CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (Basic structures)

Type Forms Usage

0 If + S + V(s,es), S+ V(s,es)/câu
mệnh lệnh
1 If + S + V(s,es), S + Đk có thể xảy ra ở hiẹn tại ở tương
Will/Can/shall…… + Vo lai
2 If + S + V2/ Ved, S +would/ Đk không có thật ở hiện tại
Could/ Should…+ Vo
3 If + S + Had + V3/Ved, S + Đk không có thật trong quá khứ
would/ could…+ have + V3/Ved  
Đk hỗn If + S + had + V3/Ved, S +
hợp would + Vo
Câu điều kiện loại 1
 Câu điều kiện loại I còn được gọi là câu điều kiện có khả năng xảy ra ở hiện
tại hoặc tương lai.
If + S + V (hiện tại), S + will + V (nguyên mẫu)
Eg: If you come into my garden, my dog will bite you.
If it is sunny, I will go fishing.
Câu điều kiện loại 1 được sử dụng để đặt ra một điều kiện có thể thực hiện được trong hiện tại và nêu kết quả có thể xảy ra.
Câu điều kiện loại 2:
 Câu điều kiện loại II còn được gọi là câu điều kiện không có thực ở hiệntại.
 Điều kiện không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại, điều kiện chỉ là một
giả thiết, một ước muốn trái ngược với thực trạng hiện tại.
If + S + V (quá khứ đơn), S + would + V (nguyên mẫu)
Động từ “to be” thì dùng “were” cho tất cả các ngôi.
Eg: If I were a mokey, I could climb that high tree .
If I had a million dollars now, I would buy that car.
Câu điều kiện loại 3:
 Câu điều kiện loại III là câu điều kiện không có thực trong quá khứ.
 Điều kiện không thể xảy ra trong quá khứ, chỉ mang tính ước muốn trong
quá khứ, một giả thiết trái ngược với thực trạng ở quá khứ.
If + S + had + P.P (quá khứ phân từ), S + would + have + P.P
Eg: If he had come to see me yesterday, I would have taken him to the movies. (Nếu hôm qua nó đến thăm tôi thì tôi đã đưa nó đi xem phim rồi.)
If I hadn’t been absent yesterday, I would have met him. (Nếu hôm qua tôi không vắng mặt thì tôi đã gặp mặt anh ta rồi.
Câu Điều Kiện loại 0: (Diễn Tả Thói Quen Hoặc Một Sự Thật Hiển Nhiên)
Câu điều kiện này diễn tả một thói quen, một hành động thường xuyên xảy ra nếu điều kiện được đáp ứng, hoặc diễn tả một sự thật hiển nhiên, một kết quả tất
yếu xảy ra.
Cấu trúc: If + S + V (hiện tại), S + V (hiện tại)
 Tất cả động từ trong câu (mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề điều kiện) đều được
chia ở thì hiện tại đơn.
 Nếu diễn tả thói quen, trong mệnh đề chính thường xuất hiện thêm: often, usually, or always.
Eg: + I usually walk to school if I have enough time. (Tôi thường đi bộ đến trường nếu tôi có thời gian.)
+ If you heat ice, it turns to water. (Nếu bạn làm nóng nước đá, nó sẽ chảy ra.)
+ If we are cold, we shiver. (Nếu bị lạnh, chúng ta sẽ run lên.)
Câu điều kiện Hỗn hợp:
– Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp là sự kết hợp của câu điều kiện loại 3 và câu điều kiện loại 2.
– dùng để diễn tả giả thiết trái ngược với quá khứ, nhưng kết quả thì trái ngược với hiện tại.
Eg:+ If he worked harder at school, he would be a student now. (He is not a student now)
+ If I had taken his advice, I would be rich now.
Đảo ngữ của câu điều kiện
Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 1: Should + S + (not) + Vo, S + Will +Vo
 If he has free time, he’ll play tennis.
=> Should he have free time, he’ll play tennis
Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 2: Were + S+ (not)+ to + Vo, S + Would + Vo
 If I were the president, I would build more hospitals
=> Were I the president, I would build more hospitals.
 If I learnt Russian, I would read a Russian book.
=> Were I to learn Russian, I would read a Russian book
Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 3:
Had + S + (not)+ P2/Ved, S + Would have + P2/Ved
 If he had trained hard, he would have won the match.
=>  Had he trained hard, he would have won the match.
5. If not = Unless.
– Unless cũng thường được dùng trong câu điều kiện – lúc đó Unless = If not.
 Unless we start at once, we will be late.
= If we don’t start at once we will be late.
 Unless you study hard, you won’t pass the exams.
= If you don’t study hard, you won’t pass the exams.
