Ans.

Q. 2 State whether the following statements tube towards ovule

1. Growth of pollen
are True or False : Chemotropic movement
Note : Students should write whether the given statement is 2. Growth of shoot system - Phototropic
true or false. There is no need to correct a false statement and movement
rewrite it.
movement
3. Growth of root system - Gravitropic
(1) Water and minerals enter the cells on the root mnovement
4. Growth towards water - Hydrotropic
surface due to differences in concentration. Tau
Explanation of the pairs :
(2) In the process of transportation, excess food, ovule
(1) Growth of pollen tube towards
except amino acids, is stored in roots, fruits
Chemotropic movement.
and seeds, Fal se
Ans. Movement shown by plants in response to
(3) Latex of rubber is useful substance for the
plants.Fclse specific chemicals is called 'chemotropic movement'.
towards
(4) Kidneys in the human beings is the only For example, the growth of the pollen tube
the ovule is due to chemotropism.
excretory organ in the body.False
(2) Growth of shoot system Phototropic
(5) The right kidney is on the upper side than the
movement.
left kidney. Fase
Ans. The shoot systemn of a plant grows towards
(6) Movement shown by plants in response to
specific chemicals is called Gravitopic the source of light. This is called phototropic
movement'. false movement.

(3) Growth of root system - Gravitropic

(7) Flower of Tuberose opens in the morning while
movement.
the lotus opens at night. fase
(8) Control of voluntary movements is done by Ans. The root system of plants responds to stimuli
cerebrum. True of gravitation. Therefore it is a gravitropic
(9) There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 movement.

pairs of spinal nerves. TUe

(4) Growth towards water - Hydrotropic
movement.
(10) Beta cells in pancreas are same as F cells.false
Ans. Ans. Growing towards water means hydrotropic
(1) True (2) False (3) False (4) False (5) False movement. Roots of all plants show hydrotropic
movement.
(6) False (7) False (8) True (9) True (10) False
(B) Match the columns :
Q. *(A) Match the pairs and explain :
(1)
Column A' Column B' Plant hormones Function
(1)Growth of pollen (a) Gravitropic movement (1) Auxin (A) Retardation of growth
tube towards ovule (b) Chemotropic
(2) Gibberellins (B) Cell division
(2) Growth of shoot movement
system (c) Phototropic movement (C) Enlargement of cells
(3) Growth of root (d)Growth - irrelevant (D) Stem elongation
system movement
Ans.
(4)Growth towards (e) Hydrotropic movement
(1) Auxin Enlargement of cells
water
(2) Gibberellins - Stem elongation
 end
chemicals produced at the terminal
(2) axon. The
space i.e. synapse. In
Hormones passed through the minute
Cells Percentage
impulses were conducted in the body and
Pancreatic polypeptide this way,
Alpha cells
action was completed by
5%
Beta cells 5% Somatostatin the process of reflex
cells to muscle
Delta cells 20% Insulin conducting the impulses from nerve
cell.
P.P. cells 70% |Glucagon
Ans. Q.5 Name the following :
Percentage Hormones the function of
(1) The neurons that perform
Cells
Alpha cells 20% Glucagon integration in the nervous system.
Beta cells 70% Insulin
Ans. Association neuron.
Delta cells 5% Somatostatin two
(2) The part of the brain that occupies
P.P. cells 5% Pancreatic polypeptide
thirds of the area.
Ans. Cerebrum.
*Q.(4) Complete the paragraph using the
words given in bracket: (3) The thread-like fibrous structure at the
(nerve, nerve cells, muscle cell, impulses, dendrites, end of the spinal cord.
Ans. Filum terminale.
Synapse, axon, reflex action, cell body)
(4) Centre of coordination of reflex actions.
The milk was on the stove. Rasika was engrossed
watching television. She
smelled something Ans. Spinal cord.
burning. She ran towards the kitchen. The milk was (5) Part of the brain that controls the pituitary
boiiing over. She held the vessel with her bare gland.
hands but, screaming. she let it go at once. This Ans. Hypothalamus.
activity was controlled by . .cells. Special ends (6) Hormone of parathyroid gland.
of in these cells collected the information, Ans. Parathormone.
from where it was transferred to the and then
(7) Hormones of pancreas.
towards the terminal end of the The chemicals
Ans. Glucagon, Insulin, Somatostatin, Pancreatic
produced at the terminal end passed through the polypeptide.
minute space i.e. In this way, were
(8) Endocrine gland in the thoracic cage.
conducted in the body and the process of ... WaS

Ans. Thymus.
completed by conducting the impulses from to
(9) Four endocrine cells in the pancreas.
Ans. Alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells and P.P.
Ans. The milk was on the stove. Rasika was
engrossed watching television. She smelled cells or F cells.

something burning. She ran towards the kitchen.

