Bmjv‡gi cÕv_wgK Ae¯’vi †hvMv‡hvM: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv

†gvt bRiæj Bmjvg *

Abstract : The ability to communicate effectively is necessary to carry out thoughts and
visions to people. Without communication, there are no way to express thoughts, ideas
and feelings. The importance of communication becomes much more crucial when one is
on a mission or need to fulfill a goal. Without a means to communicate, you will stand
isolated. Allah created man with a basic function to communicate. Prophet Muhammad
(peace be upon him) has given high importance to written communication because it
could be preserved and be used for future reference. This article underlines the place of
communication in Islam. The analysis closely links the historical phases of development
of Islam to the development of communication media and modes in society, and
highlights the structural relationship between communication as a fundamental human
behaviour and the belief in, and the call for, Islam as basically communication oriented
religion.

†hvMv‡hvM Bmjvg cÕPvi-cÕmv‡i GKwU Ab¨Zg cš’v| Avj-KziAv‡bi †gØwjK A‡jØwKKZ¡

n‡jv Gi Abycg evM¥xZv I evPwbK DrKl©| GwU GZB Abycg wQj †h ZrKvjxb Avi‡ei
†Kvb Kwe ev e³vB Gi mgD”PZvi av‡i Kv‡Q †cuØQv‡Z cv‡ibwb| Avj-KziAv‡bi
AvqvZmg~‡n Avjøvni c‡_ gvbyl‡K Avnev‡bi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iæ‡Z¡i K_v cÕvqkB
wea„Z n‡q‡Q| gvby‡li Kv‡Q Avjøvni GB Avn&evb †c؇Q †`qv‡K Avj-KziAv‡b ÔevjvM×1
Ô`vIqvnÕ2 ÔevkxiÕ3 ÔbvwhiÕ4 ÔZvRwKqvÕ5 ÔgvIwqRvnÕ6 cÕf…wZ k‡ãi gva¨‡g cÕKvk Kiv
n‡q‡Q| Avj-KziAv‡bi 2wU †gØwjK cÕZ¨q n‡jv ÔInx× Ges ÔIqvQIqvQvÕ hv g~jZ
†hvMv‡hvM cÕwµqv‡K Bw½Z K‡i| ÔInx× Gi A_© n‡jv ÔBkviv Kiv, ‡jLv, cqMvg
cvVv‡bv, g‡bi Dci mÂvi Kiv, †Mvc‡b e‡j †`Iqv I Ac‡ii g‡b D‡`ªK K‡i
†`Iqv|×7 Avi ÔIqvQIqvQv× Gi A_© ÔkqZv‡bi cÕ‡jvfb×8 hv g›` c‡_ wb‡Z Pvq|
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi aviYv
Bs‡iwR „Communication‟ kãwU j¨vwUb ÔCommunis× ‡_‡K G‡m‡Q, hvi A_©
ÔmvaviYÕ|9 Avgiv hLb Kv‡iv mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kwi ZLb Zvi mv‡_ GKUv ÔmvaviYZ¡×
cÕwZôv Kivi †Póv Kwi| Gi A_© n‡”Q, Zvi mv‡_ Z_¨, aviYv ev `„wófw½i Av`vb-cÖ`vb
Kwi| evsjv GKv‡Wwgi Awfav‡b „Communication‟ Gi A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q Gfv‡e,
Av`vb-cÕ`vb, †hvMv‡hvM, evZ©v, wPwVcÎ, †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g, moK, †ijc_,
†Uwj‡dvb, †iwWI I ‡Uwjwfkb|10 msm` ev½vjv Awfav‡b ‡hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z wgjb,
HK¨, Kvh©-Kvi‡Yi mvgÃm¨, †hvM-ms¯¿e, LeivLe‡ii †jb‡`b, †`Lvïbv I mn‡hvwMZv
†evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|11 msm` Awfav‡b †hvMv‡hvM m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒCommunication,
*
mnKvix Aa¨vcK, BmjvwgK ÷vwWR wefvM, RMbœv_ wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv|
 Jagannath University Journal of Arts 127

Unity, Consistency, Connection, Contact, Intercourse and RelationÓ12 Ab¨w`‡K

Oxford English Dictionary †Z „Communication‟ Gi msÁvq ejv n‡q‡Q, “the
activity or process of expressing ideas and feelings or of giving people
13
information” GQvov Communicate Gi cÖwZkã, ÒBestow, Confer, Give, Grant,
Impart, Announce, Touch, Reveal, Divulge, Disclose, Contact, IntercourseÓ14 G
wel‡q mgvRweÁvbx Y.V. Lakshmana Rao Zuvi “Communication and
Development” MÕ‡š’ ‡hvMv‡hvM m¤ú‡K© e‡jb, ÒCommunication refers to a social
process- the flow of information, the circulation of ideas in human society, and
the propagation and internalization of thoughts 15 Ab¨w`‡K mgvR weÁv‡bi `„wófw½
†_‡K †hvMv‡hvM m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z wM‡q mgvR weÁvbx K. K. Sereno Ges C. D.
Mortensen e‡jb, ÒCommunication is a process by which senders and receivers
of the messages interact in a given social context.Ó16 ‡hvMv‡hvM welqK Ab¨ GKRb
we‡klÁ Karl Hoveland e‡jb, “Communication is the process by which one
individual transmits stimuli (usually verbal symbols) to modify the behavior of
other individuals”17 A_©vr Ö†hvMv‡hvM Ggb GK cÕwµqv hvi gva¨‡g GKRb A‡b¨i
AvPiY cwieZ©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ ÔDÏxcK× (mvaviYZ evPwbK ms‡KZ) cvVvqÓ|
mvwe©K we‡køl‡Y †hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z ‡evSvq Ggb GKwU cÕwµqv hv gvby‡li cvi¯úwiK
m¤úK© Av`vb-cÕ`vb K‡i _v‡K| c„w_exi Avw`g mgq †_‡KB gvby‡li †hvMv‡hvM wQj|
Kvjµ‡g †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wewfbœ aiY I iæc cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| Kvjµ‡g Gi e¨vcKZv
AviI evo‡e| hvi mv‡_ gvbyl cÕwZwbqZ Lvc †L‡q Avm‡Q I Avm‡e|
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖK…wZ
eZ©gvb hy‡M †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wewfbœ gvÎv hy³ n‡q‡Q| †hvMv‡hvM‡K AvaywbK we‡k¦ me‡P‡q
†ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq| hvi hZ †ewk †hvMv‡hvM †m ZZ †ewk GwM‡q hv‡”Q| gvby‡l gvby‡l
†hvMv‡hvM †_‡K ïiæ K‡i †m †hvMv‡hvM e¨w³, cÕwZôvb, ivóª I AvšÍR©vwZK cwigЇji
mxgvbvI Qvwo‡q †M‡Q| gvby‡l gvby‡l †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wewfbœZv †`Lv w`‡q‡Q|18
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi GB wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÕK…wZ‡K wb‡¤œv³fv‡e fvM K‡i‡Qb wewfbœ
mgvR we‡kølKiv|
1. †hvMv‡hvM GKwU mvgvwRK cÕwµqv;
2. †hvMv‡hvM GKwU D‡Ïk¨g~jK cÕwµqv;
3. †hvMv‡hvM GKwU cÕwZKx cÕwµqv;19
4. †hvMv‡hvM GKwU cÕfvebvg~jK cÕwµqv; Ges
5. †hvMv‡hvM GKwU wØgyLx cÕwµqv|20
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi aiY
†hvMv‡hvM GLb †KejgvÎ ¯’j, †bØ wKsev AvKvk c‡_i g‡a¨ mxgve× †bB| AvaywbK
mf¨Zvi †Quvqvq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wewfbœ gvÎvi d‡j GLb wewfbœ iK‡gi †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi
K_v †hvMv‡hvM weÁvbxiv we‡kølY K‡i‡Qb| †m mKj aviYv wb‡¤œ Zz‡j aiv nj-
128 Bmjv‡gi cÕv_wgK Ae¯’vi †hvMv‡hvM

