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ĬÈĿĤƉôžŵƄ¶ƈħĿģŸúźőĿ

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ſŃƄÝƀÝƃģƈōƀŽƀźű4ƇńŵôƉſÂģƀÝĥĤĮűĿôåƀʼnƄŶĭƀŦƁƄŵģƄĮʼnƄŵƄŽģńïĿôå4ŷÅõńöĭ
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 ÷ņìŽĤĮʼn ćģŠƊũŃŻÂĤħç
ƀžŵƄ¶ƈħĿģŸƊźőƅƃŀŽńÞĽ
ƀűƄ¶ŃŅńöźōÛĤå
˻˼ÃŵƄŽƃńÞĽĿ
ņƉńźŵ(ņƉĿÅöŵ˺˼́̀ƀ·öŽÛĤå
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ſńöźōŻƄŪöŶö¶ĿŻÂĤħçĿ
ŰƊŵĤžÉõńħ
rafiullah.stanikzai@gmail.com


ų=ƄŲƊŵƀŵūƄŮĹųƄ¶ĥĤĮűĿ
ƇĿƇŀŽƄĽſńʼn 




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øŵŀŽèöÝĤŽĤŹſńëƀÝôƉŷƒʼnģôå4ƀĭƄŽĤŽĤźŶŊŹƄŵƄ¶ƄŦƁÖÃŽĿ

ŸƉøŵŅƃŃôƉƀžƊŹƈŹƒʼnģƀŵƄ¶ƀÝôå ƀĭ׎ŃƄëôŽŃĿôŶÞĽ

ƃŃƄŽƃģøŵŀŽèöÝƀÌƄĭſÃÞŎħƀÝôƉŷƒʼnģôå4ƀĭƄŽĤźŵĤšƄŦƁĿģƄöƁĿ
ƈŽèöÝŃƃƀÑħſńëƀÝôƉƀĭ


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ƀÑÍľŹêƊŵńʼn

ģ×ÞƊʼnƄ¾ſŃŀžźʼnƀŵ˺
ķêƊžľĭƃģŻėńŭ˻
ŃſĿĤƊĭÂģſńŹƄ¾ƀĭƄŽƄħĤĮëôʼnģĿ˼
ŗſņƉńʼn̊
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˺̋6ƇƄëóńĨĽūƄŶľŹſĤʼnôħĤƉė̂
˺́6÷ÃëİĺħƄëƄĭƃņõĿÅöŵƀŵŸƉńëŻėńŭĤƉė˺˹
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̊́ſŃĤōģŸƉńëŻėńŭĿƀĭŸħŷƄĭģ˺́
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̌̀ĤŊŹģ ş øʼnƄŹĿ˻˼
̀˻ƀŶƉĤÝ˻̊

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×ÞƊʼnƄ¾ſŃŀžźʼnƀŵ

ŀŽƃÂģóŃƄÝŸëƄĭƃģôħç4ĬĽƃ4ôźƊʼn4ŷƄŭƇÃÍŽĤºŷƄëƀÝżƉĿéŃĤĨŹŷƒʼnģĿ
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ƈōƆŶĮŊƊĽģŀŽƄĽƀľ¾ƃÄƄĽƀŵżƉĿƈŶ¿öÞʼn
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8
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ƇƄëĬōģĿńħƃģłĽģ

9
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ƀĭóĿƃģóĿ Ŀôå4ƅĿ ŃƃĤħ ĤŹŅſĿƀźëóńĭƀæëôƁƄÝ ĿƄìŶĽ ĿƄĽ 5ƇĿôëŻģńŭƀÝ
Ŀ ĦŒŢĭ ſŀŽģ Ŀ ôƉ ƀŽƃÂŅ ôå ŃĤŪë ƀŦƁ ńƊĨŢĭ ƈŽģńŭ ƀÝ  ƀħ ƄŶĮʼnƄŵ ƀÝ ƄŽƄħĤĮë ƃŃƄŽ ƀĭŃƃ
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ƀŹ˺̀ôťģƄŶʼnĿņƉńźŵƇńĶƁ˺˼́̀4ŴħĤë

