PHẦN I.

LÝ THUYẾT
1. Đề cập đến một sự việc có thể xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng đã không xảy ra
Could/Might + have + past participle = lẽ ra đã có thể ...
Ví dụ: You could/might have been killed. (You weren't killed.)
2. Bạn đã có khả năng thực hiện một việc gì đó trong quá khứ, nhưng bạn đã không thực hiện nó
Could/might + have + past participle...(, but... ) = lẽ ra đã có thể...(, nhưng...)
* might: bực tức với ai vì họ đã không làm một chuyện nên làm.
Ví dụ: I could have stayed up late, but I decided to go to bed early.
3. Suy đoán một sự việc xảy ra trong quá khứ
Could/might + have + past participle = có lẽ đã...
Ví dụ: He could/might have got stuck in traffic.
4. Một việc gì đó đã không thể xảy ra trong quá khứ, cho dù bạn đã muốn thực hiện nó
Couldn't have + past participle = đã không thể...
Ví dụ: I couldn't have arrived any earlier. There was a terrible traffic jam (= it was impossible for me to
have arrived any earlier).
5. Một sự việc mà một người nghĩ là cần thiết, nhưng người đó hoặc một người nào khác đã không
thực hiện nó
Should have/ ought to have/must have + past participle = lẽ ra nên
Ví dụ: I should have studied harder! (= I didn't study very hard and so I failed the exam. I'm sorry about
this now.)
6. Một sự việc gì đó không nên làm, không cần thiết, nhưng bạn đã trót thực hiện
Shouldn't have/ oughtn't to have/mustn't have + past participle = lẽ ra đã không nên...
Ví dụ: I shouldn't have said that, I'm so sorry.
7. Bạn tin một sự việc gì đó đã xảy ra trong quá khứ, căn cứ vào bằng chứng nào đó
Must have + past participle = ắt hẳn đã..., chắc chắn là đã…..
Ví dụ: She's his wife. He must have known what she wanted. (= surely he knew)
Lưu ý: Người ta dùng "must have" khi họ có lý do hoặc bằng chứng xác thực đối với việc suy nghĩ một
điều gì đó. Không dùng "must have" khi bạn suy đoán một sự việc mà bạn không biết rõ về nó. Thay vì
vậy hãy dùng "could/might have"
PHẦN II. BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG
Task 1. Choose the correct answer.

1. You ......out last night. I called several times but nobody answered the phone.
a. must be b. must have been c. could have been d. should have been
2. Micheal’s score on the test is the highest in the class; .........last night.
a. he must have studied hard b. he should have studied hard
c. he must study hard d. he must had to study hard
3. Look! The yard is wet. It ......last night.
a. must rain b. couldn’t have rained c. must have rained d. should have rained
4. We ....you more help, but we were too busy.
a. might have given b. might give c. should give d. could give
5. You ....your pass at the entrance unless you are asked to do so.
a. mustn’t show b. needn’t show c. haven’t to show d. B and C
6. Young people ______ obey their parents.
A. must B. may C. will D. ought to
7. Laura, you and the kids just have dinner without waiting for me. I ______ work late today.
A. can B. have to C. could D. would
8. I ______ be delighted to show you round the factory.
A. ought to B. would C. might D. can
9. Leave early so that you ______ miss the bus.
A. didn’t B. won’t C. shouldn’t D. mustn’t
10. Jenny’s engagement ring is enormous! It ______ have cost a fortune.
A. must B. might C. will D. should
11. "Where do you think Rooney is today?". "I have no idea. He _____ late."
a. should have left b. would sleep c. would have sleep d. may have sleep
12. Berbatov painted his bedroomblack. It looks dark and dreary. He _____ a different color.
a. had to choose c. must have chosen
b. should have chosen d. could have been choosing
13. The children _____ "thank you" to you when you gave them their gifts.
a. will have said b. should have said c. must say d. should say
14. If we had known your new address, we _____ to see you.
a. came b. will come c. would have come d. would come
15. These two boys look identical. They _____ twins.
a. must have been b. should be c. must be d. should have been
Task 2. Read the sentences below. If it is correct, put the √, if it is wrong, correct it.
1. You must have be surprised when you heard the news.

2. You needn’t have do all this work.

3. The window must have been broken on purpose.

4. You must tired after working so hard.

5. One of the men may have died on the mountain.

6. You must been driving too fast.

7. The thief must have come in through the window.

8. If he is not in the office, he must at home.

Task 3. Rewrite the sentences, no change the meaning.

1. Perhaps Susan knows the address. (may)

⇒ Susan_______________________________________________

2. It’s possible that Joanna didn’t receive my message. (might)

⇒ Joanna ______________________________________________

3. The report must be on my desk tomorrow. (has)

⇒ The report ___________________________________________

4. I managed to finish all my work. (able)

⇒ I___________________________________________________

5. It was not necessary for Nancy to clean the flat. (didn’t)

⇒ Nancy_______________________________________________