Digital Communications

Fundamentals of Digital Transmission

Digital Carrier
Modulation
(ASK, PSK, FSK)
•CARRIER MODULATION (ASK, PSK, FSK)
•Binary
•M-ary

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 1

Digital Carrier Systems
Maximum Possible Rates
With raised cosine Maximum symbol rate (sinc) 𝑟 = 0
Baseband B Hz 2B/(1 + 𝑟) 2𝐵

Passband B Hz B/(1 + 𝑟) 𝐵

So far we have been dealing with baseband transmission which is good for many applications
over (twisted pair cables, co-axial cables, fiber….)
Passband communication or carrier communication requires modulation (shifting the
frequency content). Passband communications is needed for frequency division multiplexing
(FDM), or to control the propagation characteristics and antenna size . ( Microwave, Satellite,
Wireless Mobile)

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 2

 Bandwidth Requirement of Passband Transmission
For baseband transmission
𝑅𝑠 𝑅𝑠 𝑅𝑠
𝐵𝑊 = + 𝑟 = (1 + 𝑟)
2 2 2

For passband transmission

𝐵𝑊 = 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑟𝑅𝑠 = 𝑅𝑠 1 + 𝑟
Passband transmission requires double the bandwidth of baseband transmission.
Therefore, the minimum bandwidth required to transmit 𝑅𝑠 pulses/sec using carrier modulation is 𝑅𝑠 𝐻𝑧.
𝑅𝑏
𝑅𝑠 = = 𝑅𝑏/log2𝑀
𝐼𝑀

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 3

Example

A satellite transponder has a bandwidth of 36 𝑀𝐻𝑧. Earth stations use raised

cosine filters with 𝑀-ary PSK modulation to transmit 256 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠. What is the
minimum possible value for 𝑀 and the associated roll-off factor?
Hint: satellite communication indicate it is passband communications

𝐵𝑊 = 1 + 𝑟 𝑅𝑠 𝑟 = 0.140625 log 2 𝑀 − 1
0≤𝑟≤1
𝐵𝑊 = (1 + 𝑟 )𝑅𝑏/log2𝑀
Minimum log2𝑀 = 8
𝐵𝑊×log2 𝑀
1+ 𝑟 = 𝑀 = 256,
𝑅𝑏
36𝑀×log2 𝑀
1+ 𝑟 = = 0.140625 log 2 𝑀 related 𝑟 = 0.125 .
256𝑀

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 4

Types of Digital Carrier Modulation
Information 1 0 1 1 0 1

Amplitude +1
Shift
Keying (ASK) 0 T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T t
on-off keying (OOK)
is one example
-1
+1
Frequency
Shift 0 T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T t
Keying (FSK) -1
+1
Phase
Shift
0 T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T t
Keying (PSK)
-1

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 5

Spectrum of ASK, PSK, FSK
on-off keying (OOK)
+5 Why there is a discrete
components for ASK?

ASK
ASK
0 t
1 0 1 1 0 1
+1

0 T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T t
-1
Polar Line Code
+5 Frequency shift keying (FSK): can be
viewed as sum of two ASK(OOK)
t with f1 and f2. FSK is in principle two

PSK
PSK

ASK with two different frequency.

-5
Hence the spectrum of FSK is the
1 0 1 1 0 1
+1
sum of two ASK spectra at the two
different frequencies. It can be
0 T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T t shown that by properly choosing
-1 the two frequencies the discrete
component can be eliminated. Also
1 0 1 1 0 1 that the bandwidth of FSK is higher
+1 than that of ASK and PSK.

FSK
t
FSK

0 T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T
-1 +1
+1 2T 6T t
0 T 3T 4T 5T
-1
0 T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T t
-1

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 6

Orthogonal FSK
2𝜋𝑘𝑡
Example 𝜑𝑘 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 < 𝑡 < 𝑇𝑠 𝑘 = 1,2, … … . . 𝑀
𝑇𝑠

Highest pulse frequency =𝑀/𝑇𝑠 Bandwidth = 𝑀/𝑇𝑠

The power is independent 𝑀

DR. ALI HUSSEIN MUQAIBEL 7