10
êúžľĭƃģŻėńŭ

ƈŽėńŭ Ŀ ôå 4ſĿ ſÂĤħçƀžźĮÈŅŃģôʼnģĿ ſƄùƇņìŽĤĮʼn ćģŠúũŃ ŻģńÌ Ŀ êƊžľĭ ƃģ Żėńŭ
ƀźƂŹſƄùôëƀĽńħƀÝôŽŀŽèöÝŻėńŭĿƇÅúëŴŶħÖÃëƇŃƃńŕƃģƀźƂŹſƄùƇƃĤƁƄÝĿƄŹƄŶš
ƄžúƁģńħ ƃģ ƄŶùƑĿ ƄŦƁ Ŀ ſŃĤÞŵ īĤĨıģ Ŀ ƄŮùĤŮĹ ƈŽėńŭ Ŀ 4ƇĿ ųƄĭĤĨıģ ƄŮùĤŮĹ ƈŽėńŭ Ŀ şƄŕƄŹ
ƃģŴŮšĿóńÝ ŸŶŊŹńúťĤùƇƃŸŶŊŹƀŦƁƀë ńŎħƈžħôåŷƄëƇĿôŹŅƑƃģŸƂŹųÂƃģŃ
ƀÝ ƀŦƁ ƈō øŵƄë ĬšĤžŭ óńÝ ńŎħ ƈžħ ôå ƀ¾ ƀŦƁ ƈō øŵƄëƃ ĬšĤžŭ ƄÌńĮʼn ƀÝ īńúŒħ
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ƇÃëƄĮÉÝƀħƀŽƄħĤĮëŃƄŽńõÀƃģƈĭĤʼnƃƇŃĤĵ
ƀħóŃƄŵƀŵƄŽĤùƄŶÝƈŢŭģƃĿŬĹĿôå4ƈºģŃŸƁôʼnģĿƀħ¸ŃƃſƄùôå4ŷńŵŃƃĤħſŃƄÝŸƁóŀÝ
ƄŵƄ¶ńĭƀëƄŵƃ4ƇÅúʼnŃƀĭŷĤŮŹƈŵĤšƃģÂƄŵƄŵƄ¶ńĭżùĿƀŵƒĵŴĵćģĿƃģƀźŶë ij ÷ģŀĽĿ

11
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ſŀšƃ ij ćģĿģĿôåƀìº4ƇƃóÂƑƃĤōńĭŸƁôùóńìÉŵƇŃĤĨìĮʼnģôŊúŶħģƃģŀĨĮŊŹƄŵƄ¶
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ĠŵƄŵƃƀùĤÝńĭôùĈĤźĮĹ4ƇŃĤìÈƀÈſńõÀſÂĤħçƃģĥĤĮëģĿƀĭĤŹ

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˺˼́̀ųĤë4ƀŹ˻˹ôŹƄťńŹĿ

12
6ſĿĤƊĭÂģſńŹƄ¾ƀĭƄŽƄħĤĮűôʼnģĿ

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13
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ŷƒʼnģƃģƈŵĤÝŷƒʼnģ4ƇńŵƀžƊŹſńʼnŷƒʼnģ ƀŵŸƁŇƃģôå4ƀĮōŻĤŽģƄºôʼnģĿƑƀŲº5ƈºƃƃ
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מåƄűƄƉżƉĿůĤžĮÈŅŃģƃģÎƃŃĿÄƄŹŅŸƁĥĤĮűīƃńÝƀťĿôűŇƑƀÝôʼnĤĮʼnųĤĹńƁƀÝ
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ģŃƄōƈŶŹŻĤĮŊŽĤŦũģĿ
ƀÌńĵƈŊŵƃ