1. Verbal Communication (evPwbK †hvMv‡hvM)

2. Nonverbal Communication (AevPwbK †hvMv‡hvM)
3. Oral Communication (†gØwLK †hvMv‡hvM)
4. Written Communication (‰jwLK †hvMv‡hvM)
5. Formal Communication (AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM)
6. Informal Communication (AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM)
7. Intentional Communication (D‡Ïk¨g~jK †hvMv‡hvM)
8. Unintentional Communication (AD‡Ïk¨g~jK †hvMv‡hvM)
9. Small Group Communication (‡QvU `jMZ †hvMv‡hvM)
10. Organizational Communication (mvsMVwbK †hvMv‡hvM).21
Bmjv‡gi †hvMv‡hvM m¤úwK©Z GKwU we‡kølY
Bmjv‡g mvgvwRK bxwZ I ivR‰bwZK wbq‡gi g~jwfwË n‡jv Avj-KziAvb Ges Avj-
nv`xm|22 Bmjv‡gi cÕ_g I cÕavb wb‡`©kbv Av‡m Avj-KziAvb †_‡K hv Bmjv‡gi
†gØwjK bxwZ cÕYqb K‡i Bmjvgx AvPi‡Yi wfwË ¯’vcb K‡i|23 mybœvn ev gnvbex (mv.)-
Gi K_v, KvR I Aby‡gv`b Avj-KziAvb cÖ`Ë bxwZi e¨vL¨vKvix| Bmjvgx AvBb
e¨e¯’vi Z…Zxq Av‡iKwU ¯Í¤¢ n‡jv BRwZnv`, hvi A_© Avj-KziAvb-mybœvni g~jbxwZi
Av‡jv‡K M„nxZ ¯^vaxb we‡ePbv|24 BRwZnv`I †hvMv‡hvMwfwËK †Kbbv Zv †gØwjK
MÕš’mg~n, e¨vL¨vmg~n Ges `„óvšÍmg~‡ni Z_¨ wb‡`©k K‡i wm×všÍ MÕnY Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ
K‡i| Bmjvgx kixq‡Zi Z…Zxq Drm n‡jv BRgv| BRgv n‡jv Bmjvgx Av‡jg‡`i
HK¨g‡Z¨i wfwˇZ M„nxZ wm×všÍ|25 GwUI †hvMv‡hvMwfwËK, †Kbbv GwU cÕwm× Bgvg ev
Ávbx e¨w³‡`i ci¯úi civgk© I Ávb wewbg‡qi wfwˇZB n‡q _v‡K| GB cÕeÜwU
Bmjv‡g †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †Kw›`ªKZv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡e| mvgvwRK I HwZnvwmKfv‡e GwU
gymwjg mgv‡Ri †gØwLK †hvMv‡hvM †_‡K wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM c×wZ‡Z DËi‡Yi welqwU
AbymÜv‡bi †Póv Ki‡e| Bmjv‡gi weKvk mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK †ÿ‡Î Kx Kx BwZevPK
cÕfve †d‡j‡Q Avi gvbweK mf¨Zvi wewbg©v‡Yi AbyNUK wnmv‡e gymwjgiv Kx Ae`vb
†i‡L‡Q Zv LwZ‡q †`LvI GB cÕe‡Üi D‡Ïk¨|
Bmjv‡gi cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q gymwjg‡`i †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v
cÕv_wgK ch©v‡qi gymwjgMY †ekwKQz mvgvwRK weKv‡ki gy‡LvgywL nb †Kbbv Zviv GKwU
wek¦vmx `j †_‡K µ‡gB GKwU ivR‰bwZK m¤úª`vq Ges cieZ©xKv‡j ivóªe¨e¯’vi
cwiPvj‡Ki f~wgKvq AeZxY© nb| Bmjv‡gi cÕv_wgK ch©v‡q Avi‡ei cÕavb †hvMv‡hvM
e¨e¯’v wQj †gØwLK K‡_vcK‡_v‡bi gva¨‡g mvgvwRKfv‡e Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb|26
giæf~wgi Ab¨me Avi‡ei g‡Zv gymwjgivI ZLb †gØwLKfv‡eB ci¯úi †hvMv‡hvM KiZ
Ges AccÕPvi †gvKvwejv KiZ| †h‡nZz Kwe I e³v‡`i ZrKvjxb mgv‡R we‡kl m¤§vb
wQj| ZvB gymwjgivI Zv‡`i evM¥xZv I Kve¨ cÕwZfvi Kvi‡Y gh©v`v †cZ| gnvbex
(mv.) Gi GKRb mvnvex wQ‡jb weL¨vZ Kwe hvwq` web mvweZ whwb KziAvb wjLb
 Jagannath University Journal of Arts 129

c×wZi KvR K‡ib|27 wZwb Zuvi mg¯Í KweZvq Bmjvg I ivm~‡ji gwngv eY©bv K‡ib|
Aci GK gymjgvb Kwe Kv×e Beb hyevBi Zuvi Bmjv‡gi cÕwZ AvbyMZ¨kxj KweZvi Rb¨
ivm~j (mv.) Gi wb‡Ri cwi‡aq †cvkvK Dcnvi cvb wZwbI G Kv‡R mn‡hvwMZv
K‡ib|28 Z‡e gnvbex (mv.) wb‡R Bmjv‡gi `vIqv‡Zi Rb¨ KweZv e¨envi Ki‡Zb
bv| wZwb †h KweZv PP©v Ki‡eb bv ev †m D‡Ï‡k¨ KweZv e¨envi Ki‡eb bv, †mwUB
wQj Avjøvn cv‡Ki B”Qv| KziAvb kix‡d ejv n‡q‡Q, ÖAvwg ivm~j‡K Kve¨ iPbv Ki‡Z
wkLvB wb Ges GUv Zuvi c‡ÿ †kvfbxq bq| GUv †Zv †Kej GK Dc‡`k Ges my¯úó
KziAvb;Ó29 bex (mv.) ‡K KweZv PP©v †_‡K weiZ ivLvi KviYwU LyeB cwi®‹vi| bexRx
hw` KweZv PP©v Ki‡Zb Zvn‡j Zuvi Kve¨ cÕwZfvi †Rv‡i wZwb KziAvb iPbv K‡i‡Qb
e‡j cÕPviYv PjZ, Avi Zv‡Z Avmgvbx wKZve‡K gvbe iPbv e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡Zv|
Bmjvg cÕPv‡ii avivevwnKZvq gymjgvbiv hLb GKwU m¤úª`vq †_‡K RvwZ‡Z cwiYZ
n‡jv, Zuviv ivóªMVb Ki‡jv,30 ZLb Zuviv wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q
wbj hv gymwjg m¤úª`vq †_‡K gymwjg mf¨Zv wewbg©v‡Yi c_ Ly‡j w`j|31
Avj-KziAvb : †hvMv‡hv‡Mi we¯§q
Avj-KziAv‡bi A‡jØwKKZv †hvMv‡hvMwfwËK|32 KziAv‡bi GB †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g bv
†Kvb M`¨, bv †Kvb c‡`¨i b¨vq| welqe¯`i ˆewP‡Î¨ Ac~e© aŸwb e¨Ãbv, k‡ãi S¼vi I
jvwjZ¨, eY©bvi ewjôZv I cÖKvkfw½i ¯^”QZv I cÕvÃjZv, m‡ev©cwi im‡eva cweÎ
KziAvb‡K †h-‡Kvb fvlvq iwPZ cÕ_g †kÕYxi m„wóag©x MÕš’mg~‡n ¯’vb cvq|33 Kve¨ cÖwZfv
mg„× AvieivI KziAv‡bi GB Abycg AmvaviY‡Z¡i mv‡_ Zvj †gjv‡Z cv‡iwb|
KziAv‡bi GB Abycg ‰ewkó¨‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i †mB mg‡qi weL¨vZ Kwe Avj Iqvwj` Beb
Avj gywMivn e‡jb, †gvnv¤§` hv wb‡q G‡m‡Q Zv †Kvb ¯^M©xq `~Z, †Kvb cvMj e¨w³ ev
†Kvb hv`yK‡ii c‡ÿI m¤¢e bq| bexRxi Dci bvwhjK…Z MÕ‡š’i †Kvb msÁv w`‡Z e¨_©
n‡q gywMiv †kl ch©šÍ e‡jwQ‡jb, gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi nq‡Zv hv`yKix evM¥xZv Av‡Q| ZvB
wZwb gvbylRb‡K mZK© K‡i w`‡q‡Qb †h, Zviv †hb H hv`yKix evYx bv †kv‡b|
cÕK…Zc‡ÿ Avj-KziAvb gvby‡li Rb¨ GK we‡kl gyÕwRhv wn‡m‡e Avwef©~Z n‡qwQj34 hvi
d‡j mKj †ÿ‡Î Bmjv‡gi weRq mnR n‡q‡Q| bex-ivm~j‡`i `vwqZ¡ m¤ú‡K© ejv
n‡q‡Q, Öivm~jw`‡Mi KZ©e¨ †Zv †Kej my¯úó evYx cÖPvi Kiv|Ó35
GBfv‡eB KziAv‡bi mv‡_ Avie mvwnwZ¨K‡`i Zvj †gjv‡Z bv cvivUvB KziAv‡bi
GKwU A‡jØwKKZ¡| GUv‡K ejv nq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ‡gv‡Rhv| †Kbbv cÕPwjZ kã Avi
ev‡K¨ wjwLZ n‡jI †KDB G ai‡Yi iPbvi mv‡_ wb‡R‡K Lvc LvIqv‡Z cv‡iwb|
KziAv‡bi aiY I Q›` †h AbyKi‡Yi mv‡a¨i evB‡i Zv †evSv‡Z wM‡q Avie¨ Kwe Avj
Iqvwj` Beb Avj gywMivn e‡jb, ÖAvjøvni Kmg! †Zvgv‡`i g‡a¨ Avj-KziAv‡b gvbe
†Kvb m¤úK© †bB|Ó36 GB AmvaviYZ¡ ZrKvjxb Agymwjg‡`i eva¨ K‡iwQj KziAv‡bi
Dci hv`yi Acev` Ry‡o w`‡Z| Zviv ivm~j‡K (mv.) Ggb eo †Kvb hv`yKi e‡j
Awf‡hvM Ki‡Z _v‡Kb hvi hv`yB n‡jv evM¥xZv|37 Avj-KziAv‡b gvbe Rxe‡bi
cÕ‡Z¨KwU wel‡qi DËi Lye ¯úófv‡e cÕ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q38 GUv gvbe mf¨Zvi
130 Bmjv‡gi cÕv_wgK Ae¯’vi †hvMv‡hvM

