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Submission Information

Author Name VIVEK KUMAR,

Title HIERARCHIAL ROUTING
Paper/Submission ID 1541461
Submitted by library@nie.ac.in
Submission Date 2024-03-18 11:49:16
Total Pages 12
Document type Thesis

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Quotes Excluded Language English

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Sources: Less than 14 Words % Not Excluded Journals & publishers Yes
Excluded Source 0% Internet or Web Yes
Excluded Phrases Not Excluded Institution Repository Yes

A Unique QR Code use to View/Download/Share Pdf File

DrillBit Similarity Report

A-Satisfactory (0-10%)
B-Upgrade (11-40%)

22 21 B C-Poor (41-60%)
D-Unacceptable (61-100%)
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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BELGAVI, KARNATAKA

A project Report on

“HIERARCHIAL ROUTING”
3 2
Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
1
INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY

VIVEK KUMAR (4NN21IS060)

Under the Guidance of

Sri Sudeep J
Dept. of Information Science and Engineering

NIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MYSURU-570018
2023-2024

1
 NIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum)

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Certificate
9

Certified that the project work entitled “HIERARCHIAL ROUTING” carried out by Mr. VIVEK
3
KUMAR, USN: 4NN21IS060, is a bona fide student of 5th sem in partial fulfillment for the award of
2
Bachelor of Engineering in Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2023-2024.
1
It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated. The
project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project prescribed as
a part of the B.E degree.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD Signature of the principle

Sri. Sudeep j Dr. Nandini M S Dr. ROHINI NAGAPADMA
Assistant Professor Associate Professor Principal
Dept. of ISE, NIEIT &HOD NIEIT
Dept. of ISE, NIEIT

External Viva
Name of the examiners Signature with Date

1………………………………….. 1…………………………………..
2…………………………………. 2…………………………………..

2
 DECLARATION

I, VIVEK Kumar, Bearing USN 4NN21IS060, student of 5th semester B.E, Department of Information
7 2
Science and Engineering, NIE institute of technology, Mysuru declare that the project work entitled
4
“HIERARCHIAL ROUTING” has been carried out by us and submitted in partial fulfillment of the
1
course requirements for award of degree in Bachelor of Engineering in information science and
12
engineering of Visveswaraya technological University, Belgaum during the academic year 2023-2024.
4 3 1 4
The matter embodied in this report has not been submitted to any other university or institution for award
of any other degree or diploma.

Place: Mysuru VIVEK KUMAR(4NN21IS060)

Date:

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

5
I would like to express my special gratitude to all people who helped and guided me in completing this project
7
work. I am thankful to Dr. ROHINI NAGAPADMA, Principal, NIEIT, Mysuru, for having supported us in
1
academic endeavors. I am thankful to Dr. NANDINI M S, Head of Department of Information Science and
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Engineering, NIEIT for providing us timely suggestion, encouragement and support to complete this project. We
5
would like to sincerely thank our project guide Mr. SUDEEP J for providing relevant information, valuable
18
guidance and encouragement to complete this project. I would also like to thank all our teaching and non-teaching
5
staff members of the Department. I am grateful to the college for keeping labs open whenever required and
14
providing us Systems and required software. I am always thankful to our parents for their valuable support and
guidance in every step. I express my deepest gratitude and indebted thanks to NIEIT which has provided me an
opportunity in fulfilling my most cherished desire of reaching my goal.

Yours Sincerely,

VIVEK KUMAR (4NN21IS060)

4
Abstract:

Hierarchical routing serves as a cornerstone in the realm of computer networking, providing a structured approach
to manage the complexities of large-scale network infrastructures. This report offers a detailed investigation into
hierarchical routing, encompassing its architecture, benefits, implementation considerations, and strategies for
ensuring academic integrity. Through the division of networks into distinct layers - core, distribution, and access
- hierarchical routing optimizes scalability, streamlines routing decisions, and enhances network efficiency. By
leveraging routing protocols such as BGP, IS-IS, and OSPF, hierarchical routing facilitates seamless
communication between network layers, fostering robust connectivity and resource optimization. Implementation
considerations encompass various facets including network design, redundancy planning, scalability strategies,
and security measures, ensuring the successful deployment of hierarchical routing in diverse network
environments. Furthermore, the report emphasizes the importance of ethical research practices and provides
guidance on minimizing plagiarism through proper citation, paraphrasing techniques, and the utilization of
plagiarism detection tools. Through a comprehensive exploration of hierarchical routing, this report equips
network professionals and researchers with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate the complexities of
modern networking landscapes while upholding academic integrity and ethical standards.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

INDEX page.no:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4

ABSTRACT 5

Table of contents 6
Chapter 1:

1.1 Introduction to hierarchical routing 7

1.2 Hierarchical Routing Architecture 8
1.3 Routing Protocols in Hierarchical Routing 9
1.4 Why is hierarchical routing important? 10
1.4.1 Advantages of Hierarchical Routing: 10
1.4.2 Disadvantage 10

1.5 A real-world example 11

1.6 Conclusion 12

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to hierarchical routing

In the dynamic landscape of modern networking, the management of expansive network infrastructures presents
formidable challenges. As organizations scale their operations and accommodate growing connectivity demands,
the need for efficient and scalable routing solutions becomes increasingly paramount. Hierarchical routing
emerges as a fundamental paradigm in addressing these challenges, offering a structured approach to network
design, management, and optimization.

Hierarchical routing, at its core, embodies the principle of dividing complex networks into manageable layers,
each serving distinct functions and responsibilities. This division facilitates efficient routing decisions, minimizes
routing overhead, and enhances overall network performance. By stratifying networks into layers - including the
core, distribution, and access layers - hierarchical routing enables organizations to scale their networks while
maintaining operational efficiency and agility.