15
ſņƉńʼn

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ÖÃŽƀŵƄ¶ ôŽƄÍžŽóĿƀŵŻėńŭĿƀŹĿ óĿńĭ 5ğÂƃģŃīĤƉėŴħƄƉſŅģŀŽģƀÝīĤƉėƄƉĿĥĤĮë
ƀĮŹĤƊŭńĭƀħóņĶŢŹƈźŶšĥĤĮëóĿĿƃģĥĤĮëņĶŢŹģĿ ij ćģĿ4ƇƃƀħſņĵĤšƃģſĿſņĵĤš
ƇƃóŃƄÝ
ƀŵ ôħńĶĭĿńƊŊŪĭƀŦƁĿ ôå 4ſĿŃĤëƀÝƇĿƇƄōƇŃĤōģƈźŶš ôŹƄë ôå ôëŸƉńìŽģńŭƀÝ
5ƈōƀʼnƑńĭƀħńĶĭƀĮħĤıŸŶšĿ ôåƀŶëńƁƃģ ƈŹƄŹŻƄŵŀħ ôƉńŞŽƈźŶšƀìº 5ƈōƃſńʼnŸŶš
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24
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25
6ƇƄëóńĨĽūƄŶľŹ ſĤʼnôħ ŃƄŽĤƉė
ĿƃģŴŶĭģŃƃńĨĽƀÝƀħƇƃçƃģƈ¶Ƅħ4óÅƊĭ4ƀŽƃńťƄŽ4ŴĮʼnƄŵƀŽƄĮƉėŃƄħŅĿ ş ĿƃƃģĿôåƀŶë
ƀŵƃŃģńìĭųƃÀƄƉôƉƀħĤžƉƃƀŦƁ
ƀÝ ƃģ ƇƄë ſĿŅ óńĨĽ ŻĤŊŽģ Ŀ ƈĭƄĭ ôå 4Ƈƃ ƄŹ ƀħ ƈŵŀƊŵ 6øŵŀƊŵ  ƈĭƄĭ ôʼnĤĭ ĤƉė
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ƀŽƄĮŶƊŖũńõÀƀĭ ş ĿƃƃģĿ4óÃëģŀƊÝôƉÖÃŽƀŵƄ¶ôå4øŵĤŢĭżĮɾƀŦƁ4øŵŀõÃÌŸƁşƄŕƄŹ
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ſƃĤëôƉƀħīĿĤĨš÷ģŀĽĿƃģƀŵƄëĸöĨŊĭĥŃ

26
ƀÍŶöħſƄƉſņĶŢŹ ş ĿƃƃģĿĿôƉƀĭƄŽĤƁƄÝƃģƇÅƊƁƄÝƀ¾ńƁńÝƃģƈō÷ŀƊŵøōńƁôå ij ćģ
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ń¶ƄƊÞźë ĤƉė 4ôĮŊƊĽģ ÷ģƃ ƀŽ ƀŽƄźŽ ſƄƉ ņŦŹ ƄŽĤźŵĤš óńöå ƀë 6ƇĿ ƀŽ ôʼnģŀźƁ Ŵĭ ĤƉė
6Ƅō÷ƑƃÂƄĵôƉ ņŦŹƈƉĤžÉõńħ
ƄŽÃÍŽĤºņŦŹŴÞĽĿŻĤŊŽģ4÷ĿŬƊŶľĭ ij ćģĿņŦŹƄĽ4ſĿ ŬƊŶľĭ ƀŽƄ»žÝŻĤŊŽģĿń¶ƄƊÞźë
ÃëÂƄĵń¶ƄƊÞźëŷĤÝƀÝƀĭ
6÷Ãë÷ĿƀŽŃĤìŽģôƉƀľ¾ņŦŹŴÞĽƀŵ4ƇÃëƃŃĤìŽģƀľ¾ ij ćģƀŵôåéƄ¾ƀŦƁĤƉė
ƃģ÷ÃëŨŎëģĿĤŹôå4ƇÃëƀŽƃŃƃńťƃģÂĤƉƃóĿƀÝŀƉĤħſƄݽöƁƄŽ4ƇƃôʼnģĿóńöåƀë
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ƄŽŀŽƄŹĿƈō½öƁĿƀħŻĤŊŽģƀŵŅƃôħ4øŶĭĤʼn÷ģƃƀŽéÀƀľ¾ƄŽƄźŽƃģƄÍŶöħƀŵôƉ ĬŢƊĨř
÷ģƃóÃëôŽŀŽƄŹſńŹƃĿôƉƀħƀŽƃģ÷ģĿƄŵŃĿƀŽĤƊĭÂƃ


