Author Name Title Paper/Submission ID Submission Date Total Pages Document Type

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Author Name rishi

Title dfm1
Paper/Submission ID 726051
Submission Date 2023-04-24 11:40:49
Total Pages 67
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18 repository.up.ac.za Publication
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23 artsdocbox.com Internet Data

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24 Development and conception of versatile agricultural machine by Publication

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Jeyakumar-2020
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28 aiatsis.gov.au Publication
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31 Thesis Submitted to Shodhganga Repository Publication

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33 ijarcs.info Publication
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34 Thesis Submitted to Shodhganga, shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in Publication
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35 www.readbag.com Internet Data

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36 arduino-research-papers.blogspot.com Internet Data

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37 Port-a-Patch and Patchliner High Fidelity Electrophysiology for Publication

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Secondary Scree by Fertig-2009
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40 www.independent.ie Internet Data

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43 Robotic system design A hierarchical simulation-based approach by Publication

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Lorac-1995

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45 AUTOMATED MODEL CONSTRUCTION FOR SEISMIC DISASTER Publication

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ASSESSMENT OF PIPEL, by HORI, M. LALITH, W- 2013
46 www.ncm-machinery.com Internet Data

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47 1library.co Internet Data

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48 abnews-wire.blogspot.com Internet Data

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49 Student Thesis Published in HAL Archives Publication

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52 Natural hazards and genetic diversity in rice by Stephe-2002 Publication
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53 Real-Time Computing in Open Systems for Manufacturing by Cheng- Publication

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54 www.coopagricola2003.com Internet Data

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55 www.freepatentsonline.com Internet Data

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56 www.ijmtst.com Publication
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61 Comparative Study of Integrated Pest Management and Farmers Student Paper

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Practices on Sustainable Environment in the Rice Ecosystem

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63 researchspace.ukzn.ac.za Publication
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64 Understanding Wi-Fi 20 from the economical perspective of wireless Publication

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service pro by Kim-2010
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69 Comparison of Shear Bond Strength of All CeramicRestorations Bonded Publication

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to Dentin wit By Balaji, Vinay 2006- RGUHS
70 Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber Publication
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for Uniform or by Soong-2014
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Water by Davis-2009
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capacitance and by Rao-1981
75 IEEE 2019 International Conference on Sustainable Engineering and Cr Publication

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85 SUIOH, A NEW SWEETPOTATO CULTIVAR FOR UTILIZATION Publication

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<1
CONTENTS
S. No. CHAPTER NAMES PAGE No.
1 INTRODUCTION 1-12
1.1 Introduction to Embedded Systems 02
1.1.1 Need of Embedded Systems 04
1.1.2 Applications of Embedded Systems 05
1.2 Objective of the Project 06
1.3 Operations of the Project 07
1.3.1 Ploughing 07
1.3.2 Land Levelling Operation 07
1.3.3 Seed Sowing 08
1.3.4 Spraying 08
1.3.5 Water Pumping 09
1.4 Applications of the Project 10
1.5 Existing System 10
1.6 Proposed Work Methodology 12
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 13-21
3 PROBLEM FORMULATION 22-27
3.1 Gaps in Literature 23

3.2 Research Objective 23
3.3 Research Methodology 24
4 HARDWARE & SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 28-41
4.1 Introduction to Hardware Description 28
4.1.1 Microcontroller 29
4.1.2 Regulated Power Supply 30
4.1.3 Bluetooth 31
31
4.1.4 Battery
32
4.1.5 Solar Panel
33
4.1.6 DC Motor
34
4.1.7 Seed Sower
35
4.1.8 Plough
35
4.1.9 Leveler
36
4.1.10 Water Pump
37
4.2 Introduction to Software Description
38
4.2.1 Express PCB
38
4.2.2 PIC Compiler
39
4.2.3 Proteus
40
4.3 Software Design of Multi-Purpose Machine
5 FABRICATION OF MACHINE 43-54
5.1 Preparation of Chassis 44

5.2 Farm Mechanization 49
50
5.3 Advantages & Disadvantages of Tractor Powered
Equipment 51
5.4 Advantages & Disadvantages of Bullock Powered
Equipment 54
5.5 Bill of Materials & Cost of Estimation
6 WORKING OF MACHINE 55-58
6.1 Working Principle 55
6.2 Features of Equipment 56
6.3 Advantages & Limitations of the Equipment 57
6.4 Applications of Equipment 58
7 RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS 59-60
7.1 Scope of Future Work 60
REFERENCES 61-63
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG.NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.
1.1 A modern example of Embedded System 03
1.1.2 Real Life example of Embedded System 05
1.3.1 Ploughing with Bullocks & Tractors 07
1.3.2 Metal Sheet Plate for Land Levelling 08
1.3.3 Double Barrel Manual Seeder 08
1.3.4 Automated Seed Sowing Machine 08
1.3.5 Water Spraying Operation 9
1.3.6 Water Pump 9
3.3 Methodology 25
3.3.7 Block diagram 27
4.1 Block Diagram of Agriculture Machine 28
4.1.1 Microcontroller 30
4.1.3 Bluetooth Module 31
4.1.4 Battery 32
4.1.5 Solar Panel 33
4.1.6 DC Motor 34
4.1.7 Seed Sower 34
4.1.8 Plough Teeth 35
4.1.9 Land Leveller 36
4.1.10 Water Pump 36
4.3.1 Proposed Model Overview 41
4.3.2 Proposed Model Top View 41
4.3.3 Proposed Model Side view 42
5.1 Fabrication of Machine 43
5.1.1 Frame Cutting Pipes 45
5.1.2 Pipes Cutting 45
51.3 Welding Frame 46
5.1.4 Seed Hopper 46
5.1.5 Seed Box 46
5.1.6 Wheels 47
5.1.7 Wheels Clamping 47

5.1.8 Wire 47
5.1.9 Surface Grinding 48
5.1.10 Joining Pipes ARC Welding 48
5.1.11 Drilling Holes Using Drill Bit 5mm 48
5.1.12 Cutting Surfaces 49
5.3 Tractor Ploughing 50
5.4 Bullock Ploughing 52
7.1 Output of the Equipment 60

49
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
3.3.7 Components 27
5.1 Electrical Components Used for Multipurpose
Agriculture Machine 44
5.5 Bills of Materials & Cost of Estimation 54

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Agriculture is the culture of mammals, plants and fungi used to sustain and reinforce
human growth farming was the key development in the rise of lazy human culture. The study
of farming is known as land wisdom. The record of agriculture dates back pertaining to 1000
of age, and allure development has happened compelled and delimited by greatly various
climates, sophistications, and electronics. Mechanized farming is the process of utilizing
agriculture equipment to automate whole of agriculture, considerably growing immigrant
worker productivity in up-to-date occasions, and stimulate machinery has dislodged many farm
tasks already carried out by manual labour or by occupied mammals.
Solar-powered multipurpose agriculture machines are becoming increasingly popular
as they offer a sustainable solution for farmers to perform various farming operations. These
machines are powered by renewable solar energy, which makes them cost-effective and eco-
friendly. With remote control functionality, farmers can operate the machine from a distance,
59
making their work more efficient and less labour-intensive.
The solar-powered multipurpose agriculture machine remote control allows farmers to

3
perform various tasks such as ploughing, sowing, irrigation, and harvesting from a distance.
The remote-control system works using wireless communication technology, allowing farmers
to control the machine from their mobile phones or tablets. With the ability to remotely control
the machine, farmers can save time and reduce the need for manual labour. Additionally, these
machines can be used in areas where there is limited access to electricity, making them a viable
option for farmers in remote areas.
1
1.1 Introduction to Embedded Systems
An embedded system is a computer system that is designed to perform specific tasks
and functions within a larger system. In the context of a multi-purpose agriculture machine
project, an embedded system can be used to automate various tasks such as planting, harvesting,
and fertilizing crops.
The introduction of embedded systems in agriculture has revolutionized the industry, making it
more efficient and productive. Embedded systems can be used to control various components
of the agriculture machine, including the engine, sensors, and actuators. This allows for the
automation of various tasks, reducing the need for human labour and increasing the accuracy
and precision of the tasks being performed.
For example, an embedded system can be used to control the planting process, ensuring that
each seed is planted at the correct depth and distance from other seeds. This can result in higher
crop yields and reduce the amount of waste that is produced.
Additionally, an embedded system can be used to monitor the health of crops, using
sensors to detect changes in temperature, humidity, and soil moisture. This information can be
used to make adjustments to the machine's operation, such as adjusting the amount of water or
fertilizer that is applied to the crops.
Overall, the introduction of embedded systems in multi-purpose agriculture machine
projects can have a significant impact on the efficiency and productivity of the agriculture
industry. By automating tasks and providing real-time monitoring and control, embedded
systems can help farmers to produce higher quality crops while reducing waste and labour costs.
The below Fig shows the example of embedded systems.
2
Fig 1.1: A modern example of embedded system
In various ways, programming for an embedded system looks like programming PC a
long time back. The hardware for the system is ordinarily settled to make the contraption as
unassuming as could truly be anticipated. Spending an extra dollar, a unit to simplify everything
to program can cost millions. Selecting a computer programmer for an extra month is
unobtrusive in assessment. This suggests the computer programmer ought to make do with slow
12
processors and low memory, while at the same time drawing in a prerequisite for viability not
seen in most PC applications. Coming up next is a summary of issues planned for the introduced
field.
History:
Embedded systems have been around for several decades, and their history can be traced
back to the earliest electronic devices. The first embedded system was developed in the 1960s,
and it was used for military purposes. The system consisted of a single-board computer that
was used to control missiles. This early embedded system was designed to operate in harsh
environments and to perform specific tasks.
In the 1970s and 1980s, the use of embedded systems expanded to other industries,
including automotive, aerospace, and medical devices. The development of microprocessors
3
4
and microcontrollers made it easier to design embedded systems that were smaller, more
efficient, and more affordable.
In the 1990s, the widespread use of personal computers and the Internet led to the
development of embedded systems that could connect to networks and communicate with other
devices. This led to the development of smart homes, smart appliances, and other Internet of
Things (IoT) devices.

