Calculation DG Input Data For

BECHTEL CORPORATION
ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE FOR

ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM CALCULATIONS
3DG-E210-00001, Rev. 000, August 20, 2003
Prepared by: D. Branch, F. Arias Gavilano, D. Court, S. Pundlik, S. Sood, P. Zavadivker
Approved by: Ken Hobbs
Reason for Issue: Supersedes 3DG-E21E-00002, Rev. 001 and supersedes part of 3DG-E34E-
00001, Rev. 001 (Sections 2.0 Format, 3.0 Design Procedures, and 4.1 Power System Studies
(except 4.1.5 Harmonic Analysis Studies)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 PURPOSE
2.0 GENERAL
2.1 Scope
2.2 Codes and Standards
2.3 Format
3.0 COMPUTER PROGRAMS
4.0 DESIGN PROCEDURES
4.1 Preliminary Calculation

4.2 Confirmed Calculation
5.0 CALCULATIONS
5.1 Load Flow Calculation

5.2 Short Circuit Calculation
5.3 Motor Starting Calculation
5.4 Transient Stability Calculation
Electronic documents, once printed, are uncontrolled and may become outdated.
Refer to the electronic documents in BecRef for current revisions.
Bechtel Confidential
© Bechtel Corporation 2003. Contains confidential and/or proprietary information to Bechtel and its affiliated companies which shall not be used,
disclosed or reproduced in any format by any non-Bechtel party without Bechtel's prior written permission. All rights reserved.
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 1 OF 49
APPENDICES
A Assumptions/Typical Values (IEC)

B Assumptions/Typical Values (ANSI)
ATTACHMENTS
A 3DG-E210-A0001-000 - Sample Load Flow Calculation (352 pages)

B 3DG-E210-B0001-000 - Sample Short Circuit Calculation (ANSI) (132 pages)
C 3DG-E210-C0001-000 - Sample Short Circuit Calculation (IEC) (495 pages)
D 3DG-E210-D0001-000 - Sample Motor Starting Calculation (903 pages)
E 3DG-E210-E0001-000 - Sample Transient Stability (534 pages)
© Bechtel Corporation 2003. Contains confidential and/or proprietary information to Bechtel and its affiliated companies which shall not be used,
disclosed or reproduced in any format by any non-Bechtel party without Bechtel's prior written permission. All rights reserved.
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 2 OF 49
1.0 PURPOSE
The purpose of this design guide is to provide general considerations and

recommended practices for performing computerized Electrical Power System
calculations using ETAP (Electrical Transient Analyzer Program). This design
guide can be used for ANSI/IEEE and IEC calculations.
2.0 GENERAL
2.1 Scope
This Design Guide covers the following Power System Calculations:

a) Load Flow Calculation
b) Short Circuit Calculation
c) Motor Starting Calculation
d) Transient Stability Calculation
This Design Guide does not cover the following Power System Calculations:
e) Harmonics Calculation – to be covered in a future revision of this Design
Guide
f) Relay Coordination – to be covered in a separate Design Guide.
2.2 Codes And Standards
This design guide shall be used in conjunction with the applicable sections of the
latest edition of the following codes and standards. However, major clients usually
have their own standards and project requirements. These requirements are often
more stringent than the industry standards. Any special client requirements should
also be considered while conducting power system calculations.
2.2.1 ANSI/IEEE
IEEE 141 IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for
Industrial Plants
IEEE 399 IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial

Power System Analysis
IEEE 446 IEEE Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby

Power Systems for Industrial and Commercial Applications
© Bechtel Corporation 2003. Contains confidential and/or proprietary information to Bechtel and its affiliated companies which shall not be
used, disclosed or reproduced in any format by any non-Bechtel party without Bechtel's prior written permission. All rights reserved.
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 3 OF 49
IEEE C37.06 AC High Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical
Current Basis – Preferred Ratings and Related Required
Capabilities
IEEE C37.010 Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated

on a Symmetrical Current Basis
IEEE C37.013 IEEE Standard for AC High-Voltage Generator Circuit Breakers

Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis
IEEE C57.91 Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Power Transformers
IEEE C57.96 Guide for Loading Dry-Type Distribution and Power

Transformers
NEMA MG -1 Motors and Generators
NFPA 70 National Electric Code
2.2.2 IEC
IEC 60056 High voltage alternating current circuit breakers.
IEC 60034 Rotating electrical machines
IEC 60298 AC metal-enclosed switchgear and controlgear for rated

voltages above 1 kV and up to and including 52 kV
IEC 60354 Loading guide for oil-immersed power transformers.
IEC61363-1 Electrical installations of ships and mobile and fixed offshore

units —Part 1: Procedures for calculating short-circuit currents
in three-phase a. c.
IEC 60909-0 Short-circuit currents in three-phase A.C. Systems Part 0:

Calculation of currents
IEC 60909-1 Short-circuit currents in three-phase A.C. systems —Part 1:

Factors for the calculation of short-circuit currents according
to IEC 60909-0
IEC 60071-1 Insulation coordination – Part 1: Definitions, principles and

rules
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 4 OF 49
IEC 60781: Application guide for calculation of short-circuit currents in
low-voltage radial systems
IEC 60865-1 Short-circuit currents – Calculation of effects – Part 1:

Definitions and calculation methods
IEC TR3 60909-2 Electrical equipment – Data for short-circuit current

calculations in accordance with IEC 60909
IEC 60909-3 Short-circuit current calculation in three-phase a. c. systems

– Part 3 Currents during two separate simultaneous single
phase line-to-earth short circuits and partial short-circuit
currents flowing through earth
IEC TR 60909-4 Short-circuit current calculation in three-phase a. c. systems –

Part 4: Examples for the calculation of short-circuit currents1)
IEC 60949 Calculation of thermally permissible short-circuit currents,

taking into account non-adiabatic heating effects
IEC 60986 Short-circuit temperature limits of electric cables with rated

voltages from 6 kV (Um=7,2 kV) up to 30 kV (Um=36 kV)
2.3 Format
For standard formatting of calculations refer to EDP 3DP-G04-00037, Design

Calculations.
3.0 COMPUTER PROGRAMS
ETAP (Electrical Transient Analyzer Program) PowerStation by Operation

Technology, Inc. is approved as a BSAP (Bechtel Standard Application Program)
and is recommended for analysis of electrical power systems.
ETAP PowerStation is a Windows based PC program that can be used to

analyze electrical system characteristics and perform a variety of calculations
including load flow, short circuit, motor starting, transient stability, harmonic and
underground raceway system analysis. The program control form (form 306) for
the version of ETAP in use should be reviewed for program limitations and
restrictions.
The use of other equivalent programs is not covered in the scope of this
document.
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 5 OF 49
1.0 DESIGN PROCEDURES
Power System calculations shall establish that the complete electrical system will
operate under the specified design criteria, and retain stability under normal and
specified abnormal operating conditions.
Power System calculations are conducted for the overall electrical system design
at two stages i.e., (i) during the conceptual design (Preliminary Calculation) and
(ii) after detailed design (Confirmed Calculation).
1.1 Preliminary Calculation
The Preliminary Calculation is done based on estimated load data. Typical data
is used for the equipment where actual data is not available and can be obtained
from the ETAP library or from applicable standards. The configuration of the
electrical network has been determined and a one-line diagram prepared during
the basic design phase.
The Preliminary Calculation should include the following:

a) The selection of power sources
b) Selection/choice of system voltages
c) Preliminary load flow and short circuit calculations
d) System stability during normal, abnormal & transient conditions
e) Choice of most suitable system configuration and bus arrangements for the
particular application
f) Transformer impedance selection based on short circuit & motor starting
calculations
g) Equipment sizing/rating calculations
h) Plant grounding system
i) Capacitor bank sizing
1.2 Confirmed Calculation
The Confirmed Calculation should be performed after all the vendor data for
motors, transformers, generators & switchgear is received and the project single
line diagram has been issued for construction. The Confirmed Calculation
should involve:
a) Performing definitive power system calculations
b) Calculations to confirm equipment sizing/rating
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 6 OF 49
c) System stability during normal, abnormal and transient operating
conditions.
d) Confirming that fault levels are within switchgear capabilities.
e) Finalizing transformer tap settings based on motor starting calculations.
f) Confirming that voltage levels & power flows are acceptable and meet
design criteria requirements.
5.0 CALCULATIONS
5.1 Load Flow Calculation
5.1.1 Purpose
The load flow calculations (including Preliminary and Confirmed Calculations)

determine the phase angle and magnitude of the voltage at each bus and the
real and reactive power and current flowing in and out of each bus by modeling
the electrical power system for both normal and abnormal operating conditions.
The load flow calculations should include the effect of:

