Chapter 7 :

Rate of Reaction

Rate =
speed

① chemical reaction can occur in different speed .

Fast reaction slow reaction

-

Focus on 4 examples
Too many examples
Don 't memorize * rusting
* respiration
* fermentation
B
photosynthesis

② Must be careful with

keywords .

of reaction Rate of reaction

Type
Fast High
510W LOW

⑤ How to measure Rate of reaction

in quantity of reactant 1 product
change
pop =

time

Revision :

flour t butter → cake

sugar
+

Taff "
product
"
raw material

④ Recognize shape of
graph
2 shapes
Quantity Quantity
of reactant
of product

:(
x raw material i
lesser
getting ,

innmueantitaattrknaition
"

'
'
time
'
time o t
O t

time o means reaction

-
-

not started yet high ,

raw material

* Sketch I label where is the time

reaction ended
when the first become flat
-

graph
 ⑤ specify quantity :

sample Question :

change of quantity Mg t ZHU →

Mgh ,
+
Ha
ROR sketch graph reaction
=

time for this

concentration of Hulmoldm
-3 )
mass of Mglg )
In
Spm quantity focus on 3

↳
,

mlhass cotncentration "

volume
( (
Whnegneto : - solid -

liquid
Mol AM
l solution
-3
I 9dam! mels , .
times )

9
-

unit :
①
-

③ concentration of Mgllzlmoldm )
-3
volume of Hzlcms )
②

(
* Plot ( scale points

(
very accurate
)
:
. . .
, .

sketch :
simple shape

oldnepanentiattfoontwmnaafsbgonncueyetrationl
* volume

ex solid mass (s)

mg
: → time
times )
.

FL
* salt : either solid 1 liquid
-

-
soluble salt
insoluble salt
:

:
liquid
solid
* best graph
EX .
Mgh , [ COP Aymer)
\ soluble salt → liquid
→ concentration

priority
: ① volume
② mass
③ concentration

⑦ calculation for rate of reaction

sample Question :
patgunaenrfifyeaotisotnanfds
question
vtoinfmemotmgasumyooiof.lk#szI
when we have a
Must know whether
it is
calculate

3minlo-sslldirorfatfniarnatami.in#
:

rot
Av
in ROR
average '

f
'

value at
" ' '
mean ROR : 's
min
-

=
born
certain time interval
AV (O -73 )
AV
(b) ROR first 3 min

=5om3mi
(e) por
keyword :
IN Average
when calculating ROR -
-

Y = 6cm
'
min
"
Rok -
-

2ft
ROR must V
average ,

BB
ar
Alsina question xtime
choose right (c) ROR third min 12-73 min ) interval assume ,

time interval
start send

183725
-
.

'
ROR 's
min
-

=3 cm → 5
-
-
o
-

( particular )
instantaneous ROR
"
At specific moment
"
↳ Average :
jmin I min

( 3-34 )

↳
CO 4 )
keyword AT :

Tips :

BpTot graph instantaneous : 4th min

Is top
* find gradient a

trained gap almost same

instantaneous =%#
rate of reaction
gradient ka - n
,
Rate of reaction always dare with time
ages
^

chemical reaction
slower and slower
getting

⑥
steep N

# tttnonogreaadoifhotn ,
steep

fine
ss

¥ -

very
fast

>
gradient
( decreases )
Reason :
Raw material
getting lesser In the end no more raw material
µ
.

Exam answer : FIFI VHF't

rate of reaction decreases with time
why .

-
because cogitation of
reactant decreases with time

mortal y
acid

give liquid
I raw material is acid
→solution
concentration
 FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF REACTION

Rate of Reaction
5 factors
affecting *
catalyst :

)
Gas
special substance that can be
⇐iz#
increase , decrease
✓

temperature p
prvessounrtetn ⇐ * Atl :#A- At
'

fatal yst use

added into a chemical reaction
v
syze t to speed up reaction
concentration A
* solid
only EX
pigs grannie lohip
thy 12nt
'

smallsize powder
catalyst
:

* NAH# TAIF 04
protein enzyme ( catalyst )

COLLISION THEORY ( most important subtopic )

* 5 to 10 marks in essay

Basil
:
For a chemical reaction to occur :

requirements :

reactant particles
must collide -
I
¥7 collided # ETA reaction ,

in right orientation I arrangement GE collide g Tx I Eff reaction

-

to →
Botrrrnhonon
DO wrong orientation

AHivatiunenergyi.JO
reactant
particles energy energy required must have which minimum
reaction
is equal or higher than activation
energy for a chemical
to occur .