60 48
Today, embedded systems are used in a wide range of applications, including
transportation, healthcare, entertainment, and security. They are also becoming more complex
4
and sophisticated, with advanced sensors, artificial intelligence, and machine learning
capabilities. The history of embedded systems is closely tied to the development of electronics
and computer technology, and it has played a significant role in shaping the modern world.
1.1.1 Need for Embedded Systems:

32
Embedded systems play a crucial role in modern agriculture machines that are designed
13
to perform multiple tasks. These machines require complex control systems that can manage
various operations simultaneously, such as planting, harvesting, and fertilizing.

32
Here are some specific reasons why embedded systems are essential for multi-purpose
agriculture machines:
1. Real-time data processing: Agriculture machines need to collect and process data in
53
real-time to ensure the correct operation of each subsystem. Embedded systems can
collect data from sensors and control actuators in real-time, making the machines more
4
efficient and reducing the risk of errors.
13
2. Control of complex tasks: multi-purpose agriculture machines require complex control
systems that can manage various operations simultaneously, such as planting,

72
harvesting, and fertilizing. Embedded systems can coordinate these tasks and ensure
4
that they are executed in the correct sequence, improving the efficiency of the machine.
4
3. Power management: Agriculture machines are often powered by batteries or other
power sources that need to be managed efficiently to ensure long operating times.
Embedded systems can manage the power supply and consumption of the machine,
optimizing the energy usage and extending the operating time.
4. Remote monitoring and control: Embedded systems can be connected to a network,
enabling remote monitoring and control of the agriculture machine. This allows farmers
to monitor the machine's operation, make adjustments to its settings, and diagnose any
issues remotely, improving the machine's overall reliability.
1.1.2 Applications of Embedded Systems:
Computer networks used dedicated routers and network bridges to route data.
Fig 1.1.2 Real-life examples of Embedded System

79 4
1. Embedded systems are computer systems that are designed to perform specific tasks
13
within a larger system. In the case of agriculture machines, embedded systems can be
used to automate and control various functions of the machine, making it more efficient
4
and productive. Some of the applications of embedded systems in multi-purpose
agriculture machines are:
2. Monitoring and control systems: Embedded systems can be used to monitor and control
various parameters such as soil moisture, temperature, and pH levels. This data can be
used to optimize crop yields and reduce water usage.
5
3. GPS navigation and mapping: Embedded systems can be used to provide GPS
77
navigation and mapping capabilities to agriculture machines. This can help farmers plan
their crops and optimize their harvests.

4
4. Automatic seed planting and fertilization: Embedded systems can be used to
automatically plant seeds and fertilize crops. This can save time and reduce the need for
manual labour.
13
5. Harvesting and sorting: Embedded systems can be used to automate the harvesting and
sorting of crops. This can improve the efficiency of the harvesting process and reduce
waste.
6. Climate control: Embedded systems can be used to control the climate inside
70
greenhouses and other agriculture structures. This can help maintain optimal growing
conditions for crops.
1.2 Objective of the Project:
Our intention is to concoct a prototype solar powered multifunctional agricultural robot
which must execute the below features. The first objective to design this agribot is to make
work the whole system on solar energy. We will probably prepare a model sunlight based
controlled multifunctional rural robot which should execute the underneath highlights.
The first goal to plan this agribot is to make work the entire framework on solar energy. The
robot should perform digging, seed planting, evening out the mud and showering activity at a
time and complete the whole work in least time. Our point is to shorten human exertion and
raise yield by acquainting this planned robot. The rationale with work robot from distance to
get ranchers far from the risky impacts of pesticides and insect poisons deflecting their openness
to ranchers while spraying. Cynosure will be on potential work cost reserve funds, ranch
structure undertone and sizes for activity, everyday working hours, likely normal brunt, energy
expenses and security concerns.
6
1.3 Operations of the Project:
Multipurpose agriculture machines are designed to perform various tasks in farming,
such as ploughing, seed sowing, watering, and levelling. These machines work based on their
design and the power source used to operate them.
Here are the working principles of some common functions in a multipurpose agriculture
machine:
1.3.1 Ploughing Operation:

The plough is an important tool used in agriculture to prepare the soil for planting. It
works by breaking up the soil and turning it over, allowing air and water to penetrate the ground.
The plough blade is attached to a frame, which is pulled by the machine. As the machine moves
forward, the blade cuts through the soil, and the soil is turned over.
Fig 1.3.1 Ploughing with Bullocks and Tractor
1.3.2 Land Levelling Operation:

Levelling is the process of making the surface of the soil even. In a multipurpose
agriculture machine, the leveller is attached to the machine, and it works by scraping the surface
of the soil and filling in any depressions. The leveller can be adjusted to achieve the desired
level of the ground.
7
Fig 1.3.2 Metal sheet plate for Land Levelling
1.3.3 Seed Sowing Operation:

Seed sowing is the process of planting seeds in the soil. In a multipurpose agriculture
machine, the seed drill is attached to the machine, and it works by placing the seed in the soil
at the right depth and spacing. The seed drill has a seed hopper, which holds the seeds, and a
tube that delivers the seeds to the ground. The depth and spacing of the seeds are adjusted based
on the type of crop being planted.
Fig 1.3.3 Double Barrel Manual Seeder Fig 1.3.4 Automated Seed Sowing machine
1.3.4 Spraying Operation:

Water holder is put on robot for water capacity. A DC water siphon is utilized for
siphoning water to the water sprayer. The water streams to the spray through hose. The power
for siphon is facilitated by a flip switch.
8
Fig 1.3.5 Water Spraying Operation
1.3.5 Water Pumping Operation:

The 3v Water pump is used for water sprinkling in the field. It is operated in 3v DC
power supply. DC water pump is a small electric water pump motor.Water pumping is an
essential function in agriculture, particularly in areas where irrigation is necessary. In a
multipurpose agriculture machine, the water pump is attached to the machine, and it works by
drawing water from a water source and delivering it to the crops. The water pump is powered
by an engine or motor, and it can be adjusted to deliver the right amount of water to the crops.
Fig 1.3.6 Water Pump
9
1.4 Applications of the Project:
1. Ploughing
2. Land Levelling
3. Seed Sowing
4. Fertilizing
5. Weeding
6. Spraying
7.Water Pumping
1.5 Existing System:
Numerous agribusiness activities are computerized these days and numerous
programmed apparatuses what's more, robots accessible industrially. A portion of the
significant tasks in cultivating which are under examination and computerization are
cultivating, weeding, and splashing processes. At the point when it comes to planning a robot
for mechanizing these tasks one needs to disintegrate its thought into two contemplations which
are horticulture climate in which robot/framework will work and accuracy necessity in the
undertaking over customary strategies.
Based on this for cultivating process, contemplations which are considered as far as
climate are robot should have the option to move in straightway appropriately on rough streets
of ranch field, soil dampness content might influence the dirt digging capability, sensors to be
chosen for the framework should be picked by thinking about cultivating ecological impacts on
their working. Aside from these three different necessities are as far as exactness expected in
the undertaking also, these are: digging profundity, specific ideal distances among lines and
plants for specific kind of yield, columns to be planted at a time and accurate route in the field.
While different cycles like weeding, splashing, and reaping, for which working relies upon
cultivating stage by knowing the specific area of harvest and afterward making those procedure
10
on it as needs be. So, the significant phase of all resulting tasks is keeping an accuracy in seed
planting process. While thinking about the actual parts of the vehicle or mechanical framework,
rancher's current condition specifically region assumes a significant part in planning these
viewpoints.
Taking into account realities of cultivating industry of India, framework to be created
should have advantage over customary techniques and farm trucks as far as cost, speed,
exactness in activity for which it is planned, fuel utilization and actual energy expected by
human for it. By focusing on these issues and thought appropriately the finished result will be
genuine assistance for ranchers. Interface by utilizing Arduino board and different sorts of
sensors. Different perspectives show Rural robot serves improved outcome than manual
framework. The fact that recent makes it typical patterns in robots will come to be utilized in
improved job in future. In farming, Farming robot can be capable for a few headways.
Execution of Agrarian robot has critical saving as far as time, effectiveness and saving
the wastage of assets and decreased use of labour ought to pay the expense once the framework
is actuated. The extent of the framework, particularly in metro urban communities, is situated
in where individuals know nothing about cultivating. Horticulture is more significant contrasted
with other fields for occupation. The utility of innovation with horticulture considers for
computerization. The Cultivating Framework is a reasonable framework which helps to sure
that it has wide scope for development, which thusly facilitates the rural framework for the
ranchers and eventually helps in successful harvest efficiency.
Limitations:
1. Purchasing or building robots is quite expensive.
2. To keep them operating, maintenance is required.
3. The farmers might be fired.
4. The culture and emotional attractiveness of agriculture may alter due to robots.
11
5. Maintenance and energy costs.
6. The expensive nature of research and development.
7. Inability to reach poor farmers
1.6 Proposed work methodology:
The main objective of this project is to develop a multi-functional agricultural machine
for ploughing planting soil preparation and spraying at the lowest cost. The robot must be
powered by solar energy stored in batteries as electricity. This agricultural robot can be called
Agri Robot.
The 12V battery is utilized which is charged by sun powered charger. Then supply is
given to Arduino Uno R3 board which is communicated with hand-off driver ULN2003. Seven
transfers for seven DC engines are utilized in the robot. The activity of these transfers is
controlled through programming in Arduino by hand-off driver Four DC engines are utilized
for four wheels to perform forward, opposite, left and right activity of the robot. Two DC
engines are coupled in equal, and two transfers are utilized for the activity of forward, pause
and converse activity as a solitary hand-off performs just two activities of engine run and stop.
One DC engine is utilized with two transfers for canister in seed planting activity for performing
forward switch activity of engine. The furrowing rotor is worked by two DC engines with
transfers performing just forward and stop activity of rotor. A manual activity of DC showering
engine is devised on the robot. Every one of the tasks are customized in the Arduino and are
worked through the Bluetooth module (HC-05) by android application.
12
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
61
Multipurpose agriculture machines are gaining popularity due to their potential to
increase agricultural productivity while reducing operating costs and environmental impacts. In
this literature review, we will explore the current research on solar-powered agriculture
machines that can be remotely controlled.