(10) Controlling centre of
involuntary
activities.
The milk was boiling over. She held the vessel with
her bare hands but, screaming, she let it go at once. Ans. Medulla oblongata.
This activity was controlled by nerve cells. Special (11) Three parts of nervous system.
ends of dendrites in these cells collected the Ans. (1) Central nervous system
information, from where it was transferred to the (2) Peripheral nervous system
cell body and then towards the terminal end of the (3) Autonomic nervous system.
 (12) Parts of excretory system in human (2) Nervous control and chemical control.
beings. Ans.
Ans. (1) Paired kidneys Nervous control Chemical control
(2) Paired ureters
1. Nervous control is 1. Various endocrine
(3) Urinary bladder
done by the various glands and the
(4) Urethra.
(13) Plant hormone secreted at shoot system. neurons and different hormones secreted by
nerves. them brings about
Ans. Auxin.
chemical control in
(14) Hormone controlling metabolism of
calcium and phosphorus. the body.
Ans. Parathormone from parathyroid glands. 2. Nervous stimuli 2. The action of

(15) Hormone maintaining pregnancy. travel with a great hormones is very slow
Ans. Progesterone. speed in the body. and gradual.

3. Nervous control is 3. Chemical control lasts

Q.6 Distinguish between the following :
short lived. longer.
*(1) Excretory system of humans and plants.
Ans. (3) Cerebrum and cerebellum.
Ans.
Excretory system of Excretory system of
Humans plants Cerebrum Cerebellum
1. The excretory 1. Plants store the 1. Cerebrum occupies 1. Cerebellum occupies
products of humans excretory products in two-third part of the less than one-third
are toxic. They are their barks or other
brain. part of the brain.
harmful if stored in plant parts.
2. Cerebrum is the 2. Cerebellum is the
the body. Thus they
are thrown out of the largest part of the second largest part of
body regularly. brain. the brain.

resins,
2. Urea, uric acid and 2. Raphides, 3. The voluntary actions 3. Cerebellum brings
ammonia are main gum, latex, etc. are are controlled by about coordination in
nitrogenous waste the excretory products cerebrum. the movement of the
products in human of plants. body and also
beings. maintains the
3. The excretionin3. The excretion is easier equilibrium of the
human beings is a task in plants. They
body.
complex process and do not have specialised
thus it requires well excretory system or 4. There are 4. There are shallow
organs for the same. convolutions on the groves on the surface
formed system.
surface of the of the cerebellum.
4. Blood is filtered out to 4. The simple process of
diffusion is used to cerebrum which are
separate the eXcretory
throw the excretory very deep.
products.
products out of the
plant body.
*. Name the hormones of the
following
(3) Adrenal : The cortexX ie. outer part of the
endocrine glands and the function of adrenal gland produces corticosteroid. The inner
each: part or medulla secrete adrenaline and
noradrenaline. Corticosteroids bring about
Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, Thymus, Testis,
regulation and balance of levels of Na and K and
Ovary
Ans. (1) Pituitary:Pituitary is the most stimulates metabolism. It also takes part in the
important endocrine gland. It secretes the following glucose metabolism. Adrenaline and noradrenaline
controls behaviour during crisis and emotional
hormones.
(i) Growth hormone : This hormone brings situations. They also stimulate heart and its
about
the growth of the body, especially growth of the conducting tissue and metabolic processes.
bones. The transformation of child into adult is (4) Thymus : Thymus controls the cells which
mainly due to this hormone. give rise to immunity with the help of its hormone
(ii) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): called thymosin.
Hormone ACTH from pituitary helps adrenal cortex (5) Testis : Testis are the male gonads and they
to secrete its own hormones. secrete testosterone which is very important
(iii) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) : hormone in males. It brings about secondary sexual
Hormone TSH from pituitary helps thyroid gland to characters in males. The transformation of a boy
secrete its own hormones. into man is due to testosterone. The male
(iv) Prolactin : Prolactin helps the process of milk characteristics such as beard, moustache, hoarse
production in lactating mothers. voice, etc. are developed due to testosterone. They
(v) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH): FSH also help in the formation of sperms.
helps in the growth and control of gonads. (6) Ovary : Ovaries are the female gonads that
(vi) Luteinizing hormone (LH): The mature produce two hormones called oestrogen and
ovum is liberated from the ovary ofa woman under progesterone. Oestrogen transforms girl into woman
by developing the secondary sexual characters. The
the influence of LH. This process is called ovulation.
inner lining of the uterus called
The control of menstrual cycle is also done by LH endometrium, is
along with other ovarian hormones. stimulated to grow due to oestrogen. The other
The next two hormones are actually secreted in hormone, progesterone is pregnancy stabilizing
hormone and it prepares endometrium for
hypothalamus but their secretions are stored in the
pituitary. Whenever there is need these secretions
implantation of fertilized ovum and also helps in
themaintenance of pregnancy.
are sent further.
(vii) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH):This hormone Q.8 Give meanings of the following terms :
regulates the water and sodium level in the body. (1) Transportation in living organisms
(viii)Oxytocin : Oxytocin helps the process of Ans. By the process of transportation, a substance
child birth or parturition. either synthesised or absorbed in one part of the
(2) Thyroid : Thyroid secretes two hormones, body reaches another.
thyroxine and calcitonin. Thyroxine controls (2) Translocation of substances
growth of body and the basal metabolic rate. Ans. Translocation is the process in which the
Calcitonin controls calcium metabolism and calcium food produced by photosynthesis in every leaf of a
level in blood. plant is transported to each plant cell and except for
 waste
from capsule.
cup-like, in the
called movements
growth
bring hemuscular
response
t help haemodialysis.
Q.9) Ans. Bowman's
capsule (3) roots,
is the This phototropic
movement.
the system the Ans. *(1) (4) Ans.
growth, movement.pollencalled plant
II. I. (2) amino
cecerned IVcalled
. II. plants movement of Haemodialysis
(3) Since plant Phototropic
plant Gravitropic is Tropismtropicabout ExplainAnswer The In fruits
The Chemotropic irrelevant (1)
suitable thin-walled
to
show Hydrotropiccalled
chemotropic
tube grows Plant
kidneys acids
they all hydrotropicgrows grows gives system
an blood
process
and coordination are
-irrelevant
with the response movements external and
are towards gravitropic is coordination the
gy positive
towards of growth or examples. do the with
above towards towards there seeds.
called movement movement the like of upper remaining
the movements. growth. not following
movements. movement. to movement the
separating
movemnents the movement: following stimulus, are
growth
rowth-relevant specific the response or relevant that have part
gest movement. the the in help
ovule direction tropism. nephrons
: plants. These of in called extra
:
movements direction : light The nervous : of
ard of chemicals, : The types : Such they
is The Some The to movements the plants
withthe dialyser the
a are the shoot the food
a
growth ofroot root and They two
respond
plant. animals. nitrogenous that
IX movements.related chemotropic parts water. of light. movements system Bowman's
these system system is system alsoare types is is
0583 are gravity. have stored
of calledShoot called
Plant with of This and with
not the are the of of of In or
of a