of collisions
2 types
t ↳
effective collision Ineffective collision
- -
collision that ends not
collision that does
with reaction end with reaction

④→ to
←④bewme④⑤
④→ become
← ④
b e back

How to combine 5 factors

affecting rate with collision
theory
* use collision theory to explain 5 factors

1. Temperature TA ,
rater Tips
temperature always
'gyL÷.f÷÷f
low
← high kinetic
Kinne
HCl 2n -1 HCl
keinneetigly rqinatereagywith
Zn t
80 " TP KEN
40°C
,

increase rate of reaction 54M]

How temperature
temperature increases reactant particles have kinetic energy
when higher
-
.
,

- Reactant particles move faster .

Zn atom and H
frequency of collision increases between increases
'
-

-
ions .

of effective collision increases

-

frequency
④→ Alone
.

→ atom
Important concept :

* In 5PM ,
must mention which
All acids have H ions
'

particles are colliding

 concentration on rat ex
2 .
Concentration ,

M0ldm
LFF molarity
I
" " concentration
•
ooo •
• •
× 2
? '

Mg -150cm
mg -150cm
-→

3 HC l
3
Htt
-

2. mold m
-

I mot dm
concentration
-

concentration
-

low high

Ht ion
How concentration increases rate of reaction ? 53M ] ion
'

concentration of HCl increases , more H ions unit volume

-

when per
-

Frequency of collision between Mg atom and Ht ion increases .

of effective collision increases I must mention

Frequency
-
.

who is
colliding

3. Pressure ( less important) pressure A

rate 9

Physics :
Boyle 's Law :
PA 'T

¥¥÷ .... high pressure

increase rate of reaction ? 53M] Batan that F- MA

How pressure .

pressure increases , decreases , reactant

-
when volume particles
gas particles getting closer to each other
collision between reactant particles increase
Frequency of
-

effective collision increases

frequency of
- .

(for solid ) size t

4. Size of
particles rater
powder small : size
size
chip I granule :

big

② ⑦ law 's
marble 1
siTziPelated
surface area
to total

are at
-
Hut Hut Calo , limestone size Iv ,
total surface
granule powder
Cac Oz X alone

How size of particles increase rate of reaction ? 54M] 448hm

-

Calo , powder has small size of particles ,

greater total surface area exposed
for collision
of collision between Ht ion and Calo , increases
Frequency
-
.

of effective collision increases

-

frequency .
 rater
5 .

Catalyst use catalyst ,

catalyst : -

speed up reaction
of products
-
DO NOT increase I decrease amount
-

highly specific -
certain catalyst can speed up certain reaction
DO NOT used up
-

catalyst speed up reaction in special way !

:÷÷h¥
In Zn t
t
HH
cus 04 ( catalyst )

How catalyst speed up chemical reaction ? DM)

-

catalyst lowers activation energy

reactant particles achieve lower activation
more can
energy
-

of effective collision between 2h atom and Ht ion increases

frequency
-

.
 [ 5PM 05 07] bacteria ( active in
high temp )
food spoils due to
-

(a) Food stored in a

refrigerator
nv m
longer
lasts than food stored in a kitchen
mhm
cabinet .

Explain why . 54M] low temperature high temperature

-

Refrigerator has lower

temperature ,
kitchen cabinet has higher temperature .

At low
temperature low bacteria
activity Less toxin produced by bacteria
-

, . .

bacteria More toxin produced by bacteria

At high temperature high activity
-

,
.
.

-
Food
spoilage taster at high temperature food ,
spoilage slower at low temperature .

carried
(b) A
group
of pupils out three experiments to
investigate the factors
affecting
the rate of reaction .

Table about the reactants and the used in each

7 shows information
temperature experiment .

Cal 03

my

runner

Graph 7 Shows the results of these experiments .

multiple
curves
analysis
rate
gradient
-

end
-

steeper
-
- faster ① •o

reaction

55

Ci ) calculate the rate of reaction for Experiment 52M]

average 1 .

quantity
Rate :

time
's

=
50cm
55 s

's I
O 909 cm s
-

=
.
Iii ) Based on Table 7 and Graph 7 , compare the rate of reaction between :

II is It is faster )
Experiment I and I High
I
•
steeper than ,
-
page
•
Experiment I and I VOW
In each case explain the difference in rate of reaction with reference to the

ncodlisinntheery - Hom)

F- Xp I and It
Must mention
Tips
:

Rate of reaction in Exp It Exp

-
is
higher than I . which particle
-

Temperature Exp higher exp in It is than I .

is
colliding .