a) Adding / removing motor and other loads
b) Taking the loads and transformers out of service
c) Transformer tap changing
d) Addition of power factor correction capacitors and/or synchronous
condensers
e) Power generation in the system.
The load flow calculation should be conducted whenever:

a) Significant changes occur in plant configuration
b) When simulation of a proposed plant design is necessary
c) Addition of large motors or cogeneration occurs
d) Evaluating the effect of adding power factor capacitors to the plant’s power
factor.
The results should illustrate the effects of any of these changes on the overall
system prior to implementing the change.
The problem of analyzing the power flow (or “the load flow”) even in a modest
size system ultimately involves the determination of the bus voltages. Whereas
the electrical loads are known, they often represent a nonlinear function of the
applied voltages. In order to find the bus voltages, one has to resort to a cut-
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 7 OF 49
and-try iterative method. The computer is an effective tool for this method
because it can complete the set of calculations much faster and more accurately
than if done by hand.
The PowerStation Load Flow Analysis program calculates the bus voltages,
branch power factors, currents, and power flows throughout the entire electrical
system. The program allows for swing, voltage regulated, and unregulated
power sources with multiple utility and generator connections.
1.2.1 Objectives
On a system level, the load flow calculations should be used to determine or

verify the following:
a) Component or circuit loading
b) Steady-state bus voltages
c) Real and Reactive power flows
d) Transformer ratings and tap settings
e) System losses
f) Power factor
g) Performance under emergency conditions.
The load flow calculations can also be used for practical engineering purposes,
such as verifying voltage drops in long cable lines and voltage level available on
the terminals of a remote load.
1.2.2 Input Data
The following data is required to carry out load flow calculations in ETAP
PowerStation:
5.1.3.1 Bus Data

a.) Nominal kV
b.) %V and Angle (when Initial Condition is set to Use Bus Voltages)
c.) Load Diversity Factor (when Loading option is set to Use Diversity
Factor)
5.1.3.2 Branch Data

Branch data is entered into the Branch Editors, i.e. Transformer,
Transmission Line, Cable, Reactor, and Impedance Editors of ETAP.
a.) Branch Z, R, X, or X/R values and units, tolerance and
temperature, if applicable
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 8 OF 49
b.) Cable and transmission line, length, and unit
c.) Transformer rated kV and kVA/MVA, tap, and LTC settings
d.) Impedance base kV and base kVA/MVA
5.1.3.3 Power Grid Data

a.) Operating Mode (Swing, Voltage Control, or Mvar Control)
b.) Nominal kV
c.) %V and Angle for Swing Mode
d.) %V, MW loading, and Mvar limits (Q max & Qmin) for voltage control
mode of operation
e.) MW and Mvar loading for Mvar control mode
5.1.3.4 Synchronous Generator Data

a) Operating Mode (Swing, Voltage Control, or Mvar Control)
b) Rated kV
c) %V and Angle for Swing Mode
d) %V, MW loading, and Mvar limits (Q max & Qmin) for voltage control
mode of operation
e) MW and Mvar loading for Mvar control mode
5.1.3.5 Inverter Data

a) Inverter ID
b) DC and AC rating
c) AC output voltage regulating data
5.1.3.6 Synchronous Motor Data

a) Rated kW/hp and kV
b) Power factors and efficiencies at 100%, 75% and 50% loadings
c) Loading Category ID and % Loading
d) Equipment cable ID
5.1.3.7 Induction Motor Data

a) Rated kW/hp and kV
b) Power factors and efficiencies at 100%, 75% and 50% loadings
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 9 OF 49
5.1.3.8 Static Load Data

a) Static Load ID
b) Rated kVA, MVA and kV
c) Power factor
d) Loading Category ID and % Loading
e) Equipment cable ID
5.1.3.9 Capacitor Data

a) Capacitor ID
b) Rated kV, kvar/bank, and number of banks
5.1.3.10 Lumped Load Data

a) Load ID
b) Rated kV, MVA, power factor, and % Loading
5.1.3.11 Charger and UPS Data

a) Element ID
b) Rated AC kV, MVA, and power factor, as well as DC rating data
5.1.3.12 Other Data

a) Method (Newton-Raphson, Fast-decoupled, or Accelerated Gauss-
Seidel)
b) Max Iteration
c) Precision
d) Acceleration Factor (when Accelerated Gauss-Seidel is selected)
e) Loading Category
f) Initial Condition
g) Report (report format)
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 10 OF 49
h) Update (for bus voltages and transformer LTCs using load flow
result)
The study case related data is entered into the Load Flow Study Case
Editor.
1.2.3 Calculation Methods Available
The PowerStation load flow program allows for three load flow calculation
methods selected from the Info Page of the Study Case Editor:
a) Newton-Raphson
b) Fast-Decoupled
c) Accelerated Gauss-Seidel.
These three methods possess unique characteristics for converging on a

mathematical solution of the power flow in each bus/node.
a) The Newton-Raphson method is recommended for use with any system as
a first choice. The PowerStation default number of iterations is 99.
b) The Fast-decoupled method can be used as an alternative to the Newton-
Raphson method, if the Newton-Raphson method has failed when dealing
with long radial systems or systems that have long transmission lines or
cables.
c) The Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method has slower convergence speed.
When you apply appropriate acceleration factors, a significant increase in
the rate of convergence can be obtained. The range for the acceleration
factor is between 1.2 and 1.7, and is typically set to 1.45.
1.2.4 Recommended Sequence of Steps
5.1.5.1 Identify the base analytical cases to represent the different operating
modes of the system or plant. The operating modes should include
the system at a maximum operating load, as well as under light/no
load conditions.
5.1.5.2 Prepare a plan to take full advantage of the PowerStation three

orthogonal dimensions in its proprietary 3-D database: Presentation,
Configuration and Base & Revision Data. The following features of the
PowerStation 3D database should be taken into consideration in this
initial process:
a) A need for different One-Line Presentations should be considered in
terms of the entire scope of analyses, including other calculations to
be run by PowerStation, e.g., Short Circuit Analyses. This would
allow utilizing a powerful PowerStation Presentation feature when a
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 11 OF 49
change made to engineering properties of an element in one
presentation gets automatically reflected in all other presentations.
b) The choice of various system configurations should take advantage
of the PowerStation Status Configuration feature that allows for each
configuration to be independent from the others. Therefore, the
status of elements (e.g., circuit breakers can have open or closed
status, loads and motors may be operating continuously,
intermittently, or be spare, etc.) can be set independently for each
configuration.
c) The primary application of Revision Data is to enable “What if”
calculations where one can readily vary the engineering data of the
system components and compare the results with the Base Data.
Another application of this feature is for assessing the future growth
of the system. Note that the Base Data must include all the
components, even those that will be added in the future (as such,
they would need to be flagged “Out of Service” in the Base Data).
5.1.5.3 Model the system in the PowerStation Edit mode and enter the input
data in the individual component editors.
A general rule of thumb for the preliminary load flow calculation is that all
you need to obtain in advance are the system voltages and power
transformer rating. When using typical US standard equipment the
remaining data may either be obtained from the PowerStation libraries or
entered as “typical data” readily available from the component editors.
Where equipment is non-US standard it is necessary to enter typical
data which should be readily available.
5.1.5.4 Select from the Study Case Editor, Info Page, one of the three
methods described in the “Calculation Methods” above to converge
the algorithm after checking that the network had been modeled
correctly.
5.1.5.5 Based on the project Design Criteria, select from the Study Case
Editor, Alert Page, the critical and marginal values for the Simulation
Alerts that are provided to notify the user of an abnormal loading
condition based on certain predetermined percent values.
5.1.5.6 Select from the Load Flow Toolbar the Display Options that in your
opinion are best suited for your presentation.
5.1.5.7 Identify the output reports that you want to be generated.
5.1.5.8 Depending on your selection from the Display Options screen, Results
Page, PowerStation will calculate:
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 12 OF 49
b) the magnitude of real and reactive power supplied by each source
(utility and onsite generators) and flowing through the branches,
i.e., transformers, feeders and buses, or
c) the apparent power flow, or
d) the current flow,
e) as well as percent or actual voltage levels and phase angles at
each bus.
Note that you can select from the Display Options screen, Results
Page, that the apparent power flow and current flow (but not real
power flow) be accompanied by PowerStation computing percent
power factor in each branch.
5.1.5.9 Additional analyses should be run showing anticipated abnormal