ficially
kidneyscalled
is fromwhich condition. done. is
accumulates infectionkidneys E.g.as at night. while surrounded day. fromall fibriisas Imovements
growth.Thus closes When flowers. trap',
movements. increasing in from
electro-chemical as
hormones
(3) (2) Ans. (3) a (4) (3) an (2) Ans. (2) them (5) (4) a
In
right The In response
The Dehiscence insect an there Plants
dialyser. the are Balsam. in
(1) When that E.g. present
such another up The (1) Give and Some one
blood urea, or can Due time flowers
The insect place
formed To of In or bring
decreased
and lands they are and
approaching is some hence plant
prevent cases, in is the like to
The uric be to the lotus on decreasing to
by the also of insectivorous visits a impulses changes about
due adversely some how tuberose bloom on the are for the insectivorous trap examples cells
another. Mimosa
task
filtration acid, a the shoW
ialyser.
doneby this body an flower sides the
growth feeding
to blood growth-irrelevant is leaves insect that that
which excesS ripe can various
metabolism ammonia, dialysis reasons,
haemodialysis done? at leaves. movements.
a and flower-likeinsects the for in
which supply. fruits
(Polyanthus) opens appears change the
particular bendirrelevant and
transfer or
throughis ofaffected thus is
of water
otherwise plant, mnovements plantsin
the The plant growth surroundings.
touch-me-not'
or can toxic to during captured.
are are
creatinine,
haemodialysis isinwards and
are disperse prey content their
efficiency captured. Drosera, trap, thus of of
a cause
substances by movement. time movements. not
machine
done removed opens
day-time
smells Venusirrelevant information
injury, insect shapes
as causing the
deceived.
313 fatal seeds of These present
by etc. soon
of the th e trap like
at is fly use
by
 from neurons functions. their What through
into
dendrites
to in perfornm
system. impulses
organs cord. Ans. (4)
in from cell
impulses (2) Ans. (5) (3) Motor(2) (1) (4)
cells neurons. Synapse. andstimulates neuron (4) (3) different
ystems? (6) (7) the (6) (5) body. which Association Sensory
sensory What the About
Ans. In the The This How The are
to they These When (1) like and body this
What Finally dendrites to a th e from their
(1) muscle axon Cell are chemical of The is
The
Synapse pass the the same electric information the forms function muscles association neurons are machine. 500
of
The What is chemicals impulse nerve neurons neurons
organs functions?
nerve next conducted
itbody the sensory
Theyare the the ml
peripheral cells
thechemicals
through way neuron. information
of goes by neurons brain patient.
erves are
impulses next is neuron. impulses process or different of
cell sends our impulse of to are
or present the to glands. : Purified blood
their are reaches is integration Motor Neurons neurons.
:
a to its or th e
ating glands. neuron. then
impulses classified
and minute calledsecrete terminal. further
itfrom starts collected sense
around : spinal brain is
nctions? are are transmitted? Association types
between
generate the the blood sent
organs. neurons
autonomic conveyed certain axon generated. at cord
conduct neurons,
and motor
neurotransmitters
space, travel dendrites to these by us in acCording
s from of is at
tWO the th e is th e the
the terminal, to neurons? reinfused one
the called chemicals. from axon ends gathered neurons
nervous conduct impulses
adjacent
byimpulse ends effector spinal
e. nervous to
These timne
central nerve one and the due to
the or
it
Music. Logical right those organs nervous It skin 31 the abdomen. thoraxand They the nerveS. different (2)
under andaffects
maintains effect controlstruggles
the excess thinking
Music. Analytical
(3) (1) Language, (3) (B) (A)
Ans. You (8) (B) Function Ans.(A) Analytical (7) consists in
spinal brain From
Language and are
ilibriumn on
reason (Open-ended Find Function side Classifyof like Autonomic pairs. Spinal Cranial
the of may system
:
thecerebrum The over left some associated are partscentral
ence alcohol out (2) thinking. of the of cord
cerebellum the alcohol with to Science
have (4) These nerves:
IX it. Intuition the side the other
equilibriumn maintain : th e heart, is are cranialnerves
nervousof
of Why thinking
Science
of thinking, nervous
as the brain. of nerves not the
of the seen
in question.
the functions parts
arecalled with
well in
help does the and the lungs, under The
cohol body associated nerves : body
this drinks the (3) right and of Intuition,
various Nerves system
of as body his how
Creativity Mathematics, brain supplying system: of spinalnerves
iscerebellum.
control ofthis stomach, the the through
the Logical(2) the Holistic
thus lost. the causes bodyTextbook a Mathematics. given which they
body. happen? drunken brain control body. nerves parts
loses internet. and originating
A left
withoriginating
person of cause balance. to The are connect
two
When thosebelow etc. in
movements
the Cerebellum one (4) (1) : Creativity, involuntary of arms,
Find page Artthinking, autonomic which the 12
Art
Holistic thinkingbrain: our types
lance who alcohol calming to person of to
from head. pairs. from
out lose An 174) and and the into will. legs, are the
is of
 controls control of circulation. endocrine
glands. nerve
place,secretionsneurotransmitters in
hormones. and maintain and
andhormones
gonadal for
Oxytocin,
responsible Stimulating hormone,
etc.Oxytocin, the other body.our and cells secretion. (2) Ans.
pment
rationand Ovary. (7) Growth(6) (5) (4) the (3) (9) *
womanhood are control ovaries of The human give cannot
ale. Endocrine their
Explain
Oestrogen endocrine The Pituitary, endings) (1)
Testosterone the body. and
the the The the
LH Thyroid pituitary pancreas, secretions endocrine the walk
Luteinizing of are coordinate Though are body
hormones
for Hormone There
and hypothalamus. quantity glands and chemical
body chemical
and and the Hormone, glands. the thyroid, directly names properly.
(chemical balance.
FSH stimulating is they also
is
reproduction.
Progesterone growth controlsimportant
are glands
are the (FSH),
of thymus,
gonads a the and is
are But parathyroid, and
special are the control and
coordination
pituitary. Hormone nervous
sent poured He
hormone physiological brought
essential of
all Antidiuretic pituitary
secretion located substances
hormones keeps
ctively
female in timing throughout are functions
hormones the Adrenocorticotropic
hormone, endocrine mechanism and
are body. Of system ductless.
into on
of (LH), at
testis. itself of adrenal,
testes
such as of coordination struggling
forhormones these, a secreted
secreted aboutby in
Prolactin, almost particular the of
essential
Prolactin. Hormone,Follicle is glands hormone functions together the humans
sexual which some
These GH under some body. blood Their
of is all of by at to