‡hvMv‡hvM‡K AviI AvaywbK K‡i‡Q| nhiZ Igi Beybj LvËve (iv.)-Gi KziAv‡bi
kÕeYc~e©K Bmjvg Key‡ji NUbv GB A‡jØwKKZv‡K AviI †Rviv‡jvfv‡e cÕgvY K‡i|
Lye KvQ †_‡K KziAvb kÕe‡Yi Kvi‡YB Igi web LvËve (iv.) gymjgvb n‡q hvb| 39
me‡P‡q fqsKi I wnsmª gvbyl n‡qI †evb I fMœxcwZi gy‡L ïaygvÎ KziAvb †kvbvi
Kvi‡Y m¤ú~Y© Ab¨ gvbyliæ‡c Igi (iv.)-Gi iæcvšÍi wQj †m mg‡qi gvbyl‡`i Kv‡Q
`viæb we¯§‡qi Kvwnbx| Igi (iv.)-Gi iæcvšÍi m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡Zv, ÖZvui ü`q mywgó
Ges Zvui AvZ¥v fqgy³|Ó ûmvBj nvqKvb Ig‡ii GB weL¨vZ iæcvšÍ‡ii m¤ú~Y© K…wZZ¡
†`b KziAvb‡K| wZwb e‡jb, Ö(GB iæcvšÍ‡ii KviY) KziAv‡bi Avnev‡bi D”PgvM© Ges
Gi evZ©v mg~‡ni D`viZv|Ó
g`xbvq †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM
Bmjv‡gi cÕv_wgK ch©v‡q gymwjg D¤§vni ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM wQj
†gØwLK| †h‡nZz gw`bv ivóªwU wQj †fØMwjKfv‡eB mxwgZ, ZvB †gØwLK †hvMv‡hvMB
†mLv‡b cÕvavb¨ we¯Ívi K‡i| †bZv I Abymvixiv ZLb mivmwi hy³ _vKZ, Zviv mivmwi
†hvMv‡hvM KiZ Avi GKB mv‡_ ZrÿYvr gZvgZ w`‡Z cviZ| Gfv‡eB bexRxi Dci
bvwhj nIqv cÕZ¨v‡`k RxešÍ _vKZ D¤§‡Zi gv‡S| KLbI KLbI mvnvexiv cÕZ¨ÿ
K‡i‡Qb bvwh‡ji NUbv| Zvici GB cÕZ¨v‡`k GKRb ‡_‡K Ab¨R‡b Qwo‡q coZ
Ges mvnvexiv †m¸‡jv gyL¯’ K‡i †dj‡Zb| †bUIqv‡K©i Dcgvq ej‡Z †M‡j, gnvbex
(mv.) ZrKvjxb †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi †K›`ªxq ‡÷kb Avi mvnvexiv †mB †K›`ªxq †÷k‡bi
evZ©v enbKvix †bUIqvK© MVb K‡iwQj| Gi mv‡_ Nwbôfv‡e RwoZ wQj Avie m¤úª`vq,
hv‡K ejv P‡j †m mg‡qi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi K…wÎg DcMÕn| †mLvb †_‡K bexRx I Zvui
mvnvex‡`i Kv‡Q g°vi Lei †cu؇Q †hZ| ‡mwU GZB gyL wbf©i m¤úª`vq wQj †h, †mLv‡b
wkÿv I †kLv‡bvi e¨e¯’v Kiv Riæix n‡q c‡o| ivm~j (mv.)-Gi cv‡k e‡m wbôvevb
mvnvex‡`i GKwbô ÁvbvR©b GKwU `viæb wkÿv c×wZi g‡Wj ˆZwi K‡i| 40 Bmjv‡gi
†mB cÕv_wgK hy‡M, mvnvexiv g‡bv‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ ivm~‡ji K_v I Kv‡Ri AbyKiY Ki‡Zv
hv‡K ejv hvq ch©‡eÿYg~jK wkÿv| ZvQvov KziAv‡b gnvbex nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) †K
Ôbex Avj-D¤§x× A_©vr Aÿi Ávbnxb bex bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|41 G m¤ú‡K© Avj-
KziAv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q, Ôhviv AbymiY K‡i evZ©vevnK D¤§x bexi, hvi D‡jøL ZvIivZ I
Bb&Rxj, hv Zv‡`i wbKU Av‡Q Zv‡Z wjwce× cvq, †h Zv‡`i‡K mrKv‡h©i wb‡`©k †`q
I AmrKv‡h©i evav †`q, †h Zv‡`i Rb¨ cweÎ e¯` nvjvj K‡i I AcweÎ e¯` nvivg K‡i
Ges †h gy³ K‡i Zv‡`i‡K Zv‡`i ¸iæfvi n‡Z I k„sLj n‡Z hv Zv‡`i Dci wQj|
myZivs hviv Zvi cÕwZ Cgvb Av‡b Zv‡K m¤§vb K‡i, Zv‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges †h b~i Zvi
mv‡_ AeZxY© n‡q‡Q Dnvi AbymiY K‡i ZvivB mdjKvg|Ó42 GKB m~ivi Ab¨ Avqv‡Z
ejv n‡q‡Q, Öej Ô‡n gvbyl! Avwg †Zvgv‡`i mK‡ji Rb¨ Avjøvni ivm~j, whwb
AvKvkgÐjx I c„w_exi mve©‡fØg‡Z¡i AwaKvix| wZwb e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kvb Bjvn& bvB;
wZwbB RxweZ K‡ib I g„Zz¨ NUvb| myZivs †Zvgiv Cgvb Avb Avjøvni cÕwZ I Zvui
evZ©vevnK D¤§x bexi cÕwZ †h Avjøvn I Zvui evYx‡Z Cgvb Av‡b Ges ‡Zvgiv Zvi
 Jagannath University Journal of Arts 131

AbymiY Ki, hv‡Z †Zvgiv mwVK c_ cvI|Ó43 AÿiÁvbnxb ivm~j (mv.) wkÿvi
ch©‡eÿYg~jK c×wZ‡K Drmvn w`‡Zb| †hgb wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÖcÕv_©bv K‡iv †hgbwU
Avgv‡K Ki‡Z †`L|Ó GB c×wZi ZLb GKwU Acwinvh©Zv wQj, KviY ZLb AwaKvsk
mvnvexivB AvÿwiK Ávb wQj bv Avi agx©q AvPvi-Abyôv‡bi wbcybZv a‡i ivL‡ZI Zvi
cÕ‡qvRb wQj| GB AbyKiYagx© wkÿv e¨e¯’v ivm~j (mv.) Gi Idv‡Zi ciI Pjgvb wQj|
KviY gvby‡liv †Kvb wbw`©ó NUbvi †cÕwÿ‡Z Zvui DËim~ix‡`i KvQ †_‡K Rvb‡Z PvBZ
ivm~j GgZve¯’vq Kx AvPiY ev KvR Ki‡Zb| G cÕm‡½ bexRxi ¯¿x gv Av‡qkv (iv.)-Gi
K_v ejv hvq| wZwb mevB‡K ej‡Zb, ivm~j (mv.) †Kvb wbw`©ó cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Kx Ki‡Zb?
g`xbvi ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vq ivR‰bwZK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨Zg gva¨g wQj ÔLyZev× ev e³e¨
cÖ`vb|44 LyZev cÕ`vb Avie‡`i Rb¨ bZzb wKQz wQj bv, eis kZ kZ eQi Av‡M †_‡KB
mf¨Zv¸‡jv GB c×wZi mv‡_ cwiwPZ wQj| Z‡e Avieiv GB c×wZi mv‡_ A‡bK †ewk
gvwb‡q wb‡qwQj| weL¨vZ e³v‡`i e³…Zv Ges Kwe‡`i KweZv cvV Avi‡e Rb¥ w`‡qwQj
ÔDKvR †gjvi× †hLv‡b Avi‡ei wewfbœ m¤úª`vq Zv‡`i evM¥xZv cÕ`k©b KiZ|45 ivm~j
(mv.) mvaviYZ gmwR‡` LyZev w`‡Zb| Z‡e bvbv mvgvwRK Rgv‡q‡ZI wZwb LyZev
w`‡Zb| ivm~j (mv.) I Zvui DËivm~ix Lwjdv‡`i hy‡MI LyZevB wQj ivR‰bwZK
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÕavb I Kvh©Kix gva¨g| GQvov cÕwZ ïµevi RygAvi bvgv‡R LyZev †`qvUv
cÕvwZôvwbK ixwZ‡Z cwiYZ n‡j gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi m`m¨‡`i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM I bvbv
e¨vcv‡i RbgZ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ GwU GKwU mvßvwnK gva¨g n‡q `vovq|46 `yB C‡`i
LyZev cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi Kvh©Kjv‡ci evrmwiK g~j¨vq‡bi my‡hvM ˆZwi n‡Zv| GB
e¨e¯’v ivm~j (mv.) I Zvui Lwjdv‡`i mgq ch©šÍ Kvh©Kix wQj| Gici Bmjvgx mv¤ªvR¨
hLb we¯Í…Z n‡jv ZLb ïµev‡ii LyZevq Avjøvni cÕwZ AvnŸvbKvix Lwjdvi AvbyMZ¨
†g‡b wb‡q Lwjdv‡K gymwjg D¤§vni †bZv MY¨ Kiv n‡Zv| AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Zi
†klw`‡K G‡m †h‡nZz wLjvdZ wfbœ ivR‰bwZK ¯^Ë¡vi iƒc cwiMÕn K‡i| 47 ZvB
ïµev‡ii LyZev ZLb AvjsKvwiK ev cÕZxKx n‡q c‡o Ges mwVK ivR‰bwZK D‡Ïk¨
ev¯Íevqb Ki‡ZI Aÿg n‡q c‡o|
Avjøvni †cÕwiZ ivm~j wn‡m‡e bexRx (mv.)-Gi e³…Zvi gva¨‡g Avjøvni evZ©v‡K
Qwo‡q w`‡Zb| †mB cÕwµqvwU wQj †mB hy‡M e³vi gZB| Z‡e cÕcvMvÛvi cwie‡Z©
Avnevb-cÕ‡ivPbvB wQj Zuvi †KØkj| Zvui Dci †cÕwiZ evYx I wgk‡bi cÕ_g †NvlYvi
†P‡q cÕ‡ivPbvag©x †hvMv‡hv‡Mi fvj D`vniY KgB cvIqv hv‡e| 48 bexRxi †mB e³‡e¨
wZwb Av‡eMag©x bv n‡q eis hyw³cÕ`v‡bi †KØkj cÕ‡qvM K‡ib| Zvi cÕ_g e³e¨ wQj
ÔAv‡ivng~jK hyw³i× D`vniY †Kbbv wZwb mevi Av‡M wb‡Ri m¤úª`v‡qi Kv‡Q `vIqvZ
†`b A‡b‡KB Zv‡Z wek¦vm K‡ib| KviY wek¦vmx, wek¦¯Í I mZ¨ev`x wn‡m‡e Zvi L¨vwZ
wQj| ZLb wZwb Zuv‡`i e‡jb, ÖwbðqB Avj-ivB` Zvi ‡jvK‡`i wg_¨v e‡j bv|
GgbwK hw` Avwg gvby‡li mv‡_ wg_¨v ejZvgI, †Zvgv‡`i wg_¨v eje bv wbðqB|
Avjøvni Kmg, Avwg †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e ‡cÕwiZ ivm~j Avi mKj gvby‡li Rb¨I
ivm~j| Avjøvni Kmg, †Zvgiv g„Zz¨eiY Ki‡e ZZ mn‡RB hZ mn‡R †Zvgiv NygvI,
132 Bmjv‡gi cÕv_wgK Ae¯’vi †hvMv‡hvM

