Modal perfect- modal verbs + have + Vp2

1. Must + have + Vp2: chỉ sự suy đoán logic dựa trên những hiện tượng có thật ở quá khứ.
Eg: The grass is wet. It must have rained last night. (Cỏ ướt. Chắc là tối qua có mưa.)
I'm sorry, she's not here. She must have left already.
(Tôi rất lấy làm tiếc, cô ấy không còn ở đấy nữa. Chắc là cô ấy đã đi rồi.)
Lưu ý:
Ngoài dạng dùng "Must" trong những suy luận quá khứ, người ta còn dùng "Must be" trong
suy đoán hiện tại.
Eg: She has been working all day long. She must be very tired now.
(Cô ấy đã làm việc suốt cả một ngày ròng. Chắc giờ cô ấy phải mệt lắm.)
2/ Should + have + Vp2: chỉ một việc lẽ ra đã phải xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng vì lí do
nào đó lại không xảy ra.
Eg: He should have told the truth about what he saw.
Did he tell the truth? No, he didn’t
(Anh ấy lẽ ra đã phải nói thật những gì mà anh trông thấy.)
I'm sorry that I'm late for work. I should have woken up earlier. (Tôi xin lỗi vì đến muộn làm.
Tôi lẽ ra đã phải thức dậy sớm hơn.)
Shouldn’t have done: Không nên làm đã làm
Eg: You shouldn’t have been so lazy.
3/ Can't + have + Vp2: chỉ những việc không thể đã xảy ra vì có căn cứ, cơ sở rõ ràng.
Ví dụ:
It can't have been Mary's sister who you saw on the bus yesterday because she doesn't have a
sister. (Người bạn nhìn thấy trên xe buýt ngày hôm qua không thể là chị gái của Mary được,
vì cô ấy làm gì có chị gái.)
4/ Needn't + have + Vp2: chỉ những việc lẽ ra đã không cần thiết phải làm nhưng đã làm.
Eg:
It didn't rain any more last night. We needn't have put up the tent.
(Tối qua trời không mưa. Chúng ta lẽ ra không cần thiết phải dựng lều.)
5/ May/might + have + Vp2: chỉ những việc có thể đã xảy ra nhưng không chắc chắn.
Eg:
She didn't go to school yesterday. She might have been ill. I'm not sure.
(Cô ấy không đến trường ngày hôm qua. Cô ấy có thể đã bị ốm. Tôi không chắc.)
6/ Could + have + Vp2: chỉ những việc có lẽ đã xảy ra nhưng trên thực tế là không.
Eg:
He could have gotten the ticket for the concert last night.
(Lẽ ra anh ấy đã có thể có được tấm vé đi xem hoà nhạc tối qua.)
 Trên thực tế là anh ấy không có được tấm vé đi xem hoà nhạc tối qua.
*couldn’t perfect: không phải làm nhưng đã xảy ra rồi
I could catch the bus home. I couldn’t call you to ask you not to pick me up – You couldn’t
have picked me up ( but you picked me up)
Exercise
I. Choose the correct answer:
1. You're having a sore throat. You'd better _______ to the doctor.
A. to go B. went C. go D. going
2. I would rather _______ poor but happy than become rich without happiness.
A. being B. be C. to be D. was
3. Sit down, please. _______ a cup of tea?
A. Do you like B. Do you like to drink
C. Would you like D. Will you like
4. A: Must you come when your neighbor calls?
B: No, I _______.
A. must not B. mustn't C. don't have to D. must not come
5. ________ 2 tickets, please? Two tickets, please?
A. You must given me B. You have got to give me
C. Could I have D. You may give me
6. Mary received 100 dollars from her sister. She ________ the computer she wanted. It costs 200
dollars.
A. wouldn't buy B. hadn't bought C. couldn't have bought D. didn't buy
7. Once Helen failed in her exam. She played too much. She ________ too much.
A. shouldn't have played B. should play
C. shouldn't play D. wouldn't have played
8. If I had liked that watch, maybe I ________ bought it.
A. will have B. must have C. would have D. shall have
9. My mother told me that I _______ studied instead of playing game last night.
A. might have B. should have C. would have D. must have
10. The women of this tribe ________ precious ornaments (sự trang trí) for slat (thanh gỗ) because they
didn’t have any salt.
A. have traded B. traded C. would have traded D.
could trade
11. I took my only son to the park but he didn't like it. I ________ him to the zoo.
A. should take B. had to take C. took D. should have taken
12. We are now wet. You ________ the raincoats with you.
A. should bring B. should have brought
C. must bring D. have to bring
13. The yard is wet. It ________ last night.
A. must rain B. must have rain C. must have rained D. had to rain
14. Many birds will ________ more than 3,000 miles to reach their winter homes.
A. flying B. fly C. be fly
D. flew
15. The pen won't write; it ________ out of ink.
A. must run B. must be running C. must have run D. must have ran
Ex 2: Choose the correct answer in each of the following sentences according to meaning and
tense.
1.Marcela didn’t come to class yesterday. She (will have had / may have had) an accident.
2.John didn’t do his homework, so the teacher became very angry. John (must have done /
should have done) his homework.
3.Sharon was supposed to be here at nine o’clock. She (must have forgotten / must forget) about
our meeting.
4.Where do you think Juan is today? I have no idea. He (should have slept / may have slept) late.
5.George missed class today. He (might have had / might had had) an accident.
6.Robert arrived without his notebook. He (could have lost / would have lost) it.
7.Thomas received a warning for speeding. (He should have driven / shouldn’t have driven) so
fast.
8.Henry’s car stopped on the highway. It (may run / may have run) out of gas.
Ex 3: Choose between “must + have + Past participle” and “should + have + Past participle”
1.Hendry was deported for having an expired visa. He (have)____________ his visa renewed.
2.Julietta was absent for the first time yesterday. She (be)___________ sick.
3.The photos are black. The X rays at the airport (damage)___________ it.
4.Blanca got parking ticket. She (not, park)______________ in a reserved spot, since she had no
permit.
5.Mary did very well on the exam. She (study)_____________ very hard.
6.Jean did very badly on the exam. She (study)_____________ harder.
7.German called us as soon as his wife had her baby. He (be)____ very proud.
8.John isn’t here yet. He (forget)______________ about our meeting.
9.Alex failed the exam. He (not, study)_____________ enough.
Ex 4: Rewrite the following sentences, using the modal verb in the bracket.
1. It was a mistake not to bring your umbrella. (should)
You should have brought your umbrella.
2. I can imagine how worried Tom’s father was. (must)
Tom’s father must have been worried.
3. It is possible that one of the men died on the mountain. (may)
One of the men may have died on the mountain.
4. It wasn’t necessary for you to do all this work. (needn’t)
……………………………………………
5. It was a mistake for you to buy that house. (shouldn’t)
……………………………………………
6. I don’t think Sally enjoyed her holiday. (can’t)
……………………………………………
7. Perhaps Alan didn’t mean what he said. (mightn’t)
…………………………………………
8. It was the driver’s fault. He didn’t stop at the red light. (should)
……………………………………………
9. It’s possible that I left my wallet at home. (could)
……………………………………………
10. Perhaps he spent all his money when he was young. (might)
……………………………………………