t activity
the organsproper which
systems always systematic
regulationorgans
control. Life
ofbetween coordination.
different OCcur lasting. Na+ stimulate
the during and and thyroxine
blood metabolic maintaining
(2) Ans. What
(2)is Ans. *(1) Q.
Chemical (10) Thyroid(9) is i.e., (8)
ation can 10) metabolic adrenalineparathormone
For and calcium
The insulin The
coordination is coordinated in The What
examples
suitable :
is successful called of (1)
s.participating Beating
E.g. and function
all
Explain
an
Proper organ the K heart crisis
rate and hormones
necessary. different and hormones
organism the of is coordination the
homeostasis. honeostasis? In
proper processes and level and
is these systems meant glucose. and and calcitonin.
of
is stimuli smoothly multicellular in
blood
completion coordination with noradrenalin
its secreted
s lost between processes
in of theimportant
producing
gland glucagon
If at keeps heartof different sequence by your emotional parathyroid
of the
body. glucose
then due conducting adrenal
eachprocesses
different is in function and
in
different if coordination is body. Thyroxine
to the the OWn by
other. there very maintain Calcitonin
ss there some different of in level. are the
state respiration and is
surrounding. organ organismswhich like
any between the situations. control both
of is simultaneously. is words
with slow tissue, pancreatic
atfusioncauses, steps of maintains essentialfor
systems body
equilibrium coordination body corticosteroid
systems is ? regulate of
. balance behaviour
ofactivity, various but speed
severalcalledalways thyroid
when They cells
that and The long
at in or of up the the
a
 urine.
formsthe and bladder consists
formation.beings OR ?water-level,
environment.
surrounding internalof
the activities
blood.
of the glomerulus. nephron
a nephron. Urine does
How
*(3) (3)
and of Cross
Qut.water substances.
the (3) (2) Ans.
mee. convoluted (d) (c) network (b) (a)
reters urine.the the () into
(8) Bowman's (e) glomerulus other
Kidneys E.g.
Bowman's glomerulus, The There Process
The
The
body The There When is and (1)
Al the some molecules of
rea that produced
functional unwanted Proper
to are the blood solution two The enzyme-level,
urine other tube of is a
the is the capillaries is a of filter
outsingle Describe
process
the
substances
separated from capsule a for produced excretory
kidneys,
capsule. urea-containing it called
cup-like, formation
rinary that useful of
that
semipermeable
and separating is due excretion
0ccur in coordination body
andthe
the unit substances urethra.
the filtered the
is then to nitrogenous
productswaste
out nephron. is other in two etc.
ladderformed membranes
substances
which accumulatedthein Through thin-walled filtration
inside
Bowman's of system
passes the the of
and small through
urea its ureters, or
liver kidney urine from temperature,
are Molecules which stimuli body
and is this into membrane and blood of exists
moleculescan
this comes of
carried together not of are It
capsule.hasupper : the
is tubules. the other blood one the
reabsorbed comes is is blood arising
stored needed membrane, capillaries nephron. urine of between
proximal
of into called urinary human human
by similar part in
forms water cavity inside
into the the and
for the for of in
a