Reactant particles have high kinetic faster

energy move
-

of collision I calcium carbonate and

Frequency increases between Calo ,
hydrochloric
-

acid and H
'
ion l hydrogen ion increases .

Frequency of effective collision increases .

Exp It and I
Rate of reaction in Exp It is higher than
-

exp I .

-
calcium powder has smaller size than calcium carbonate chip
carbonate .

- calcium carbonate powder has larger 1 bigger total surface area .

of collision Calo , and increases

Frequency between Ht ion
-
.

Frequency of effective collision increases .

Ciii ) The chemical equation below shows the reaction between calcium
carbonate and hydrochloric acid .

Cal Oz t 2h01 → call , t coat H2O

Given that the RAM Ot C 12 0=16 ca 40 and the of

molar volume
any
- -
- -

, ,

is 24dm ' '

at and pressure
mot
temperature
-

room
gas .

Calculate the maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas produced

in Exp It . 54M]

( al 03 T ZHU → ( alla t ( Oz 1- H2O

-
-

V
-
- 30 Volume =
?
M
-
- 0.5

Mole of HCl :
Refer to ratio :

MI HUI CO2 2
↳
: = :

n =
1000

0.5130 ) Mole of CO ,
= -

1000 = 0.015 xtz volume unit

= O . 015 MOI = O .
0075 MOI f Iv
solution
molar volume gas 's
's
M Ole -7 Volume dm cm

's
0 0075×24 = 0 18 dm
#
. .
 [ 5PM 03 -
07 ]
The rate of reaction affected One of the factors is the
is
by several factors .

size of particles .

One kg of meat ,
cut into big pieces , takes a
longer time to cook

compared to one
kg of meat cut into small pieces .

(a) Explain the above statement based on the size of the particles .
52M]
-

small size of meat has greater total surface area .

-
More area of the meat exposed to the meat .

(b) A student carried out three experiments to

investigate the effects of the factors

influencing the rate of reaction .

Table 1 shows the results of the experiments .

- Hu
Ht ion

①
Mg atom -

( i ) write the for the reaction

chemical reaction equation between magnesium and
acid
hydrochloric .
calculate the maximum volume of
hydrogen gas produced E4M] .

[ RAM 24 molar volume 24 dm '

mot I
at room condition]
gas
-
=

Mg
: -
-

mumtitziiiii Smita
( ?!:}!! )
Hari : '
"

→
-

Mg 0.2g Hz ? volume
=
=
,

of
mole
Mg 0.0083 MOI
:
=

ram ,
mole
mass
Refer to ratio :
Mg :
H ,
=L :
I

mole of Hz =
0 . 0083 m ol

volume of Hz =
O .
0083 MOI x 24 am
}
MOI
-
I
= O .
2 dm
's

Iii ) compare rate of reaction of exp I and I

, exp It and It .

Explain using collision theory .

TSM]
Exp I and I
-
Rate of reaction higher than exp I in exp I is .

Temperature in exp It is higher than exp I .

Reactant particles have higher kinetic energy ,

move faster .

of collision between atom and Ht ion increases

Frequency mg
- .

effective collision increases

Frequency of
.
-

Exp It and I
-
Rate of reaction in exp It is higher than exp -1 .

III) sulphate is used Expat

-
cus 041 Copper as
catalyst in .

Catalyst lowers activation energy .

More reactant particles able to achieve lower activation

-

energy .

effective collision between and Ht increases

-

Frequency of
Mg atom ion .
 [ 5PM 12 10]
-

A student carried out of experiments that

three sets to
investigate the factors
affect the rate of reaction . The time taken to collect 40cm
'
of hydrogen gas is

recorded in Table 10 .

concentration
/

(a) Zinc in reacts with hydrochloric acid , HCl to produce zinc chloride ,
2mHz and
Write a balanced chemical equation for the and
hydrogen gas , Ha .
reaction
volume of
calculate the Max .

hydrogen gas produced in set 1 .

