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 Fluids Mechanics

Anything which has tendency to flow is

called as fluid.
Examples are H2O , O2, N2 etc.
 Fluids Mechanics

● Fluids study is divided into 3 parts.

(i) Hydrostatics
(ii) Hydro – Dynamics
(iii) Non- Ideal fluids
 Hydrostatics

● It is the the Branch of

physics which deals with
study of fluids at rest wrt
container.
● In hydro statics we deal
with ideal fluids.
 Ideal Fluids

● Viscosity & surface tension are absent

in ideal fluid
● They are incompressible in nature i.e.
volume & density remains constant.
Bulk modulus is ∞.
● Modulus of rigidity (G) is zero because
tangential stress is always zero.
● The fluid’s free surface is always ⊥
to resultant of gravity & negative of
acceleration of container.
 A Fluid is filled in container as shown. Find the angle which free
: 40
surfaces makes with horizontal if
(iii) Fluid is accelerating horizontally

a
A 0

B tan-1 a

C tan-1 a/g

D tan-1 g/a
 a

𝜃
 A Fluid is filled in container as shown. Find the angle which free
: 40
surfaces makes with horizontal if
(iii) Fluid is accelerating horizontally

a
A 0

B tan-1 a

C tan-1 a/g

D tan-1 g/a
 Let us start with
Pressure Variation in Fluids
Pressure
 Pressure

● A fluid at rest always exert a

force ⊥ to surface in its contact

● Unit is NM–2 or pascal (Pa)

1 atm = 105 pa
Pressure
 Fluid at Rest

(a) Horizontal Variation

P2 A = P1A + ma
But a= 0
P1 = P2 L
P2A P1A
No pressure difference in
horizontal direction if there
is no acceleration
 Fluid at Rest

(b) Vertical Variation

P2 A = P1A + mg P1A

P2 A = P1A + (AH) ⍴g
H
P2 = P1 + ⍴gH P2A
Pressure Variation

a
 Accelerating Container
a. Vertical Acceleration:
a
● Fluid accelerating Upwards:
p2 = p1 + ⍴(g + a)H
P1A
geff = g + a H

● Fluid is accelerating downwards H

P2A
p2 = p1 + ⍴(g – a)H
geff = (g – a)
● Fluid in free fall:
There is no vertical pressure variation
geff = 0
Pressure Variation

a
 Accelerating Container

b. Horizontal Acceleration: a

P2 A – P1A = m × a
P2A P1A
P2 = P1 + ⍴La

L
Rotating Fluid

𝜔
𝜌, A, L
𝜔
𝜔
Barometer
Barometer

Mercury(Hg)
 Barometer

● It is used to measure Atmospheric pressure

● PB = PA = Patm = ⍴gh
● Using mercury in Barometer, h comes out to
be 76 cm.
● 76 cm of Hg (mercury) = 1 atm pressure.
Vacuum

A h
B

Mercury(Hg)
:If40water is used instead of mercury in the tube what will be the length
of the water column in the tube if the tube is very long?

A 12 m

B 14 m

C 10 m

D 8m
:If40water is used instead of mercury in the tube what will be the length
of the water column in the tube if the tube is very long?

A 12 m

B 14 m

C 10 m

D 8m
Manometer

P0

Pgas h
v

A B
 Manometer

● It is used to measure gas

pressure
● PA = PB = Pgas = ρgh + Patm
P0
● P gauge = Pgas – Patm= ρgh

Pgas h
v

A B
 Pascal’s Law
In an enclosed liquid at equilibrium, the pressure change at
one point is transmitted as it is to all other points of the liquid.
 Applications: Hydraulic Lift
Force=F2
Force=F1
Area= A2
Area= A1
Buoyant Force
 Buoyant Force

● It is the net upward force on body immersed

fully or partially in a fluid
● It arises due to pressure difference in a fluid.
 Archimedes Principle

Buoyant force is equal to weight

of fluid displaced by body
B = V L ⍴L g

where
● ⍴L = Density of fluid
● VL= volume of body inside fluid
● g = Acceleration due to gravity
 Solid rod of height H floats in a liquid container with 3H/4 part inside
: 40
the liquid as shown. If density of liquid is ⍴L then find the Density of
rod.

A 4/3 ⍴L

B 3/4 ⍴L
H
⍴L C 1/4 ⍴L

D 1/3 ⍴L
 Solid rod of height H floats in a liquid container with 3H/4 part inside
: 40
the liquid as shown. If density of liquid is ⍴L then find the Density of
rod.

A 4/3 ⍴L

B 3/4 ⍴L
H
⍴L C 1/4 ⍴L

D 1/3 ⍴L
 A wooden block, with a coin placed on its top, floats in water as
: 40
shown in fig. The distance l and h are shown here. After some time
the coin falls into the water. Then

Coin A l decreases and h increases

B l increases and h decreases

I
h both l and h
C
increases

D both l and h decreases

 A wooden block, with a coin placed on its top, floats in water as
: 40
shown in fig. The distance l and h are shown here. After some time
the coin falls into the water. Then

Coin A l decreases and h increases

B l increases and h decreases

I
h both l and h
C
increases

D both l and h decreases

: 40
Comment on water level if Ice melt due to heating.

A Increases

B Decreases

C Remain Same

D Can’t say
: 40
Comment on water level if Ice melt due to heating.

A Increases

B Decreases

C Remain Same

D Can’t say
 Types of Flow

Streamline flow
It is the flow in which all fluid molecules passing through a point
pass with the same velocity.
 Laminar flow

It is the flow in which liquid flows in the form of layers

of different velocities but do not mix with each other.
Turbulent flow
 Reynold’s Number(N)

● It helps to know whether flow is

streamlined or turbulent.