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6÷ÃëİĺħƄëƄĭ ƀƊŶŮŽ ƃņƉĿÅöŵƀŵŸƉńëŻėńŭĤƉė

ƀÍŽŃģŀźƁƃģƄƉÃöħƃŀŽÅöŵŻĤŊŽģƃģƄƉÃöħƄìŽƃÂƃŃĤħƄŦƁƄŵƄ¶ƀŵôëŸƉńëŻėńŭƀÝ ij ćģ
ſĿóÃëƀŽƃĿĤƉƇĿôëƄħƃģƀÝƀëƃģƀåƃƀÝôåƄŶƉĤʼnƃƃŀŽÅöŵƃŃƄŽĿ
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6ſƃóƄōƀŽƃĿĤƉƀ¾ſÂģƀÝƄŶƉĤʼnƃƃŀŽÅöŵƃŃƄŽƃģń¶ƄŹ4ôìĭƄŵģ
ƈƉĤŹńũôëĬƉė ̋̂ ƀÝīŃƄʼnŷĤŢŽģĿôëŸƉńëŻėńŭƀÝ ij ćģƀìŵ
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ƇĿ ƇƄōŴìƊŵ ôëĥĤĮëŻĤÈƃŃƄƉƀÝųƄ¶ãƃƃģſŀŹƑ Ƈƃ
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ƈƉĤŹńũôëŸƉńëŻėńŭƀÝ ij ćģ

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ſŃĤÞʼnôëÖÃöħóƄōƀëÀƀÝŴŊŽ÷ƄŦƁĿÄƄŹôåģĿſŃĤÞŵ÷ƃĿĿƀŽĤÉŽ ƀŶħ ſƄƉƃģſÂĤħç