operating configurations, such as:
a) Loss of a transmission line or cable
b) Loss of a transformer
c) Loss of a generator
d) Abnormal supply conditions.
5.1.5.10 Run the "What if" calculations using a Revision Control mode where
you can readily vary the engineering data of the network’s components
and compare the results with the Base Data or other Revisions.
5.1.5.11 Review the results of the system load flow calculation to
check/determine:
a) The required continuous power ratings of generators, transformers,
feeders, buses, and circuit breakers.
b) The extent of loading of generators, transformers, and feeders
during the most demanding and emergency (abnormal) operating
conditions.
c) The requirement for load shedding facilities.
d) The need for power factor correction capacitors.
e) Conservative equipment specification parameters to minimize risk
of long-lead procurement, such as the power transformer and
generators’ rating and impedances, transformer LTC requirements,
switchgear nominal bus rating, etc.
5.1.5.12 Make corrective actions as necessary to bring the marginal and critical
values annunciated in the Alert Window within the parameters
allowable by the project design criteria (make sure to check the Auto
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Display box in the Alert Page of the Study Case Editor). See Section
below for Corrective Actions.
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 14 OF 49
1.2.5 Corrective Actions
5.1.6.1 To remedy low-voltage problems, possible changes may include the

following:
a) Change in transformer off-nominal tap positions (see note * below)
b) Increase in generators’ voltage control setpoints
c) Addition of shunt capacitors
d) System reconfiguration to shift loads to less heavily loaded lines
e) Disconnection of shunt reactors
f) Addition of lines or transformers.
(*) This remedy may take advantage of a special feature provided by

PowerStation by using the “Auto LTC” settings of the Transformer
Editor to regulate buses that are directly or indirectly connected to a
transformer.
5.1.6.2 To remedy overloading of transformers or feeders, consider the

following:
a) Increase power transformer rating
b) Additional transformers or lines
c) System reconfiguration to shift loads
d) Disconnection of shunt reactors
e) Power factor improvement.
5.1.6.3 Inasmuch as several corrective actions are almost always available,

any remedial steps should be considered one at a time in order to
assess their relative merits.
5.1.6.4 Any changes must be checked to see their effect on other operating
conditions and clearly documented.
1.2.6 Sample Calculation
The following sample Load Flow Calculation is attached to this design guide:
a.) Attachment A, Sample Load Flow Calculation
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 15 OF 49
5.2 Short Circuit Calculation
1.2.7 Purpose
The purpose for short circuit calculations is primarily to ensure that system
components exposed to high fault currents are adequately rated. In a short
circuit calculation, fault levels are calculated throughout the system to confirm
that components will be able to withstand both electro-mechanical and thermal
effects of the maximum possible fault currents prior to clearing, and that the
interrupting devices can successfully interrupt these currents. This calculation
analyzes the effect of three-phase, line-to-ground, line-to-line and line-to-line-to-
ground faults on the electrical distribution system, as required, and computes the
maximum short circuit currents for comparison with the device short circuit
ratings. A three-phase short circuit is frequently the only fault considered since it
generally (but not in every instance) results in the maximum short circuit current.
Short circuit calculations should be conducted:
a) Before finalizing the design of a new electrical system
b) When major electrical additions occur to an existing system
c) Prior to ordering electrical equipment for the system
d) Whenever large motors or a large number of small motors are added to or
removed from the system.
e) When the system electrical source is modified.
Preliminary system short circuit calculations should be performed at an early

stage in the project to determine the required momentary and interrupting rating
values of the main system components. The preliminary calculations may be
based on typical equipment impedance values prior to the availability of certified
Supplier data.
The preliminary calculations shall be based upon maximum future plant electrical
equipment operating in order to determine:
a) Three-phase making duty for a fault at each bus bar.
b) Three-phase breaking duty for a fault at each bus bar.
c) Single-phase to ground fault on each bus bar under normal load, peak load,
and emergency system (peak load) conditions.
The preliminary calculations to determine maximum fault currents shall not take
into account the impedance of short lengths of cabling between equipment such
as generators, transformers, and switchgear.
For viable system design short-circuit levels must be within the short-circuit
rating of available switchgear. Values above the switchgear rating are
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unacceptable. Values close to ratings should be reviewed against assumptions
and tolerance margins built into the input data. Ideally, a 10% margin between
calculated and plant ratings should be kept but the amount of any margin should
be consistent with the uncertainty in the design at the time of calculation.
Calculations shall also be based upon the minimum anticipated plant electrical
equipment operating to determine the minimum short circuits levels likely to
occur at each bus bar. The results of the calculations shall be used during the
protective relay co-ordination calculation.
Some combined cycle plants have LCIs (Load Commutated Inverters) as starting
devices and manufacturers may specify a minimum system short circuit level for
satisfactory operation of their equipment. This is to ensure that the system is
robust enough not to be adversely impacted by the harmonics generated during
LCI operation. A short circuit calculation undertaken for this purpose should
calculate the minimum available short circuit level at the LCI power supply bus.
This is done by considering the smallest load that is required to be operational
prior to starting the LCI and using the maximum positive tolerances on
transformer impedances (for preliminary data).
ETAP automatically uses a negative tolerance for calculating impedance in short

circuit studies, which is not a conservative approach for minimum short circuit
current calculations. ETAP also does not allow a negative value in the tolerance
field itself. The work-around to this would be to increase the actual impedance
value input in the ETAP editor by multiplying it with a factor of (1 + %Z
tolerance/100) and putting a value of zero in the tolerance field for this type of
short circuit study.
It should be underscored here that the loads and tolerances required for
obtaining conservative results can be different for the same type of calculation
depending on the objective, as is true for the above cases.
The results of the short circuit calculation should be used to check/determine the
following:
a) MCC bus bracing Ratings
b) Switchgear bus bracing Ratings
c) Cable Ratings
d) Reactor Ratings
e) Is Limiter Requirements
f) Need for high impedance grounding of Generators and Transformers
g) Bus-duct Ratings
h) Transformer Impedances
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 17 OF 49
i) Protective device momentary & interrupting Ratings
The results of the short circuit calculation also provide information in order to co-
ordinate protective devices in the system. Two values are generally required for
protection design firstly the maximum value to determine effective selectivity
(discrimination) and secondly a minimum value to confirm effective protection
operation. When determining the minimum value a credible minimum plant
operating option should be selected and used in conjunction with positive
tolerances on impedance. Dependant upon the protection settings it is possible
that the thermal rating of some conductors may be determined by the minimum
fault level condition.
The Confirmed short circuit calculation is performed when the project single line
diagram is issued for construction and all relevant ‘As-built’ data is available for
vendor-supplied equipment like transformers, generators, MV motors, etc. At
this stage, impedance tolerances can be removed since actual values are
available. The Confirmed calculation should confirm that all the equipment
purchased is suitable for the required short circuit duties.
1.2.8 Input Data
The following inputs are required to perform a short circuit calculation in ETAP:
5.2.1.1 Bus Data
a.) Nominal kV (when the prefault voltage option is set to use nominal
kV)
b.) %V and Angle (when the prefault voltage option is set to use bus
voltage)
c.) Type, such as MCC, switchgear, etc. and continuous and bracing
ratings
5.2.1.2 Branch Data
Branch data is entered into the Branch Editors, i.e. 3-Winding
Transformer, 2-Winding Transformer, Transmission Line, Cable,
Reactor, and Impedance Editors of ETAP.
a) Branch Z, R, X, or X/R values and units, tolerance and
temperature, if applicable
b) Cable and transmission line, length, and unit
c) Transformer rated kV and kVA/MVA
For unbalanced short circuit calculations, you will also need:

d) Zero sequence impedances
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 18 OF 49
e) Transformer winding connections, grounding types, and grounding
parameters
5.2.1.3 Utility/source data:
a) Nominal kV
b) %V and Angle
c) Maximum & minimum 3-phase short circuit values (MVAsc) and X/R
ratio. If a higher short circuit contribution is expected from the utility
in the future, that value should be used, depending on the objective
of the calculation.
For unbalanced short circuit calculations, you will also need:

d) Maximum & minimum 1-phase short circuit values (MVAsc) and X/R
ratio.
e) Grounding types and parameters
5.2.1.4 Synchronous Generator data:

a) Rating MW, kV, and power factor
b) Xd”, Xd’, and X/R
c) Generator type
d) IEC exciter type
For unbalanced short-circuit calculations, you will also need:

f) X0 (Zero Sequence Impedance)
g) X2 (Negative Sequence Impedance)

a) Rated MW, kV, and power factor
b) K factor in the Rating page

a) Rated kW/hp and kV, and the number of poles
b) Xd” and X/R
c) % LRC, Xd’, and Tdo’ for IEC short-circuit calculation

d) Grounding types and parameters
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e) X0 (Zero Sequence Impedance)
f) X2 (Negative Sequence Impedance)

a) Rated kW/hp and kV, and the number of poles
b) X/R plus one of the following:
i) Xsc at ½ cycle and 1.5-4 cycle if ANSI Short-Circuit Z option is set
to Xsc, or
ii) % LRC if ANSI Short-Circuit Z option is set to Std MF,
iii) % LRC, Xd’, and Tdo’ for IEC short-circuit calculation

c) Grounding types and parameters
d) X0 (Zero Sequence Impedance)
e) X2 (Negative Sequence Impedance)

a) Rated kV, MVA
b) % motor load
c) % LRC, X/R, and Xsc for ½ cycle and 1.5-4 cycle
d) X’, X, and Tdo’ for IEC short-circuit calculation