93
Many articles have been published related to Investigation of Design and Fabrication of
19
Multipurpose Agriculture Machine. Few of the most important articles have been referred and
surveyed.
Jayapriya S, G R Anagha, K R Megha, Harshitha B S [1] 'Programmed Cultivating
Robot for Brilliant and Viable Development' for horticulture reason. The paper points on the
plan and advancement of robot that is utilized in the field of agribusiness. The robot assists the
rancher with performing soil evening out, seed planting, water and pesticide sprinkling, soil
evening out and cutting the yield. Limiting the work of ranchers as well as speeding up and
precision of the work is essentially planned. They are utilized an android application to give the
contribution to the robot. By utilizing Bluetooth, they are laying out an association between the
robot and the application. This entire arrangement of the robot works with the power supply.
The base edge of the robot is made with 4 wheels. One finish of the casing is fitted by dc engine
(DC Engine 1,2) and configuration is utilized for robot development. The opposite finish of the
edge is fitted by a dc engine (DCMOTOR 3,4) and configuration is made for evening out and
digging. The entire robot requires the 12v battery for activity. Bluetooth beneficiary is utilized
to control the activity of the vehicle.
B Ranitha, M N Nikhitha, K Aruna, Afreen [2] 'Sun oriented Fueled Independent
Multipurpose Horticultural Robot Utilizing Bluetooth/Android Application'. This work intends
13
to configuration, create and plan of the robot which can plant the seeds, cut the grass, and
shower the pesticides, this entire framework is controlled by sun powered energy. The planned
robot gets energy from sunlight powered charger and is worked utilizing Bluetooth/Android
Application which conveys the messages to the robot for required instruments and development
of the robot. This builds the proficiency of seed planting, pesticide splashing, and grass cutting
56
and furthermore diminishes the issue experienced in manual planting. At the point when the
sun powered charger gets warmed it changes over daylight into power. This electrical energy
34
is taken care of into the charging circuit. The charging circuit will work as indicated by most
extreme power point following (MPPT) convention to produce beat voltage and furthermore
keeps away from invert current. The beat voltage is provided to battery to charge it. The
charging of battery is controlled with the assistance of voltage sensors. Since battery is
bidirectional it will charge and supply voltage to Arduino at a time. The voltage supply with
supported wavering is taken care of into Arduino with the guide of high pass channel. The
channel hand-off gives voltage supply to all kinds of instruments. The engine driver is utilized
to drive the DC engines which run the robot.
Pvr Chaitanya, Dileep Kotte, A. Srinath, K. B. Kalyan [3] 'Advancement of Brilliant
Pesticide Showering Robot'. The sickness that causes specialists in plants is principally
characterized as any specialist's microorganisms. This should be possible through taking info
pictures utilizing camera, investigating them utilizing AI process. This likewise shows the
uncovered area of illness and furthermore predicts the cures, turn on the pesticide sprayer which
splashes the individual pesticide on the presented region to sickness. The development of robot
is finished with L293d engine driver, and the processor or implanted framework is finished
through Raspberry pi3. We use python code for AI which prepares the robot with pre-
characterized pictures.
14
Ajesh, Anandhu K, Jelvin Raju, Jerin Saji [4] 'Bluetooth Controlled Ranch Robot'. This
5
venture endeavours to foster a robot equipped for performing tasks like programmed furrowing,
9
seed apportioning, organic product picking and pesticide showering. The venture presents a
minimal expense, low power, and straightforward framework for gadget control. This
framework will have high application in cultivating. For manual control the robot utilizes the
Bluetooth matching application as control gadget and helps in the route of the robot outside the
field. The L298N Engine Driver Module is a high voltage Double H-Extension fabricated by
ST Organization. It is intended to acknowledge standard TTL voltage levels. H-span drivers are
utilized to drive inductive burdens that expects forward and invert capability with speed control,
for example, DC Engines, and Stepper Engines. It utilizes the famous L298 engine driver IC
and has an on-board 5V controller which it can supply to an outer circuit. It has some control
over up to 4 DC engines, or 2 DC engines with directional and speed control. Engine drivers
goes about as a point of interaction between the engines and the control circuits. Engine requires
high measure of current while the regulator circuit chips away at low current signs. In this way,
the capability of engine drivers is to take a low-momentum control sign and afterward transform
it into a higher-ebb and flow signal that can drive an engine.
Amruta Sulakhe, M.N. Karanjkar [5] 'Plan and Activity of Agribusiness Based Pesticide
Splashing Robot'. Contrasted with splashing pesticides physically outside, the climate is more
shut, and has a high temperature, stickiness, etc for working the shower work in the green house.
To safeguard worker and lessen work force, we foster a model of pesticide splashing robot
uncommonly utilized in the nursery. Robot is controlled with a PIC16F877A microcontroller.
Planning of the most recent reversed ROBOT which can be controlling involving an application
for android versatile. We are fostering the remote buttons in the android application by which
we have some control over the robot movement with them. Furthermore, in which we use
Bluetooth correspondence to communicate regulator and android. Regulator can be
15
communicated to the Bluetooth module however UART convention. As per orders got from
android the robot movement can be controlled.
Dr. Chanda V Reddy, Anudeep R, H M Vishal, Harshitha S, Sai Spoorthi N [6] 'Argo
bot'. This is my last admonition. In the event that not submitted I need to lessen marks.
horticulture assumes a significant part in financial status in India. Farming - Innovation is the
most common way of applying innovation in horticulture area, which works on the proficiency
of the harvest created. Contrasted with customary strategies this cycle enjoys different benefits
in planting the seeds. Seed planting robot is directed and hand worked. It cuts the activity of
ranchers and expands the capability of seed planting contrasted with typical planting. In this
framework we are working a mechanized seed planting robot. It comprises of Arduino at mega
328P microcontroller l293ddriver, battery, servomotor, ultrasonic sensor, soil dampness sensor.
Robot will plant the seed on the ground until it tracks down a snag. Assuming the deterrent is
found it stops and prior to planting the seed on the field it for the most part turns right
consequently pushing ahead.
Aruna Devi, Bharathi R [7] 'Robot Control Utilizing Cell Phone'. I have not gotten any
report with respect to paper. This is my last admonition. In the event that not submitted I need
to diminish marks. As of late, robot innovation has acquired prevalence on account of work
lack, capacity to work for extended periods of time, and so on. Traditionally, remote control
robots use RF circuits, which have the disadvantages of restricted working reach, restricted
recurrence reach and restricted control. Utilization of a cell phone for mechanical control can
defeat these constraints. It gives the benefits of strong control, working reach as extensive as
the inclusion region of the specialist organization.
Y B S Balaji, Shivakumar M C, Sunil S [8] 'PDA Worked Multipurpose Rural Robot'.
The paper points on the plan, advancement and the creation of the robot which can dig the dirt,
leveller to close the mud and sprayer to shower water, these entire frameworks of the robot
16
5
work with the battery and the sunlight-based power. Over 40% of the populace on the planet
picks agribusiness as the essential occupation, as of late the improvement of the independent
vehicles in the farming has encountered expanded interest. In horticulture, the open doors for
robot-upgraded efficiency are colossal - and the robots are showing up on ranches in different
pretences and in expanding numbers. Different issues related with independent homestead
hardware can presumably be overwhelmed with innovation.
Gowtham Kumar S, Anand G Warrier, Chirag B Shetty, Gerard Elston Shawn D’Souza
[9] 'Multipurpose Farming Robot'. The paper presents about the numerous farming assignments
done by the single robot. To foster the productivity of the farming assignments we need to track
down the new ways. The multipurpose agrarian robot gives a development technique to plant,
furrow and cut the yields with least labour and work making it a proficient vehicle. The machine
will develop the homestead by considering specific lines and explicit section at fixed distance
contingent upon crop.
Dr.Y. Sasha Rao, V.S.J.C Prasad, Veeresh, Satishkumar, Y Kalyana Krishna [10]
'Multi-Reason Agribusiness Robot with Android Regulator'. The undertaking points on the
advancement of the robot which can dig the dirt, put the seeds, leveller to close the mud and
sprayer to shower water, these entire frameworks of the robot work with the battery and the
sunlight-based power. Over 40% of the populace on the planet picks horticulture as the essential
occupation, lately the improvement of the independent vehicles in the farming has encountered
expanded interest. In this undertaking, we accomplished control remote correspondence
between the portable Robot Android GUI Application.