ƇÅƉńÞʼnóŀŽĤħŃƃôå4ƇÃëģŀƊÝŻĤƊōôʼnģĿ ŸƁ ŃƄŽŻĤōƀÝóĿĿƄŹƀĭ÷ƃĿƃģƃƇÃë

şƄŕƄŹİĺħĿ÷Ŀ÷ÃëńƊŊŪĭſÂģƀÝƄƉÃöħƄƊžžŽƃģ ÖÃöħ ş  ķƄŽĿĬƉėƀťĿƄŽĤźŵĤšżƉĿĿ


÷ĿĬƉėøĮʼnƃŃƃģĿƄŹ
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6ğƃĬʼnĤŽôëƀŦƁƀÝôʼnĤĭ
ƈōƀŽƇƃĿÅöŵƀĭ÷ĤºŴħƀƉĤºſƄƉƀŵŻĤŽĤŊŽģôëģƄƁƃģƀìźºƀÝôå4ŴƉĤʼnƃſŀŽÅöŵƀŦƁĤƉė
6÷ģŀöë
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ƃŀŽÅöŵŻĤŊŽģƃģƄƉÃöħƄìŽƃÂƃŃĤħĿ ij ćģôåƈƉģƃƃģóÃëĖĤìĭģóńĨĽôťŀźƁńÝƄŽĤƁƄÝ
ģĿƇƄëİĺħƇĿôëĬëńĹƀÝôëƄħƃģƃģƀåƃ4ģƄƁƀÝôå4ƄŶƉĤʼnƃƃŀŽÅöŵƃŃƄŽƃģƄƉÃöħ
ƀÝŸƁŴƉĤʼnƃſŀŽÅöŵŃƄŽƀĭŃƃƀÍŽŃģŀźƁƃģƇĿƇÀĤÌŃƃģŸƁ4ƇĿń¶ƄŹŸƁ4ƇĿôìĭƄŵģŸƁ
ƀĭŃƃ ųƃÀņƊŵƄ¶ƀÝôëŨƉńōĬƉėƈžĭŃƄÝƀÝ ij ćģôëĬŮƊŮĹƀÝƈºģŃôëƀŵÀƀťŀźƁ
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ƃģƈŵŅģ ij ćģĿſÃëģŀƊÝſŃƑƄŵƃÂƄĵĿƄëƄĭĿÅöŵƈžìźºƃģƈƉģƄƁĿƄŽĤŽĤŊŽģƀÍŽŃģŀźƁ
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6ƀŶĭƄŵģƀÍž¾ƀħƀìĭƄŵģƄŽ4÷ģƃƀŽģƄƁóńöåƀë
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6ƇĿƈŵƃƄÈŃƃ ij ćģŸƁųƃÂƄĵóŃƑĿĤƉƃģ6ƈō÷ƑƄëŃĤëųƄ¶
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ƀìźº ôå 4øō ÷ƑƄë ƀÍž¾ ŻģƄƊĹ øžåƄë ƀťĿ 4ƄŊƊŽƃ ôë ńŞŽ ƀÝ óÅŹ  ſÅŹ óńöå ƀë
4ƇƄåģƃńŞŽƀĭŻģƄƊĹƈžåƄëƀťĿŀƉĤħŻĤŽĤŊŽģ6ƇÃëóÂƄĵóŃƑôëƀìźºƀÝƃģƇńƊ¾
ƇÃëſĿŅƀľ¾ŻģƄƊĹƈžåƄëƀŦƁƀŵóĿųƃÂƄĵŴŽƄĭƃģƇƄåģƃŃĤëƀÝńìũŴÞĽ
ôƉ óŀŽƑ ôìźº ńĭ ƃģ øŵƄºńÌ ƀŽƄźŽ ŻģƄƊĹ øžåƄë ƀťĿ ƄŽĤŽĤŊŽģ ƃńìũ ÷Ƅŵ ųƃÀ ģŀźƁ
ĬĽƃÅŵƀÝƀĭôŶħƀľ¾ôźƊʼnóƄƉƀŵſńʼn׎ĤʼnģƀÝŴƉĤʼnƃſŀŽÅöŵôå4ƇĿƇÃëÂƄĵƀŽƄŶŽƄĭ
Żģńŭ  ĥĤĮë ƈŵƄĮʼnģģŃĿ ij  ćģĿ ŀƉĤħ ÄƄŹ ôå 4ƃÅöƁƄÝ ƄŽ 5ƃÃëƃ ńìũ ƀë ƈō ÷ƒŶĭ ôë
Ƅʼnƃģ÷ƃŀžžŹƃģƈìŽƄžŹ ŸƉńë