EXERCISES:
I. Choose the best answer:
1. If I __________the same problem you had as a child, I might not have succeeded in life as well as you have.
a. have                   B. would have             C. had had                  D. should have
2. I __________you sooner had someone told me you were in the hospital.
a. would have visited          B. visited        C. had visited              D. visit
3. __________more help, I will call my neighbor.
a. needed            B. should I need         C. I have needed         D. I should need
4. __________then what I know yesterday, I would have saved myself a lot of time and trouble over the years.
a. had I known       B. did I know             C. If I know              D. If I would know
5. Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people __________the same language?
a. spoke                   B. speak                C. had spoken            D. will speak
6. If you can give me one good reason for your acting like this, ____this incident again.
a. I will never mention            B. I never mention
c. will I never mention              D. I don’t mention
7. If I had known you were asleep, I ________so much noise when I came in.
a. didn’t make       B. wouldn’t have made C. won’t make       D. don’t make
8. Unless you _________all of my questions, I can’t do anything to help you.
a. answered                  B. answer         C. would answer         D. are answering
9. Had you told me that this was going to happen, I __________it.
a. would have never believed                      B. don’t believe
c. hadn’t believed                                         D. can’t believe
10. If Jake _________to go on the trip, would you have gone?
a. doesn’t agree     B. didn’t agree         C. hadn’t agreed        D. wouldn’t agree
11. J: “John went to the hospital alone”, K: “If _______,I would have gone with him”.
A. had he told me    B. he had told me    C. he has told me   D. he would tell me
12. If you __________, I would have brought my friends over to your house yesterday to watch T.V, but I didn’t want to bother you.
a. had studied                   B-studied           C. hadn’t studied        D. didn’t study
13. Peter: “Did you need help with your Math last night?”.
Mary: “If I had needed, I __________you”.
a. would call               B. called               C. would have called            D. will call
14. If someone __________ in to the store, smile and say, “May I help you?”
a. comes              B. came                       C. come                       D. should come
15. “Here’s my phone number”.
“Thanks. I‘ll give you a call if I __________some help tomorrow”
a. will need                   B. need                        C. would need            D. needed
16. If I didn’t work for an accounting firm, I __________in a bank now.
a. work                     B. will work                C. have worked           D. would work
17. The death rate would decrease if hygienic conditions ________improved.
a. was                 B. is               C. were                        D. had been
18-The education in Japan __________if the basic principles of education had not been taken into consideration.
a. would go down   B. would have gone down C. went down D. had gone down
19. If there __________, the rice fields could have been more productive.
a. had been enough water                    B. were enough water
c. would be enough water                   D. are enough water
20. The patient will not recover unless he __________ an operation.
a. had undergone     B. would undergo        C. undergoes     D. was undergoing
21. If she __________ him, she would be very happy.
a. would meet           B. will meet                 C. met                 D. should meet
22-If he ____ a thorough knowledge of English, he could have applied for this post.
a. had had               B. had                 C. has                 D. has had
23. If I had enough money, I__________ abroad to improve my English.
a. will go                  B. would go                 C. went               D. should have go to
24.The bench would collapse if they __________on it.
a. stood                     B. stand                   C. standing         D. stands
25-If it __________convenient, let’s go out for a drink tonight,
a. be                         B. is                         C. was                  D. were
II. Choose the best answer:
1. If the train is late, we_______ to the office.
A. walk B. will walk C. would walk D. walks
2. She_______ if she has time.
A. calls B. would call C. will call D. calling
3. If it_______ too much, I will buy the smaller one.
A. costs B. will cost C. would cost D. cost
4. What will we do if the taxi_______?
A. don’t come B. didn’t come C. doesn’t come D. had not come
5. If it snowed this summer, we_______ skiing.
A. goes B. will go C. would go D. go
6. If you drove more carefully, you_______ so many accidents.
A. would not have B. will not have C. wouldn’t have had D. has
7. If he_______ up earlier, he’d get to work on time.
 A. gets B. will get C. got D. had got
8. I would tell you more about it if we_______ more time.
A. has B. will have C. have D. had
9. If I_______ you, I wouldn’t worry about going to university.
A. am B. be C. were D. had been
10. If you_______ any money, I would give you some.
A. hadn’t had B. haven’t had C. don’t have D. didn’t have
11. You’d earn more money if you_______ more products.
A. to sell B. sell C. sold D. will sell
12. If I_______ so busy yesterday, I would have visited you.
A. were not B. wasn’t C. aren’t D. hadn’t been
13. If you had seen the film, you_______ it.
A. will enjoy B. would have enjoyed C. would enjoy D. enjoyed
14. She would have gone to the university if she_______ the opportunity.
A. has B. will have C. had had D. had
15. If he had been more careful, he_______ an accident.
A. would not have had B. will not have
C. does not have D. would not have
16. If you’d stayed at home, there _______ any trouble.
A. would not be B. will not be C. is not D. would not have been
17. What would you do if he_______ tomorrow?
A. resigned B. will resign C. resigns D. to resign
18. I’ll do it if he_______ me.
A. asking B. will ask C. asked D. asks
19. If you_______ for the car, we’d be able to sell it.
A. look B. looks C. looked D. had looked
20. I wouldn’t have believed it if I_______ it with my own eyes.
A. not to see B. didn’t see C. don’t see D. hadn’t seen
21. What _______ if you found a burglar in your house?
A. will you do B. do you do C. would you do D. you do
22. If you_______ more slowly, he might have understood you.
A. had spoken B. speak C. speaks D. to speak
23. If you_______ careful, you will cut yourself with that knife.
A. are not B. were not C. be not D. not be