1
D.A. Mada, Sunday Mihai, [2013], In this examination paper maker has referred to
meaning of automation in cultivating by giving models. The end from the paper was need of
multifunctional single axel vehicle for pre and post procuring. We have acknowledged this as
base for our examination and further production of our multifunctional plant vehicle.
17
V.K. Tewari, A. Ashok Kumar, Satya Prakash Kumar, Brajesh Nare [2012] In this
examination papers maker have done logical investigation on ranch motorization in west Bengal
as being India it gives clear status about availability and progress in India. This dependable us
to take right advances appeared differently in relation to current steps.
F.A. Adamu, B. G. Jahun and B. Babangida [2014] In this paper makers draws our
consideration towards the show elements of a power turner. Among those solicitations for light
weight power turner was searched for outmost. Fuel capability and field cut-off such limits are
moreover analysed. We take those concentrations in thought while planning a sensible
multifunctional farming vehicle.
Nitish Das et.al (April 2015) In this exploration paper creator has referenced every day
the number of inhabitants in India is increment and to satisfy the need of food modernization
of horticulture area are significance. So, they are manufactured "Horticulture compost and
pesticides sprayer" It will the expense of creation.
Dr. C. N. Sakhale et.al (2016) in this exploration paper creator has referenced
significance of automation in horticulture. So, they are imagining that human and creature
endeavours can be supplant by so advance motorization which is appropriate for limited scope
rancher. So, they are creating multipurpose agribusiness machine. This machine performs
different cultivating activity quicker than expected and financially.
Patil Nikhil et.al (5 May 2018) In this exploration paper creator gives explanation about
horticulture field. Face some issue, for example, how to limit the loses and instructions to
expand efficiency and how to limit cost. So, they are think and utilizing some motorization they
created of "manufacture of multipurpose farming machine" It is perform (furrowing, digging,
seed planting pesticide pouring soil covering) every one of this capabilities have perform
utilizing a solitary machine. It is use in cultivating and horticulture.
18
Abdul Raheem et.al (7 July 2018) In this examination agribusiness gear's is fundamental
and significant hardware convection strategy for planting and development the crops are a
difficult cycle. Thus, that the explanation they in engaged with farming for greatest yielding, is
shortage of works this outcome is postponed agribusiness paper creator gives proclamation of
multipurpose perform digging of soil manure splashing and seed plan multipurpose farming
machine.
Sharath T. et.al (2019) In this exploration paper creator seen that with expansion in
populace the homestead gets appropriated among the family and along these lines
rancher in India held moderately just two-section of land ranches additionally financially the
ranchers are exceptionally poor due to which they can't bought farm truck and other exorbitant
gears. Thus, they are feeling that human and creature endeavours can be supplant by some
advance automation which is reasonable for little scale ranchers. So, they foster digging
machine and splashing machine utilize engine and next two activity are manual based which is
development and planting.
S. Umarkar and Anil karwankar, this group created computerized seed planting agribot
utilizing Arduino. As of now, changes in the climate of agrarian creation is high in
concentration and requests. Consequently, ranchers need to utilize the high-level innovation for
development errands. This group targets fostering a framework that limit the expense of
working, diminishes digging time and seed planting activity by utilizing sun-oriented energy.
42
Those sun powered chargers are fixed to catch sun-oriented energy which will be changed over
into electrical energy that charges the battery, which provides the expected ability to shunt DC
wound engine. Ultrasonic sensor and computerized compass sensor were utilized with the
assistance of the WI-FI interface worked on android application for the mechanical
development.
19
S. Kareem Ulla, and E. Prajwal this group fostered a GPS based Independent Farming
Robot. This framework is exceptionally useful to ranchers in the essential activity of seed
planting. This machine is exceptionally basic in the method of activity. Complete yield rate is
expanded successfully. There can be decreased work issue. When contrasted with seed planting
process by manual strategy and farm vehicles, significant investment expected for this robot is
less. Likewise, there is less measure of seed wastage. The primary downside here is, it
comprises of just single component.
Amer et al, a model for a multi-reason horticulture robot to perform performs multiple
tasks was created by this group. Robot can go this way and that by means of its hex pad body
construction and component. Through Wi-Fi their robot is associated with the world, its ready
PC interfaces with a Wi-Fi signal. The robot is associated with different robots and relate
undertakings utilizing Wi-Fi association. The downside of this robot is its Wi-Fi reliance. As
the outcome, robot is restricted to a little region where the Wi-Fi signal is accessible. This is an
illustration of how lack of foundation and support would give an agribusiness robot unfeasible,
regardless of how great its plan and execution are. In this work, starting Wi-Fi would be
unsatisfactory associations in the open fields, as Wi-Fi switches and links would be uncovered
to the components, power, and high cost of maintenance.

5
"Design and Development of a Solar Powered Multipurpose Agriculture Machine" by
Patel et al. (2018): This research paper presents the design and development of a solar-powered
27
multipurpose agriculture machine that can perform tasks such as ploughing, tilling, and seeding.
The machine is remotely controlled through a smartphone app, which allows the operator to
29
monitor the machine's performance and adjust as needed. The study concludes that the solar-
powered machine is an effective and sustainable solution for small-scale agriculture.
"Solar-Powered Irrigation System with Remote Monitoring and Control" by Yadav et
al. (2019): This research paper describes the design and implementation of a solar-powered
20
44
irrigation system that can be remotely monitored and controlled using a smartphone app. The
system uses solar panels to power a water pump, which irrigates crops in a field. The study
shows that the remote monitoring and control capabilities of the system help farmers optimize
water usage and reduce energy costs.
"Development of a Solar-Powered Multipurpose Agriculture Machine" by Gupta et al.
(2018): This research paper presents the design and development of a solar-powered
27
multipurpose agriculture machine that can perform tasks such as plowing, tilling, and
1
harvesting. The machine is remotely controlled through a web-based interface, which allows
the operator to monitor the machine's performance and adjust as needed. The study shows that
the solar-powered machine is an effective and sustainable solution for agriculture in areas with
limited access to electricity.
"Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Autonomous Agriculture Machine" by
Prashanth et al. (2021): This research paper presents the design and fabrication of a solar-
27
powered autonomous agriculture machine that can perform tasks such as ploughing, tilling, and
seeding. The machine is equipped with sensors and GPS technology that allow it to operate
autonomously in a field. The study shows that the autonomous capabilities of the machine
44
reduce the need for human labour and increase efficiency.
55
N. M. Shaikh and N. M. Ansari, published in the Journal of Agricultural Engineering
and Technology in 2016.
This literature review provides a comprehensive overview of various multi-functional
agricultural machines that have been developed and used in different parts of the world. It
covers a wide range of machines such as power tillers, combine harvesters, and rice
transplanters. The review discusses the design features, technical specifications, and
performance characteristics of these machines. It also highlights the benefits of using multi-
21
43
functional machines in terms of increased productivity, reduced labor costs, and improved
efficiency.
CHAPTER 3
PROBLEM FORMULATION
The use of traditional fuel-based agriculture machines has several disadvantages, such
as high fuel consumption, high emissions of pollutants, and increased operational costs. To
address these issues, a multi-purpose agriculture machine using a battery is proposed.
73
After the detailed study through the literature review, few research gaps are noticed and
gaps are fulfilled by following research objectives.
 Absence of automation in cultivating.