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6ſÃëſÂƄĵĤåÖÃöħ ×ŽÃŹƄŵ

ĿƃģƄƊŽƃƄħƃģ÷ĤºńƁ4ſƄōſÂƄŵƀæëƄħƃģĿ4ÃëƃŴƊÝƃŀõŃƃƀÝŻģŃĤħƇÂƄŽÄƄħńõÀſƄƉ
ƇĿƄĵĿÖÃöħ ş ķƄŽĿ4ŀöʼnŃƃƀĭ÷ĤÝŻĤÝƄĭôåƀŶë4ſƄōƀŽģƃŃńʼnńÝƄħƃģĿÖÃöħ ş ķƄŽ
ƀĮʼnĤžöëńʼnńÝſńť
ĿƄŽĤŽĤŊŽģĿƄĽ4ſÃëŃƃŸƁĤƊĭÂƃƄŵŀöëƀĭŃƄÝĿôƉ ƀĭƄħƃģƃģóÃëģŀƊÝƀħƃģ÷ÃŹƄŵ ij ćģ
ƀŵƃƄÈƃŃƃƀĭ÷ƃĿƀŶƊʼnƃƀÝ ş ķƄŽĿôƉƀŦƁƃģſĿŅſƃƀŽƀŮƉńřƄŵƃÂƄĵÖÃöħ
ģŃſŃĤÞŵƄŵŀŽèöÝĿīģŁŴÞĽĿƃģôŽƃƄÈŃƑĿƃÃÌƃĿôƉƀŦƁƃģƃńĨźŦƊÝ ij ćģĿ ş ķƄŽ
ƃøŵƄĮʼnģ
ŴƉƃƃôƉƀĭƄìŶĽƄŶÞĽ
øŵŀõÅõŅƀŽ4ƇńŵƀŽ÷ŃĤʼnƃģêƉńō4÷ĿƈŵŅģ4÷ĿƄƉ ij ćģôå4ĠōſƄÝƀÈ ƄìŶĽóģ
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6ğńŵƀźĭƃģƀŶƊƁƀ¾ƀľ¾ƄŽĤĮ ħƀŵ4ğƄëƀŹīĿĤĨšƀĭƄŽĤĮ ħ4ğńŵƃŻĤźƉģƀŦƁƀÝƇńŵéģƃ
ôƉƀħƀŦƁńÝôìŶħ4ſƄƊŽƀŽÄƄťôƉƀħƀĭƃńĨĽ ş ķƄŽĿƃģſƃĤëīĿĤĨšƄŽĤĮ ħĿƀħƄìŶĽƄĽ
ƀħſŀƊŵôå4ÃëóŃƄÝŇƑƄŵƃŃƄºƀÝ ş ķƄŽĿôƉſńʼnƃŀõńöĭƀÝĬĽƃĿôŶƁƃŸƁóÁžŶŹ
ŴƉƃƀĭŃƃôƉƀħŀħƃģƀĮŎƉƃôƉƀħſÅƊĭƀÝ4ôƉ
ŴƉƃĬĽƃńƁôƉƀħƀĭƀŦƁƃģƃĦƉńť ş ķƄŽƀŶÞľÝƃģ÷ģÁħŷƄŭ ş ķƄŽĿ
4ƇĿƇÃëųƄ¶ģŃŻĤĨƉńťŃƄŽƄ¾ƄƉńƊ¾ƀÝŻĤºŴÞĽĿóĿģƄĽƃģĤōƀŶÞĽńÝ4ôƉńƊŮũƃģŃģƄĽ
ƀħƃƄŽ5ƇńŵƃƀŹģĿģƇńöĭƃģƀŽƃŃƄĭģĿĤĮʼnóŀŽĤħƄŽĤĮ ħńÝƀë6ôƉƇŃƃĤħóŀŽĤħƈōŷƄëŴÞĽńÝ
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ſƃĤëôƉÇÈƄëÖŃƑôħĿ÷ƄŦƁĿƃģ
ƀŵƀħ÷ƄŦƁƃģſƃĤʼnŃĬŮƊŮĹôƉƀħƀĭ÷ƄŦƁ4ƇÃëƃŇĤŊĹģĤƉÃĮʼnĿ ş ķƄŽôåóĿƀŵôħ
ſƄƊŽƀŽÄƄťƀĭƃńĨĽſĿĿ4ſĿƄŵŃĿôƉſńʼn ş ķƄŽƀŵôåמźÈĿƃģôžƊëôŹƄë
ĬÉõƄŶ¾ƃģƀŶťģŃƈŵĤìåƃƀƉƄŵſńõÀôëƀŶƉĤÝƀÝģńöÈĿ4ſÃëƃģńöȸŃƃſƄƉ ş ķƄŽīńŖĹ
ƀžōģŃƀŽƀÈģƃĤƉſĤƊ̽öƁƀħƀìźºńÝƃģſƄōƀŵŀħÊģÀƀÝƀźƊʼnųƄ¶4ÃëƃŷģƃĿôƉƀŵĤë
ƃģƇÃëƃſŃĤåƀ¾×ŵĤìåƃĿôå4ŴŶťŃƃƀĭ ş ķƄŽƃģųƄōËžĭƀÝóŀžĭƀŵêŶĽ4ųŀöë
ƈƊÈƃŃƃſŃƑƀĭ÷ƃĿ