In this report, we embark on a comprehensive exploration of hierarchical routing, delving into its architecture,
benefits, implementation considerations, and strategies for maintaining academic integrity. By elucidating the
foundational principles of hierarchical routing and its practical applications, this report aims to equip network
professionals, researchers, and enthusiasts with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate the complexities
of modern networking landscapes effectively. Through a nuanced understanding of hierarchical routing and its
implications, organizations can optimize their network infrastructures, adapt to evolving technological paradigms,
and propel innovation in the digital age.

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1.2 Hierarchical Routing Architecture

The network is divided into different regions and a router for a particular region
20
knows only about its own domain and other routers. Thus, the network is viewed at two levels:

• The Sub-network level, where each node in a region has information about its peers in the same region
19
and about the region's interface with other regions. Different regions may have different 'local' routing
algorithms. Each local algorithm handles the traffic between nodes of the same region and also directs the
outgoing packets to the appropriate interface.

• The Network Level, where each region is considered as a single node connected to its interface nodes.
The routing algorithms at this level handle the routing of packets between two interface nodes, and is
isolated from intra-regional transfer.

• Networks can be organized in hierarchies of many levels; e.g. local networks of a city at one level, the
cities of a country at a level above it, and finally the network of all nations.

• In Hierarchical routing, the interfaces need to store information about:

• All nodes in its region which are at one level below it.

• Its peer interfaces.

• At least one interface at a level above it, for outgoing packages.

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 6
1.3 Routing Protocols in Hierarchical Routing

Several routing protocols are commonly used in hierarchical routing environments to facilitate communication
between different layers of the network:

• Border Gateway Protocol (BGP):

13
• BGP is commonly used in the core layer to facilitate inter-domain routing and exchange routing
information between different autonomous systems (ASes).
16
• It enables routers to dynamically exchange routing information and make informed routing
decisions based on various factors such as AS path length and network policies.
• Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS):
• IS-IS is a link-state routing protocol used within autonomous systems to distribute routing
information, typically at the distribution layer.
• It employs a hierarchical addressing scheme to organize network topology information efficiently
and facilitate optimal routing decisions.
• Open Shortest Path First (OSPF):
• OSPF is another link-state routing protocol commonly used within autonomous systems,
especially in the distribution layer.
21
• It enables routers to exchange link-state advertisements (LSAs) and compute shortest path routes
using the Dijkstra algorithm, ensuring efficient routing within the network.

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1.4 Why is hierarchical routing important?

• The internet is an interconnection of unequal networks

• Interconnection arrangements drive the competitive landscape

• the robustness of the network

• end-to-end performance

• Interconnection is central to all large networks

Voice

Data

Wireless

Cable

1.4.1 Advantages of Hierarchical Routing:

• Smaller sizes of routing tables.

• Substantially lesser calculations and updates of routing tables.

1.4.2 Disadvantage:

• Once the hierarchy is imposed on the network, it is followed and possibility of direct paths is ignored.
This may lead to sub optimal routing.

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1.5 A Real-world Example

The worldwide Internet infrastructure is an example of hierarchical routing in action. The Internet is
made up of a huge global network of interconnected routers and networks. In order to control the size
and complexity of this international network, hierarchical routing is essential.
The Internet uses hierarchical routing in the following ways:

• Tiered Network Structure: There are several tiers or layers that make up the hierarchical structure of
8
the Internet. Backbone networks, which link major network operators and large-scale Internet service
providers (ISPs), are at the top of the hierarchy. The central layer of the Internet's architecture is made
up of these backbone networks.

• Regional and Local Networks: Managed by ISPs, businesses, academic institutions, and other
organizations, regional and local networks reside beneath the backbone networks. These networks serve
as the distribution layer, connecting end-users and smaller networks to the backbone infrastructure.
Regional networks may cover a specific geographic area, such as a city or state, while local networks
provide connectivity to individual businesses, residences, or institutions.

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• Routing Protocols: Information about routing is shared through tiers of the Internet structure via
hierarchical routing protocols like Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). In order to deliver inter-domain
routing between autonomous systems (ASes), which are big networks or network groups with distinct
routing policies, BGP is mostly utilized at the core layer.

8
• Autonomous Systems (ASes): ASes are autonomous entities that manage networks and use BGP to
share routing information with other ASes. Autonomous System Numbers (ASNs), which are unique
identifiers provided to each AS, are used to connect ASes through transit and peering agreements.
Internal routing protocols like OSPF or IS-IS can be used within an AS to control routing inside the
network architecture.

• Edge Networks and End Devices: Edge networks and end devices, such as PCs, servers, mobile
phones, and Internet-of-things (IoT) gadgets, are at the bottom of the hierarchy. Through hierarchical
17
routing, these devices are connected to local networks offered by ISPs or other service providers, which
are then connected to both local and global networks.

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1.6 Conclusion

To summarize, the topic of Introduction to Hierarchical Routing provides a comprehensive overview of the
fundamentals of hierarchical routing by establishing networks into manageable layers and employing hierarchical
routing protocols, organizations can efficiently manage and optimize their network architectures.

Advantages of hierarchical routing is that it allows for smaller routing tables, better network performance, and
15
reduced overhead. it also has its disadvantages, such as the possibility of having suboptimal paths when networks
are made up of hierarchical structures

A real-world example of hierarchical routing can be detected in the global Internet setup, where tiered network
structures, regional and limited networks, routing protocols, autonomous systems, and edge networks play vital
roles in facilitating efficient data transmission and connectivity.

Overall, hierarchical routing allows organizations to scale their networks while keeping active efficiency and
flexibility in the face of evolving technological landscapes. By understanding and implementing hierarchical
routing ideologies, network experts and organizations can optimize their network infrastructures and navigate the
densities of modern networking effectively.

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