71
Motorization is a significant contribution for horticultural harvest creation and one that
generally has been disregarded in the content of non-industrial nations. Factors that
diminish the accessibility of ranch power compromise the capacity to develop adequate
67
land and have for quite some time been perceived as a wellspring of destitution.
 Required abundance endeavours for various cycle.
Soil readiness: The dirt is furrowed, evened out and manured prior to planting the seeds.
Planting: Seeds of good quality are planted or scattered in the dirt.
Manuring: The supplements are given to the seeds at normal stretches. Compost is the
disintegration result of plant and creature squanders.
Weeding: Weeds or undesirable plants are taken out utilizing we decide or eliminating
them Physically.
 Overabundance time utilization for performing individual cycle.
22
By presenting Machine power, automated cultivating and so on we can decrease labour
in cultivating and direct them to little farming area to eliminate their destitution.
3.1 Gaps in Literature:

31
From the study of an exhaustive literature survey, following research gaps have
been identified:
The use of the multi-purpose farming purpose tool noticed in various brochure reviews, but
notable break waits in the article on adaptation in farming machine. Contributions devote effort
to something differing movements conducting in farms, accompanying main research
concerning design, model and fuel second hand remaining under-depicted.
 We had visualized that skilled are more engine power plants used in the
9
machines that are more valuable in presently.
 Using energetic is more economical but the machines that had fictitious till are at very
extreme cost possibly burden for the labourer because the primary arrangement cost is
extreme.
 Weight of the vehicle quite considerable while it will be troublesome to aim attention
at the farm for the various movements.
 While there are various machines that be a part of a multiuse machine skilled are any
that manage create a higher effectiveness therefore, we find the appropriating good
effectiveness is que questioning.
3.2 Research Objectives:
To fill the research gaps in literature, some of the selected objectives are followed.
 The purpose concerning this project search out supply ranchers with multi use.
supplies that implement all the controlled ranching requirements and technology to fill
the research gaps in literature, some of the selected objectives.
23
are catch maximum yield and excellent crops by lowering grant and number of labours.
 Multitasking, in individual congregation of the equipment it acts sowing, fertilizing, and
levelling. In another congregation it acts destroy and weedicide use.
 Automated, the supplies can be animal stimulate or worm stimulate just attracting of the
supplies is enough and rest of the conduct are automated.
 Now a days it is necessity of automation in agricultural field to reduce the farmers
efforts & labour cost.
 To perform all operation. Like weeding digging seed sowing & spraying at a single time
hence increase production & save time.
 The farmer can operate robot very easily.
 more amount of work completes in less time.
 Solar energy is to be used for battery charging. The rays of the sun can be used for solar
power generation.
3.3 Research Methodology:
Developing a multi-purpose agriculture machine using a battery requires a well-defined
research methodology. The first step is to define the problem and identify the specific needs of
the farmers. Then, a literature review should be conducted to review existing literature on
41
battery-powered agriculture machines. This will help to identify potential areas for
improvement and strengths and weaknesses of current machines. Next, a conceptual design
should be developed based on the problem definition and literature review. The technical
specifications of the machine, including the size, weight, power source, capacity, and
functionality, should be determined. A feasibility study should be conducted to determine if the
proposed design is feasible and cost-effective. Once the feasibility study is completed, a
prototype should be developed and tested in real-world conditions to determine its effectiveness
24
and efficiency. The design of the machine should be refined based on the testing results to
16
improve its performance and address any issues.
Finally, the machine should be manufactured and distributed to farmers, and ongoing
research and development should be conducted to improve its performance and address any
new challenges that arise. Overall, a systematic approach is necessary to ensure the multi-
purpose agriculture machine using a battery meets the needs of the farmers and is efficient,
cost-effective, and environmentally friendly.
We have designed a few stages for project development in this process so that the project
can be streamlined in a particular way that the project can be completed at a required time
phase. i.e., Finalizing Mechanisms, Project Design, Parts Procurement, Parts Fabrication,
Project Assembly, Testing & output.
Fig 3.3 Methodology
 Market Survey:
For we utilizing to create multipurpose agricultural machine. We bought shaper and
seed sowing mechanism We are lead market review for collecting data about motors container
25
and many parts which is utilized in machine and we going to cultivate for recognizing different
soil in farming and distance of two seeds in each homestead.
 Finishing Components:
38
A couple of steps are made during this stage they are Make a rundown of required
equipment yields, Inspect the component design, Select the engineering, Distinguish Movement
Needs. Begin looking for systems manufacture the parts.
Analyse Expenses and Power Requirements Really look at part accessibility, as certain Sizes
and fabricate the parts.
 Project Design:
This step is done to plan the venture and get a model of it by planning it Mechanical
Plan or Machine Configuration is one of the significant parts of Designing Plan. To comprehend
what precisely machine plan or mechanical plan is allowed us to think about the case of the
gearbox of the vehicle. The stuff box communicates the movement and the force of the motor
to the wheels of the vehicle. The gearbox contains gathering of cog wheels which are exposed
to movement as well as the heap of the vehicle. For the cog wheels to run at wanted paces and
take wanted loads they must ought to be planned.
 Parts Procurement and Fabrication:

Before the buying parts we looked at the petroleum motor, diesel motor and planetary group.
For which one assistance full and low expensive for poor and rural farmers. We bought a few
parts like container, pipe, splashing instrument, iron, pole, nut, fasteners, and wheel.
We create the past multipurpose agricultural machine by our ground-breaking thought and
innovation.
 Project Assembly:
We gather all parts of machine on centralized server by utilizing nuts, fasteners welding and
furthermore screw. Cutter and sprayer collect the front of principal frame, and likewise seed
26
planting component mount on base of frame. Sunlight powered charger mount on fundamental
casing at above the machine it is flexible as per prerequisite.
 Analysing and Testing:

Mechanical testing includes testing each part of the machine individually followed by the
complete testing after which the project is ready to be used. After all, we all knew that quality
is the main stage of every product which we work on. So, if the quality of the product meets its
objectives if not, we'll work on it and test it again.
 Project Outputs:
Multipurpose agricultural machine are useful in farming and are especially useful for
impoverished and rural farmers.
Fig 3.3.7 Block Diagram
 Components:
1. Main Frame 2. Front Wheel
3. Rear Wheel 4. Engine
5. Seed Sowing Mechanism 6. Pesticide Spraying Box
7. Spraying Pipe 8. Sprinkler
9. Leveller 10. Plough teeth
Table 3.3.7 Components
27
CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE & SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
4.1 Introduction of Hardware Description:
In this chapter the block diagram of the project and design aspect of independent modules are
considered.
Agriculture Robot With Seed, Plough, Pesticide spray & Level
Solar Regulated
Battery
Panel Power Supply
Level
Maker
Bluetooth
DC Motor Plough
Micro
Controller
DC Motor Plough
Reset
DC Seed
Motor Dr opper
Crystal
Oscillator LED
Indicator
Fiig 4.1: Block diagram of Agriculture Machine with Seed, Plough, Pesticide spray & Level
The main blocks of this project are:
1. Micro controller (16F72)
2. Regulated power supply (RPS)
3. Bluetooth Module
4. Battery
5. Solar Panel
28
6. DC Motor
7. Seed Dropper
8. Plough
9. Leveller
10. Water Pump
4.1.1 Microcontroller:
A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit that is designed to
control specific devices or systems. It contains a processor, memory, input/output (I/O)
peripherals, and other components on a single chip. Microcontrollers are commonly used in
84
embedded systems and applications, such as in automobiles, home appliances, medical devices,
and industrial control systems.

75
Microcontrollers are typically programmed using low-level programming languages,
6
such as C or assembly language. They are designed to perform specific functions and can be
optimized for low-power consumption, real-time processing, and small form factors.
Microcontrollers can also be connected to other devices and systems through various
communication interfaces, such as UART, SPI, and I2C. A microcontroller is a small and low-
cost microcomputer, which is designed to perform the specific tasks of embedded systems like
displaying microwave’s information, receiving remote signals, etc. The general microcontroller
consists of the processor, the memory (RAM, ROM, EPROM), Serial ports, peripherals (timers,
counters), etc.
29
Fig 4.1.1 Micro controller
4.1.2 Regulated Power Supply (RPS):

A regulated power supply is an electronic device that is designed to provide a constant
output voltage or current to a load, regardless of variations in the input voltage or load
impedance. This is accomplished by using a feedback mechanism that compares the output
voltage or current to a reference voltage or current and adjusts the power supply output
accordingly.
92
The main advantage of a regulated power supply is that it can provide a stable and reliable
89
power source for electronic circuits, which is necessary for many applications. For example,
sensitive electronic components such as microprocessors, analog-to-digital converters, and