5.2.2.9 Transformer Data:

a) Ratings
b) Impedance and X/R ratio
c) Impedance tolerance (if applicable), variation of impedance with tap
setting (if applicable)
5.2.2.10 Other Load Data

As required. The largest expected future load should be considered,
depending on the objective of the calculation.
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 20 OF 49
5.2.2.11 Cable Data for major equipment
5.2.2.12 ANSI Circuit Breakers Data

a) High Voltage Circuit Breakers (> 1 kV)
i) Max kV
ii) Interrupting capability (rated & maximum RMS values)
iii) Closing & latching capability (RMS & crest values)
iv) Standard (Symmetrical Rated or Total Rated)
v) Cycle (rated interrupting time and contact parting time)
b) Low Voltage Circuit Breakers
i) Rated kV
ii) Type (power, molded case, or insulated case)
iii) Interrupting capability
iv) Test PF
5.2.2.13 IEC Circuit Breakers Data

a) High Voltage Circuit Breakers (> 1 kV)
i) Rated kV
ii) Min. delay (time in seconds)
iii) Making (peak current)
iii) AC Breaking
b) Low Voltage Circuit Breakers
i) Rated kV
ii) Type (power, molded case, or insulated case)
iii) Min. delay (time in seconds)
iv) Making (peak current)
iii) AC Breaking
5.2.2.14 Other Data

Study case related data includes:
a) Standard (ANSI / IEC)
b) XFMR tap option (transformer tap modeling option)
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 21 OF 49
c) Prefault voltage
d) Report format
e) Machine X/R (machine X/R modeling method)
f) Faulted buses
g) Cable / OL heater (to include cable and overload heater elements)
1.2.9 ANSI/IEEE Method
Short circuit calculations for ANSI systems are performed based on IEEE C37
standards. In ANSI/IEEE short circuit calculations, an equivalent voltage source at
the fault location, which equals the prefault voltage at the location, replaces all
external voltage sources and machine internal voltage sources. All machines are
represented by their internal impedances. Line capacitances and static loads are
neglected. It is assumed that the fault is bolted and therefore, arc resistances are
not considered. System impedances are assumed to be balanced three-phase
and the method of symmetrical components is used for unbalanced fault
calculations.
ANSI/IEEE standards recommend the use of separate R and X networks to

calculate X/R values. An X/R ratio is calculated for each individual faulted bus &
short circuit current, which is then used to determine the multiplying factor to
account for DC offset.
An explanation of a few relevant terms for ETAP ANSI/IEEE short circuit

calculations is given below:
a) ½ Cycle network
This is the network used to calculate momentary short circuit current levels for
the system under study. The ½ cycle network is also referred to as the
subtransient network because all rotating machines are represented by their
subtransient reactances. The closing & latching capabilities of HV circuit
breakers, interrupting capabilities of fuses & LV circuit breakers and switchgear
bus bracing ratings are compared with the calculated momentary short circuit
currents to confirm that the equipment is adequately rated.
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 22 OF 49
b) 1.5-4 Cycle network
This network is used to calculate interrupting short-circuit current levels for the
system under study and determine adequacy of HV circuit breaker interrupting
capabilities. In this network generators are represented by their subtransient
reactances whereas motors are represented by their transient reactances.
c) 30 Cycle network
This network is used to calculate the steady state short circuit currents that are
present 30 cycles after the fault. Induction machines, synchronous motors and
condensers are not considered in the 30-cycle fault calculation. Generators are
represented by their steady state reactances.
Care should be taken while specifying the pre-fault voltage for short circuit
calculations in ETAP. A number of options are available and the program
literature should be consulted and engineering judgment used when selecting an
option for the calculation at hand.
Credible system operating configurations shall be evaluated to determine

maximum short circuit levels at each bus. These may include studying the
system with certain tie-breakers closed, concentrating operating loads among
redundant sets of loads on one bus and assuming that intermittent loads will be
operating at the time of fault.
A calculation shall also be performed based upon the minimum anticipated plant
electrical equipment operating to determine the minimum short circuits levels
likely to occur at each bus.
For generator circuit breaker evaluations, recommendations given in IEEE

C37.013 should be followed. The published ratings of generator circuit breakers
have a DC component (expressed in percent) associated with them. This
percentage value is also given on the breaker data-sheet and it represents the
asymmetrical component of short circuit current that the breaker can interrupt
along with the symmetrical component. The value of the DC component during
current interruption is a function of the breaker contact parting time (per standard
practice, a tripping delay of 0.5 cycles is also added) and a time constant, which
is the rate of decay of the DC component. This time constant depends on the
X/R ratios of contributing networks and the frequency. Care should be taken
while entering breaker rating data in ETAP since the program assumes a fixed
time constant of 133 ms and calculates an expected percentage value of DC
component using the contact parting time input by the user. The interrupting
rating entered should correspond to this level of DC component.
1.2.10 IEC Method
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 23 OF 49
Short circuit calculations for an IEC system are based on IEC 60909 part 0. An
alternate standard: IEC 61363 Electrical installations of ships and mobile and
fixed offshore units —Part 1: Procedures for calculating short-circuit currents in
three-phase a.c. is also available. ETAP includes an option for calculation to the
IEC 61363 standard, which calculates a full waveform for the fault.
In IEC 60909 short circuit calculations, an equivalent voltage source at the fault
location replaces all voltage sources. A voltage factor c is applied to adjust the
value of the equivalent source for minimum and maximum current calculations
All machines are represented by their internal impedances. Line capacitances

and static loads are neglected except for those of the zero sequence system.
System impedances are assumed to be balanced three-phase and the method of
symmetrical components is used for unbalanced fault calculations. The standard
classifies short circuit currents according to their magnitudes (maximum and
minimum) and their distance from the generator (far and near to generator)
Maximum short circuit currents are used to determine equipment ratings.
Minimum short circuit currents dictate the protective device settings. The
standard accounts for the distance of the short circuit from the generator, which
is used to determine whether or not to model the decay of ac component.
IEC 60909 calculations are not suitable for instances where there is a possibility
of a delayed current zero (i.e. no current zero in the first cycle of the fault
current). This delayed current zero can occur in instances where the sub
transient time constant for the connected generators is comparable with or
longer than the system time constant.
IEC 60909 uses the following definitions, which are relevant for the scope of this
document:
a) Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current 'I" k'

The r.m.s. value of the a.c. symmetrical component of a prospective
(available) short-circuit current applicable at the instant of short-circuit if the
impedance remains at zero-time value.
b) Peak Short-Circuit Current 'ip'

The maximum possible instantaneous value of the prospective (available)
short-circuit current.
NOTE: IEC 60909 recommends three methods (METHOD A, B, C), for the
calculation of the peak short circuit current in meshed networks. However,
method 'C' is applied in low voltage and high voltage networks if it is
necessary to find a good approximation for 'i p' considering the viewpoints of
both safety and economy.
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 24 OF 49
ETAP calculates 'ip' to all the three methods. However, it is recommended
that method 'C' results should be used.
c) Symmetrical Short-Circuit Breaking Current 'I b'

The r.m.s. value of an integral cycle of the symmetrical a.c. component of the
prospective short-circuit current at the instant of contact separation of the first
pole of a switching device.
Note: IEC 60909 suggests that the decay of motor contribution should
only be considered if the motors are connected to the bus where fault is
being considered. For the motors connected 'far' from the fault, i.e. on a
different bus, the a. c. component of the contribution (from the motors)
remains constant (i.e. Ib = I"k) unless the contribution is higher than 5% of
the initial symmetrical short circuit current (I" k) without those motors.
However, it also suggests that as conservative approach, above condition of
5% should not be applied.
'ETAP' calculates 'Ib' in line with IEC 60909's requirements. It also calculates
'Ib' with no decay from the 'far' connected motors, which results in calculating
slightly higher values of 'I b'.
It is therefore, highly recommended that 'I b' calculated without considering

any decay from 'far' connected motors (the conservative approach), should
be used for initial stages of the job and especially for projects where the 'I b'
rating of switchgear has to be based on these results.
d) % d.c. Component at Breaking Current

