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Fluid: Fluid is a substance that flows under the action of an applied force and does not have a
shape of its own.
Both liquids and gases are called as fluids
Fluids are not having any particular shape but solids are having definite shape.
Hydrostatics: Study of fluids at rest is called hydrostatics.
Hydrodynamics: Study of fluids in motion is called hydrodynamics.
Thrust: In general fluids exert force on the walls and base of the containing vessel. That force
is called thrust of the fluid.
Fluid Pressure: The thrust exerted by the fluid per unit surface area is called Fluid pressure.
𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝐹
Fluid pressure, P = =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴
It is a scalar quantity
S.I unit: N/m2 or pascal
C.G.S unit: dyne/cm2
Dimensional Formula: [M L-1 T2]
Other units of pressure are Torr, bar etc
1 Torr = 133 pa
1 bar =105 pa
Density: Mass per unit volume of the substance is called density of the substance
𝑚
Density ρ =
𝑣
S.I.unit: kg/m3
C.G.S. units: g/cm3
dimensional Formula: [ML-3]
density of water is maximum at 40c and the value is 1000 kg\m3
Mechanical Properties of Fluids
Relative density: Ratio of density of a substance and density of water is called relative density.
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Relative density =
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Atmospheric Pressure: Different gases which present around earth create pressure on earth.
The pressure due to atmosphere is called atmospheric pressure.
Atmospheric pressure at sea level is called one atmospheric pressure and is equal to
Liquid pressure: The thrust exerted by the liquid per unit surface area is called liquid pressure.
Liquid pressure at any point in side the liquid is calculated by using the formula, P = heg.
So, liquid pressure at a point depends on height and depth.
Blood pressure in humans is more at brain that at feet because height is more for brain
than feet.
Expression for pressure inside a liquid:
1
C h
2
F2 =P2 A
Net force, F = F2 ― F1 = (P2 ― P1) A.
Since net force is equal to weight of cylindrical element,
mg = (P2 – P1) A.
𝑀
⟹ (Vρ) g = (P2-P1) A [∵ρ = ]
𝑉
⟹ A . h . ρ. G = (P2 –P1) A
∴ P2 – P1 = ρ gh
If point 1 is shifted to top of the fluid which is open to the atmosphere then P 1 =Pa.
where Pa is atmospheric pressure.
∴ P2 –Pa = ρ gh.
P2 = Pa + ρ gh
∴ P2 = Pa + ρ gh
Pascal’s law:
F2
B
a2
A C
F1 F3
Mechanical Properties of Fluids
F2
Working principle of hydraulic lift is “Static liquid pressure applied at any point in the liquid
is transmitted equally and undiminished in all directions through out the liquid”.
𝐹1
At point P, the force F1 acts over the area A1, P1=
𝐴1
Mechanical Properties of Fluids
𝐹2
At point Q, the force F2 acts over the area A2, P2=
𝐴2
A B C
Stream line is a line along which a particle of fluid moves in streamline motion.
Properties:
Vc dr
R=
Equation of continuity:
The mass of liquid entering into the tube per second is equal to the mass of the liquid coming
out of the tube in one second
Q
V2
P
V1 a2
a1
The energy possessed by a liquid by virtue of its pressure is called pressure energy
and expression for pressure energy per unit volume is P.
Bernoulli’s Theorem:
Statement: For incompressible, non viscous fluid in a steady state of flow, the sum of pressure
energy, kinetic energy and potential energy per unit volume remains constant.
A
Explanation: V1
P1
B
P2
h1
V2
h2
1
∴ P+ 𝝆 V2 + 𝝆 gh = const
2
V2
D
V1
(V2> V1)
The shape of an aeroplane wing is such that it is slightly convex upward and
Concave downward.
Therefore, the air passing over the top of wing travels a longer path than that at the
lower surface in the same time.
Thus, the velocity of air above the wing is more than the velocity of air below the wing.
According to Bernoulli’s theorem, pressure at upper surface is less than pressure at
lower surface.
due to the difference of pressure, upward force will act on the wing called dynamic lift.
(3) Spinning of a ball (Magnus effect):
Mechanical Properties of Fluids
Let a ball is moving to the right, be given a spin at the top of the ball. Velocity increases
and pressure
decreases
No
Spin Spin
The velocity of the air at the top is higher than the velocity of air below the ball
So, according to Bernoulli’s theorem, the pressure above the ball is less than the
pressure below the ball.
Thus, there is net upward force on the spinning ball, so the ball follows a curved
path .This effect is known as Magnus effect.
h
h1 V
h2
Statement: “The efflux velocity of a liquid from an orifice is equal to velocity acquired by
a freely falling body dropped from same height of orifice”.
Proof:
Consider a tank filled with a liquid of density 𝝆.
An orifice of small area is at one end of wall at a height ‘h’ from bottom of tank.
Let h1 and h2 are heights of liquid from bottom and from orifice respectively.
Let V is the velocity of liquid coming from orifice.