58
operational amplifiers require a stable power supply to operate properly. There are two basic
types of regulated power supplies: linear and switching. A linear regulated power supply uses
a linear regulator to regulate the output voltage, while a switching regulated power supply
uses a switching regulator to regulate the output voltage. Regulated power supplies can be
47
used in a wide range of applications, including consumer electronics, industrial equipment,
and laboratory instrumentation. They are also commonly used in automotive and aerospace
applications, where reliability and stability are critical.
30
4.1.3 Bluetooth Module:
14
The HC-05 Bluetooth module is a popular Bluetooth serial communication module that
allows wireless communication between electronic devices. It is a small module with a range
of about 10 meters and is used in various applications such as robotics, home automation, and
wireless sensor networks. The HC-05 module uses Bluetooth version 2.0 and supports the Serial
Port Profile (SPP), which allows it to act as a serial port over Bluetooth. This makes it easy to
integrate into projects as it can be used with any microcontroller or other devices that have a
serial port.
The module can be configured as a master or slave device, and supports multiple
66
connections. It has a built-in antenna and operates at a voltage of 3.3V, making it suitable for
23
use with most microcontrollers. To use the HC-05 module, you first need to pair it with the
device you want to communicate with. This can be done using a smartphone or a computer with
14
Bluetooth capabilities. Once paired, you can use the module to send and receive data wirelessly.
Fig 4.1.3 Bluetooth Module
4.1.4 Battery:
we utilized two batteries with the voltage of 12V and current of 7.5A creating a
completely charged yield voltage of 24volts, 15Amps. A battery cell comprises of two lead
plates a positive plate covered with a glue of lead dioxide and a negative made of wipe lead,
with an protecting) in the middle between.
31
Fig 4.1.4 12V Battery
4.1.5 Solar Panel:

A 12V 5W polycrystalline silicon solar panel is a type of photovoltaic (PV) panel that
is commonly used in small-scale solar energy systems. The panel consists of multiple
74 6
interconnected solar cells made from polycrystalline silicon, which is a common material used
in solar panels due to its high efficiency and affordability. The panel is designed to generate
electrical power when exposed to sunlight. The 12V rating refers to the nominal voltage of the
panel, which means it is designed to produce 12 volts of direct current (DC) output. The 5W
rating refers to the maximum power output of the panel under ideal conditions, which typically
include direct sunlight and a certain temperature range.
The panel can be used for a variety of applications, such as charging small electronic
18
devices, powering small motors, or as part of a larger solar energy system for a home or
business. It is important to note that the actual power output of the panel may vary depending
on factors such as the angle and orientation of the panel, the weather conditions, and the load
connected to the panel.
32
Fig 4.1.5 12V Solar Panel
4.1.6 DC Motor:
A 12V DC motor is a type of electric motor that runs on a direct current (DC) power
source with a voltage of 12 volts. This type of motor is commonly used in a wide range of
applications, from automotive and industrial machinery to home appliances and electronics.
The performance of a 12V DC motor depends on several factors, such as its size, design, and
operating conditions. Generally, a 12V DC motor can provide a moderate amount of torque and
80
rotational speed, making it suitable for tasks that require moderate power output.
To operate a 12V DC motor, a DC power source with a voltage of 12 volts is needed.
This can be provided by a battery or a power supply unit. The motor can be controlled using a
motor controller that regulates its speed and direction of rotation. Overall, 12V DC motors are
widely used in various applications due to their simplicity, reliability, and ease of use.
33
Fig 4.1.6 3V DC Motor
4.1.7 Seed Sower:

The seeder assembly is positioned on the machine's back side and connects the chain
from the seeder's gear to another gear mounted on the rear wheel's shaft for the operation of
11
seed sowing. The front wheels are connected to the shaft of the gear head by a lock pin, and the
gear head is then connected to the shaft of the clutch housing once the grass cutter mechanism
has been removed. The seed sowing operation uses the same driving principles as the spraying
operation; the only difference is that the seeder attachment is driven by a chain that runs
between the seeder and the rear tyre and the hopper is filled with seeds.
Fig 4.1.7 Seed Sower
34
4.1.8 Plough:
A plough is a tool or agricultural instrument used in farming to loosen or turn the soil
as part of the first preparation for planting or sowing seeds. Tractors now pull ploughs instead
of working animals like horses or cattle that were once the norm. A blade or stick attached to a
wooden, iron, or steel frame plough is used to cut and loosen dirt.
Ploughs are primarily used to turn over the top layer of the soil, bringing new nutrients to the
surface while burying weeds and crop residue and enabling it to decompose. Long trenches are
made as the soil is ploughed by the plough.
Fig 4.1.8 Plough Teeth
4.1.9 Leveller:
A technique used in surface irrigation, such as basin and furrow irrigation, is land
levelling.
Preparing the irrigation plot such that there are no high or low locations that might interfere
with the evenly dispersed irrigation water on the field.
When a field is irrigated, it guarantees the ideal slope for water to pass through it.
If fertigation and chemigation are used, levelling leads to more effective irrigation as well as
more effective fertiliser and pesticide application. Unused nutrients and/or pesticides may
percolate into the soil in high places of an uneven field where irrigation water may not reach
them. When there are low areas, water and dissolved nutrients and pollutants may build up there
and produce zones.
35
Fig 4.1.9 Land Leveller
4.1.10 Water Pump:

A 3V-6V water pump is a type of DC water pump that is designed to operate on a voltage
35
range of 3 to 6 volts DC. These pumps are commonly used in small-scale water circulation
systems
The performance of the pump is dependent on the voltage applied. At 3V, the pump will
operate at a lower flow rate and pressure than at 6V. It is important to choose the appropriate
87
voltage based on the requirements of the system. When selecting a 3V-6V water pump, it is
important to consider factors such as flow rate, pressure, and power consumption. These pumps
11
are typically rated in terms of their maximum flow rate and maximum pressure. It is also
important to choose a pump with a low power consumption to minimize energy usage and avoid
damaging the pump.
Fig 4.1.10 3V Water Pump
36
4.2 Introduction of Software Description:
The software description of a multi-purpose agriculture machine operated by Bluetooth
refers to the set of instructions that control and coordinate the various functions of the machine.
This software enables the machine to be controlled remotely via Bluetooth technology,
providing users with greater flexibility and ease of use.

17
The software is designed to enable the operator to control various aspects of the machine,
such as the speed, direction, and function of the different tools and equipment attached to it. It
allows the operator to monitor the machine's performance and adjust settings as needed to
optimize its operation. The software also includes safety features that help to prevent accidents
and minimize damage to the machine and surrounding areas. These features include emergency
stop functions, warning alarms, and automatic shutdown mechanisms that activate in the event
of an error or malfunction.
The software is installed on a device, such as a smartphone or tablet, and is connected to
the machine via Bluetooth. It allows the user to control various functions of the machine, such
as steering, speed, and the use of different agricultural tools. The software also provides real-
time monitoring of the machine's performance, including fuel consumption, soil moisture
90 63
levels, and other important metrics. This data can be used by farmers to make informed
decisions about their farming practices and optimize their yields.
Overall, the software description for a multi-purpose agriculture machine operated by
Bluetooth plays a critical role in the effective and safe operation of the machine. It enables users
to control the machine with greater precision and efficiency, while also providing critical safety
features that protect both the operator and the environment.
This project is Fulfilled using following software’s:

 Express PCB – for designing circuits.
 PIC Compiler - for compilation part
 Proteus 7 (Embedded C) – for simulation part
37
4.2.1 Express PCB:
33 30
Express PCB is a software tool used for designing printed circuit boards (PCBs). It is a
free software program that allows users to create schematics and board layouts using a drag-
and-drop interface. The software includes a wide range of standard components and symbols
that can be used in designing electronic circuits.

10
Express PCB has a user-friendly interface that makes it easy for even beginners to get
started with designing their own PCBs. The software allows users to create both single-sided
and double-sided PCBs and supports multi-layered PCBs.

81
In addition to the design capabilities, Express PCB also includes tools for generating
manufacturing files, such as Gerber files, which are used by PCB manufacturers to produce the
actual circuit boards. Express PCB also offers a service to manufacture the designed PCBs, for
30
an additional cost. Express PCB is a useful tool for hobbyists and small-scale electronics
projects, providing a quick and easy way to design and manufacture PCBs.
4.2.2 PIC Compiler:

15
PIC Compiler refers to a software tool that is used to write, compile, and debug
programs for microcontrollers that use the PIC (Peripheral Interface Controller) architecture.
These microcontrollers are produced by Microchip Technology and are widely used in a variety
of applications, including automotive, industrial, medical, and consumer electronics.

22
A PIC compiler allows developers to write programs in a high-level language such as C
or Basic, which is then translated into machine code that can be executed on the PIC
15
microcontroller. The compiler also provides a set of libraries and APIs that can be used to
interact with the hardware peripherals of the microcontroller, such as timers, analog-to-digital
converters, and communication interfaces. There are several PIC compilers available in the
market, including MPLAB XC, HI-TECH C, CCS C, and Boost. These compilers typically
38
25
come with an integrated development environment (IDE) that provides features such as code
editing, debugging, and project management.

