PHẦN 4

CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN (CONDITIONAL SENTENCES)

Câu điều kiện dùng để nêu lên một giả thiết về một sự việc, mà sự việc đó chỉ có thể xảy ra khi điều kiện được nói đến
xảy ra.

Câu điều kiện gồm có hai phần (hai mệnh đề):

+ Mệnh đề chính (main clause) là mệnh đề chỉ kết quả.

+ Mệnh đề if (if-clause) là mệnh đề phụ chỉ điều kiện.

Hai mệnh đề trong câu điều kiện có thể đổi chỗ cho nhau được. Nếu muốn nhấn mạnh điều kiện, ta đặt if-clause ở đầu câu
và có dấu phẩy (,) ở giữa hai mệnh đề. Nếu muốn nhấn mạnh kết quả, ta đặt “main clause” ở đầu và giữa hai mệnh đề
không có dấu phẩy.

Các loại câu điêu kiện

Có 3 loại câu điều kiện: Loại 1 (câu điều kiện có thật trong hiện tại hoặc tương lai), loại 2 (câu điều kiện không có thật
trong hiện tại), loại 3 (câu điều kiện không có thật trong quá khứ).

4.1. Câu điều kiện loại 1

Công thức Cách dùng

If + S + V(hiện tại đơn), S + will/can/may/should/ought to/must + V - diễn tả về tình huống có thể xảy ra
ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai.
If it rains, we will stay at home.

(Nếu trời mưa, chúng tôi sẽ ở nhà).

If + S + V(hiện tại đơn), V/don’t V + ... - dùng để đưa ra lời chỉ dẫn, yêu cầu
hoặc mệnh lệnh.
If you know the answer, raise your hand.

(Nếu bạn biết câu trả lời, hãy giơ tay).

If you need the help, don’t hesitate to call me.

(Nếu bạn cấn giúp đỡ, đừng chần chừ gọi cho mình nhé).

If + S + V(hiện tại đơn), S + V(hiện tại đơn) - diễn tả sự thật hiển nhiên, một quy
luật tự nhiên hoặc một hành động
If you eat too much, you are overweight. xảy ra thường xuyên.
(Nếu bạn ăn nhiều, bạn sẽ béo phì).

If you put a bowl of water in the sun, it evaporates.

(Nếu bạn để một bát nước dưới trời nắng, nó sẽ bốc hơn).

Should + S + V (bare), S + will/can/may...+ V - để câu nói thêm trang trọng ta dùng

đảo ngữ (thay “if’ bằng “should”)
Should you see her, remind her to call me as soon as possible.
 (Nếu bạn gặp cô ấy, nhắc cô ấy gọi cho mình càng sớm càng tốt nhé”).

4.2. Câu điều kiện loại 2

Công thức Cách dùng

If + S + V(quá khứ đơn), S + would/could/might + V(bare) - diễn tả những giả định trái ngược
với thực tế ở hiện tại
If I had money now, I would buy a new car.

(Nếu tôi có tiền bây giờ, tôi sẽ mua một chiếc ô tô mới).
Were + S + (to V)... , S + would/could/might + V(bare) - để câu nói thêm trang trọng ta dùng
đảo ngữ
Were you in my situation, what would you do?

(Bạn sẽ làm gì nếu bạn ở trong hoàn cảnh của tôi?)

4.3. Câu điều kiện loại 3

Công thức Cách dùng

If + S + V(quá khứ hoàn thành), S + would/could/might+ have + Vp2 - diễn tả những giả định trái ngược
với thực tế ờ quá khứ.
If I had seen the football match last night, I would have told you about it.

(Nếu tối qua tôi xem trận bóng đó, tôi đã có thể kể với bạn về nó).

Had + S + Vp2, S + would/could/might+ have + Vp2 - để câu nói thêm trang trọng ta
dùng đảo ngữ (đảo “had” của mệnh
Had I known you were coming to Ha Noi, I wouldn’t have gone đề “if” lên đầu).
on holiday.

(Nếu tôi biết bạn tới Hà Nội thì tôi có lẽ đã không đi du lịch).

If it hadn’t been for + N, S + would/could/might+ have + Vp2 - để nhấn mạnh danh từ trong câu
điều kiện loại 3.
= Had it not been for + N, S + would/could/might+ have + Vp2

= But for/without + N, S + would/could/might+ have + Vp2

(nếu không có....thì...đã)

If it hadn’t been for his father’s help, he wouldn’t have succeeded.

= Had it not been for his father’s help, he wouldn’t have succeeded.

= But for/without his father’s help, he wouldn’t have succeeded.

(Nếu không có sự giúp đỡ của bô’ anh ấy, anh ấy có lẽ đã không thành
công).

4.4. Câu điều kiện kết hợp

 Công thức Cách dùng

If + S + V(quá khứ hoàn thành), S + would/could + V(bare) kết hợp câu điều kiện loại 3 và loại
2.
If I had had breakfast, I wouldn’t feel hungry now.

(Nếu tôi đã ăn sáng thì bây giờ tôi đã không thấy đói).

If + S + V(quá khứ đơn), S + would/could/might + have + Vp2 kết hợp câu điều kiện loại 2 và loại
3.
If I didn’t I have to go to school today, I would have gone on holiday with
my parents yesterday.

(Nếu như hôm nay tôi không phải đi học thì có lẽ hôm qua tôi đã đi nghỉ mát
với ba mẹ rồi).

BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG 3

1. ________, he would have been able to pass the exam.