𝑃𝑜 1
On top, the total energy per unit mass = + × 0 + gh1 ---------(1)
𝜌 2
Mechanical Properties of Fluids
𝑃𝑜 1
At orifice, the total energy per unit mass + × V2 + gh2 -------- (2)
𝜌 2
𝑣 2 = 2𝑔ℎ [∵ ℎ = ℎ1 − ℎ2 ]
∴ 𝑉 = √2𝑔ℎ
If a body is dropped from height h, its velocity on reaching the ground is
𝑉 = √2𝑔ℎ
Thus velocities are equal
Viscosity: The property of liquid by virtue of which an opposing force comes into play between
different layers of liquid, whenever there is a relative motion between these layers of the liquid
is called viscosity
When a layer of liquid slides over the other layer,
viscosity exists
Co-efficient of viscosity:
Consider a flow of liquid over the horizontal surface
Let us consider two layers AB and CD moving
with velocities V and V + dv at a distance x and
x + dx respectively V +dv
dx
Negative sign shows that direction of viscous force is just opposite to the direction of
motion of the liquid
𝑑𝑣
If A = 1, = 1 then from (1), = F
𝑑𝑥
Thus co-efficient of viscosity of liquid is defined as the viscous force acting per unit area
of the layer having unit velocity gradient perpendicular to the direction of the flow of the
liquid.
C.G.S unit = 1 poise = 1 dyne S cm-2
S.I unit = 1 Nsm-2
Dimensional formula: [M L-1 T-1]
Effect of temperature on viscosity:
1. Liquids: With increase in temperature, viscosity of liquid decreases. In liquids when
temperature increases, the magnitude of the cohesive force decreases as the molecular
separation increases. Therefore on increasing temp, viscosity decreases.
2. Gases: With increase in temperature, viscosity of gases will also increase. As the
temperature increases, exchange of momentum increases and therefore the viscosity of
gases increases.
Stokes law and expression for terminal velocity:
Statement: The viscous force acting on an object moving in a fluid is directly proportional to
the velocity of the object
Viscous force acting on a freely falling spherical object is
F = 6 𝛱 r vt Where = co-efficient of viscosity of fluid
r = radius of the spherical object vt = terminal velocity
Mechanical Properties of Fluids
Terminal velocity: If the resultant force acting on a freely falling body is zero then the body
falls with uniform velocity instead of falling with uniform acceleration. This velocity is called
Terminal velocity.
Expression:
Consider a sphere of radius ‘r’ density ‘𝜌’ falling in a medium of density 𝜎
Forces on the sphere are
4
i. Weight of sphere W = 𝜋𝑟 3 lg(𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠)
3
FB Fv
4 3
ii. Force of Buoyancy, FB = 𝜋𝑟 σg(𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠)
3 W
iii. Viscous force, Fv = 6 𝛱 r v (upwards)
Initially W > FB + Fv
Fv increases with time and at some time, W = FB + Fv i.e net force on sphere is equal to
zero and the velocity is called terminal velocity (V t).
W = FB + Fv
4 3 4
⟹ 𝜋𝑟 𝜌𝑔 = 𝜋𝑟 3 𝜎𝑔 + 6 Π r vt
3 3
4
∴ 6 Π r vt = 𝜋𝑟 3(𝜌 − 𝜎)𝑔
3
2𝑟 2(𝜌 − 𝜎)𝑔
∴ 𝑣𝑡 =
9
Surface Tension:
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐹
Surface tension T = =
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑙
Consider a liquid film formed across a rectangular frame ABCD as shown in the figure
AB is a movable wire.
Liquid film has two surfaces
Let T be the surface tension of the liquid and l be the length of the wire
C D
T T
A B
A𝖨 B𝖨
The force of surface tension acting at right angles to the movable wire AB upward is F =
T.2l
Hence unequal downward force F has to act on the wire AB to keep it in equilibrium
Now the film is slowly stretched by a small distance ‘x’ to the position A𝖨 B𝖨
Mechanical Properties of Fluids
=2Tl.x
= 2 T (l x)
Angle of Contact: when a solid body is dipped in a liquid, the angle between the tangent drawn
to the liquid surface and the solid at the point of contact measured inside the liquid
For Water – glass pair, angle of contact is less than 900 (𝛳 < 900)
If angle of contact between a liquid and a surface is less than 900 (𝛳 < 900), that liquid
can wet the surface. Eg: water can wet clothes.
If angle of contact between a liquid and a surface is greater than 900 (𝛳 > 900), that liquid
cannot wet the surface. Eg: water cannot wet wax or plastic materials.
The property of rise or fall of a liquid due to surface tension in a capillary tube is called
capillarity.
2𝑇 cos 𝜃
Expression for capillary rise , ℎ =
𝑟𝜌𝑔
𝑟ℎ𝜌𝑔
By calculating ‘h’ we can measure the surface tension of liquid 𝑇 =
2cos 𝜃
𝑟ℎ𝜌𝑔
For pure water 𝛳 = 00 𝑇 =
2
Due to excess pressure over atmospheric pressure, liquid drops and soap bubbles will be
formed.
2𝑇
Excess pressure inside a liquid drop, 𝑃 = Where r = radius of liquid drop, T = surface
𝑟
tension.
4𝑇
Excess pressure inside a soap bubble, 𝑃 =
𝑟
A liquid surface has a tendency to have minimum surface area due to the property of
surface tension. For a given volume, the surface area is minimum for a sphere. This is
why small drops of liquid and bubbles attain spherical shape.