -
CH3COOH + H2O H3O + CH3COO

1' wdrïNl wï, idkaøKh 0.1M

2' ú>gkh jk idkaøKh (-x)
3' iEÿKq whk idkaøK
[(x)+0.1] (x)
4' b;sß wï, idkaøKh 0.1 - x = 0.1

iu;=,s;;djhla fmkajk CH3COOH wï,h i|yd n,mdkafka ødjKfha we;s uq¿ H3O+
+
whk idkaøKhhs' ke;=j CH3COOH j,ska ú;rla fok H3O whk idkaøKh ú;rla ,sh,d
+
yßhkafka kE' tu ksid CH3COOH iu;=,s;fha uq¿ H3O whk idkaøKh jkafka ;uka
(CH3COOH) úiska fok H3O+ whk idkaøKh jk x moldm-3 w.fha;a" HCl wï,fhka ,ndfok
+ -3
uq¿ H3O whk idkaøKh jk 0.1 moldm w.fha;a tl;=jhs'
+
^c,fhka ,ndfok H3O whk idkaøKh w;sYh l=vd ksid th fkdi,ld yßkq ,efí' tAl
fkdi,ld yßkjd lsh,d ,sh,j;a fmkajkak wjYH kE'&

uq¿ [H3O+] = (0.1 + x)

Golden Rule No (7)

Wml,amk → fuu .eg¨fõ Wml,amk 2hs'
- +
[CH3COO ] [H3O ]
Ka =
[CH3COOH]

(x) (x + 0.1)
1×10-5 =
(0.1 - x)

Wml,amk wxl - ^1&

CH3COOH ÿn, wï,hla neúka tys wdrïNl idkaøKhg idfmaCIj tys ú>gkh ksid wvqjk
idkaøKh fkd.sksh yels ;rï l=vd fõ'
∴ (0.1 - x) ≃ 0.1

17
Wml,amk wxl - ^2&
fïl ;uhs w¨f;ka ,shk Wml,amkh'
+
m%n, wï,hla jk HCl j,ska imhk H3O idkaøKhg idfmaCIj ÿn, wï,hla jk CH3COOH
j,ska imhk H3O+ whk idkaøKh fkd.sksh yels ;rï l=vdh'
+
∴ 0.1 + x = 0.1 = [H3O ]

oeka by; Ka iólrKhg Wml,amk 2ka ,enqKq w.hka h<s wdfoaY lruq'
(x) (0.1)
Ka = 1 × 10-5 =
(0.1)
[CH3COO ] = x = 1 × 10-5 moldm-3
-

oeka wms okakjd

+ -3
uq¿ [H3O ] = 0.1 moldm
uq¿ [CH3COO-] = 1× 10 moldm-3nj
-5

+
m%Yakfha jeämqru wykafka pH w.hhs' ∴ uq¿ [H3O ] w.h Wml,amk wxl 2 u.ska fidhd.;
hq;=hs' tA w.h yeufjf,au m%n, wï,fhka ,ndfok [H3O+] g iudkhs' tA ksid mcq tllg fï
.eg¨j ÿkafkd;a .dkla yokak fohla kE' Wml,amk wxl 2ka ,efnk W;a;frka pH
fydhkakhs ;sfhkafka'
+
pH = -log [H3O ]
pH = -log 0.1
pH = 1
-
(CH3COO ) whk idkaøKh weyqfjd;a ú;rhs Ka g wdfoaY lr,d iq¿ lrkak wjYH fjkafka'

.eg¨ wxl ^1& § ÿn, wï,hla ke;=j m%n, wï,hla ú;rla ;snqKd' .eg¨ wxl ^6& § ÿn, wï,hla
yd m%n, wï,hla lshk folu ;sfhkjd' yenehs m%n,hd bkakfldg ÿn,hd iïmQ¾Kfhka u
fkdi,ld yßkak mq¨jka fjkjd' tA ksid ÿn, wï,h wu;l lr,d m%n, wï,h ú;rla wrka pH
fydhkak mcq tll §' ;;amr 5ka W;a;f¾ fydhkak mq¨jka'

.eg¨ wxl -^7&

ÿn, wï, 2la ødjKhl we;' idkaøK 2 § we;' tlla ÿn, wï,hla jk w;r wksl idfmaCIj
b;d ÿn, wï,hla fõ' tAl fydhd.kak ÿn, wï, fofla Ka w.hka iei¢h hq;=hs' Ka w.hka
w;r wkqmd;h 100 .=Khlg jvd jeä kï wï, 2u ÿn, jqK;a tla wï,hlg jvd wks;a wï,h
b;d ÿn,hs lsh,d i,lkjd'