20
PIC compiler is an essential tool for developing embedded systems based on the PIC
15
microcontroller architecture, as it allows developers to write efficient and reliable code that can
interact with the hardware peripherals of the microcontroller.
4.2.3 Proteus:
33
Proteus is a software tool used for the simulation of electronic circuits. It is widely used by
electronics engineers to design and test electronic circuits before they are physically built.
57
Proteus is a powerful simulation tool that allows users to design, test, and debug their circuits
without the need for physical components.
Proteus consists of two main components: the ISIS schematic capture tool and the ARES
25
PCB layout tool. ISIS is used to create and simulate electronic circuits, while ARES is used to
51
design the printed circuit board (PCB) layout for the circuit. Proteus also includes a large library
of electronic components, including microcontrollers, sensors, and actuators, making it easy to
create complex circuits. In addition, Proteus can simulate the behaviour of microcontrollers,
allowing users to test and debug software code before programming the actual hardware.
Proteus is a powerful tool for electronics design and simulation, allowing users to test and debug
their circuits, reducing the time and cost associated with physical prototyping quickly and
easily.
39
4.3 Software design of Multipurpose Machine:
20
CATIA software is used for modelling and assembling the different parts of the machine.
CATIA is a solid modelling tool that integrates the 3D parametric features with 2D tools. The
multipurpose automated agricultural equipment was modelled on these two main criteria. The
first criterion is to keep the equipment design as simple as possible and to maintain low weight
of the frame by reducing the number of pulleys used. The Figs illustrate the different views of
the planned model.
CATIA is a computer-aided design (CAD) software developed by Dassault Systems. It is

62
used for designing, modelling, and simulating products in various industries, including
aerospace, automotive, and industrial machinery. CATIA supports a wide range of design
activities, such as conceptual design, product styling, engineering design, and analysis. It also
enables collaborative design and communication among multiple users and stakeholders.
10
CATIA is a powerful computer-aided design (CAD) software that is used for a wide range
of engineering and design applications. With CATIA, you can:
 3D models: Create 3D models of complex products and systems, including mechanical
parts, aerospace structures, and consumer goods.
 Component assembly: Assemble components into a complete product, manage and
manipulate the assembly, and visualize it in various configurations.
 Validate design: Validate the design using simulations such as finite element analysis,
kinematics, and thermal analysis.
 Detailed drawings: Generate detailed engineering drawings, including 2D technical
drawings, exploded views, and illustrations.
40
Fig:4.3.1 Proposed Model-Overview
Fig:4.3.2 Proposed Model – Top View.
41
Fig 4.3.3: Proposed Model – Side View
42
CHAPTER 5
FABRICATION OF MACHINE
In this chapter we will be discussing the fabrication of the Machine. In this fabrication
process, have used certain materials and different processes such as sawing, cutting, drilling,
and fastening are used. Most of the fabrication is done. Following figure 5.1 shows the product
17
of Machine. Machine The wood is cut into the desired dimensions to create the chassis. To
mount the motors and T-shaped stand to the chassis, U-clamps, L-clamps are used and to fix
these clamps fasteners are used. And for this purpose, holes are drilled at the measured locations
on the chassis. 20 Slots are made in the chassis for the fixing of the seed distribution mechanism
and for the plough arm. For the seed distribution mechanism, a slot is made at the centre of the
chassis. For plough arm a slot is allocated on the chassis, along the shorter edge and the sides
of the slot are made at equidistance from the central axis when drawn along the length of the
chassis. A square cut is made at the centre of the plywood side. This cut is used to attach the
plough arm to the chassis.
Fig 5.1 Fabrication of Machine
43
Electrical Type Voltage(V) Speed(rpm) Quantity
Components
Motor DC 12 60 5
Solar Panel MP-3WP 9 45 1
Submersible Mini 3-6 - 1

Pump
Light Source Strip 12 - 1
(L.E.D)
Rechargeable Lead Acid 12 - 1
Battery
Table 5.1: Electrical components used for Multipurpose agriculture machine.
5.1 Preparation of Chassis:
1. The chassis is made with metal pipes of dimensions of 400*300*12 millimetres length,
width, and thickness respectively.
2. This agriculture robot having four wheels for the movement purpose. we have used U
clamps to hold the motors to the chassis to which the wheels are attached.
3. The wheels are made of plastic and has the diameter of 70 mm, thickness of 22.5 mm.
4. The placing of each motor to the chassis has specific location. The dimensions of motor
placing from each corner are 50*10 millimetres length and width respectively.
5. The motors are used to rotate the wheels are of 12v, 60 rpm type.
6. Wires of required length are soldered to the motors. On the left side both motors are
attached to the battery in parallel connection.
7. Similarly, the motors are connected in parallel connection on the right side. 43
8. A 300*50 millimetres size wood is added at the front of the chassis and is fixed to the
chassis using screws. L-clamps are also used to provide extra support.
44
9. A wooden strip of dimensions 300*45 mm is fixed to front end of chassis to this an
L.E.D strip is attached. These lights help the user to navigate the agrobot even in the
dark.
45
 Fig 5.1.1 depicts the frames cutting pipes which are used for the fabrication of the machine.
Fig: 5.1.1 Frame cutting pipes
 Fig 5.1.2 illustrates the single pipes for the fabrication of the frame.
Fig: 5.1.2 Pipes cutting
45
 Fig 5.1.3 shows the welded joints.
Fig: 5.1.3 welding frame
 Fig 5.1.4 shows the seed hoper disc used for sowing of the seeds.
Fig: 5.1.4 Seed hoper
 Fig 5.1.5 shows the seed box used as a container for sowing.
Fig 5.1.5 Seed Box
46
 Wheels are clamped for better motion of the machine.
Fig: 5.1.6 wheels
 After clamping the wheels these wheels are fitted to the machine.
Fig: 5.1.7 Wheels Clamping
 We have used the wire for giving different connection in motor, circuit, transistor,
etc.
Fig: 5.1.8 Wire
47
 A cylindrical shaft surface is grinded for the fabrication of the machine.
Fig: 5.1.9 Surface Grinding
 Pipes had been joined using arc welding.
Fig:5.1.10 Joining of pipes Arc Welding
 Using 5mm drilling bits for making holes.
Fig 5.1.11 Drilling Holes Using Drill Bit 5 Mm
48
 Cutting the unwanted surface to get the desired shape.
Fig 5.1.12 Cutting Surfaces
5.2 Farm Mechanization:

39
Farm mechanization refers to the use of machines and equipment to perform
agricultural tasks more efficiently and effectively. Multi-purpose agriculture machines are
69
versatile equipment that can perform several agricultural tasks, such as plowing, seeding,
54
harvesting, and transporting goods, among others. These machines are designed to reduce
labor requirements and increase productivity in farming operations. They can also save time,
reduce crop losses, and enhance farm profitability. Multi-purpose agriculture machines come
in different forms, such as tractors, combine harvesters, and cultivators, among others.
The mechanization of agriculture has revolutionized farming practices around the
world, making it easier for farmers to cultivate and harvest crops. Multi-purpose agriculture
88
machines are a vital part of this mechanization process, as they can perform several tasks that
were previously done manually. They have made farming more efficient and cost-effective,
68
allowing farmers to produce more food with less effort and time.
49
50 5.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Tractor powered equipment: Tractor-powered equipment refers to tools or
machinery that are powered by tractors. Here are some advantages and disadvantages of tractor-powered equipment. Fig 5.3
Tractor ploughing Advantages: High efficiency: Tractors can cover more ground and work faster than bullock-drawn
82
equipment, which means they can help farmers complete tasks more efficiently. High power: Tractors can provide a high
64
level of power, making them suitable for heavy-duty work. Versatility: Tractors can be used to power a wide range of
equipment, such as plows, cultivators, harvesters, and balers, making them versatile tools for farmers. Low labor
requirements: Using tractor-powered equipment requires less physical labor compared to bullock-drawn equipment, which
83 76
can help farmers save time and energy. Availability of spare parts: Tractors are widely used, which means spare parts are
8
easily available in most parts of the world. Disadvantages: Cost: Tractors can be expensive to purchase and maintain, and
require a significant
initial investment, which may not be feasible for small-scale farmers or those on a tight
budget.
 Size: Tractors can be large and heavy, making them difficult to transport and maneuver
in some areas, particularly in urban environments.
 Skill requirement: Operating a tractor requires specialized skills and training, which
may not be readily available in all areas, and may require additional expense and time
commitment.
 Environmental impact: Tractors are known to produce high levels of emissions, which
can have a negative impact on the environment, particularly in areas with poor air
quality.
 Soil compaction: Tractors can cause soil compaction, particularly when used repeatedly
in the same areas, which can reduce soil fertility and productivity over time.
 Noise pollution: Tractors can produce high levels of noise, which can be a nuisance to
neighboring properties and may have adverse effects on the operator's hearing if proper
precautions are not taken.
5.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bullock Powered Equipment’s:
Bullock-powered equipment refers to equipment that is powered by bullocks, which are
domesticated cattle commonly used in agricultural work. Bullock-powered equipment is
relatively inexpensive to operate as it only requires the cost of feeding and maintaining the
40
bullocks, which is often cheaper than using other forms of power Here are some advantages
and disadvantages of bullock-powered equipment:
51
Fig 5.4 Bullock Ploughing
Advantages:
 Low cost: Bullock-powered equipment is relatively inexpensive to operate as it only
requires the cost of feeding and maintaining the bullocks, which is often cheaper than
using other forms of power.

