Chemical equation

● uses chemical symbols to show what happens during a

Amounts of Reactants and Products
chemical reaction
● We use the law of conservation of mass as our guide in
A basic question raised in the chemical laboratory is “How much balancing chemical equations.
product will be formed from specific amounts of starting (reference Chemistry 12th Edition by Chang and Godsby)

materials (reactants)?” Or in some cases, we might ask the

reverse question: “How much starting material must be used to
obtain a specific amount of product?” To interpret a reaction
quantitatively, we need
to apply our knowledge of molar masses and the mole concept.

Stoichiometry
● is the quantitative study of reactants and products in a
chemical reaction.
● Whether the units given for reactants (or products) are
moles, grams, liters (for gasses), or some other units, we
use moles to calculate the amount of product formed in a
reaction.

Mole method
● means simply that the stoichiometric coefficients in a
chemical equation can be interpreted as the number of
moles of each substance.
Balancing Chemical Equations
Once we have identified all the reactants and products and have
written the correct formulas for them, we assemble them in the
conventional sequence,

Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations

● Reactants on the left are separated by an arrow from
Chemical reaction
products on the right.
● a process in which a substance (or substances) is
● The equation written at this point is likely to be
changed into one or more new substances. To
unbalanced; that is, the number of each type of atom on
communicate with one another about chemical reactions,
one side of the arrow differs from the number on the other
chemists have devised a standard way to represent them
side
using chemical equations.

Notes by: Zahra Aldwynna A. Ali Ahmed Ismail BSPh 1B 1

Balancing Chemical Equations
1. Identify all reactants and products and write their correct
formulas on the left side and right side of the equation,
respectively.
2. Begin balancing the equation by trying different
coefficients to make the number of atoms of each element
the same on both sides of the equation. We can change
the coefficients but not the subscripts (the numbers within
formulas)
*Changing the subscripts would change the identity of the
substance.*
3. First, look for elements that appear only once on each side
of the equation with the same number of atoms on each
side: The formulas containing these elements must have
the same coefficient. Therefore, there is no need to adjust
the coefficients of these elements at this point. Next, look
for elements that appear only once on each side of the
equation but in unequal numbers of atoms. Balance these
elements. Finally, balance elements that appear in two or
more formulas on the same side of the equation.
4. Check your balanced equation to be sure that you have
the same total number of each type of atom on both sides
of the equation arrow.
(reference Chemistry 12th Edition by Chang and Godsby)
Stoichiometry
● Quantitative study of reactants and products in a
chemical reaction.
● Study of the quantitative aspect of chemical formula and
chemical reactions.
● Calculation of reactants and products in a chemical
reaction.
● Predict chemical reactions
● Chemical equation serves as the main ingredient.
Mole (mol)
● The amount of substance that contains as many
elementary entities such as atoms, molecules, ions,
electrons, or photons (e.g. 12 grams of carbon-12)
● Unit of the amount of substance present.
● SI unit for amount of substance
● 1 moles = 6.022x10²³ (Avogadro’s number)
Key points:
● Moles relate the number to the mass of those entities.
● Moles maintain the same numerical relationship between
atomic scale (amu) and macroscopic scale (grams)
Example:
● Elements :
1 atom of S has a mass of 32.07amu and 1 mol
(6.022x10²³atoms) of
S has a mass of 32.07g .
● Compounds :
1 molecule of H2O has a mass of 18.02 amu and 1 mol
(6.022x10²³molecules) of H2O has a mass of 18.02g .
Molar Mass (MM)
● Refers to the mass per mole(g/mol) of a substance.
● Unit is grams/mole or g/mol.
● Calculation for molar mass from the periodic table:
Molar mass of Fe = 55.45 g/mol
● Write the molecular formula and to determine the molar
mass
Molar mass of O2 = 16 g/mol x 2 = 32 g/mol
Molar mass of SO2 = 32 g/mol + (16 g/mol x 2) = 64.07
g/mol
● Mass (g) = Molar mass (mol)
● Amount of substance (mol) = mass(g) / molar mass
Notes by: Zahra Aldwynna A. Ali Ahmed Ismail BSPh 1B 2
 Determining the Amount of Reactants and
Products
Steps to determine the amount of reactants and products
1. Write the balanced chemical equation of the reaction.
2. Convert the given amount of reactant/product to moles.
3. Use the mole ratio from the balanced chemical equation
to calculate the number of moles produced by the
product/ reactants in the equation.
Chemical equation 4. Convert the moles of the product to grams of product.
● A representation of a chemical reaction.
● Reactants - starting substance in a chemical reaction (left
Steps to determine the amount of reactants and
side)
products(shortcut)
● Arrow - progress of the reaction (→)
1. Write the balanced chemical equation of the reaction.
● Products - substance formed after the reaction (right side)
(always balance the equation. then identify the relevant
● A chemical equation should be balanced before any
reactants and product, from the question)
quantitative analysis.
2. Get the molecular mass (MM) of the reactants and
(reference Sir Jake Mabalot’s PDF)
products.
(only find the MM of the relevant reactant and product)
Why do we need to balance a chemical equation?
3. Calculate the amount of product/reactant by the ratio of
We need to balance a chemical equation to satisfy the
their mass(g). 1st ratio, the molar masses that you
Law of Conservation of Mass, which states that, “Matter cannot be
calculated. 2nd ratio, the molecular masses that were
created or destroyed”; therefore, You must have the same
given.
number of atoms on each side of a chemical equation to show
● If the unknown is the extreme, you have to multiply
conservation of mass (reactants = products).
the means divided by the given extreme.

In a chemical reaction, following properties remain constant:

1. Types and number of reacting agents,
2. Total mass of substances, ● If the unknown is the mean, you have to multiply
3. Total number of protons, neutrons, and electrons. the extremes divided by the given mean.
In a chemical reaction, following properties may change:
1. Number of electrons and electronic configuration of
atoms,
2. Total number of moles, molecules, and volumes,
3. Physical properties (e.g. color, odor, teste, and states)
Notes by: Zahra Aldwynna A. Ali Ahmed Ismail BSPh 1B 3
Sample questions:

Notes by: Zahra Aldwynna A. Ali Ahmed Ismail BSPh 1B 4