Avi g„Zz¨i ci †Zvgv‡`i Revew`wnZv Ki‡Z n‡e †Zvgv‡`i K…ZK‡g©i, †Zvgv‡`i

DcvwR©Z cY¨ fvj bv g›` Kv‡R e¨q n‡jv ZviI Revew`wnZv Ki‡Z n‡e.....|Ó
GLv‡b my² hyw³ cÕ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| m¤úª`v‡qi gvby‡li Kv‡Q mivmwi †gØwLK
e³‡e¨i gva¨‡g ivm~j mf¨Zg Dcv‡q wewfbœ mvgvwRK e¨vwa ‡_‡K gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi
weï× I cweÎ nevi Avnevb Rvbv‡Zb| Av‡iv wKQz e³…Zv Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡m weL¨vZ
n‡q Av‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ g„Zz¨i c~‡e© Rxe‡bi †kl n‡¾ cÕ`Ë e³e¨wU Ôwe`vq n‡¾i fvlY×
wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z n‡q Av‡Q, hv LyeB weL¨vZ GB Kvi‡Y †h, Zv‡Z mvgvwRK, agx©q I
ˆ`bw›`b AvPi‡Yi we‡kl w`K¸‡jv‡Z ‡Rvi cÕ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|49 †hgb, GB we`vq
n‡¾i fvl‡Y bexRx Bmjvg c~e© mg‡qi my`‡K wZ‡ivwnZ K‡ib Ges bvixi AwaKv‡ii
K_v ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`b|50 Zvi †KØkj mg~‡ni Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨ wQj e³e¨mg~‡n iæcK,
Dcgv, AjsKv‡ii e¨envi hv Zvi e³e¨‡K mnR KiZ Ges mKj‡K AvKl©Y KiZ|51
ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) G m¤ú‡K© e‡jb, ÖPvwiwÎK DrK‡l©i D”Pgv‡M©i cwic~Y© weav‡bi Rb¨
Avwg †cÕwiZ n‡qwQ|Ó52
wb¤œœewY©Z LyZevwU Dc‡iv³ GB K_vi h_v_©Zv cÕgvb Ki‡e, Ö‡n gvbyl, wbðqB
†Lv`vi mv‡_ wgj‡bi c~e©w`b ch©šÍ †Zvgv‡`i i³ I ab †Zgwb cweÎ, †hgb AvR‡Ki
w`b, GB kni cweÎ| wbðqB cÕwZwU my‡`i wnmve AvR n‡Z wZ‡ivwnZ n‡jv, Z‡e Zzwg
ïay †Zvgvi g~jab †diZ cv‡e| †Zvgiv AwePviI K‡iv bv, fzjI K‡iv bv| Avjøvn
wm×všÍ wb‡q‡Qb †h, my` _vK‡e bv|Ó53 AvR n‡Z Rvwnwjqv hy‡Mi i‡³i cÕwZ‡kva MÕnY
iwnZ n‡jv| Avwg ivweqvn Beb nvwiQ Beb Avãyj gyËvwj‡ei cy‡Îi i‡³ cÕwZ‡kva‡K
iwnZ Kivi gva¨‡g ïiæ Kijvg| ‡n gvbe, †kvb Avgvi K_v, ey‡S bvI, mKj gymwjg
Aci gymwj‡gi fvB; gymwjgiv åvZ…msMVb| †Kvb gymwjg Zvi fvB‡qi m¤ú` wb‡Z
cvi‡e bv, hw` Zv‡K fv‡jv D‡Ï‡k¨ Zv bv †`qv nq| †n gvbyl, Avjøvn GKRbB,
†Zvgv‡`i wcZv GKRbB, †Zvgiv mevB Av`‡gi mšÍvb Avi Av`g m„wó n‡qwQj gvwU
†_‡K| AvR †_‡K ZvKIqvi cwigvb Qvov †Kvb AvieB Abvi‡ei †P‡q DËg we‡ewPZ
n‡e bv|
ivm~‡ji g„Zz¨i c‡i Avey eKi (iv.) Gi wLjvd‡Zi `vwqZ¡ MÕn‡Yi mgq cÕ`Ë
fvlYI LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| GB e³‡e¨i g‡a¨ AšÍwb©wnZ wQj GKwU gnvmZ¨ Ges
wLjvd‡Zi aib †Kgb n‡e Zvi w`K-wb‡`©kbv| hw`I cy‡iv e³e¨wU BwZnv‡m cvIqv
hvq bv, Zey e³‡e¨i wKQz Ask BwZnv‡m ¯’vb K‡i wb‡q‡Q Zvi ivR‰bwZK ¸iæ‡Z¡i
Kvi‡Y| LyZev cÕ`v‡bi mgq Lwjdv Igi GKevi GK gwnjvi cÕwZ‡iv‡ai m¤§yLxb nb
Ges †g‡b †bb †h, wZwbB fzj K‡i‡Qb Ges H gwnjvB mZ¨ e‡j‡Qb| Dgi
Revew`wnZvi Ab¨b¨ `„óvšÍ ¯’vcb K‡ib, hLb LyZev `vbiZ Ae¯’vq Zv‡K _vwg‡q
wRÁvmv Kiv nq †h, evqZzj gvj †_‡K †h cwigvb Kvco †`qv nq Zv‡K Dg‡ii j¤^v
†cvkvK Kx K‡i nq| Dgi Zvui m`yËi ZLbB cÕ`vb K‡iwQ‡jb|54
Bmjv‡g ˆjwLK †hvMv‡hvM
gvbe Dbœq‡b ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î we‡klÁMY wjwLZ c×wZi Dci ¸iæZ¡ cÕ`vb K‡i
_v‡Kb| wjwLZ e³‡e¨ cÕK…ZI gvby‡li Kv‡Q kw³kvjx gva¨giæ‡c we‡ewPZ nq| G
 Jagannath University Journal of Arts 133

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi d‡j Bmjv‡gi cÕv_wgK Ae¯’vq e¨w³ †_‡K mgwó I mgwó †_‡K e„nËi
cwim‡i Qwo‡q c‡o Bmjv‡gi Av‡jv|55 wjwLZ Z_¨¸‡jv Zzjbv I we‡kølY †hvM¨; hvi
gva¨‡g cÕvK…wZK NUbvi c~e©vbygvb I wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq| ZvB hviv †jLvcov Rv‡b bv
Zv‡`i †P‡q †jLvcov Rvbv gvby‡liv mvaviYZ †ewk myweavcÕvß nq|
GKwU †hvMv‡hvMag©x ag© nIqvq Bmjvg `ªæZ wjLb c×wZ‡K MÕnY K‡i †bq|
Bmjv‡gi cÕ_g bvwhjK…Z kãB wQj co, ZvB †Kviv‡bi AvqvZmg~n eB AvKv‡i GKÎ
Kiv nq| †Kvivb kãwUB Bw½Z K‡i †h Zv wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †K›`ªxq cÕgvY| Ôco×
kãwU GB cweÎ KziAvb‡K Aa¨vq‡bi Av‡`k †`q|56 Bmjv‡gi †NvlYvi d‡j gvbyl
gvÎB †h fzj Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvMUv LyeB `iKvi e‡j Gi e¨vcv‡i
¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i‡Q|
cweÎ KziAv‡bi wewfbœ Avqv‡Z wjwLZ c×wZ‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q iæc‡Ki
mvnv‡h¨| AvÿwiKfv‡eI ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Ôgvby‡li K…ZKg©mg~n `yBRb †d‡ikZv Øviv
wjwLZ nq| jvI‡n gvndz‡h mg¯Í gvby‡li K…ZKg© wjwLZ I g~j¨vwqZ nq|×57 GQvovI
gvby‡li Rb¨ hv cÕ‡qvRbxq Zv mivmwi wj‡L ivLvi Dci eva¨evaKZv Av‡ivwcZ nq
mivmwi Avj-KziAv‡bi Avqv‡Zi gva¨‡g| m~iv evKvivq gnvb Avjøvn †jLvi ¸iæ‡Z¡i
K_v D‡jøL K‡i e‡jb, Ö‡n gy×wgbMY! †Zvgiv hLb G‡K A‡b¨i mv‡_ wba©vwiZ mg‡qi
Rb¨ F‡Yi Kvievi Ki ZLb Zv wj‡L ivL; †Zvgv‡`i g‡a¨ †Kvb †jLK †hb b¨vh¨fv‡e
wj‡L †`q; †jLK wjL‡Z A¯^xKvi Ki‡e bv| †hgb Avjøvn Zv‡K wkÿv w`‡q‡Qb, myZivs
†m †hb wj‡L; Ges FYMÕnxZv †hb †jLvi welqe¯` e‡j †`q Ges Zvi cÕwZcvjK
Avjøvn‡K fq K‡i, Avi Zvi wKQz †hb bv Kgvq; wKš` FY MÕnxZv hw` wb‡ev©a A_ev `ye©j
nq A_ev †jLvi welqe¯` e‡j w`‡Z bv cv‡i Z‡e †hb Zvi AwffveK b¨vh¨fv‡e †jLvi
welqe¯` e‡j †`q| mvÿx‡`i g‡a¨ hv‡`i Dci †Zvgiv ivhx Zv‡`i g‡a¨ `yBRb cyiæl
mvÿx ivL‡e, hw` `yBRb cyiæl bv _v‡K Z‡e GKRb cyiæl I `yBRb ¯¿x‡jvK;
¯¿x‡jvK‡`i g‡a¨ GKRb fzj Ki‡j Zv‡`i GKRb AciRb‡K ¯§iY K‡i w`‡e|
mvÿxMY‡K hLb WvKv n‡e ZLb Zviv †hb A¯^xKvi bv K‡i| GUv †QvU †nvK A_ev eo
†nvK, †gqv`mn wjL‡Zv †Zvgiv †Kvbiæc wei³ nBI bv| Avjøvni wbKU GUv b¨vh¨Zi
I cÕgv‡Yi Rb¨ `„pZi Ges †Zvgv‡`i g‡a¨ m‡›`n D‡`ªK bv nIqvi wbKUZi; wKš`
†Zvgiv ci¯úi †h e¨emvi bM` Av`vb-cÕ`vb Ki Zv †Zvgiv bv wjL‡j †Kvb †`vl bvB|
‡Zvgiv hLb ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ †ePv‡Kbv Ki ZLb mvÿx ivL, †jLK Ges mvÿx †hb
ÿwZMÕ¯Í bv nq| hw` †Zvgiv ÿwZMÕ¯Í Ki Z‡e GUv †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ cvc| †Zvgiv
Avjøvn‡K fq Ki| Ges wZwb †Zvgvw`M‡K wkÿv †`b| Avjøvn me©wel‡q mwe‡kl
AewnZ|Ó58
g`xbv kvmb e¨e¯’vq wjLb wbf©i †hvMv‡hvM
Bmjv‡gi cÕv_wgK ch©v‡q mv¤ªv‡R¨i we¯Í…wZi d‡j iv‡óªi bxwZ cÕYqb I ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨
`~iZ¡ I †hvMv‡hvM GKwU we‡eP¨ welq n‡q `vovq| GB wekvj mv¤ªv‡R¨i g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM
†gØwLK c×wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i cwiPvjbv Kiv cÕvq Am¤¢e e¨vcvi wQj| ZvB wjLb
134 Bmjv‡gi cÕv_wgK Ae¯’vi †hvMv‡hvM