18
WodyrK .eg¨j

CH3COOH HCN

C1 = 0.1M C1 = 0.1M
-5 -3 -10 -3
Ka1 = 1 ×10 moldm Ka = 1 × 10 moldm
2

Ka 1 ×10
-5

= 10 ,laI .=Khl wkqmd;hla we;'

1 5
=
Ka
2
1 ×10-10

tA lshkafka CH3COOH lshk ÿn, wï,hg idfmaCIj HCN lshk ÿn, wï,h b;d ÿn,
wï,hla fõ'

yß oeka wms .eg¨ j¾.h y÷kdf.k bjrhs' oeka .eg¨j úi|uq'

1' øjH 2l ñY%Khla neúka tlsfkl m%;sl%shd lrhso n,kak'

2' wï, + wï, neúka tlsfkl m%;sl%shd fkdlrhs'
3' tfia kï wï, fol c,h iu. olajk m%;sl%shd fol fjk fjku ,shkak'

CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO- + H3O+

1' wdrïNl wï, idkaøKh 0.1M

2' ú>gkh jk idkaøKh -x M
3' iEÿKq whk idkaøK (x M) (x M)
4' b;sß wï, idkaøKh 0.1 - x = 1 M

5' iu;=,s; idkaøK 1M (x) (x) + (y)

HCN + H2O CN- + H3O+

1' wdrïNl wï, idkaøKh 0.1M

2' ú>gkh jk idkaøKh -y M
3' iEÿKq whk idkaøK (y M) (y M)
4' b;sß wï, idkaøKh 0.1 - y = 0.1 M

5' iu;=,s; idkaøK 0.1 M (y) (y) + (x)

19
1' CH3COOH j, ú>gkh jk idkaøKh x moldm-3 f,i .;a ksid HCN j, ú>gkh jk
-3
idkaøKhg;a x lsh,d ,shkak nE' tA ksihs y moldm lsh,d ,sõfõ' ^wï, fol folla' tu
ksid ú>gkh jk idkaøK fjkia'&

2' B<Õ .eg¨j → CH3COOH m%;sl%shdj iu;=,s;hla ksid uq¿ H3O+ whk idkaøKhg
CH3COOH j,ska ,efnk H3O+ ál ,sh,d uÈ' Ndckfha we;s uq¿ H3O+ idkaøKhu ,súh
hq;=hs'

Ndckfha uq¿ [H3O+] = CH3COOH j,ska ,ndfok [H3O+] + HCN j,ska ,ndfok [H3O+] j,
tl;=j
^H2O j,ska ,ndfok [H3O+] b;du l=vd ksid th fkdi,ld yßkjd' tAl ,sh,d fmkakkak
wjYH kE'&
+
HCN m%;sl%shdj iu;=,s;hla ksid tAfl;a ødjKfha we;s uq¿ H3O whk idkaøKh ,sh,d
fmkajkak ´fka' ;ukaf.ka ú;rla ,efnk H3O+ idkaøKh ^y moldm-3& lsh,d ,sh,d
fífrkak nE'
+ -3 -3
uq¿ [H3O ] = x moldm + y moldm

ó<Õg Wml,amk ,sùu - Golden Rule No (7)

fuu .eg¨fõ Wml,amk 2ls'

Wml,amkh wxl ^1&

CH3COOH wï,h ÿn, wï,hla ksid tys wdrïNl idkaøKhg idfmaCIj tys ú>gkh ksid
wvqjk idkaøKh fkd.sksh yels ;rï l=vd fõ'

∴ 0.1 - x = 0.1

fuu Wml,amkhu h<s;a fojk jrg;a ,súh hq;=hs' tA HCN ÿn, wï,hghs' HCN ÿn, wï,hla
neúka tys wdrïNl idkaøKhg idfmaCIj ú>gkh ksid wvqjk idkaøKh fkd.sksh yels ;rï
l=vd fõ'
∴ 0.1 - y = 0.1

Wml,amkh wxl ^2&

CH3COOH wï,hg jvd HCN wï,fha Ka w.h b;d wvq neúka CH3COOH wï,hg idfmaCIj
+
HCN wï,fhka ,ndfok H3O whk idkaøKh fkd.sksh yels ;rï l=vd fõ'
(x > >> y)
[H3O+] = (x + y) ≃ x