em transported
sports produced.
the transported
process minerals
conducting
tissues. (2).
transpiration, and as the the and due plants. like When in they products. for beings?
human can
will.voluntary
Ans. (1) answers
detailedFor Ans.
The *(5) vacuoles ( 4) (3 ) (2) Ans. *(4) (h)
generation food
xylem plant.phloem to manures. the take
All transpiration. The have Gum, E.g. The
and Roots Give two Describe these tree (1) How
of the
arephotosynthesis from
respectively and The waste The place muscular
This
to mnain
transportation
carries ofvarious resin can The control
. to scientific
plant leaves
donedifferentof of refer phloem
conducting leaf-cells is
energy glucose all the substances
latex be waste
the prOcesses, the are excretion through
by the parts to Similarly
the and uses very of
m soil. .help waste of
parts answers transportation products urinary
nerves.
the or leaves. plants reasons food other and for rubberuseful
cting forproduced
take are On systemn
in the
These in in man.
of
s storing of the Such materials
the place In absorb connected pressure and
ofroot
as due
case parts
variousplants in urethra bladder
: per gives forwhich Therefore,
transport of the
plant, substances
the Q. to as of plants
r it. byand 12 requirement the fall
translocation, rootplants are various
ssues Both leaves, water (1) plant's for human are by is
eitherleaves glucose plants off,
with and system also plants
of pressre not useful urinationone's under
these Occurs they
like for Q. parts.stored
are and
water such
the rubberbeings.useful
is is the 12 act own
of in but the
to
 movement human these
body. not into takefactor, then there steps between
activity, step Thuskidney
hazard, then activities.
thisimmediately, in functioning
acid, well.transpiration
guard
called
cells. closingguard of guard cells. tissues. plant
phloem
pism.to growth
specific Ans. Ans. (3) Ans. (2)
Ans. (5) (4) death water
the be
problems such The
place. is of There
of to ammonia Dialysis cells
Chemotropism any For which Many and The parts
t chemicals Movement
of th e save by carries
any every therereactions atoo.
the If cells
randomness There the condition
dialysis opening around stomata the
pollen lack various should a they these harmful are
of prifies
life, If under
These process successful is process the
the should kidneys are around
shown physiological
would may done these connected
tube is health. of indialysis substances of prepared
activities not is of
andments called coordination human may produced control the
is the cause products the
towards at should done. if stomata. of
by called be completion be be blood arise. are stomata. the
h
hemotropism. any
Therefore, is transpiration.leaves
a the with food.
plants proper randomness done. not
It toxicity. stomata
stepconfusion
resulting be of bodv. is In are therefore
the growth reactions maynot due such kidneys They
will th e through functioning
likeorder throw Therefore,
of ovule in of taking
or not These the
urther reactions there body. of the It to as
the response some coordination regulate are
conducting
any to eliminated
can urea, There out
relevant filtration.
artificial metabolic they cells
is place. prevent are
s. called E.g. should All bodily at excess called all
other result
well,
lead the any uric keep
the to in not are the are the
If