c×wZ‡K AvqZ¡ K‡i †bqvB wQj ag©xq, mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK cÕ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi DËg
weKí| cÕv_wgK hy‡Mi cÕvq me gymwjgB wQj AÿiÁvbnxb| Z‡e bexRx wKQz †jLvcov
Rvbv gvby‡li mn‡hvwMZv †c‡q‡Qb `vIqv‡Zi †ÿ‡Î|59 G mgq ivm~j (mv.) Zvi wKQz
mvnvex‡K †jLvi Rb¨ DrmvwnZ K‡i ej‡Zb, ÖKuv‡a e‡m _vKv wjL‡Z _vKv
†d‡ikZv‡`i Avgjbvgvi mv‡_ wgwj‡q †`qv n‡e|Ó wKQz wKQz mvnvex KziAv‡bi AvqvZ
wj‡L ivL‡Zb KviY Zviv fz‡j hvevi Avk¼v Ki‡Zb| Avjx (iv.), gyqvR (iv.), DevB
(iv.), hvB` (iv.) Ges Avãyjøvn Be‡b gvmy‡`i g‡Zv mvnvexiv KziAv‡bi cÕvq cy‡ivUvB
wj‡L †i‡LwQ‡jb| hw`I Zv GKwU cyw¯ÍKv AvKv‡i msiwÿZ wQj bv| Gme mvnvexiv
nvo, cïi Pvgov, Zv‡ji cvZv cÕf…wZ‡Z wj‡L ivL‡Zb AvqvZmg~n|60 hw`I ïiæi
w`‡Ki g`xbv kvmb e¨e¯’vq wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM mxwgZ wQj, cÕ‡qvRb e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ Gi
cÕmviI NU‡Z _v‡K| ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q wewfbœ Pzw³, mwÜ, hy×weiwZi kZ© wj‡L ivLv n‡Zv|
†hgb û`vqweqvi mwÜ wjwLZ nq| GQvov gw`bv mb`I wjwLZ mb`| GB gw`bv mb`B
Bmjv‡gi cÕ_g wjwLZ mb` e‡j we‡ewPZ|61 GwUB gymwjg iv‡óªi cÕ_g wjwLZ msweavb
hv‡Z wjwLZ wQj Agymwj‡gi AwaKvi Kxiƒc n‡e| GQvov wewfbœ Dcj‡ÿ¨ ivm~j (mv.)
Avie †bZv‡`i cÎ cvVv‡Zb| G m‡ei AwaKvskB wQj Bmjv‡gi cÕwZ Avn&evb| GB
wPwV¸‡jv Avjøvni evYx I hyw³ w`‡q †jLv n‡Zv| A_©‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î gvwjKvbv, ivóªxq
m¤ú‡`i cwigvY wj‡L ivLv n‡Z| †LRyi Mv‡Qi msL¨v, cïi msL¨vI wj‡L ivLv n‡Zv|
cieZx©Kv‡j ag©xq, mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I kvmbZvwš¿K A‡bK welqB wj‡L ivLv
n‡Zv| D`vniY¯^iæc ejv hvq, Avjx (iv.) ivm~‡ji †jLKM‡Yi Ab¨Zg wQ‡jb|
Lwjdv‡`i mg‡q Ôw`Iqvb× bv‡g wKQz cÕkvmwbK c` ˆZix Kiv nq hviv cÕkvmwbK
AÂj¸‡jvi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM ivLZ|
AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v‡q, LwjdvMY ZrKvjxb wek¦‡bZv‡`i mv‡_ cÎ gvidZ †hvMv‡hvM
KiZ| bexRx (mv.) cvi‡m¨i GKbvqK, †ivg I Avwewmwbqvi kvmK‡`i Avjøvni evZ©v
†c؇Q w`‡Zb Ges Bmjvg Key‡ji Avnevb Rvbv‡Zb|62 GB c‡Îi gZB mswÿß Ges
mivmwi Dw³| eZ©gv‡b mswÿßZv GKwU mgm¨vi ˆZwi K‡i, ZLb 2wU Kvi‡Y mswÿß
cÎ cvVv‡bv nZ| 1) Aviwe fvlvq cÕK…wZ I wjLb mvgMÕxi AcÕZzjZv; 2) KzU‰bwZK
wjLb c×wZ, D`vniY¯^iæc †iv‡gi kvmK‡K †cÕwiZ c‡Îi K_v ejv hvq| Gfv‡e
Bmjv‡gi we¯Í…wZB wjLb c×wZi mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q †bevi Ab¨Zg KviY e‡j we‡ewPZ|
Lwjdv‡`i mg‡q wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM
mgvR e¨e¯’v †gØwLK e¨e¯’v †_‡K wjwLZ c×wZ‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡j LwjdvMY 2 wU cÕavb
mgm¨vi gy‡LvgywL nb|
cÖ_gwU n‡jv KziAvb wjLb| ag©Z¨vMx‡`i weiæ‡× jovB Ki‡Z wM‡q ivm~j (mv.)
Gi eû mvnvex knx` nb, hviv KziAvb gyL¯’ †i‡LwQ‡jb|63 G Ae¯’v KziAv‡bi wj‡L
ivLvi Rb¨ Avey eKi‡K (iv.) Aby‡iva Kiv nq| Avey eKi (iv.) ZLb GB cÕ¯Íve
MÕn‡Yi c~‡e© mKj mvnvexi mv‡_ K_v e‡j †bb, †Kbbv Zvi Avk¼v wQj †h gvby‡liv
fz‡j hvIqv ¯^fv‡ei Kvi‡Y KziAv‡b fzj wKQz Xy‡K co‡e wKbv ev B”QvK…Zfv‡e †KD
 Jagannath University Journal of Arts 135