20
oeka CH3COOH i|yd Ka m%ldYkh ,shuq'
- +
[CH3COO ] [H3O ]
Ka =
[CH3COOH]

(x) (x + y)
1×10-5 = Ka =
(0.1 - x)

Wml,amk wkqj" (0.1 - x = 0.1) yd (x + y = x)

(x) (x)
1×10-5 =
(0.1)

fuf,i wjidkfha ,efnk m%ldYkh ;=< HCN ys o;a; jk y wvx.= fkdfõ' tA lshkafka
CH3COOH wï,hg HCN ysáhg oefkkafkaj;a kE lshk tlhs' ∴ pH w.hg HCN j,ska
n,mEula ke;'

1 × 10-5× 0.1 = x2
[CH3COO-] = [H3O+] = x = 10-3 moldm-3
+
pH = -log [H ]
pH = -log 10-3
pH = 3

B<Õg HCN i|yd Ka m%ldYkh ,shd y ys w.h fidhuq' túg (CN-) idkaøKh ,efí'

[CN-] [H3O+]
Ka =
[HCN]

(y) (x + y)
1×10-10 =
(0.1 - y)

Wml,amk wkqj"

x+y=x
0.1 - y = 0.1
(y) 10-3
-10
1×10 =
0.1
[CN-] = y = 10-8

21
.eg¨ wxl - ^8&

(a) ÿn, wï, 2la we;' (b) idkaøK yd Ka w.hka § we;' (c) wï, folu wdikak jYfhka tl
iudkj m%n, fõ' (d) pH w.h fidhkak'

tAl fydhd.kak wï, fofla Ka w.hka fol w;r wkqmd;h fiúh hq;=hs' Ka w.hka fol w;r
wkqmd;h 100 g jvd wvqkï ÿn, wï, folu tl iudkj m%n, fõ hehs i,lkjd'

2008-^5& rpkdj (a) (viii)

CH3COOH HCOOH

Ka1 = 1 ×10-5moldm-3 Ka = 1 × 10-4moldm-3

2

idkaøKh = C1 = 0.1M idkaøKh = C1 = 0.1M

Ka 10-4
2
= -5 = 10
Ka 10
1

Ka w.hka w;r wkqmd;h 100 g jvd wvqhs' tA lshkafka wï, folu ÿn,hs' yenehs wdikak
jYfhka m%n,;dj tluhs lshk tlhs'

.eg¨j ;uhs
+
^1& pH w.h fidhkak' $ [H3O ] fidhkak'
-
^2& CN whk idkaøKh
^3& HCN- whk idkaøKh fidhkak'

CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO- + H3O+

1' wdrïNl wï, idkaøKh C1
2' ú>gkh jk idkaøKh -x
3' iEÿKq whk idkaøK x x
4' b;sß wï, idkaøKh (C1 - x) = C1

5' C1 (x) [(x) + (y)]

- +
HCOOH + H2O HCOO + H3O

1' wdrïNl wï, idkaøKh C2

2' ú>gkh jk idkaøKh -y
3' iEÿKq whk idkaøK y y
4' b;sß wï, idkaøKh C2 - y = C2

5' C2 (y) [(y) + (x)]

22
1' CH3COOH j, ú>gkh jk idkaøKh x moldm-3 f,i .;a ksid HCOOH j, ú>gkh jk
-3 -3
idkaøKh;a x moldm lsh,d ,shkak nE' tA ksid y moldm f,i th ,súh hq;=hs'

2' B<Õ .eg¨j → CH3COOH j, m%;sl%shdj iu;=,s;hla ksid uq¿ H3O+ whk idkaøKhg
,súh hq;af;a ish¨ m%Nj (Sources) j,ska ,efnk H3O+ idkaøKhhs' CH3COOH j,ska
+ -3
,efnk H3O whk idkaøKh ú;rla x moldm lsh,d ,sõfjd;a jerÈhs' CH3COOH yd
HCOOH hk wï, foflkau fok H3O+ idkaøKh (x + y) moldm-3 f,i ,súh hq;=hs'

HCN m%;sl%shdj;a iu;=,s;hla ksid tys uq¿ H3O+ whk idkaøKhg m%Nj ish,af,ka ,efnk
+
H3O whk idkaøKh ,súh hq;=hs'

tu ksid uq¿ [H3O+] = y moldm-3 ,sh,d fífrkak nE' uq¿ H3O+ whk idkaøKh f,i (x + y)
-3
moldm f,i ,súh hq;=hs'