rownplants. trees.
small
sufficient pushed
a
difference enter exert cells.
root
minerals thus
surrounding inside watercalled Besides,
Ans. 12)Q. able due to to Whenmuscle tissue
0ccurs Therefore,
broughtelectrical relevant
Transpiration.(2) * (5) water (4) (3) (2) pressure.
Ans. Root
*(1) change Ans. (6)
The Due
the pressure Due Due there and to
Through (1) forward. the
a (1) Muscle
is out column root Writerespond atcells cellscomes
There pressure
to xylem to to from cellular about When movement.
in to is minerals The their contract impulses
in lift concentration root concentration
this, concentration soil cellspressure. is the
the these on the pressure short essential last in an cells
are the that This present to
these
same shape
exerted
pressure, the the is and electrical level. the chemotropism
surrounding in in action
form stomata water continuous is different to
opening adjacent root the Root notes due change body, become
of
continuously in the Muscle the
soil. created to nerves.
of up by the the cells gradient, toa or
they gradient cells : bring
Movement
sequence. of the
ater concentration But impulses
proteins,
cells their
the on in the roots.water cells. from special
become cells movement
work able
excess the small rootmovement are areas the are in about
shape, is
urs. pushed To created. each
the concentration in the have of
leaves continuously and to called
shrubs cells enter contact root of type the
of reduce turgid any
minerals water other nerves. movement
the respond
water is
of creates
thusahead. in cells become
of activity. muscular
This in protein.ability growth
the and this and with to
is is the and and the
is be to
 decreasesintowardsconsumes which
ATP. and seeds, food
etc.transporting.
transported plants. night
time. water
partstheof to evaporation of control of
and budsmaterials
sUgar pressure. food
lesser pressure
(5) (4 ) (3) (2)
Neuron.
Ans. *(4) (6) (5) the (4) (3) (2) Translocation Ans.
(1) (3) (7) (6) the the stomata.
Translocation downward except Transport Transpiration
Root AlsO There
onal so In is The When Translocation and leaves Toleaf As
produced cell compensate the
(1) that pushed on a a
inthis cellular by inpart pressure decreases. result, some
Neurons minerals
plant. from opening They are
they th e the that sucrose amino to through
way, diffusion. directions each The two
units byplant into cell of of water amount have
can part the
the contents a acids food pushes
the wall. plant is is cell food thus this and guard
ne of or bloom th e is and the leaves. an
plant as resulting ancarried
loss, level
nerve andneighbouring and closing
ce the Due transported energy by is in
produced their helpsxylem. ofexternal cells
phloen the the is th e
into is when increase phloem. stored
roots,in the more in water
rvous to water other water
to cells transported out plant distribution th e ofaround
a this into requiring in
er. flower. needed. waterepidermal membrane. the
are transports in substances is
pressure, entry
andconcentration in of up absorption
system cells via both body. process lost
stomata. the
structural leaves during is
towards E.g. create brought opening
due
of phloem process upward
having water fruits,Excess to
that layer They
The the the in t he all to
a is of

ynvolution. grooves
neurons area joined
cerebral
occupyingCerebrum, billion 1300 nourishing inside
function. in protective
cerebrospinal protected
inside
well is is ofcells neuron. next
neuron, from the or
(5) Cerebral (4) (3) The (2 ) the the Ans.
Human
brain.*(5) (6) (5)
electrochemical
impulses.measures (2)
neurons cell (4) (3)
tions of Cerebrum There - The and The electrochemical
cytonThese
with neurons 1400 average part main Every Neuron Neuron
thecalled the (1) body,
are hemispheres. brain help cells the
. cerebrum surface eachtwo-third coverings. of Human and to
cerebellum are grams controling they neuron
commodated convolutions brain the signals axon hasabout
weight fluid. in impulse is
of three in is neuroglial called
other their are the
It: the and enclosed central brain the
rum has area is and feW
is sent signals
are has ability largest
by the and main brain.there of ThiswhichThere craniumthe
neuroglia is
l increased. deep, The adult centre functioning. dendrites. three metres
tough of nervous is then to
due largest
medulla parts fluid by highly cells transferred
in irregular twobrain. arehuman are are
axons.produced. to cell
: to mneninges of given main
llingcerebrum nerve generate in
which
Large hemispheres approximatelyof is hollow nervous
system.
together. support
Itpart filledup cranial or evolved From Dendrites length. of
consists oblongata. the Nerve parts, the
about
brainprotective
is to
fibres. of to
number theridges dendrites aXon and body
the brain, ventricleswhich system.
It is th e cyton
all due surface organ. viz.
of
brain cavity. very is formed pick conduct
the and tw o with nerve of cyton whích
as to of are viz. 100 and are one and
It It of up
 l called
consisting body.the of instead
voluntary concentration,
cranial brain
intelligenceplanning,
reduced.reflex the environment.
not involuntary salivation,
coughing,
etc. of aloblongata
systemn. neurons also actions.saved
neuron’ (2) Ans. (8) (7) (6)
ghout
al (4) (3) action.
Reflex *(6) the the (9)
(3) (2) Spinal
Ans. cord.
(7) Functions situated
known The controlReflex require The Functions Medulla Cerebellum:
It It from actions (1)
heart, vital pyramids of
cavity.
rts starts is (1) ’Towards They reflex extends movements deep
ell-protected Motor path RefleX of and
Spinal a actions
and thinking response blood and below
as
and the from
of
dangerous are by two
oblongata convolutions. Its intellectual
reflex coordination action involuntary of of
back neuron reflex downwards on
er cord which action circulation,
medulla of are medulla triangular cerebellum
surface the This
the the
of survival spontaneous or so is given and
es is arc.action not
control cerebrum is
the in the ’
spinal upper
Muscle t he is Hind-most :
maintaining shows activities.the
oblongata
on
body. the Sense situations controlled to
part oblongata:
activities
is value load is a an breathing, as smaller decision
g. vertebralcord’Coordination
maintained by swollen
side.
It of as stimulus the : at
organs ’
orSensory our immediate and Coordination shallow
is central gland. follows on the
hicker and due as by spinal The part
the brain. like the back part
column. a brain. does
that it It structures
continues person
to from sneezing, making,
nervous brain beating medulla
controls cord. ofbalance grooves
in
This : reflex by brain of of
the the But the the the
is is is of