fzj ej‡e wKbv ev gvb‡ei ¯úk© †c‡q Zvi wbcyYZv weZwK©Z n‡e wKbv| Gici Lwjdv
Avey eKi (iv.) ivm~‡ji Ab¨Zg cÕavb mnPi hvwq` Beb mvweZ‡K Inx †jLK wn‡m‡e
wbhy³ K‡ib|64 hvwq` GB KvR‡K e‡jb †h, Zv wQj ce©Z‡K miv‡bvi gZ KwVb| hvB
†nvK, hvwq` mg¯Í AvqvZ mg~n‡K m~iv, Avqv‡Z fvM K‡i GKwU eB‡q iƒc`vb K‡ib|
‡mB KziAv‡b Avey eKi (iv.) wb‡Ri Kv‡Q iv‡Lb Ges cieZ©x‡Z Dgi (iv.) †K n¯ÍvšÍi
K‡ib|65
wØZxqwU †hvMv‡hvM mgm¨v wQj µgea©gvb g`xbv m¤úª`v‡qi cv‡Vi ai‡Yi wfbœZv|
Aviwe fvlvi DcfvlvMZ wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y k‡ãi D”PviY I A_© wfbœ n‡q †hZ|66 GB
A_©MZ wfbœ bvbv e¨vL¨vi m¤§yLxb nevi Avk¼v †`Lv ‡`q| Lwjdv Dmgvb (iv.) Gi mgq
GB mgm¨v cÕKU AvKvi aviY K‡i| be¨wewRZ gymwjg iv‡R¨i gymjgvbiv wfbœ wfbœ
Aviwe Dcfvlvq D”PviY KiZ| GB e¨vcviwU jÿ K‡i Lwjdv Dmgvb †jLKMY‡K
cÕwgZ fvlvq GKwU MÕš’ wjL‡Z e‡jb| hLb KvRwU m¤úbœ nq, ZLb Zv wewfbœ A‡j
†cÕiY Kiv nq| ZvB Lwjdv Imgvb‡K RvwgDj KziAvb ejv nq|67 GKB ai‡Yi
cVbixwZ A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| mvs¯‹…wZKfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, wfbœ mgv‡R k‡ãi wfbœ
A_© nq, wfbœ D”PviY A‡bK mgq wfbœ kã‡K Bw½Z K‡i| ZvQvov NUbv †cÕÿvcU
Abyhvqx k‡ãi A_©I cv‡ë hvq| Bmjvg ‡m mgq †h‡nZz bvbv ai‡Yi mvs¯‹…wZK †Mvôxi
mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡qwQj ZvB g~j MÕ‡š’i cÕwgZKiY Ges Zv msiÿY AZxe cÕ‡qvRbxq wQj|
GB cÕwgZKi‡Yi Kvi‡Y wfbœ ms¯‹…wZ‡Z wfbœ e¨vL¨v I wfbœ ivRbxwZi D™¢‡ei nvZ †_‡K
cÕv_wgKfv‡e Bmjvg iÿv cvq| ZvB Lwjdv Imgv‡bi GB D‡`¨vM gymwjg D¤§vn‡K
wfbœZvi gy‡L `vwo‡q GKÎ Kivi KvRwU K‡i Ges Zv‡`i mvs¯‹…wZK wfbœZv m‡Ë¡I GKK
A‡_©i gva¨‡g msnwZ weav‡bi c_ iwÿZ _v‡K|
wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi DbœwZi †ÿ‡Î Lwjdv nhiZ Dgi (iv.) Gi we‡kl Ae`v‡bi
K_vI D‡jøL‡hvM¨| ivm~‡ji wkÿv Abyhvqx Lwjdv Dgi Ôw`Iqvb× e¨e¯’v cÕeZ©b K‡ib
hv‡`i Kvi‡Y bvbv cÕkvmwbK BDwb‡Ui mv‡_ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ges Zv msiÿY| GwUB wQj
Bmjv‡gi cÕ_g wjwLZ AvKv©Bf| G ai‡Yi wKQz `ßi n‡jv-Ôw`Iqvb Avj hy›`, w`Iqvb
Avj LvivR, w`Iqvb Avj evqZyj gvj, w`Iqvb Avj evwi` BZ¨vw`|Õ w`Iqvb Avj
evwi‡`i KvR wQj cÎ †hvMv‡hvM| GB Awa`ßiB me©cÕ_g Lwjdvi mv‡_ AvÂwjK
MfY©i I cÕkvmK‡`i m¤úK© weavb K‡i| hw`I ivm~j (mv.) Ges Avey eKiI wPwV
wjL‡Zb, ZeyI Dgi (iv.) B cÎ ‡hvMv‡hvM‡K ivR‰bwZK Kg©e¨e¯’vi A½ K‡i †d‡jb|
Lwjdv nhiZ Igi (iv.) `~i-`~iv‡šÍi kvmK, cÕkvmK, †mbvcwZ‡`i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM
Ki‡Zb| †gØwLK c×wZ hy× cwiKíbv ev ivRcwiKíbv Rvbv‡bvi Dc‡hvMx wQjbv| ZvB
wZwb we¯Í…Z weeiY hy³ wPwV wjL‡Zb| gymv Avj AvkAvix‡K †jLv wePvi e¨e¯’vi wPwV
Ges mv×` web Av°vm‡K †jLv mvgwiK wPwV BwZnv‡m mgv`„Z| GB mvgwiK cÎ KgvÛvi
I ˆmwbK‡`i hy×Kvjxb †KØkjI KiYxq eY©bv K‡iwQj|
Lwjdv Imgvb (iv.) Ges Avjx (iv.) hLb ivóª cwiPvjbvi `vwq‡Z¡ Av‡mb, ZLb
B‡Zvg‡a¨B wjLb c×wZ‡K cÕwZwôZ c×wZ wn‡m‡eB cvb| GB †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v
136 Bmjv‡gi cÕv_wgK Ae¯’vi †hvMv‡hvM

ZLbKvi gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ mvgvwRK w¯’iZv Ges ivR‰bwZK GKZv a‡i ivL‡Z
mn‡hvwMZv K‡i|
nv`xm wjLb
ivm~j (mv.) Gi mybœvn gymwjg‡`i g~jbxwZi wØZxq cÕavb Drm| ivm~‡ji RxeÏkvq
nv`xm †jLvi cÕ‡qvRb wQj bv ej‡jB P‡j| KviY, ivm~j (mv.) Gi Kv‡Q wM‡q memgq
†h †Kvb mgm¨vi dqmvjv †bqv †hZ| †m mgq nv`xm †jLv A‡bK weZwK©Z e¨vcvi wQj|
A‡bK †ÿ‡Î ivm~j (mv.) G‡K wbiærmvwnZI K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e Zvui g„Zz¨i ci †jLvi
AbygwZ wQj| cÖ_g `yB Lwjdv Dgi (iv.) I Avey eKi (iv.) I Abyrmvn cÕ`vb K‡ib|
KviY ZLb KziAvb ‡jLv nw”Qj, ZvB wg‡k hvevi m¤¢vebv wQj Avi Zv‡`i mggh©v`v
†`evi cÕPj‡bi Avk¼v wQj| ivm~jI GKB Kvi‡Y ïiæ‡Z AbygwZ bv w`‡jI cieZx©‡Z
Kivi AbygwZ †`b| ZvB ivm~‡ji Rxe‡bi †kl w`‡K G‡m mv` web DevB`vn Avj
Avbmvix, Rvwei Beb Avãyjøvn Ges Avey ûivqiv (iv.) bexRxi eû K_v wj‡L iv‡Lb| 68
wnRix cÕ_g kZ‡K nv`xm †jLvi †Kvb AvbyôvwbK bxwZ wQj bv| ZLb gymwjg cwÐZ‡`i
g‡a¨ wfbœg‡Zi D™¢e n‡j BRgvi wfwˇZ wm×všÍ †bqv n‡Zv| Dgi Beb Avãyj Avhx‡hi
(717-720) mg‡q wZwb cÕ_g nv`xm msKj‡bi cÕ_g AvbyôvwbK bxwZ MÕnY K‡ib| 69
Lwjdv wKQz e¨w³‡K `vwqZ¡ †`q mwVKfv‡e nv`xm msMÕn K‡i †jLvi Rb¨| †Kbbv wZwb
ZrKvjxb Ávbx e¨w³‡`i g„Zz¨i mv‡_ mv‡_ GB gnvÁv‡bi wech©‡qi Avk¼v K‡iwQ‡jb|
Lwjdvi GB cÕeYZvB gynvwÏm hy‡Mi m~Pbv K‡i| ZvB gynvwÏmMY BmjvwgK ˆeÁvwbK
c×wZi we‡kølY‡K Kv‡R jvMvb mwVK nv`xm Ly‡R †ei Ki‡Z| wKQz Ávbx e¨w³‡K
`vwqZ¡ †`qv nq ivm~‡ji evYx I Kg©‡K †jLvi Rb¨| Avi wKQz Av‡jg‡`i Lwjdv‡`i
mg‡qi NUbvejxI †jLvi `vwqZ¡ †`qv nq|70 GB wecyj Áv‡bi AwaKvix gymwjg
cwÛZivB AveŸvmxq I DgvBqv kvmbvg‡j Ávbiv‡R¨ †iu‡bmuv wb‡q Av‡m|
Dcmsnvi
Bmjv‡gi †K‡›`ª i‡q‡Q Gi †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v| c„w_exe¨vcx Bmjv‡gi Av‡jv Qwo‡q covi
g~‡j †hvMv‡hvM GKwU Ab¨Zg kw³kvjx gva¨g wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| Bmjv‡gi †gØwjK
bxwZmg~‡ni cÕavb Drm Avj-KziAvb I nv`xm QvovI BRgv I BRwZnv` †hvMv‡hvM
e¨e¯’vi Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb| GKwU m¤úª`vq †_‡K e„nr RvwZ MV‡bi mvgvwRK I
HwZnvwmK weeZ©‡bi avivq Bmjvg †gØwLK c×wZ †_‡K wjwLZ c×wZi †hvMv‡hv‡M
Af¨¯Í n‡q c‡o| ivm~j (mv.) Gi g`xbv hy‡M †gØwLK †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi cÕvavb¨ wQj hv
†cÕlYv I wbqš¿‡bi Dci cÕwZwôZ wQj| Pvi Lwjdvi mg‡q Bmjvgx iv‡R¨i we¯Ív‡ii
mv‡_ mv‡_ wjwLZ c×wZ c~e©Zb c×wZi RvqMv `Lj K‡i| AvR Aewa Bmjvg cÕPv‡ii
Rb¨ Bmjv‡gi wb‡`©wkZ I cÕwZwôZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wewfbœ gva¨g AZ¨šÍ mdjfv‡e KvR
K‡i hv‡”Q|
 Jagannath University Journal of Arts 137