[ RAM 05
any gas occupies conditions]
"
: 2n =
i Im 01 of 24dm '
MOI at room

Zn -12hL I → 2h Ha t
Hz
-
-

M -

- 0.2 mot dm -3 volume

=
?
'
✓ = 25 cm molar

mole
t Volume
mole of HCl :
Refer to ratio :

MV
n
Tooo HCl Hz I
= : = 2 :

=
0.21254
I 000

= 0 .
005 MOI

MOI e of O 005
Hz 0025 mot
-
=
= O
2-
.

volume of Hz =
O . 0025 x 24
}
=
0 . O b dm

(b) Based on Table 10 , compare the rates of reaction between set I and It .

Explain your answer

by referring theory Ibm) to collision .

Rate of reaction in
exp I is
higher than
exp I .

concentration of Hu in exp It is higher than exp I .

concentration of Ht ion in I
exp It is higher than exp
-

-
More Ht ion per unit volume in
Exp It .

of collision between Ht ion

-

frequency 2n atom and increases .

of effective collision increases

Frequency
-
.
MULTIPLE CURVES ANALYSIS
In this chapter deal with
, we
always graph
2 types

Quantity Quantity
of reactant
of product

-
time o
r time

multiple curves : ( do not memorize ,

will be
given ! )

F FF
-

just need to know how to

analyse .

How analyze multiple curves

to .

strategy split curves into two parts

:

t v
Head tail
horizontal
' '
slanted 1 steep
''
" ' '

part
part

Example

HEE
:

Start multiple curves analysis from the tail .

sequence is important !

Start with do
→
Then only
tail
analysis head
analysis

Tail
analysis Tips
:

of graph tells
Analysis :

Height of tail
Height
Height of tail is affected us about mole
by mole
.

( greater mole , greater height )

example
Iff BA
:
"

⇐m×oYeBthha%¥%%
 Exp 't
f

Efofntasnadmeeixthhnoie
n I

' .

same night

Head analysis
1 slope I steepness
Analysis gradient :

Tips gradient rate

:
=

higher rate
steeper gradient ,

Example :

maite TIFF
" " -

#
of y more of w

gnyipyw
more >

Head analysis :

rate of 2 > rate of W > rate of Y

summary
:

Tail (
Height) → mole
Head ( gradient ) -
D rate

Rate Affected
by -
catalyst
\
* eraturel press
concentration size

Examples :

→ 0.05 MOI lower rate

'
I 50cm te moi dm -3 X zinc
Exp t

'
rate
higher
-3
50cm I mot dm 0.05 mot
Exp 2 X t zinc →

same mole
P2 same
height

1
exp

Example 2 :

'
Im 01dm 3
powder 0.1 mot
-

zinc
Apg !
100 am

¥x×pp
Hu + →
's
1 MOI dm
3
zinc MOI
chip
-

100 cm HH t → O -
l

"

E B
 acid O - IM 01
acid O .
5 Mol

c' on cent ration

A c ,
A rate
 tail I > It

head I > I

O
l X
l X
n
Vimeo
-

V M
= 0.01 MOI
0.01 MOI
"

same mole

= same tail height

O
 rate of I > I >
TI

→ small
Big
slow → fast

FI I It
① , ,

'
smaller size , Iv TSE

are the
because they
calcium carbonate
they are

game
.
mole
greater
-

tail I > I
Tm alter mole

rate I > I
head It > I

Xo
x
 0.005M 01
D. 005mg

taster faster MI t
'

It
I than I n ,

1000 same
tail

① height

x x
*
BB
concentration because it produces 2 Ht

highest
.

Acid Ht :

( 1H t ) 1 Ht
acid
( 1H )
' Mon op roti l ,

acid 2 Ht
① dip roti l
( ziti ) ,

( TIIH ) '

3
} O MOI dm
-

20cm I .

0.02 MOI

Mole P > mole Q

 tail height P > Q
Q P Q concentration > p
head steepness
>
,

X IKEA mole

① 0.025M 't

0.03 mot

O 02 MOI
X
.

O IM 01 }
1000cm
-

3
dm

#
-

I MO I

tf YoonYintration
-

05mm
o÷= o

pg
-

O .
05

0.05
di profit acid 12ft ) 0.05 mot
①
- ,

0.0251

" -3
0.005M 25cm
}
0.2M 01 dm
→ ,

smaller mole , higher

concentration

✓
O . 002 Mol
X O .
00 b MOX
006
X
O . mo IX
① ✓ o . 003 MOI
[ MRS M 14 -

05 ]
factors
Table 5 shows three sets of experiment to
study the
affecting
the rate of reaction between calcium carbonate ,
Calo , and nitric acid , HMOs .