This is the ratio of idc to the peak value of Iac (a.c. component of 'Ib'), where
idc is the decaying aperiodic component of short circuit current.
e) Steady-State Short-Circuit Current 'I k'

The r.m.s. value of the short-circuit current which remains after the decay of
the transient phenomena.
f) Minimum Time Delay 'tmin' Of A Circuit Breaker

The shortest time between the beginning of the short-circuit current and the
first contact separation of one pole of the switching device.
Note: The time tmin is the sum of the shortest possible operating time of
an instantaneous relay and the shortest opening time of a circuit breaker. It
does not take into account adjustable time delays of tripping devices.
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 25 OF 49
Especially for Low Voltage circuit breakers for which contact separation can
occur in less than 1/2 cycle the circuit breaker manufacturer should be consulted
with regard to rating. The circuit breaker’s rated short-circuit breaking capacity
shall be guaranteed at a voltage no less than the nominal system voltage at its
point of installation on the system, and at a power factor not greater than the
calculated power factor of the prospective short-circuit breaking current.
Due to the small distances between generators, transformers and the

consumers in some installations the, resulting power-factor under short-circuit
conditions can be less than those used for circuit-breaker tests. If the power-
factor under short-circuit conditions is less than the circuit breaker tested power
factor, the circuit breaker rated short-circuit capacity may be insufficient, even
though its rated short-circuit breaking capacity may be higher than the
prospective short-circuit breaking current. The circuit breaker’s rated short-
circuit making capacity may be less than the calculated peak current (i p) and
accordingly the circuit breaker would be unsuitable. IEC 61363 includes the note
“Generally circuit-breakers, tested at power-factors of 0,2 and below, are
adequate for use on circuits having fault power-factors in the range 0,05 to 0,20.
But if the circuit-breaker has been tested at a higher power factor, (e. g. 0,2 to
0,5), the breaking capacity can be affected because of the change in recovery
voltage and the manufacturer should be consulted.
1.2.11 Calculation Cases
The following sample short circuit calculation cases are attached to this design
guide:
a) Attachment B, Sample Short Circuit Calculation (ANSI)
b) Attachment C, Sample Short Circuit Calculation (IEC)
5.3 Motor Starting Calculation
1.2.12 Purpose
Large induction motors and industrial synchronous motors draw, typically, six or
seven times their full load current from their power supply under starting
conditions, which may last up to several seconds. One of the resulting effects of
this current surge is a voltage drop in the network which may disturb the normal
operation of other loads, dimming of lights, contactors dropping out and voltage-
sensitive equipment malfunctioning.
The purpose of motor starting calculations is to ensure that the voltage profile of
the electrical network remains within the specified limits and that the motor can
be accelerated to its rated speed.
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 26 OF 49
A motor starting calculation should consist of two stages:
a) Voltage drop calculation (static motor starting calculation)

b) Dynamic motor acceleration calculation
1.2.13 Input Data
The following minimum data is required to carry out voltage drop calculations in
ETAP PowerStation:
a) Motor rating (kW), power factor and efficiency values
b) Motor locked rotor current and power factor

c) Motor acceleration time
d) Motor cable details

e) Transformer impedance and tap settings
f) Normal system loads

g) Minimum short circuit level (kVA) at the utility/generation bus
In addition, for a dynamic motor acceleration calculation the following information

is also required:
h) Dynamic motor model

i) Motor torque/speed curves
j) Load torque/speed curves

k) Total inertia of the motor shaft including load and the coupling gear, in MW-
sec/MVA
In the case of in-plant generation, generator parameters (reactances, X/R ratio)
should be used.
1.2.14 Method
Preliminary calculations should be conducted as early as possible in a project.

In general, these should concentrate on the largest motor at each switchboard
(MCC).
Generally, motor-starting calculations should be conducted when:

a) The cable run between motor and MCC/switchboard is relatively long
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 27 OF 49
b) The ratio of motor connected bus short-circuit kVA to motor-starting kVA
is eight or less
c) The driven load has high inertia
d) Restrictions exist on utility line voltage drop
The above criteria give general guidelines only. Special conditions may exist
such as starting a motor under load where high starting torque is needed which
would require a dynamic motor starting calculation even if none of the above
criteria were met.
If the Preliminary calculations are completed before motor details are available,
especially at the early stages of a project, typical torque versus speed and motor
starting current characteristics should be used. Confirmed calculations should
be carried out following receipt of actual (as-tested) equipment parameters.
In the case of existing systems a motor starting calculation may not always be
necessary. If for example a 55kW motor is being added to a motor control
center that already has, say, a 110kW motor of similar load characteristics,
which already starts and accelerates without problems, it is safe to assume that
the smaller motor will start and accelerate satisfactorily and that a calculation is
not necessary.
Motor starting calculations can be carried out by ETAP using two methods:
a) Static Motor starting

This method is used to provide a snapshot of the network voltage profile
during motor starting. Results of this calculation will only provide a network
voltage profile under starting conditions. However, in high load torque
applications it should not be automatically assumed that the motor could
satisfactorily accelerate to full speed within permitted limits, regardless of the
voltage profile.
b) Dynamic Motor starting

Generally this calculation is preferred for large motors. In this method, the
starting motor is dynamically modeled. For this calculation the load torque
model for the load being driven must also be modeled. This calculation is
particularly useful when motors have very high starting currents or very high
load inertia. Results of this calculation will show the motor acceleration
profile and from the output plots of this calculation (see 7.3.5.2 of sample
calculation for plot samples) it can also be deduced whether the motor stays
within its specified acceleration times and hence within its permissible
thermal limits.
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 28 OF 49
Due to the difference in modeling motors, the static motor starting method may
be preferred for its relative simplicity when the effect on network voltage profile is
required. Alternatively, where there is concern about the acceleration time of the
motor or whether the motor can be successfully accelerated to full speed, then
the dynamic motor starting method should be the preferred option.
Motor starting should also be addressed within a Transient Stability calculation

(see Section 5.4). Apart from motor acceleration, results from a transient
stability calculation will also show whether all other connected loads (especially
other running large motors) recover and that the network remains stable during
and after motor starting. From a transient stability calculation it can also be
deduced whether the frequency and voltage levels throughout the network
remain within design limits.
The following sample motor starting calculation is attached to this design guide:
a) Attachment –D, Sample Motor Starting Calculation
5.4 Transient Stability Calculation
1.2.16 Purpose
A Transient Stability calculation is used to investigate the stability limits of a

power system before, during, and after sudden changes (load switching, motor
starting, etc.) or disturbances (faults, loss of generator, loss of utility tie, etc.) to
the system. The calculation models the dynamic characteristics of the power
system, implements defined events (sudden changes or disturbances) and
actions (relay tripping, etc.), calculates the system network and machine
differential equations together, and determines the system responses over time.
From these results the system’s transient behavior can be analyzed, and
necessary improvements to relay settings, system configuration, etc. can be
made to the system.
1.2.17 Input Data
Transient Stability calculations require all of the input data provided for a Load
Flow calculation plus the machine dynamic model data, load dynamic model
data, and any control units, such as exciter and governor data. Specifically, the
additional required data includes:
5.4.2.1 Protective Device Data

a) Protective device ID
b) Bus and branch connections
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c) Status
5.4.2.2 CT/PT Data

a) CT/PT ID
b) Bus or branch or source or load connections
c) Rating (ratio)
5.4.2.3 Relay Data

a) Relay ID
b) CT/PT connections
c) Device: CB ID, action, delay, setting, unit
5.4.2.4 Power Grid Data

a) Power grid ID
b) 3-Phase MVAsc and X/R values
5.4.2.5 Synchronous Generator Data