Z_¨m~Î

1. ٍُٛ‫َُا ِاالَّ ْان َبالَؽُ ْان ًُ ِب‬ْٛ َ‫ػه‬ َ ‫َٔ َيا‬

Avj-KziAvb, 36 : 17
2. َ ًٍَ ِ‫سٍُ اِ ٌَّ َربَّكَ ْ َُٕ أ َ ْػ َه ُى ب‬
‫ض َّم‬ َ ْ ِٙ‫سَُ ِت َٔ َجاد ِْن ُٓى بِ َّانخ‬
َ ْ‫ أَح‬ِٙ َ ‫ظ ِت ْان َح‬
َ ‫ ِم َربِّكَ بِ ْانحِ ْك ًَ ِت َٔ ْان ًَ ْٕ ِػ‬ِٛ‫ا ْدعُ اِنِٗ َسب‬
ٍَِٚ‫ ِه ِّ َْٔ َُٕ أ َ ْػ َه ُى بِ ْان ًُ ْٓخَذ‬ِٛ‫سب‬
َ ٍ‫ػ‬
َ
Avj-KziAvb, 16 : 125
3. ْ ‫غٕثَ فًَِ ُْ ُٓى َّي ٍْ َْذَٖ هللاُ َٔيِ ُْ ُٓى َّي ٍْ َح َّق‬
‫ج‬ ُ ‫انطا‬ ُ ‫ ُك ِّم أ ُ َّي ٍت َّر‬ِٙ‫َٔنَقَ ْذ بَ َؼثَُْا ف‬
َّ ْ‫سٕالً أ َ ٌِ ا ْػبُذُٔاْ هللاَ َٔاجْ خَُِبُٕا‬
ْ ُ
ٍَِٛ‫ػاقِبَت ان ًُ َك ِذّب‬
َ ٌَ‫ْف َكا‬ َ ٛ‫ظ ُزٔاْ َك‬ُ َ‫ض فَا‬ َ
ِ ‫ األ ْر‬ِٙ‫زٔاْ ف‬ِٛ ُ
ُ ‫ ِّ انضَّالنَت فَس‬ْٛ َ‫ػه‬ َ
Avj-KziAvb, 16 : 36
4. Avj-KziAvb, 16 : 36
5. ُ ‫ ِٓ ْى ِاََّكَ أََجَ ان َؼ ِز‬ِٛ‫ُزَ ّك‬َٚٔ َ‫َاب َٔ ْانحِ ْك ًَت‬
‫ز‬ٚ َ ‫ُ َؼ ِهّ ًُ ُٓ ُى ْان ِكخ‬َٚٔ َ‫احِك‬َٚ ‫ ِٓ ْى آ‬ْٛ َ‫ػه‬
َ ُٕ‫خْه‬َٚ ‫سٕالً ِّي ُْ ُٓ ْى‬ ْ ‫َربََُّا َٔا ْب َؼ‬
ُ ‫ ِٓ ْى َر‬ِٛ‫ث ف‬
‫ ُى‬ِٛ‫ان َحك‬
Avj-KziAvb, 2 : 129
6. Avj-KziAvb, 16 : 125
7. gvIjvbv Gm. Gg. gwZDi ingvb b~ix, gyÔwRhvZzb bex (mv.), XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ðkb evsjv‡`k,
Z…Zxq ms¯‹iY : 2012, c„. 284
8. nhiZ gvIjvbv gydZx gynv¤§` kdx (i.), (gvIjvbv gywnDÏxb Lvb Ab~w`Z) Zdmx‡i gvÔAv‡idzj-
‡KviAvb, (Aóg LÐ), XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ðkb evsjv‡`k, cÂg ms¯‹iY : Ryb 2000, c„. 904
9. Schramm, Wilbur, “Communication: Concepts and Processes,” How
Communication Works, De Vito, Joseph A (ed.), (Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-
Hall, USA, 1971) p. 3
10. Zillur Rahman Siddiqui (ed.), English to Bangla Dictionary, Dhaka: Bangla
Academy, 2nd Edition: 2011, p. 152
11. ‰k‡j›`ª wek¦vm KZ©„K m¼wjZ, msm` ev½vjv Awfavb, XvKv: mvwnZ¨ msm`, Aóv`k gy`ªYt Ryb
1995, c„. 599
12. Mohammad Ali (ed.), Bengali-English Dictionary, Dhaka: Bangla Academy, First
Edition: 1994, p. 696
13. A S Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, (Sally Wehmeier (Ed.) &
Phonetics Michael Ashby (Ed.), Sixth Edition: 2005, New U. K. edition 2005. p. 237
14. Dictionary of Synonyms and Antonyms, New Delhi: The Oxford & IBH Publishing
Ltd, Third print-1994, p. 75
15. Y.V. Lakshmana Rao, Communication and Development: A study of Two Indian
Villages, Minneapolis: USA: University of Minnesota Press, 1966, p. 145
16. Sereno, K K et al, Foundations of Communication Theory, UK: Published by Haper
& Row, 1970, p. 3
138 Bmjv‡gi cÕv_wgK Ae¯’vi †hvMv‡hvM

17. Carl I. Hovland et al, Communication and Persuasion, USA: Yale University Press,
First Edition, December 1953, p. 16
18. Muhammad Ruhul Amin, Science Philosophy and Religion, Dhaka: Islamic
Foundation Bangladesh, First Edition. 1979, p. 112
19. P.R.R. Sinha, “Towards a Definition of Development Communication”, Southeast
Asian Journal of Social Science, Vol. 4, No. 2, Special Issue: "Communication and
Social Development in Asia" (1976), Published by: Brill, p. 2
20. G Gm Gg Avmv`y¾vgvb I Lv‡j` gywnDÏxb, ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi aviYv, XvKv: evsjv‡`k †m›Uvi di
†W‡fjc‡g›U KZ„©K cÕKvwkZ, 2001, c„. 47
21. Lary L. Barker, Communication, Auburn University, (Englewood Cliffs, N.J:
Prentice-Hall, 5th Edition, 1971), p. 26
22. wQwÏKzi ingvb wgqv, BmjvwgK AvBbweÁvb I gymwjg AvBb, XvKv: †Lvk‡ivR wKZve gnj, cÕ_g
ms¯‹iY, 1999, c„. 31
23. cÕv¸³, c„. 32
24. W. gynv¤§` Ave`yi ingvb AvbIqvix, Bmjvgx `vÕIqv‡Zi c×wZ I AvaywbK †cÖÿvcU, XvKv:
evsjv‡`k BbwówUDU Ae BmjvwgK _¨U, cÕ_g cÕKvk-2003, c„. 269
25. Avng` nvmvb (byiæj Avwgb RvInvi Ab~w`Z), Bmjv‡g BRgv `k©b, XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb
evsjv‡`k, cÕ_g cÕKvg 2004, c„. 15
26. Hamid Mowlana, Theoretical Perspectives on Islam and Communication, China
Media Research, 3(4), 2007, p. 26
27. mvgmyÏxb, Bmjvgx ms¯‹…wZi BwZnvm, XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ðkb evsjv‡`k, cÕ_g cÕKvk: 1993,
c„. 51
28. cÕv¸³, c„. 52
29. Avj-KziAvb, 36 : 69| [m¤úv`bv cwil` KZ…©K Ab~w`Z, Avj-KziAvbyj Kixg, XvKv: BmjvwgK
dvD‡Ðkb evsjv‡`k, cÕ_g cÕKvk †deªæqvix 1968, weqvwjøkZg gy`ªY A‡±vei 2010|]
30. S. M. Imamuddin, „Arab Muslim Administration (622-1258), New Delhi: Kitab
Bhavan, 1984, p. 19-20
31. Wilfred Cantwell Smith, On Understanding Islam, Delhi, Idarah-1 Adaybiyat-1
Delhi, First Print-1981, p. 19
32. Ali Tabari and A. Mingana D.D, The Book of Religion and Empire, New Delhi:
Kitab Bhavan, 1986, p. 34
33. Abyev`Ke„›` I Bmjvgx wek¦‡Kvl m¤úv`bv cwil`, nhiZ ivm~‡j Kixg (mv.) Rxeb I wkÿv, XvKv:
BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, cÕ_g cÕKvk-1997, c„. 444
34. J. J. Saunders, A History of Medieval Islam, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul,
1965, p. 27
 Jagannath University Journal of Arts 139

