PHYSICAL SCIENCE • Electrons were supposed to move in orbits around

the nucleus, but they could orbit only in certain

CHAPTER 2: Elements in the Periodic Table specified energy levels
Lesson 2.1: Quantum Model of the Atom • Ground state/ ground level to excited state/ excited
level
Electromagnetic Radiation
Erwin Schrödinger
• By the 17th century, Isaac Newton thought that light
was made of “corpuscles” or “particles”. However, • Australian Physicist
by the 1900s, scientist described light as an
electromagnetic radiation traveling in waves. • Developed a mathematical equation that describes
the behaviour of electrons.
• All waves are characterized by amplitude (height),
frequency and wavelength. The brightness or • Quantum Mechanics
intensity of light depends on the amplitude of alight
wave.
Werner Heisenberg
• Frequency, tells how fast a wave completes a cycle
per second. • Uncertainty principle, stated that it is impossible to
simultaneously determine both the position and
• Wavelength, the distance between two successive
momentum of an electron.
peaks of the wave.
• Quantum Theory
Planck’s Quantum Theory and Photon
Lesson 2.2: Electron Distribution
• Max Planck, a German Physicist, explained why
piece of iron changes color as it is heated. First it Electron Configuration
appears to be black, then red, yellow, white and blue
• Distribution of electrons among the orbitals of an
as the temperature increases.
atoms
• He suggested that the energy absorbed by the iron
• It describes where the electrons are found.
or any body is absorbed or released only in fixed
amounts which he called quanta. Orbital Diagram
• E = hv • Consists of boxes and arrows that represent the
orbitals and the electrons, respectively.
• h = 6.63 x 10 -34 Js
Aufbau Principle
Albert Einstein
• States that electrons should occupy first the orbitals
• He realized that a packet of energy behaves like a
with lower energy before those with higher energy.
tiny particle of light and used this to explain the
photoelectric effect. Pauli Exclusion Principle
• Photoelectric effect occurs when light of high energy • States that no two electrons in an atom can possess
strike a metal surface and cause electrons to be the same set of quantum numbers
ejected.
Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity
• Photon = photo + electron
• Suggests that the most stable arrangement of
Louis de Broglie electrons in subshells is the one with the greatest
number of parallel spins.
• Wave – particle duality
• This means that each orbital in a subshell is singly
The Bohr Model
occupied before pairing of electrons occurs.
• Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist, propoed a planetary
Quantum Number
model of the atom.
• Serves as the “address” of electron in terms of its
main/principal energy level, sublevel, orbitals and
spins.
Principal/Main Q.N. (n) • Dmitry Mendeleev and Julius Lothar Meyer
separately proposed the arrangement of elements
• Indicates the size of the orbital
based on increasing atomic masses.
Azimuthal QN (l)
• He also used the Sanskrit word “eka” meaning “first”
• Also known as angular momentum quantum to refer to some elements. Example eka-aluminium
number (Ea), now named Gallium

• Corresponds to the shape of the orbital Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley

• s = sharp, p = principal, d = diffuse and f = • He realized that aside from the atomic mass, atomic
fundamental number is another property that supports
periodicity.
Magnetic QN (ml)
• He arranged the periodic table by order of increasing
• Indicates the orientation of an orbital around the atomic number.
nucleus
J.J. Berzelius
• From – to +
• Proposed the systematic way of assigning the
Spin QN (ms) chemical symbol
• Indicates the spins of the electron European Designation
• + ½ or – ½ • Left: IA – VIIIA

• Right : IB – VIIIB

US/ American Designation

Lesson2.3: The Periodic Table • Longer Columns: IA – VIIIA
Development of the Periodic Table • Shorter Columns: IB - VIIIB
• By the end of the 1700s the earliest known elements IUPAC
were classified into two groups, the metals and the
nonmentals. • From 1 to 18

Döbereiner’s Triads The Modern Periodic Table

• Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner classified the elements
with similar properties into groups of three called
“triads”
• Law of Triads
• Periods/Series  rows or horizontal arrangement in
the periodic table. From 1 to 7.
• Families/Groups  columns or vertical arrangement
in the periodic table.

• Li, Na, K • A group elements are classified as representative or

main group elements
• Ca, Sr, Ba
• B group elements are called transition elements.
• Cl, Br, I
• Inner transition elements, elements in the two long
Newlands’s Law of Octaves rows at the lower section of the periodic table.
• John Newlands • Lanthanides  element numbers 58-71, because
they follow lanthanum.
• Arranged the elements in increasing atomic weights.
• Lanthanoids = Lanthanum + Lanthanides
• He noted that every eighth element has similar
properties. He called these periodic repetition of • Actinides  element numbers 90-103, since they
properties as octaves (Law of Octaves). follow actinium.
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table • Actinoids = Actinium + Actinides
Group Names

• 1A  Alkali metals, because they can react with

oxygen to form metallic oxides that are basic when
dissolved in water.

• 2A  Alkaline Earth metal

• 3A  Boron Group

• 4A  Carbon Group

• 5A  Nitrogen Group

• 6A  Oxygen Group

• 7A  Halogens, hal – salt and gen – to produce

• 8A  Noble Gases, noble refers to their limited

reactivity

Metals, Nonmentals and Metalloids

• Typical properties of metals

1. Luster  the mirror-like shine that reflects light well.

2. Conductivity  the ability to transfer heat and

electricity well.

3. Malleability  the ability to be rolled or hammered

into thin sheets.

4. Ductility  the ability to be drawn into wire.

Lesson 2.4: Lewis Dot Symbols

LEWIS DOT SYMBOL / LEWIS STRUCTURE

• Gilbert Newton Lewis

• Consists of the element symbol surrounded by one

or more dots; each dot corresponds to every valence
electron in an atom of the element.

• Valence Electrons refer to the electrons found in the

outermost shell of an orbital

Prepared by:

JAYMARK LADIA SANCHEZ