.enic. will
ecomposing many What wastepermanenttissues phloem?and devouring
insects. substances
Q. bysoil. OXygen? like
justwe
plants. are provide we the peripheral
nervous
system. column. fromterminale.
Ans. (2) Ans. (1) Ans. (2) Ans. (1) Discuss:13)Q. (7) (6) (5) (4)
hover 14) Some very take plants
At Which From Why TheSpinal spinal There The
The days will is Xylem Use Plants us
least of important fruits In
around produced tissues plants spinal It end
The garbage happen
in the your where do. with order also do
cord are
resulting types other cord is
your a and obtain Nitrogen,
roughage. and we thread-like of
erms plants. need
to cord 31
it small of brain which controls the
and if minerals mineralsobtain eat and pairs
house?(Textbook every the phloem of than do
if you inorganic mineralsfruits is spinal
of the into
biodegradable quantityplants. They
plantpower!/ are the phosphorus important come of
Plants the
tiveentire foul keep day (Textbook page
163) carbon plants vitamins fibrous
spinal
are tissues heterotropic for in (Textbook 163)
and page cord
are
reflex out
placeodour. this in Think substances th e also our like
of the vegetables? in nerves
of
structure. is
ses each complex actions.
will garbage garbage dioxide get growth and need diet. and we the the called
Houseflies will page conducting are about
become obtain inorganic potassium They
mineralsminerals, do? working
house. xylem vertebral that
will start 165) of a
for and it from and filum
the also arise
or : it Do
of
 citric
acid.
and Even with prior happen? leaves.
she Try toyouElephant's (3)
n ofThrough
their smaller thus and excreted the
temperature summer
temperatures. the a raphides, tartaric When
Forshaped They arum Ans.
Ans. (5) watery Ans. sunmer very (4) the does try Observe
therewinter mechanism As lemon tamarind to areleaves In
h control In Due such plants they Your
The quantities outsweat, months, small
compared as acid, work. calledElephant's to
to
adults, urine.
is the
of lemon can vegetables prick there prevent cut foot
urine less low to season. the water. Later they hands
the but your
e external Onthe the This higher quantity be raphides. find
out.
Ask those
thproduction
of body. which
in we juice raphide (Amorphophallus)
rs is not to squeezed the are on are
process urine the sweat Since the
duced water isspite the foot may mother
in This Why the also chopped are waste calcium
temperatures
contrary, called helps ambient of itching? leaves.
it infants. to of crystals in
chopped, skin Since also
causes and (Textbook
a page is
urine
168) monsoons contains to (Amorphophallus) (Textbookpage
166)
es(Textbook of be of lot. the
higher it products. and mother
your while
to so?
reduce tamarindpieces
inside urinationformed.sweat. thermoregulation. somne This oxalate
they Why begin
in Why during less temperature
keep is dissolve oil cause
are environment produced ascorbic
acid
the the This production wastes sweating and the are is are does to orcutsshe
page
168) is the crystals.
is monsoon
low there smeared
rykidney. it causes winter effect washed itching.needle itch
so?under body in what this arum
and are or
is in in of it. is if