+
^H2O j,ska ,efnk H3O whk idkaøKh;a yßu kï by; iólrKj, ,súh hq;=hs' tA;a H2O
j,ska ,ndfok H3O+ whk idkaøKh b;du wvq neúka tAl .eg¨fõ fldfyaj;a i|yka
fkdl< hq;=hs'&

ó<Õg Wml,amk ,sùu - Golden Rule No - (7)

Wml,amkh ^1&

CH3COOH ÿn, wï,hla ksid tys wdrïNl idkaøKhg idfmaCIj ú>gkh ksid wvqjk
idkaøKh fkd.sksh yels ;rï l=vd fõ'

∴ 0.1 - x ≃ 0.1

fuu Wml,amkh h<s;a jdrhla ,súh hq;=hs' tA HCOOH wï,h i|ydhs'

HCOOH wï,h ÿn, wï,hla neúka tys wdrïNl idkaøKhg idfmaCIj ú>gkh ksid wvqjk
idkaøKh fkd.sksh yels ;rï l=vd fõ'
0.1 - y ≃ 0.1

Wml,amkh ^2&

fuu .eg¨fõ § .eg¨ wxl ^6& § yd ^7& § l< Wml,amkh lr,d yßhkafka kE'

uq¿ H3O+ whk idkaøKhg wod,j

.eg¨j ^6& → m%n, wï,h + ÿn, wï,h ≃ m%n, wï,h

.eg¨j ^7& → ÿn, wï,h + idfmaCIj b;d ÿn, wï,h ≃ ÿn, wï,h
.eg¨j ^8& → ÿn, wï,h + tA ;rugu ÿn, wï,h

fu;k§ l,ska .eg¨ fofla§ l< Wml,amkh lrkak nE'

23
fya;=j - wï, folu tl ;rug m%n,hs' túg foflkau fok H3O+ whk idkaøK wdikakj
iudkhs' tlla wkslg jvd b;d l=vhs lsh,d Wml,amkh lrkak nE tA ksid'
+ -3
∴ H3O uq¿ idkaøKh = (x + y) moldm f,ig ,súh hq;=hs'
oeka iólrK fol ,shuq'
- +
[CH3COO ] [H3O ]
Ka =
1 [CH3COOH]

(x) (x + y)
Ka =
1 (C1 - x)
Wml,amkh ^1& wkqj
(C1 - x) = C1
(x) (x + y)
Ka1 = ①
(C1)
HCOOH wï,h i|yd
- +
[CN ] [H3O ]
Ka =
2 [HCN]

(y) (x + y)
Ka =
2 (C2 - y)

Wml,amkh ^1& wkqj

C2 - y = C2
(y) (x + y)
Ka2 = ②
(C2)
by; ^1& yd ^2& iólrK weiqßka [H3O+] uq¿ w.h i|yd m%ldYkhla jHq;amkak
(Derive) lruq'
^1& iólrKfha (x) ;ks lruq'
Ka C1
1 -
= x = [CH3COO ] ③
(x +y)

^2& iólrKfha (y) ;ks lruq'

Ka2C2
= y = [CN-] ④
(x +y)
- - +
[CH3COO ] + [CN ] = [H3O ]

x + y = (x + y)

24
③ + ④ f,i ,shuq'

Ka1C1 Ka C2 - - +
+ 2
=(x +y) = [CH3COO ] + [HCOO ] = [H3O ]
(x +y) (x +y)

Ka1C1 + Ka2C2 = (x + y)2 = (H3O+)2

+
[H3O ] = (x +y) = Ka1C1 + Ka2C2
Ka1, C1 , Ka2, C2 hk tAjdfha w.hka ÿkafkd;a (x + y) = [H3O+] ys w.h ,efí'

^3& iólrKhg wdfoaYfhka x fiùuo

^4& iólrKhg wdfoaYfhka y fiùuo oeka l< yelshs'
- -
tu ksid CH3COO yd HCOO whk idkaøKo ,efí'

[H3O+] = (1×10-4× 0.1) + (10-5× 0.1)

iq¿ lrkak → pH fidhkak'

+
H3O = (x + y)
-
fuu ms<s;=r ^3& ys wdfoaYfhka CH3COO idkaøKho ^4& ys
wdfoaYfhka HCOO- idkaøKh o fidhkak'

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