35. ٍ ِ‫ءٍ ََّحْ ٍُ َٔال آبَا ُإََا َٔالَ َح َّز ْيَُا يِ ٍ دَُِٔ ِّ ي‬ْٙ ‫ش‬ َ ٍ ِ‫ػبَ ْذََا يِ ٍ دَُِٔ ِّ ي‬ َ ‫ٍَ أ َ ْش َز ُكٕاْ نَ ْٕ شَاء هللاُ َيا‬ِٚ‫َٔقَا َل انَّذ‬
ٍُِٛ‫س ِم اِالَّ ْانبَالؽُ ْان ًُب‬ َ ‫ٍَ يِ ٍ قَ ْب ِه ِٓ ْى فَ َٓ ْم‬ِٚ‫ءٍ َكذَنِكَ فَؼَ َم انَّذ‬ْٙ ‫ش‬
ُّ ٗ‫ػ َه‬
ُ ‫انز‬ َ
Avj-KziAvb, 16 : 35
36. gynv¤§` Ave`yi ivnxg I W. †gvt Avwgi †nv‡mb miKvi, Avj-KziAv‡bi A‡jŠwKKZv, Avj-
KziAv‡bi kvk¦Z cqMvg, XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, cÕ_g cÕKvk-2002, c„. 129|
(g~j cÕeÜwU BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb cwÎKvi 1997 L„óv‡ãi Rvbyqvix-gvP© msL¨vq cÖKvwkZ); AvÔqv`,
Avj Kv`x, Aveyj dhj Avjwkdv wd-ZvÔwiwd ûKzwKj gymZvdv, c„. 217
37. cÕv¸³, c„. 125
38. Dr. Mahar Abdul Haq, Educational Philosophy of the Holy Quran, New Delhi:
Adam Publishers & Distributors, First Edition: 2002, p. 78
39. m¤úv`bv cwil` KZ…©K msKwjZ I m¤úvw`Z, Bmjvgx wek¦‡Kvl (6ô LÐ), (ÔDgvi BebyÕj-LvËve
(iv.) `ªóe¨), XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ðkb evsjv‡`k, Ryb 1989, c„. 23
40. W. gynv¤§` Ave`yj gvey`, ivm~jyjøvni (mv.) wkÿv`vb c×wZ, XvKv: evsjv‡`k BmjvwgK †m›Uvi, †g-
2011, c„. 169
41. Lyiwk` Avn&g` m¤úvw`Z I gynv¤§` b~iæj Avwgb RvInvi Ab~w`Z, Bmjv‡gi Avnevb, (wU. we.
Avqviwfs, Bmjv‡gi `„wó‡Z mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡), XvKv: Bdvev, cÕ_g cÕKvk-1987, c„. 96
42. ‫ؤ ْ ُي ُزُْى‬َٚ ‫ ِم‬ٛ‫اإل َْ ِج‬
ِ َٔ ِ‫ انخ َّ ْٕ َراة‬ِٙ‫َ ِجذُٔ ََُّ َي ْكخُٕبًا ػُِذَ ُْ ْى ف‬ٚ ِ٘‫ َّانذ‬ٙ َّ ‫ األ ُ ِّي‬ٙ
َّ ِ‫سٕ َل انَُّب‬ُ ‫انز‬َّ ٌَُٕ‫َخَّبِؼ‬ٚ ٍَِٚ‫انَّذ‬
‫ػ ُْ ُٓ ْى ِاص َْز ُْ ْى‬
َ ‫ض ُغ‬ َ َٚ َٔ َ‫ ِٓ ُى ْان َخ َبآئِث‬ْٛ ‫ػ َه‬
َ ‫ُ َح ِ ّز ُو‬َٚٔ ‫ث‬ َّ ‫ُحِ ُّم َن ُٓ ُى‬َٚٔ ‫ػ ٍِ ْان ًُُك َِز‬
ِ ‫ّ َبا‬ِٛ ‫انط‬ َ ‫ ُْ َٓا ُْ ْى‬َٚ َٔ ِ‫ِب ْان ًَ ْؼ ُزٔف‬
ُ
َ‫َز َل َيؼَُّ أ ْٔنَئِِك‬ ُ
ِ ‫ِ٘ أ‬َ ‫ٕر َّانذ‬
َ ُُّ‫ص ُزُِٔ َٔاحَّبَؼُٕاْ ان‬ َ َََٔ ُِٔ‫ػ َّز ُر‬ َ َٔ ِّ ِ‫ٍَ آ َيُُٕاْ ب‬ِٚ‫ ِٓ ْى فَانَّذ‬ْٛ َ‫ػه‬ ْ َ‫ كَا‬ِٙ‫َٔاأل َ ْغالَ َل انَّخ‬
َ ‫َج‬
ٌَُٕ‫ُْ ُى ْان ًُ ْف ِهح‬
Avj-KziAvb, 7 : 157
43. ٙ‫ئ‬ِٛ ْ‫ُح‬ٚ َُٕ ْ ‫ال‬ َّ ‫ض ال ِا َنئَّ ِا‬ ِ ‫ث َٔاأل َ ْر‬ ِ ‫س ًَ َأا‬َّ ‫ ًؼا انَّذِ٘ نَُّ ُي ْهكُ ان‬ٛ ًِ‫ ُك ْى َج‬ْٛ َ‫سٕ ُل هللاِ ِان‬ ُ ‫ َر‬َِّٙ‫اس ِا‬ُ َُّ‫ُّ َٓا ان‬َٚ‫ا أ‬َٚ ‫قُ ْم‬
ٌَُٔ‫ُئْ يِ ٍُ بِاهللِ َٔ َك ِه ًَاحِ ِّ َٔاحَّبِؼُُِٕ َنؼَ َّه ُك ْى ح َ ْٓخَذ‬ٚ ِ٘‫ ِ انَّذ‬ٙ ُ ُ ‫جُ فَآيِ ُُٕاْ بِاهللِ َٔ َر‬ٛ ًَُِٚٔ
ّ ِ‫سٕ ِن ِّ ان َُّب‬
ّ ‫ ِ األ ِّي‬ٙ
Avj-KziAvb, 7 : 158
44. Stephan Dähne and ‫ن اف ي تس ان اد‬, Qur'anic Wording in Political Speeches in
Classical Arabic Literature, Journal of Qur'anic Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2001),
Published by Edinburgh University Press on behalf of the Centre for Islamic Studies
at School of Oriental and African Studies. p. 1
45. gyn¤§` †iRv-B-Kixg, Avie RvwZi BwZnvm, XvKv: †gwiU †dqvi cÕKvkb, cÕKvkKvj-1972, c„.
32
46. Rvgvj Lvb I †gvt bRiæj Bmjvg, ÖBmjv‡gi f~-ivRbxwZK cÕmiY I ˆek¦vqb: GKwU ¯’vwbK-KvwjK
we‡kølYÓ, The Journal of Geo-Environment, Department of Geography and
Environmental Studies, Rajshahi University, Vol. 8, 2008, p. 73.
47. J. J. Saunders, A History of Medieval Islam, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul,
1965, p. 103
140 Bmjv‡gi cÕv_wgK Ae¯’vi †hvMv‡hvM

48. Avj-KziAvb, m~iv BDmyd-108, m~iv dzmwmjvZ-33, m~iv Avj-b~i-51, m~iv nv`x`-8, m~iv bvnj-
125, m~iv Avbdvj-24, m~iv evKviv-221, m~iv gvwq`v-67, m~iv Avivd-93, m~iv Avj-wRb-28,
m~iv Avj-û`-57, m~iv mvd&d-13 AvqvZ mgyn `ªóe¨|
49. Ali Tabari and A. Mingana D.D, The Book of Religion and Empire, New Delhi:
Kitab Bhavan, 1986, p. 34
50. m¨vi ˆmq` Avgxi Avjx, (W. ikx`yj Avjg Ab~w`Z) `¨ w¯úwiU Ae& Bmjvg, XvKv: Av‡qkv wKZve
Ni, cÕ_g ms¯‹iY-2002, c„. 172
51. Zvwi‡L LvBqvZ wgmix, 2q LÐ (Ave`yj KvBqyg b`fx, (Ave`yj gZxb Rvjvjvev`x Ab~w`Z)
gnvbexi fvlY, XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, cÕ_g cÕKvk gvP© 2004, wØZxq ms¯‹iY-
2010, c„. 34|)
52. ‫ بؼثج الحًى يكارو االخالق‬evqnvKx, Avm mybvbyj Kzeiv, 10g LÛ, c„. 692| (W. gynv¤§` Ave`yi
ingvb Avb&Iqvix, Bmjvgx `vIqv‡Zi c×wZ I AvaywbK †cÖÿvcU, XvKv: evsjv‡`k Bbw÷wUDU Ae
BmjvwgK _¨U, cÖ_g cÖKvk-2006, c„. 108|)
53. ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb, gnvbex (mv.), XvKv: Avng` cvewjwks nvDm, cÖKvkKvj-1994, c„. 279
54. Avjøvgv Zvwjeyj nv‡kgx, (nv‡dR gvIjvbv gyd&Zx †gvnv¤§` b~i DwÏb Ab~w`Z) wek¦bex (m.) I Pvi
Lwjdvi Rxebx, XvKv: Avj-‡niv cÕKvkbx, cÕKvkKvj-2004, c„. 236
55. Hamid Mowlana, Theoretical Perspectives on Islam and Communication, China
Media Research, 3(4), 2007, p. 30
56. kvqLyj nv`xm gIjvbv gynv¤§` Zdv¾j †nvQvBb (W. G GBP Gg gyRZev †nvQvBb m¤úvw`Z),
nhiZ gynv¤§` gy¯Ídv (m.) t mgKvjxb cwi‡ek I Rxeb, XvKv: BmjvwgK wiPvm© Bbw÷wUDU, wØZxq
cÖKvk-2001, c„. 248
57. (msiwÿZ dj‡K wjwce×|) Avj-KziAvb, 86 : 22
58. Avj-KziAvb, 2 : 282
59. Abyev`Ke„›` I Bmjvgx wek¦‡Kvl m¤úv`bv cwil`, nhiZ ivm~‡j Kixg (mv.) Rxeb I wkÿv, XvKv:
BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, cÕ_g cÕKvk-1997, c„. 292
60. gynv¤§` eiKZzjøvn, nhiZ Imgvb (iv.), XvKv: Avng` cvewjwks nvDm, PZz_© cÖKvk-1994, c„.
53
61. Abyev`Ke„›` I Bmjvgx wek¦‡Kvl m¤úv`bv cwil`, nhiZ ivm~‡j Kixg (mv.) Rxeb I wkÿv, XvKv:
BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, cÕ_g cÕKvk-1997, c„. 312
62. W. gynv¤§` Bqvmxb gvhnvi wmwÏKx, (Abyev` e¨e¯’vcbvq-gynv¤§` Beivnxg fzuBqv) ivm~j (mv.) Gi
miKvi KvVv‡gv, (bex (mv.)-Gi †emvgwiK cÕkvmb), XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, cÕ_g
cÖKvk-1994, c„. 222
63. Bmjvgx wek¦‡Kvl m¤úv`bv cwil` KZ©„K m¤úvw`Z, KziAvb cwiwPwZ, XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb
evsjv‡`k, cÕ_g cÕKvk-1995, c„. 47
 Jagannath University Journal of Arts 141

64. †gvnv¤§` Ave`yj gv‡jK I †gvnv¤§` GqvKze Avjx, hvq` Be&b mvweZ (iv.) I KziAvb msKj‡b Zvui
Ae`vb, XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, (GwcÕj-Ryb 2001, ˆÎgvwmK M‡elYv cwÎKv, 40
el© 4_© msL¨v), c„. 7
65. ` KZ©„K m¤úvw`Z, KziAvb cwiwPwZ, XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, cÕ_g cÕKvk-1995,
c„. 48
66. cÕv¸³, c„. 53
67. gynv¤§` eiKZzjøvn, nhiZ Imgvb (iv.), XvKv: Avng` cvewjwks nvDm, PZz_© cÖKvk-1994, c„.
52
68. gvIjvbv gykZvK Avng`, Dj~gyj nv`xm, (nv`xm I nv`xm welqK MÕš’vejxi ch©v‡jvPbv), XvKv:
BmjvwgK dvD‡Ðkb evsjv‡`k, 1999, c„. 132
69. gynv¤§` Ave`yi inxg, nv`xm msKj‡bi BwZnvm, XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, PZz_©
ms¯‹iY-1986, c„. 378
70. cÕv¸³, c„. 196