CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.

Lecturer II

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT

Instructor
 Module 3:
Problem solving and
reasoning
Learning Outcomes
1. Differentiate inductive and deductive reasoning.
2. Understand Polya’s Problem Solving Strategy.
3. Apply different problem-solving strategies in solving
patterns, and recreational activities.
Unit Lesson
Lesson 3.1 Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Lesson 3.2 Problem Solving Strategies
 Lesson 3.1:
Inductive and deductive
reasoning
 Inductive Reasoning
is the process of getting a
general conclusion by observing
the specific examples or set.

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT

Instructor
 CONJECTURE
is the conclusion formed by
using inductive reasoning.

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT

Instructor
 Analyze what
Observe and
is really Make a
look for a
happening in conjecture.
pattern.
the pattern.

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT

Instructor
 Example 1:
Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number.
3,6,9,12,15,?

Solution:
Each successive number is 3 larger than the
preceding number. Thus, we predict that the next
number that 3 larger than 15 is 18.

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT

Instructor
 Example 2:
Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number.
1,3,6,10,15,?

Solution:
The first two numbers differ by 2. The second and third
numbers differ by 3. It appears that the difference between
any two numbers is always 1 more than the preceding
difference. Since 10 and 15 is differ by 5 we predict that the
next in the list will be 6 larger than 15 which is 21.
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT
Instructor
 Example 3:
Use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture about
the relationship between the size of the resulting
number and the size of the original number.

Consider the following procedure:

Pick a number. Multiply the number by 8, add 6 to the
product, divide the sum by 2, and subtract 3.

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT

Instructor
 Solution:
For example, we started with 5, and by following the procedure
we got 20 as the result. Starting at 6 as our original number
produces a result of 24. Starting with 10 produces a final result of
40. Starting with 100 produces a final result of 400.

In each of these cases, the resulting number is 4 times the original

number. We conjecture that by following the given procedure
produces 4 times the original number.

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT

Instructor
 Other examples:

Karen always leaves for school at 7:00 AM.

Karen is always on time.

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT

Instructor
 Other examples:

The cost of goods was ₱5.00. The cost of labor

to manufacture the item was ₱3.00. The sales
price of the item was ₱20.00.

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT

Instructor
 Other examples:

Ray is a football player. All the other football

players on the high school team weigh more
than 170 pounds.

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT

Instructor
 Application of Inductive Reasoning
Inductive reasoning is very essential to solve
some practical problems that you may
encounter. With the use of inductive
reasoning, we can easily predict a solution
or an answer to a certain problem.

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT

Instructor
deductive Reasoning
is the process of reaching a
conclusion by general
assumption, procedures, or
principle.
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT
Instructor
General Ideas

First premise that fits with general truth

Second premise that fits within first premise

Specific conclusion

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT

Instructor
 Example 1:
All numbers ending in 0 or 5 are
divisible by 5.
The number 35 ends with a 5.

Therefore:
Thirty-five is divisible by 5.
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT
Instructor
 Example 2:
All birds have feathers.
All robins are birds.

Therefore:
Robins have feathers.
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT
Instructor
 Example 3:
Elephants have cells in their
bodies, and all cells have DNA.

Therefore:
Elephants have DNA.
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT
Instructor
 Example 4:
A is equal to B.
B is also equal to C.

Therefore:
A is equal to C.
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT
Instructor
 Lesson 3.2:
PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES
 George Polya was a Hungarian
who immigrated to the United
States in 1940.
His major contribution is his work in
problem-solving.

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT

Instructor
George Polya created his famous four-step process for
problem-solving, which is used all over to aid people in
problem-solving:

1 Understand the problem.

2 Devise a plan. (Translate)

3 Carry out the problem. (Solve)

4 Look back. (Check and interpret)

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT
Instructor
Example #1: Finding Consecutive integers
Two back-to-back page
numbers in the book have a sum
of 569. What are the page
numbers?
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT
Instructor
Example #2: Finding Consecutive EVEN integers

Find two consecutive even

integers such that six times the
lesser added to the greater gives
a sum of 86.
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT
Instructor
Example #3: Finding the Value of an Unknown Number

If 5 is added to the product of 9

and a number, the result is 19
less than the number. Find the
number.
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT
Instructor
Example #4: Finding Numbers of Olympics Medals
In the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino,
Italy, the United States won 6 more
medals than Norway. The two countries
won a total of 44 medals. How many
medals did each country win?

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT

Instructor
Example #5: Finding the Number of Orders for Croissants

On that same day, the owner of Terry’s

Coffeehouse found that the number of
orders for croissants was 1/6 the number of
muffins. If the total number for the two
breakfast rolls was 56, how many orders
were placed for croissants?
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT
Instructor
Example #6: Analyzing the Mixture of a Computer User Group

At a meeting of the local computer

user group, each member brought
two nonmembers. If a total of 27
people attended, how many were
nonmembers?
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT
Instructor
 Example #7: Dividing a Pipe into Pieces
A piece of pipe is 50 in. long. It is cut into
three pieces. The longest piece is 10 in.
more than the middle-sized piece, and the
shortest piece measures 5 in. less than the
middle-sized piece. Find the lengths of the
three pieces.
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT
Instructor
End of Module 3

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, MAEd, LPT

Instructor