Where v is velocity , D is diameter of

pipe, ɳ is coefficient of viscosity
● It is a pure number and has no units or
dimensions.
Conditions on Reynold’s Number (N) :

1) 0 < N < 1000 ⟶ Laminar flow

2) 1000 < N < 2000 ⟶ Laminar flow may change to turbulent.
3) N > 2000 ⟶ Turbulent flow.
Equation of Continuity
Equation of Continuity
 Equation of Continuity

A2
A1
v1 v1

Volume flow rate is conserved

A2v1 = A1v1
 Water flows through a pipe which has different cross sections at its
:two
40 ends as shown. If it enters with velocity 10 m/s through larger
cross section A , then find the velocity with which it exits the pipe
through smaller cross section A/4.

A 50 m/s
A/4
10 ms–1 A
V
B 40 m/s

C 30 m/s

D 20 m/s
 Water flows through a pipe which has different cross sections at its
:two
40 ends as shown. If it enters with velocity 10 m/s through larger
cross section A , then find the velocity with which it exits the pipe
through smaller cross section A/4.

A 50 m/s
A/4
10 ms–1 A
V
B 40 m/s

C 30 m/s

D 20 m/s
:Water
40 flows through a pipe which has different cross sections at its
ends as shown. Find the velocity with which it exits the pipe.

A/3 𝜈=?
10 ms–1 A 10 m/s

A B 25 m/s
20ms–1
A/4
C 15 m/s

D 20 m/s
:Water
40 flows through a pipe which has different cross sections at its
ends as shown. Find the velocity with which it exits the pipe.

A/3 𝜈=?
10 ms–1 A 10 m/s

A B 25 m/s
20ms–1
A/4
C 15 m/s

D 20 m/s
Bernoulli’s Theorem
Bernoulli’s Theorem
 Bernoulli’s Theorem
It states that the sum of pressure energy per unit volume,
potential energy unit volume & kinetic energy per unit volume in
a streamline flow of a fluid is always constant at every cross
section of a fluid.
B
P + 𝜌gH + ½ 𝜌𝜈2 = C
A
hB
Pressure Energy K.E per unit hA
per unit Volume Volume
Reference level
P.E per unit Volume

PA + ρghA + 1/2ρvA2 = PB + ρghB + 1/2ρvB2

Velocity of Efflux
Velocity of efflux(ve) =

AB
vB h
𝜈 =vH?
AH
 A very small hole is punctured at depth h on one side of the container
:filled
40 with water. Find
(i) Range R
(ii) Value of h such that range is maximum.

A ,H/4

h B , H/2
H 𝜈=?
C , 2H/3

D , H/2
 A very small hole is punctured at depth h on one side of the container
:filled
40 with water. Find
(i) Range R
(ii) Value of h such that range is maximum.

A ,H/4

h B , H/2
H 𝜈=?
C , 2H/3

D , H/2
:A40very small hole is punctured at depth h on one side of the container
filled with water. In how much time the beaker will be emptied.

H C

D
:A40very small hole is punctured at depth h on one side of the container
filled with water. In how much time the beaker will be emptied.

H C

D
Venturimeter
Viscosity

Area = A
 Viscosity

The frictional force of fluid

is called as viscosity. Area = A

dv
where
dx
ɳ= coefficient of viscosity
v=0
A = Area of fluid layers
dv/dx = Velocity Gradient
 Viscosity

● S.I unit of ɳ is (Nm–2 s) or poisseuile.

● C.GS unit is poise.
● 1 poisseuile = 10 poise
 Velocity profiles

Uniform velocity profile Non- uniform velocity profile

v v
 Stokes Law

Fv Fv

v
v
 Stokes Law

It gives viscous drag force acting

on a spherical body moving with
velocity v in ɳ medium.

Fv = 6𝝅ɳ rv
 Poiseuille's formula

R
P1 P2

𝜂
 Poiseuille's formula
It gives a method to maintain a constant volume rate of a
viscous fluid in a horizontal pipe.

P1 P2
 Surface Tension

Cohesive Forces:
Molecular forces between molecules of same substances.
[W - W], [Hg - Hg],[G - G]

Adhesive Forces:
Molecular forces between molecules of different substances.
[ W - G],[Hg - G]
 Surface Tension

The phenomenon by virtue of which the

top layer of fluid behaves as stretched
membrane is called surface tension.
Surface Tension

P
 Surface Tension

● Mathematically there are two ways to define surface

tension
(a) The surface energy per unit surface area

(b) The force per unit length

on surface
:Find
40 max mass of cylindrical needle that can be gently placed over
surface of water if surface tension of water is S.

D
:Find
40 max mass of cylindrical needle that can be gently placed over
surface of water if surface tension of water is S.

D
:The
40 work required to break a bigger drop of radius R into n smaller
drops of almost equal radius is proportional to

C n1/3 - 1

D n4/3 - 1
:The
40 work required to break a bigger drop of radius R into n smaller
drops of almost equal radius is proportional to

C n1/3 - 1

D n4/3 - 1
Excess Pressure
 Excess Pressure

It is the Extra pressure on concave side of a curved surface.

ΔP = Pconcave - Pconvex

T T

Excess pressure
T

Excess pressure
T

T T
Excess Pressure inside Liquid Drop
Excess Pressure Air bubble
Excess Pressure Soap bubble
The phenomenon of rise or fall
of a liquid in a capillary tube is
called as capillary action.
Capillary Action
 Contact Angle:
The angle between tangent of liquid surface & to the solid
surface towards the liquid at point of contact is called as
contact Angle.
Important Points