a) Rated MVA
b) Model type (None, Equivalent, Transient, or Subtransient)
c) Machine type (Round-Rotor or Salient-Pole)
d) Xd”, Xd’, Xd, Xq, Xl, X/R, Tdo’ for Equivalent model
e) Xd”, Xd’ Xd, Xq’, Xq, Xl, X/R, Tdo’, Tqo’ for Transient model Round-
Rotor machine type
f) Xd”, Xd’ Xd, Xq”, Xq’, Xq, Xl, X/R, Tdo”, Tdo’ Tqo”, Tqo’ for Subtransient
model Round-Rotor machine type
g) Xd”, Xd’ Xd, Xq’ (=Xq), Xq, Xl, X/R, Tdo’ for Transient model Salient-
Pole machine type
h) Xd”, Xd’ Xd, Xq”, Xq’ (=Xq), Xq, Xl, X/R, Tdo”, Tdo’, Tqo” for Subtransient
model Salient-Pole machine type
i) S100, S120, H and Damping
j) Sbreak for Generator Start-up calculation
k) Exciter Type and all associated parameters or fixed excitation
l) Governor Type and all associated parameters or no governor
action
m) Power System Stabilizer (PSS) Type and all associated
parameters or no PSS control
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 30 OF 49
a) Model type (None, Equivalent, Transient, or Subtransient)
b) Machine type (Round-Rotor or Salient-Pole)
c) Xd”, Xd’, Xd, Xq, Xl, X/R, Tdo’ for Equivalent model
d) Xd”, Xd’ Xd, Xq’, Xq, Xl, X/R, Tdo’, for Transient model Round-Rotor
machine type
e) Xd”, Xd’ Xd, Xq”, Xq’, Xq, Xl, X/R, Tdo”, Tdo’, Tqo”, Tqo’ for Subtransient
model Round-Rotor machine type
f) Xd”, Xd’ Xd, Xq’ (=Xq), Xq, Xl, X/R, Tdo’ for Transient model Salient-
Pole machine type
g) Xd”, Xd’ Xd, Xq”, Xq’ (=Xq), Xq, Xl, X/R, Tdo”, Tdo’, Tqo for Subtransient
model Salient-Pole machine type
h) S100, S120, H and Damping
i) Exciter Type and all associated parameters or fixed excitation
j) H
k) Load model

a) Model type (None, Single1, Single2, DBL1, DBL2)
b) Xlr, Xoc, X/R, Tdo’ for Single1 model
c) Rs, Xs, Xm, Rr,fl, Rr,lr, Xr,fl, Xr,lr for Single2 model
d) Rs, Xs, Xm, Rrl, Rr2, Xrl, Xr2 for DBL1 and DBL2 models
e) H
f) Load model
g) % Start Loading for the First Starting Category (defines the motor
start loading percent)
5.4.2.8 MOV Data

a) MOV ID
b) Bus Connection
c) Quantity
d) Initial Status & Associated Demand Factor
e) Rated kW/hp & kV
f) Power Factor & Efficiency
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 31 OF 49
g) Rated Torque
h) Hammer Blow & Micro Switch Flags
i) Locked Rotor (LR), No Load (NL), Normal, & Rated Torque (Rated
T) Time Duration
j) Loading Category ID & %Loading
k) Equipment Cable Data
l) % Voltage Limit
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 32 OF 49
5.4.2.9 Static Load Data
a) Quantity
b) Status & Associated Demand Factor

a) Quantity
b) Status & Associated Demand Factor
5.4.2.11 Power Factor

a) % Motor Load & % Static Load
b) Loading Category ID & % Loading
5.4.2.12 Capacitor Data

a) Status & Associated Demand Factor
5.4.2.13 Harmonic Filter

a) Harmonic Filter ID
b) Filter Type
c) Rated kV & 3-Phase kVAR for Capacitors
d) Xl & Q for Reactors
e) R, if applicable
f) Grounding Connection
g) Grounding Type
5.4.2.14 UPS Data

a) AC Connections
b) Rated kW/MW
c) AC Input & Output Rated kV
d) Efficiency
5.4.2.15 VFD Data

VFD is modeled as a Transparent Device in the Transient Stability
calculation.
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 33 OF 49
5.4.2.16 Charger Data
a) Status & Demand Factor
b) AC Ratings

Inverters are not modeled in the Transient Stability calculation.
5.4.2.18 Case Parameters

For each case the following input parameters are required:
a) Study Case ID
b) Maximum Number of Iterations
c) Solution Precision
d) Acceleration Factor
e) Simulation Time Step
f) Plot Time Step
g) Initial Loading Category
h) Initial Loading Condition (Loading Category, Operating Load)
i) Load Diversity Factor (None, Bus Maximum, Bus Minimum, or
Global)
j) Charger Loading Condition (Loading Category, Operating Load)
k) Total Simulation Time
l) Events & Actions
m) Dynamic Modeling Information
n) Starting Load Modeling Method
o) Plots/Tabulated Selection
1.2.18 Calculation Method
Performing a transient stability calculation requires knowledge of machine

dynamic models, machine control unit models (excitation system and automatic
voltage regulators, governor and turbine/engine systems, and power system
stabilizers), numerical computations, and power system electromechanical
equilibrium.
The transient stability calculation determines the machine power angles and
speed deviations, system electrical frequency, real and reactive power flows of
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 34 OF 49
the machines, power flows of lines and transformers, and voltage levels of the
system buses. These conditions provide the indications for the system’s
stability.
Because power system stability exists when the system stays in

electromechanical equilibrium through any normal and abnormal operating
conditions, it is defined as the ability of designated synchronous machines to
remain in synchronism with one another following disturbances at various
locations in the system. It also indicates the ability of induction motors in the
system to maintain torque to carry load following these disturbances.
During and after system disturbances the machines’ rotor angles will oscillate
which causes power flow oscillations in the system. If these oscillations are
severe it can destroy the electromechanical equilibrium and instability can occur.
The two machine equations used in stability calculations are:
a) Torque Equation:
P 2
T  air Fr sin 
8
where,
T = mechanical shaft toque
P = number of poles
 air = air gap flux
Fr = rotor field MMF
 = power (rotor) angle
The torque equation defines the relationship between mechanical shaft torque,
stator voltage, the excitation system, and rotor angle. Changes in any of these
will cause the rotor angle to readjust to a new position.
b) Swing Equation:
d 2 d
M 2
D  Pmech  Pelec
dt dt
where,
 = power (rotor) angle
t = time
M = inertia constant
D = damping constant
Pmech = input mechanical power
Pelec = output electrical power
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 35 OF 49
The swing equation shows that the rotor angle is a function of balance between
the mechanical power and the electrical power. Any system change that breaks
this balance causes the rotor to undergo a transient and reach a new position via
oscillation. This oscillation is called the rotor swing.
The power system is transient stable if following a severe disturbance; all

synchronous machines reach their steady-state operating condition without
prolonged loss of synchronism or going out of step with other machines.
The major causes of system instability are:

a) Short-circuits or faults
b) Fault removal
c) Loss of an in-plant generator
d) Loss of a utility tie
e) Starting a motor that is large relative to the system generating capacity
f) Impact loading (motors and static loads)
g) Sudden large step change of load or generation
Some typical consequences of system instability are:

a) Area blackout
b) Interruption of loads
c) Low-voltage conditions
d) Damage to equipment
e) Protective device malfunction
If instability is found some typical enhancements to the system might include:

a) Improve system configuration and design
b) Increase synchronizing power
c) Design and selection of rotating equipment (use induction motors, increase
moment of inertia, reduce transient reactance, improve voltage regulator
and exciter characteristics)
d) Apply power system stabilizers (PSS)
e) Add load shedding scheme
Transient stability calculations require specifying actions (disturbances) at

different times (events). The timing of actions can be specified by entering the
specific time of the action. Examples are generator start-up or shutdown,
generator control mode change, load addition, motor acceleration, etc. Actions
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 36 OF 49
that occur depending on system dynamic responses or relay settings can be
specified by entering a relay-controlled event. The location, sensor data, and
settings of the protective device are entered for these actions. Examples are a
current relay that trips a circuit breaker when the current exceeds a preset value
or a voltage relay that opens or closes a circuit breaker when compared to upper
or lower settings.
Stability calculations need only be performed on power systems with two or more
synchronous machines tied together electrically (e.g. two or more AC generators
or a large synchronous motor powered by a large AC generator(s)).
1.2.19 Calculation Cases
The following cases should be included in the calculation. The system should be
at maximum loading.
a) Short-circuits or faults at major buses
b) Fault removal
c) Loss of an in-plant generator
d) Loss of a utility tie
e) Starting the largest motor on each bus
f) Impact loading (motors and static loads)
g) Sudden large step change of load or generation
1.2.20 Calculation Results
The output report of the transient stability calculation is presented in tables, one-
lines, and plots. It should include the following information:
a) Rotor angles, torques and speeds of synchronous machines
b) Real and reactive power flow throughout the system
c) Voltage and phase angles at all buses
d) System frequency
e) Torques and slips of induction machines
f) Maximum tolerable fault clearance time to maintain system frequency
g) Load limitation for each calculation condition to maintain system stability
and whether load shedding is required to maintain system stability
System stability is determined by examining the plots of the rotor angles of