85
 Availability: Bullocks are widely available in rural areas of South Asia, and their use
can help reduce reliance on imported or expensive energy sources.

86
 Eco-friendly: Bullock-powered equipment does not produce any pollution or
46
emissions, making it a more environmentally friendly option compared to fossil fuels.
36
 Versatility: Bullocks can be used to power a wide range of equipment such as plows,
carts, threshers, and water pumps, making them versatile tools for farmers.
Disadvantages:
 Limited speed: Bullock-powered equipment is slower compared to other forms of power
such as tractors or engines, which may limit the productivity of farmers who rely on
them.
52
 Limited power: Bullocks have limited power, which means they may not be suitable for
larger scale farming operations or for heavy-duty work.
 High labor requirements: Using bullock-powered equipment requires a lot of physical

52 28
labor, which may be a challenge for some farmers, especially those who are elderly or
have health issues.
 Dependence on animal welfare: The health and well-being of the bullocks are essential
for their productivity, so farmers need to ensure they are well-fed, watered, and cared
for, which can be challenging in certain circumstances.
Overall, bullock-powered equipment can be a useful and cost-effective tool for farmers
in rural areas of South Asia, but it may not be suitable for all types of farming operations
due to its limitations.
 Weather dependent: Bullock-drawn equipment may not be suitable during extreme
weather conditions, such as heavy rain or extreme heat.
53
5.5 Bill of Materials and Cost of Estimation:
The following cost was incurred to us during working on this project and the cost details are
mentioned below table.
S.no Name of Material Quantity Cost
1. M.S bar frame 1 2500/-
2. Small Wheels 4 1500/-
3. Weed Motor 1 1000/-
4. seed hoper 1 1000/-
5. DC Motor 4 2000/-
6. Solar Panel 1 1500/-
7. Tub and Shafts 1 1500/-
8. Fire flame gas 1 1500/-
9. Supply wire 1 500/-
10. Battery 10 1000/-
11. Pump Motor 1 1000/-
12. Software Modules 5 3000/-
13. Screws and Bolts 1 500/-
Total 18500/-
Table 5.5 Bill of Materials and cost of estimation
54
CHAPTER 6
WORKING OF MACHINE
6.1 Working Principle:
A multi-purpose agriculture machine that uses a battery operated by Bluetooth works
by utilizing electrical energy stored in the battery to power its various components. The machine
typically includes a battery, a motor, sensors, and other electronic components. The battery
powers the machine's motor, which drives the various components such as blades, wheels, or
other machinery. The sensors and other electronic components detect and control the machine's
movement, direction, speed, and other parameters.
Bluetooth technology allows the user to remotely control the machine using a smartphone or
other Bluetooth-enabled device. The machine can be controlled by sending commands through
the Bluetooth connection, such as starting or stopping the machine, changing its direction,
speed, or other parameters.

65
In agriculture, the machine can be used for various purposes such as ploughing, tilling,
sowing, watering, and harvesting. The user can customize the machine's settings through a
7
mobile app, which can be used to set parameters such as speed, depth, and spacing.
2
Overall, the working principle of a multi-purpose agriculture machine that uses a battery
operated by Bluetooth involves harnessing electrical energy stored in the battery to power its
various components and using Bluetooth technology to enable remote control and
customization of the machine's functions.
 Implementation of Algorithms:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Pairing Bluetooth model with mobile phone.
Step 3: If Bluetooth module gives ‘A’ signal, move the robot forward.
55
Step 4: If Bluetooth module gives ‘B’ signal, move the robot backward.
Step 5: If Bluetooth module gives ‘C’ signal, turn the robot in the left direction.
Step 6: If Bluetooth module gives ‘D’ signal, turn the robot in the right direction.
Step 7: If Bluetooth module gives ‘E’ signal, stop the movement of machine.
Step 8: If Bluetooth module gives ‘F’ signal, turn ON seeding mechanism of machine.
Step 9: If Bluetooth module gives ‘G’ signal, turn OFF the seeding mechanism of machine.
Step 10: If Bluetooth module gives ‘H’ signal, turn ON the water pump of machine.
Step 11: If Bluetooth module gives ‘I’ signal, turn OFF the water pump of machine.
6.2 Features of Equipment:
• Multipurpose, can perform cultivations operations such as ploughing, cloud breaking,
sowing, fertilizing, levelling, weeding, and weedicide application.
• Multitasking, in one assembly of the equipment it performs sowing, fertilizing, and
levelling. In another assembly it performs weeding and weedicide application.
• Automated, the equipment can be animal powered or tractor powered. Just pulling of
the equipment is enough and rest of the actions are automated.
• The Successful implement of scientific farming with our equipment will lead to higher
yield and better quality of crop.
• Applicable for all types of seed-to-seed cultivation.
• Sequential spacing of seeds will reduce the wastage of seeds and help in the best
24
utilization of the field and reduce the thinning and filling effort.
2
• The number of workers required is reduced excessively, which in turn reduces labour
charges.
• Variable with dimensions and farming specifications
• Adopted scientific farming and Precision forming technology.
56
24
• Our equipment is completely flexible for easy assembly and disassembly.
7
6.3 Advantages and Limitations of the Equipment:
Advantages:
 Environmentally friendly: Battery operated agriculture machines produce zero
emissions, which makes them eco-friendly and better for the environment.
 Improved efficiency: Using Bluetooth technology in the agriculture machine enables
farmers to remotely control and monitor the operations of the machine, leading to more
efficient and effective farming.
 Reduced labor costs: multi-purpose agriculture machines can perform multiple tasks,
reducing the need for manual labor and ultimately cutting labor costs for farmers.
 Increased productivity: Battery-powered agriculture machines are highly efficient and
can perform multiple tasks, leading to increased productivity for farmers.
 Better crop yields: By using multi-purpose agriculture machines, farmers can improve
their crop yields and increase their profits.

26
 Lower maintenance costs: Battery-operated machines have lower maintenance costs
compared to traditional machines powered by internal combustion engines.
 Cost savings: Over time, farmers can save money on fuel costs as battery-operated
machines are cheaper to run.
 Increased safety: Battery-operated agriculture machines are generally safer to use
compared to traditional machines powered by internal combustion engines as they
produce less noise and vibration, reducing the risk of accidents.
Limitations:
 Cost: The cost of acquiring a multi-purpose agriculture machine that is battery
operated and controlled via Bluetooth can be high.

37
 Limited battery life: The machine's battery life can limit the amount of work that can
57
be done, requiring frequent recharging, which can interrupt farming operations.
 Limited range: Bluetooth technology has a limited range, which can restrict the
operator's ability to control the machine from a distance.
 Maintenance: The machine's battery and Bluetooth technology require regular
maintenance, which can be time-consuming and costly.

7
 Training: Operators may require specialized training to use the machine effectively,
which can add to the overall cost of implementing the technology.
6.4 Applications of the equipment:
1. Ploughing
2. Levelling
3. Seed Sowing
4. Water Pumping
5. Fertilizer Spraying
6. Weeding
58
CHAPTER 7
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Result and Conclusion
Agriculture is a vital industry that plays a significant role in feeding the world's population.
50
In recent years, there has been a growing trend towards the use of multi-purpose agricultural
78 21
machines that can perform various tasks efficiently. The use of batteries to power these
machines is an emerging technology that has several advantages over traditional fossil fuel-
powered machinery.
In reality, our agricultural machinery is multifunctional and can be used for weeding removal,
levelling, sowing, and ploughing. The equipment may be simply disassembled and then quickly
reassembled with fasteners to the necessary length and field operating criteria at any stage of
agriculture due to the manner the sections are attached.
For the purpose of increasing the production while lowering labour requirements and costs, our
team has effectively blended numerous concepts from various mechanical engineering domains
and agricultural knowledge. The idea of versatile tools as a whole is novel, patented, and
workable in actual circumstances.

91
The use of multi-purpose agriculture machines has several advantages over traditional fossil
fuel-powered machines. They are environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and efficient,
making them an excellent option for farmers who want to improve their operations while
reducing their impact on the environment. The below fig shows the final output of the project.
59
Fig 7.1 output of the equipment
7.1 Scope of Future Work:
Our project “Multipurpose Agriculture machine with Plough, Leveller, Seed Sower,
Pesticides sprayer”: is mainly intended to control designing completely automated switch
board with the help of Bluetooth technology to control the industrial electrical appliances and
provide a user-friendly environment of the user to operate the devices effectively. Its major
aims in providing a reliable system for illiterates and old people who finds difficulty in
operating few high-end devices like AC, water heaters etc.
The device consists of a microcontroller, which is interfaced with the input and output modules,
the controller acts as an intermediate medium between both. So, the controller can be termed
as a control unit. The input module is nothing a switch board to which Bluetooth is interfaced.
When the user presses a switch, the data will be transmitted over Bluetooth. The data will be
received by the Bluetooth and is fed to controller. The Microcontroller acts accordingly to
program and switches the Relays to which electrical devices to be operated are connected. The
Microcontroller used in the project is programmed using Embedded ‘C’ language.
60

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