A. If he had been studied more B. Had he studied more

C. If he studied more D. If he studies more

2. According to some historians, if Napoleon had not invaded Russia, he________the rest of the world.

A. had conquered B. would conquer C. would have conquered D. conquered

3. Tony would have forgotten the appointment if I________him.

A. don’t remind B. didn’t remind C. hadn’t reminded D. reminded

4. “I’m going out now.” -”________you happen to pass a chemist’s, please get me some aspirins.”

A. Had B. Should C. Did D. Were

5. “What would you do in my position?” - “Were________like that, I would complain to the manager.”

A. I be treated B. I treated C. I to be treated D. to treat

6. Had I studied harder, I________better in the last exam.

A. would do B. would have done C. had done D. wouldn’t have done

7. The book would have been perfect________the ending.

A. had it not been for B. it had not been for C. it hadn’t been for D. hadn’t it been for

8. He said if he had not answered the phone at the petroleum station then, he________a fine.

A. would pay B. hadn’t paid

C. had been paid D. wouldn’t have had to pay

9. If________taller, I might be better at basketball.

 A. I am B. I were C. I had been D. were I

10. ________the book, please return it to me.

A. Should you find B. You find C. Were you to find D. If you found

11. If she________sick, she would have been to the party with me.

A. wasn’t B. hadn’t been C. hasn’t been D. weren’t

12. ________anyone object, the plan will be reconsidered.

A. If B. Should C. Do D. Might

13. Had I known that you were ill last week,________.

A. I would have gone to see you B. I would go to see you

C. I will go to see you D. I shall have gone to see you

14. Students will not be allowed into the exam room if they________their student cards.

A. don’t show B. didn’t show C. showed D. hadn’t showed

15. Without your help, I________the technical problem with my computer the other day.

A. wouldn’t solve B. couldn’t have solved C. could solve D. can’t solve

16. If Martin were here now, he________US to solve this difficult problem.

A. would help B. helps C. will help D. has helped

17. If he didn’t have to work today, he________his children to the zoo.

A. will take B. takes C. would take D. has taken

18. If you didn’t have to leave today, I________you around the city.

A. have shown B. showed C. will show D. would show

19. If our teacher were here now, he________US with this difficult exercise.

A. has helped B. helps C. will help D. would help

20. If he were younger, he________a professional running competition now.

A. will join B. had joined C. would have joined D. would join

21. If you watch this film, you________about the cultures of Southeast Asian countries.

A. learned B. were learning C. will learn D. would learn

22. If he were better qualified, he________get the job.

A. will B. can C. may D. could

23. If life________predictable it would cease to be life, and be without flavor.

 A. is B. would be C. were D. had been

24. That sounds like a good offer. I________it if I________you.

A. would accept - were B. accepted - would be C. accept - will be D. will accept - were

25. If he improved his IT skills, he________a job.

A. will easily get B. would easily get

C. will easily have got D. would easily have got

26. If it had not rained last night, the roads in the city________so slippery now.

A. must not be B. would not be

C. could not have been D. would not have been

27. ________ten minutes earlier, you would have got a better seat.

A. Had you arrived B. If you arrived

C. Were you arrived D. If you hadn’t arrived

28. If it________their encouragement, he could have given it up.

A. hadn’t been for B. wouldn’t have been for

C. had been for D. hadn’t been

29. But for his kind support, I________.

A. would not have succeeded B. did not succeed

C. had not succeeded D. would succeed

30. - Jean: “Why didn’t you tell me about the plans for the merge?”

- Jack: “I would have told you________.”

A. if you asked me B. had you asked me

C. you had asked to me D. you were asking me

31. We________on the beach now if we hadn’t missed the plane.

A. will lie B. could be lying C. will be lying D. might have lain

32. If I were in charge, I________things differently.

A. had done B. would do C. would have done D. will do

33. If a drop of oil is placed in a glass of water, it________to the top.

A. will float B. would float C. does float D. should float

34. ________anyone call, just say I’ll be back in the office at four o’clock.
 A. If B. Were C. Should D. Unless

35. ________me twice my current salary, I wouldn’t work for them.

A. If they paid B. Weren’t they paid

C. Were they not to pay D. Had they not paid

36. If I________just one year younger, I would be eligible for the scholarship.

A. am B. will be C. would be D. were

37. If we are not busy this weekend, we________the new fruit farm in the countryside.

A. will visit B. would visit C. would have visited D. visited

38. If you follow my directions, you________her house easily.

A. would find B. would have found C. found D. will find

39. ________advised on what and how to prepare for the interview, he might have got the job.

A. Had he been B. If he had C. Unless he had been D. Were he to be

40. If my father________bankrupt last year, he could own the luxurious car now.

A. didn’t go B. hadn’t gone C. wasn’t going D. weren’t to go

41. If I had enough money, I________abroad to improve my English.

A. will go B. would go C. should go D. go

42. If you________to my advice in the first place, you wouldn’t be in this mess right now.

A. listen B. had listened C. will listen D. listened

43. If you________Tom, tell him I have a message for him.

A. will meet B. would meet C. meet D. met

44. If I lived nearer the centre, I________always late for work.

A. wouldn’t be B. can be C. won’t be D. will be

45. If we had known your new address, we________to see you.

A. came B. will come C. would come D. would have come

47. If you________to be chosen for the job, you’ll have to be experienced in the field.

A. want B. wanted C. had wanted D. wants

48. If the doctor had arrived sooner, the boy________saved.

A. might be B. have been C. was D. might have been

49. If there________enough water, the rice fields could have been more productive.
 A. had been B. were C. would be D. are

50. If he________a thorough knowledge of English, he could have applied for this post.

A. had had B. had C. has D. has had