:3:;:I÷÷:3:m
's .
slowest

g
" " " mo ,

It I > I
2- 5×10-5 MOI ,

W
fast z .
5×10-5 moi si Ze
Its I.It
rate :
It ,
I ,I

(a) State the observable change which can be used to measure the rate of
in this
reaction experiment .

of time
Change in the volume CO2
per unit
Rate = Quantity
time

Quantity → volume
Lgas )
( smoking cotenant ration
( solution )

concentration
priority
→
: volume → mass

* chemical equation # gas Tgif measure volume .

(b) The following chemical equation represents the reaction in this experiment .

Calo , t ZHNO , → Ca ( NO , ) , t ( Oz t Ha 0

lil calculate the number of mole of

7-
nitric acid used in Experiment It .

solution
Mole of solution
:
:

n
-

Foot 0.1%54 = = 2.5×10-3 mot

Iii ) calculate the of carbon dioxide released in

volume gas experiment III at
room condition It mot of 24dm '
.

gas occupies at room condition]

Refer to ratio : B When have information of one fella ,

can find another fella by

mm
volume of 10 you
HMOs :
CO2 nut
Z
24
referring to ratio .

25×10
-

2 :
I =L . x
's
O 03 dm 1000 → volume
I
=
co *
. .
mole
tho,
=
molar
' ×
=
30cm volume
(24dm 3)
Mole of CO2
mm
3
5
-

=
2 .
x
/f

=
1.25 I 10
-
Z
MOI

liii ) sketch the

graph of the volume of carbon dioxide collected against
gas
time for Experiment I ,
It and It on the same axis .

Multiple curves :

volume of ( Oz ( cm 3)

IT

FF
.

time ( s )
[ Trial SBP 14
-
Ob ]

Exp I ,
It and I are carried out to investigate the factors affecting the rate
of reaction .
Table b. I shows the reactants and temperature used in each exp .

5 X l U 3 Mol
-

2.

dip roti L acid ( must double

-

the concentration )
\
25×0.2 ÷ 1000 =
5×10-3 MOI
la ) write the ionic equation for the reaction in Experiment I .
ILM]

① 2h +
2h01 → 2mHz + Hz strategy In ahem ,
have 3
types of equation
balanced
hethgutation
1. Write a f t
@ '
# "
tf Ha equation
2h →
oheqmuiaff.hn Ieoqnuiafi
t
zn + t 2n .

on

2h24 H
d list all charge Equation that
③ 2 Ht equation
'

+ .

that
2h t → z
All element (made of one species) equation that shows shows charge
doesn't have
-

and electron
no charge charge charge
i. Ionic equation
:
-

Anno :onvaatgmetccnoomrmontnadnon men, -

so :S: n'IIa) III. 3:
In +
2 Ht → 2n
"
t
Hz 3 .
Compare left &
right
cancel out ions that no

change in their charge

(b) Based on the experiments , state two factors that affect the rate of reaction .

52M)
concentration of Ht
Temperature ,

(c) compare the rate of reaction between experiment I and I .

Explain the
difference by using collision
theory 54M] .

-
Rate of reaction in Exp I is
higher than Exp I .

Temperature in exp I is higher than exp I .

Reactant particles have

higher kinetic energy and move faster
-
.

of collision between 2n atom and Ht ion

Frequency increases
-
.

of effective collision increases

frequency
-
.

Example for QII) :

Mg t cu 504 →
Mg soy the
"
# Lu
Mg #→ mg
t t
cu t " t

" "
Ionic
equation Mg
t :
cu →
Mg t cu

(d) Diagram b. 2 shows the curve of the

graph of total volume against time for

Experiment I . Sketch the curve obtained for Experiment # on the same axes .

Tim]
exp It

r
2.5×10-3
z
mold
:
x 2
'
It 5 X IO mot
-

of I
I must double the height .

I tic acid
pro
:
mono

I acid
diprotio
:

It faster than I .
le ) chef
During a master competition ,
an apprentice found that a piece of
meat is still not tender after cooking for one hour .

State one method that should be taken to make the meat become tender
in a shorter time .

Explain your answer . 52M]

cut I slice the meat into smaller size .

More surface area on meat is exposed to the heat .