synchronous machines vs. time (swing curves). Studying these plots can reveal
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 37 OF 49
if the swing curves come back into step after the initial disturbance, or if they
diverge, indicating instability for the particular transient under consideration
The results should establish if the proposed system is stable and if the system
motor starting capability and the voltage regulation caused by motor starting is
adequate. The initial calculations may indicate that starting certain motors cause
stability problems for the remainder of the system, which may require changing
of the parameters or protection of the motors and carrying out further
calculations.
The cases should be run for a sufficient length of time to determine whether or
not stability is maintained. The criteria used in deciding system stability should
be stated in the report.
The stability calculation report should be presented graphically with a summary

table describing the conditions studied and the corresponding system responses
and limitations to retain stability.
Care must be taken while determining the inertia and damping factor (in the
absence of actual data supplied by the Vendor) as these have significant effect
on the results.
All machines and control devices should be modeled using actual data supplied
by the manufacturer. Where manufacturer's models are not compatible with
standard models available in ETAP, OTI can produce a custom model for the
specific device.
The following sample transient stability calculation is attached to this design guide:
a) Attachment E, Sample Transient Stability Calculation
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 38 OF 49
APPENDIX – A
ASSUMPTIONS/TYPICAL VALUES (IEC)
1.0 NETWORK FEEDER (UTILITY SUPPLIES)
1.1 MVA Rating
If a network is fed from a utility supply in which only the initial symmetrical short
circuit apparent power (S"k in MVA) is known, then it should be substituted in the
field for short circuit MVA rating of supply in ETAP. If the initial symmetrical
short-circuit current (I"k in KA) at the feeder connection in known, then the
equivalent short circuit apparent power (S"k = Ö3 Un I"k) should be calculated
and entered in ETAP. 'Un' in the equation for S"k being the nominal system
voltage (in kV) at the supply feeder connection point.
Note: Values of S"k or I"k shall be given by the Utility/supply company.
X/R Ratio
In case of high voltage feeders with nominal voltages above 35 kV fed by
overhead lines, the equivalent impedance 'Z' may be considered as reactance
only.
For example Z = 0 + j X
In other cases, if no accurate value is known for 'R' of the utility feeders, then
use X/R = 10, where X = 0. 995Z.
Zero Sequence Impedance

This impedance shall be supplied by the utility/supply company.
2.0 TRANSFORMERS
Table 1 gives typical transformer impedance's. These impedance values are

stated in percent on the transformer self cooled rating on its nominal tapping.
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 39 OF 49
TABLE 1
TYPICAL VALUES OF IMPEDANCE VOLTAGE FOR TRANSFORMERS WITH

TWO SEPARATE WINDINGS (IEC 76)
Impedance voltage at rated current, given as a percentage of rated voltage of the

winding to which the voltage is applied.
RATED POWER
(kVA) NOMINAL IMPEDANCE VOLTAGE (%)
Up to 630 4.00
631 to 1,250 5.00
1,251 to 3,150 6.25
3,151 to 6,300 7.15
6,301 to 12,500 8.35
12,501 to 25,000 10.00
25,001 to 200,000 12.50
For Power station generator transformers with or without tap changers, the
following values (as given in IEC 909-2) may be used:
SrT 1 - 10 MVA ukr = 9%

SrT 10 - 100 MVA ukr = 11%
SrT 100 - 1000 MVA ukr = 13%
Where 'SrT' is the rated power in MVA and 'ukr' is the rated short circuit voltage
(impedance).
2.1 Impedance Tolerance
Tolerance on impedance for two winding transformers is +15% per IEC 76.
These values are used for the preliminary calculation. ETAP uses negative
Impedance Tolerance values for short circuit calculation. Use the actual (tested)
values for Confirmed calculation.
2.2 Tap Changers Setting
For short circuit calculations, the tap changers of the transformers are assumed
to be in main position per IEC 909.
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 40 OF 49
2.3 Transformer X/R Ratio
The X/R ratio generally increases with transformer size. For large transformers,
the impedance may be assumed to consist only of reactance. Actual values
supplied by the manufacturers should be used.
2.4 Zero Sequence Reactance
The zero sequence short circuit impedance's Z(0) = R(0) + j X(0) of transformers
should be obtained from the manufacturers.
Typically, the ratio of X(0)/X(1) for two and three winding network transformers
(where X(0) is zero sequence reactance and X (1) is positive sequence
reactance) is as follows:
For YN d connection 0.8 - 1.0

For Y zn connection 0.1
For YN yn0 d connection 1.5 - 3.2
For Dyn11 connection 0.9 - 0.93
3.0 SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS AND GENERATORS
In the absence of actual values of the machine parameters, following values

should be used for short circuit calculations.
RATED VOLTAGE RATED APPARENT X"d/R FACTOR 'K'

OF THE MACHINE POWER OF THE M/C
(kV) (MVA)
>1 ³100 20.00 0.99875
>1 <100 14.29 0.99776
£1 <5 6.67 0.98895
Note: Factor 'K' is used to calculate the impedance of the machine (Zm) using
the equation:
X "
Z m  d
All machine reactances to be the saturated (full load) values to give conservative
results.
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 41 OF 49
For short circuit calculation purposes, the synchronous motors and synchronous
compensators are treated in the same way as synchronous generators.
3.1 Synchronous Generator Parameters
For short circuit calculations, the initial symmetrical short circuit current (I" k)
changes in a few seconds to the steady state short circuit current (I k) with Ik <
I"k. The decay depends upon the method of excitation and voltage regulation
and to a high degree on the saturation and highest possible excitation voltage.
Therefore, calculation of Ik is less accurate than that of initial symmetrical current
'I"k'.
In order to have a sufficient estimate of steady state short circuit current, correct
excitation method from the following list should be selected along with the
saturated direct axis reactance (xd (sat)) in % (which is reciprocal of the short
circuit ratio) of the generator.
3.2 Excitation Types

a) Generator with terminal fed exciter.
b) Turbine generator with maximum of 130% excitation voltage.
c) Turbine generator with maximum of 160% excitation voltage.
d) Salient pole machine with maximum of 160% excitation voltage.
e) Salient pole machine with maximum of 200% excitation voltage.
NOTE: Maximum excitation voltage levels mentioned in the above list are
at rated load and power factor for the generators.
At very initial stage of the calculation, when the actual type of excitation system
is not known, the option (e) above list could be selected to give conservative
values of Ik for a given xd(sat).
In case of generators with compound or self-excitation, the steady state short

circuit current must be obtained from the manufacturer.
3.3 Direct Axis Synchronous Reactance (Saturated) - xdsat
Typical values of xdsat lie between 120% and 220% for turbine generators and
between 60% and 200 % for salient pole machines.
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 42 OF 49
The value Ik is inversely proportional to the saturated reactance of xd(sat).
Values of sub-transient reactance (xd") and transient reactance (xd') should be

obtained from the manufacturer.
4.0 INDUCTION MACHINES
In the absence of actual data for induction machines, the following table, (which
gives recommended values extracted from IEC 909's in section 11.5.3.5) should
be used for the parameters required to carry out short circuit calculation.
RATED 'm' FACTOR X"/Rs FACTOR 'K'

VOLTAGE (MW) RATIO
(kV)
>1 ³1 10.00 0.995
>1 <1 6.67 0.989
£1 - 2.38 0.922
Where 'm' factor is the rated active power of motors (MW) per pair of poles.
4.1 Locked Rotor Impedance
(pu)
1
Z " m 
LR C
Where LRC is the locked rotor current.
4.2 Subtransient Reactance
X" = K Zm" where 'K' is given in the table above.
4.3 Lumping The Induction Motors
Induction machines for a given bus bar. (e.g. 5 x 37kW 2 pole motors and 5 x 75
kW 4 pole motors can be with same 'm' factor (rated active power (MW) per pair
of poles) can be "lumped " together represented as 560 kW motor having same
characteristics).
4.4 Locked Rotor Currents
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 43 OF 49
For high voltage motors, actual locked rotor current should be used. Typical
values in ETAP's library data should be used in the absence of actual value
suggested by the manufacturer.
Low voltage motors are usually connected to bus bar by cables with different
lengths and cross-sections. For simplification of the calculation of short-circuits
fault currents, as recommended by IEC909 (section 13.2.1), for the lumped
motors including their connection cables, following may be used:
ILR/Ir = 5 Where ILR = Locked current and I r = Rated current

of group of motors.
X"/Rs = 2.38 (As defined previously for L. V. motors)
'm' factor = 0.05 If nothing definite is known.
For medium voltage motors, as per IEC 909-II (section 2. 6), the ratio of I LR/Ir =
5.5 may be used.
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 44 OF 49
APPENDIX – B
ASSUMPTIONS/TYPICAL VALUES (ANSI)
1.0 POWER GRID (UTILITY)
1.1 MVA Rating
If a power system is fed from a utility supply in which only the symmetrical short
circuit current (ISC in kA) at the feeder connection in known, then the equivalent
short circuit power (MVASC = Ö3 V ISC) should be calculated and entered in
ETAP. 'V' in this equation is the nominal system voltage (in kV) at the supply
feeder connection point.
Note: Values of MVASC or ISC shall be provided by the Utility company.
X/R Ratio
In case of high voltage feeders with nominal voltages above 35 kV fed by

overhead lines, the equivalent impedance 'Z' may be considered as reactance
only.
For example Z = 0 + j X
In other cases, if no accurate value is known for 'R' of the utility feeders, then
use X/R = 15, where X = 0.9375*Z.
Zero Sequence Impedance
This impedance shall be provided by the Utility company.
2.0 TRANSFORMERS
2.1 Positive Sequence Impedance
Table 1 shows typical transformer impedances per ANSI/IEEE Standard