ary lead water. or

choking.
foodwhich Butepiglottis
may may prevents between reflex hurry. carefully. for our coordination
the This Thiscauses or finger urination
developed
developed nerve bladder
contents get muscular
Medulla
Ans. (8) Ans. (7) Ans. (6)
if food flap such brain if a
to An try be we action. Sometimes, produces we Sometimes,
death. the Choking biting When or urgefibres.
injury This lost. are
wrong closes or is the an are and
respiratory to through tongue is out. and
swallowing waterpresent action not in and of
and enter The openings There between
of not Thus stored
Why? is we infants. This
entry the at painful our
under urination is
ital
ongata to a food is concentrating are functional
protective opening the we and the own by
while under
the trachea. entering in is whenever there.
passage of the time
a ourhurriedly mistake. nervous
es in of choke sensoryimpulse the
medulla
particles water then finger Therefore,
a pharyngeal trachea small movements eating control and the
Textbookpage
174) hurry of in (Textbook ofpage
168) The
ntrols reflex This eating we (Textbook page
168) in
is trachea
or the flap while nerves. and
or it
control
or tongue on
gulping mechanism
adults thus isurinary
of oblongata kept this food andcalled may we of
causeswater oesophagus, the full
the action regions. in transmits bite infants. the we
free coordination into start We is
tightly. oesophagus. a eating by of of
. thalel epiglottis hurry eating,
something but
droplets trachea.
of dueinstant feel mistake. lost. our process urine, bladder
empty voluntary
When eating is
can any This in This
is
It to the is pain it own
to the not well the we
a a of is
 What neuron
impulse?
response neuron.
transfers direction sensory conducting the
impulse? the point informationmessage
hand sensory The
sudden controls
(vi) Ans. (v) Ans. (iv) Ans. (iii) Ans. (ii) Ans. (i) Observe
(15)*Q.respiratory
spinal
is At At Which Which is hand What
from At OrganWhich Nerve The marked The
its the neuron pulled has neurons death
7, 6 6, of :that
questionscarefully the
effect? spinal the the cord
impulse is is
where which impulse
is marked to burning
marked is nerve back. come happening movements.
response the the pulled may beating
thespinal via 3? figure,
is in
cord spinal in take
has organ from nerve takingsensory has carried flame
nerve as 4 cord. In a 15.1
Fig.
andfigure
giventhe
is fraction the back of
to 5 place.
the the is an travelled which
cord 7 answer as heart
carried marked is sensory shown
fingers is at If
is the association th e
neuron. touched per
impulsemuscle the instantaneously. 1
about
of and this and
conductingspinal neuron message the
by fromdirectionimpulse a
by as second have 2? the part all
cells. 4? The it. by 5
reached the cord. 5? neuron. the numbers the
The the following
to sent is
motor motor
afferent
in skin and rhythmic
to return finger. below injured,
the is
? It th e th e the the The
to it in

(3) the
(2) * Q.away place muscles
V.S. *(1) Ans.
convoluted
Proximal
Structure vena
16) from muscle
pelvis
Renal Inferior Human Draw resulting
Renal
vein artery
Renal pyramid
Renal
of cava in At
Fig. tubule Fig. Medulla
Fig. kidney 7
15.2 Cortex
flame ofa cells, the
Ureter 15.3 Kidney the
15.4 capsule
Renal well-labelled forearm.
cCollecting of
HenleLoopMedulla of :
exXcretory
Structure : Human in response
: Cortex Bowman's
nephron the
V.S. : capsule rapid
burning a rapid
of duct
Renal
calyx excretory As
idney of system: withdrawal the has
Cortex nephron ureter to Glomerulus : Urethra and contraction
convoluted
Distal Abdominal
Ureter response
Bladder aorta Adrenal
gland
tubule system artery
Renal candle. reached
Kidney Renal
vein neat

diagrams of has
the has up
reached
taken to
hand
the
(4) Dialysis of blood : (7) Neuro-muscular junction :
Nerve cell
Arterial pressure monitor
Vein
Blood pump
Artery
Blood flow Used dialysate
diverted Pre-synaptic
towards terminal
dialysis
Air trap Dialysis Fresh Compressed
machinc dialysate air

Synaptic
vesicles
Fig. 15.5 : Dialysis of blood
Synaptic cleft
*(5) Human brain : Post-synoptic
Ww
membrane

Convolutions of the cerebrum Fig. 15.8 : Neuro-muscular junction

*(8) Human endocrine glands:

Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Pons
Thyroid gland and
Cerebellum Parathyroid gland
Spinal cord Medulla Thymus
oblongata
Fig. 15.6 : Human brain

*(6) Nerve cell or neuron : Adrenal glands

Nucleus Dendrites
Ovary
Testis
Cell
body
Fig. 15.9: Human
Axon endocrine glands
-Schwann's cell Q. (17) Activity Based Questions :
Myelin
sheath (1) Observe : (Textbook page 169)
Node of Ranvier

Pollen grains (Sun)

Tendrils
Axon terminal
Pollen tube
Plantlet bent
-Ovule towards
Fig. 15.7 : Nerve cell or Neuron the sun
Ovary
Pollen tube
towards the ovule Phototropic Thigmotropic
response