C57.12.10. These impedance values are stated in percent of the transformer
self cooled rating on its nominal tap.
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 45 OF 49
TABLE 1
TYPICAL IMPEDANCE FOR TRANSFORMERS >500 kVA
HIGH VOLTAGE LOW VOLTAGE LOW VOLTAGE SIDE > 2.4 kV

SIDE SIDE < 2.4 kV
Without LTC With LTC
kV < 13.8 5.75 ** 5.5**
13.8 < kV < 23 6.75 6.5 7.0
23 < kV < 34.5 7.25 7.0 7.5
34.5 < kV < 46 7.75 7.5 8.0
46 < kV < 69 8.0 8.5
69 < kV < 115 8.5 9.0
115 < kV < 138 9.0 9.5
138 < kV < 161 9.5 10.0
161 < kV < (230) 10.0 10.5
** Self-cooled transformers with greater than 5000 kVA values shall be the same
as those for 23 kV high voltage.
2.2 X/R Ratio
Table 2 gives typical transformer X/R ratios per American National Standard
C57.12.10.
TABLE 2
TYPICAL X/R RATIOS FOR TRANSFORMERS > 500 kVA
RATING X/R
MVA < 1 5.790
1 < MVA < 2 7.098
2 < MVA < 3 10.67
3 < MVA < 4 11.41
4 < MVA < 5 12.14
5 < MVA < 6 12.85
6 < MVA < 7 13.55
7 < MVA < 8 14.23
8 < MVA < 10 15.50
10 < MVA < 20 18.60
20 < MVA < 30 23.70
30 < MVA < 40 27.30
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 46 OF 49
RATING X/R
40 < MVA < 50 29.50
50 < MVA < 100 34.10
100 < MVA < 200 42.00
200 < MVA < 1000 50.00
2.3 Impedance Tolerance
Table 3 shows the tolerances on impedance for transformers per ANSI/IEEE

Standard C57.12.00. These values are used for the Preliminary calculation only.
ETAP uses negative Impedance Tolerance values for the short circuit
calculation. Use 0% tolerance with tested impedance values for the Confirmed
calculation.
TABLE 3
TOLERANCES FOR TRANSFORMER IMPEDANCE
TRANSFORMER TYPE IMPEDANCE TOLERANCE

Two-winding > 2.5% + 7.5%
Two-winding < 2.5% + 10%
Three or more winding, - + 10%
or zig-zag
Autotransformer - + 10%
2.4 Tap Changers Setting
For short circuit calculations, the tap changers of the transformers are assumed
to be in their rated voltage position.
2.5 Zero Sequence Impedance
The zero sequence short circuit impedance Z(0) = R(0) + j X(0) of transformers
should be obtained from the manufacturer. If not available use the same value
as the positive sequence reactance.
3.0 SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS AND GENERATORS
Table 4 contains typical reactance values for induction and synchronous

machines.
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 47 OF 49
TABLE 4
TYPICAL REACTANCE VALUES FOR INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS

MACHINES
TYPE MACHINE Xd” Xd’

(p.u. of machine kVA (p.u. of machine
rating) kVA rating)
Turbine generators
2 pole 0.09 0.15
4 pole 0.15 0.23
Synchronous motors
6 poles 0.15 0.23

8-14 poles 0.20 0.30
> 16 poles 0.28 0.40
Induction motors
> 600 V 0.17 -
< 600 V (> 50 hp) 0.20 -
< 600 V (< 50 hp) 0.28 -
3.1 Synchronous Generator Parameters
Typical values in ETAP's library should be used in the absence of actual values
For short circuit calculations, the initial symmetrical short circuit current (I" SC)
changes in a few seconds to the steady state short circuit current (I SC) with ISC <
I"SC. The decay depends upon the method of excitation and voltage regulation
and to a high degree on the saturation and highest possible excitation voltage.
Therefore, calculation of ISC is less accurate than that of initial symmetrical
current I"SC.
3.2 direct axis synchronous reactance (saturated) - Xdsat
Typical values of Xdsat lie between 120% and 220% for turbine generators and
between 60% and 200 % for salient pole machines.
The value ISC is inversely proportional to the saturated reactance of Xd(sat).

3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 48 OF 49
Values of sub-transient reactance (X d") and transient reactance (X d') should be
obtained from the manufacturer.
4.0 INDUCTION MACHINES
4.1 Typical values in ETAP's library should be used in the absence of actual value
4.2 Lumping The Induction Motors
Induction machines for a given bus (e.g. 5 x 50hp 2 pole motors and 5 x 100 hp
4 pole motors) can be "lumped " together and represented as one 750 hp motor
having the same characteristics.
3DG-E210-00001, REV. 000 PAGE 49 OF 49

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BECHTEL CORPORATION

ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE FOR

3.0 COMPUTER PROGRAMS

4.0 DESIGN PROCEDURES

4.1 Preliminary Calculation

5.1 Load Flow Calculation

A Assumptions/Typical Values (IEC)

A 3DG-E210-A0001-000 - Sample Load Flow Calculation (352 pages)

The purpose of this design guide is to provide general considerations and

This Design Guide covers the following Power System Calculations:

2.2 Codes And Standards

IEEE 399 IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial

IEEE 446 IEEE Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby

IEEE C37.010 Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated

IEEE C37.013 IEEE Standard for AC High-Voltage Generator Circuit Breakers

IEEE C57.91 Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Power Transformers

IEEE C57.96 Guide for Loading Dry-Type Distribution and Power

NEMA MG -1 Motors and Generators

NFPA 70 National Electric Code

IEC 60056 High voltage alternating current circuit breakers.

IEC 60034 Rotating electrical machines

IEC 60298 AC metal-enclosed switchgear and controlgear for rated

IEC 60354 Loading guide for oil-immersed power transformers.

IEC61363-1 Electrical installations of ships and mobile and fixed offshore

IEC 60909-0 Short-circuit currents in three-phase A.C. Systems Part 0:

IEC 60909-1 Short-circuit currents in three-phase A.C. systems —Part 1:

IEC 60071-1 Insulation coordination – Part 1: Definitions, principles and

IEC 60865-1 Short-circuit currents – Calculation of effects – Part 1:

IEC TR3 60909-2 Electrical equipment – Data for short-circuit current

IEC 60909-3 Short-circuit current calculation in three-phase a. c. systems

IEC TR 60909-4 Short-circuit current calculation in three-phase a. c. systems –

IEC 60949 Calculation of thermally permissible short-circuit currents,

IEC 60986 Short-circuit temperature limits of electric cables with rated

For standard formatting of calculations refer to EDP 3DP-G04-00037, Design

3.0 COMPUTER PROGRAMS

ETAP (Electrical Transient Analyzer Program) PowerStation by Operation

ETAP PowerStation is a Windows based PC program that can be used to

1.1 Preliminary Calculation

The Preliminary Calculation should include the following:

1.2 Confirmed Calculation

5.1 Load Flow Calculation

The load flow calculations (including Preliminary and Confirmed Calculations)

The load flow calculations should include the effect of:

The load flow calculation should be conducted whenever:

On a system level, the load flow calculations should be used to determine or

1.2.2 Input Data

5.1.3.1 Bus Data

5.1.3.2 Branch Data

5.1.3.3 Power Grid Data

5.1.3.4 Synchronous Generator Data

5.1.3.5 Inverter Data

5.1.3.6 Synchronous Motor Data

5.1.3.7 Induction Motor Data

5.1.3.8 Static Load Data

5.1.3.9 Capacitor Data

5.1.3.10 Lumped Load Data

5.1.3.11 Charger and UPS Data

5.1.3.12 Other Data

1.2.3 Calculation Methods Available

These three methods possess unique characteristics for converging on a

1.2.4 Recommended Sequence of Steps

5.1.5.2 Prepare a plan to take full advantage of the PowerStation three

5.1.5.7 Identify the output reports that you want to be generated.