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īĤŹŻĤĮ ħ4ĠōÂƑ ŃƑƀÝ ij ćģĿ ŃƑƀŦöŽƃģƀźʼnńÝôʼnĤĭ4ƀÈſńõÀŴƉĤŹńũƃƀĭŃƃ ş ķƄŽ
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÷ĿøìŽƃƃŃƄŵ ôë
ƀŦƁƀÝſńʼnƄĮëƀÝƀĭĿƄĵƄŹńƁôå4ƇÅöëŴƉƃ4ųƄåģƃôëńìũƀÝŻĤźŵĤšĬƉėéŃĤĨŹƀťĿ
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ƇŀŽƃçųƃÀƄƉƀŶƉĤÝĬëńĹĿƃģĬëńĹƄƉ īĿĤĨš ĸƊĨŊĭ ij ćģĿ6ſƃĤëīĿĤĨšƀÍž¾
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ƈƉĤŹńũ ij ćģôëŨƉńōĬƉėŴħƄƉƀÝƃģ
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ŷƄë÷ĿĿƄĵƄŹĬëńĹŸƁôëƇŃƄĮʼnµťńõÀƀÝ4óÃëŴƊÝôŽÃö¾ôëƄĭĤžƉĤëƀÝƄŽĤźŵĤš
ųƃŸƁôëƃŃƄĮʼnƀÝƀŦƁƃƃôëŷƄĭģƀÝôåƀŽƄĮëńĹ
ĿôƉôëƀĽńħמ»žŹƀÝ4÷ĿƀžŽĿôëŷĤŞŽſƄƉƀÝƃģŃĤëſĿĤŢŵģūŃĤĽƄƉĬÈÂƄĵŷƄĭģĿ
ƀŽƄŽƃńĮìŵģńö¾ƀÝƄ»õŃƃĿôƉôëģƄĽƃģĤōĤƉƄŽƄĽÂģƀÝƀŦƁĿƃģ ſƄŭ éģƄºŻƄìÈģŃ
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ƀħçƀŶÞĽƀÝøōńƁ4÷ĿĿƄĵƄŹĬëńĹųƃÀƄƉôëƈōńƁƀÝôå4Ƅō÷ƒƉƃƀÌƄĭſÁžŵƀÝ
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ƇƄëƀŽƀŽƃÃťńʼnſńŹģƀŵƀŦƁĿƃģƇƄëīĿĤĨšƃģńëŁƀŦƁĿ4ƇĿóŀŽƑóŃģĿģ


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6ƃÅöëƇŀŽƃçƀÍž¾ĤƊħ

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6ųÃëſĿŅĤåƀŵŴĭƄŵģƄŽĤŽĤŊŽģ

ƀÝôƉƀħſÂģƀÝƄŦƁĿƃģŴĮëſńʼn ĤƊĮŽģńƊĹ ĤƊĮŽĤƉŃģſńõÀƀÝƀĭƄìŽƄĭƄŵģƀħƄŽĤŽĤŊŽģƄƊŽģƄľÝ
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6ųÃëſĿŅĤåƀŵƄŹųƄëƈŶƉƃôžÞʼnƃģĿ

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ƇŀŽƄťģƀŦƁŻĤŊëôƉĤŪřģĿ ƇÅõÂƄĵƀľ¾óĿĤŹôìŽƃŀöºƄʼnƀŽóƄƉƀŵƃģ÷Ŀ µŽĤƊŹģ ŷƄŽ
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ƇÅõĿĤƉƀÝģŃƀŊƊë ş ŸƊƁģńħģĿƄŽ5ƇÅöë
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ƃģƀƁģƃ4ſƃģŃƄºôƉƀħƀŦƁ4÷Ŀ ij ćģéĤÝ÷ģŀĽĤŹŅ4ŴƉƃƃƀĭŃƃôå 4ƀħĤåƃģųƄëŃƃ
ſƃĤʼnŃƃôƉƀħŻĤƉŅ
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6ƇĿƇÃëīĤŹĤåŻĤĮ ħģĿôå4ŴĮÈƄÝƄìŶĽ
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÷ģƄōųÃëģŀƊÝƀŶÞĽƀŦƁŴƉƃƀħƄìŽƃƄëīĿĤĨšĬħĿ÷ĿīƃńÝôëſÂĤťƀÝńĨĭôƉƀʼnƃģ
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ÃëƃôƉſĿģŃģƄŵçƃĿƀŦƁĿƃģſƄåģƃƀĭŻģŀŽŅ ş ŸƊƁģńħģĿƃńźŽÃëńĨĽƀŽşƄŕƄŹ

55
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ĤŊŹģ ş øʼnƄŹīńŖĹĿ

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ſƃģĿĤƉƀÝŃƃôƉƀħĻŅƃĿƃģųƄºƄʼn׏ńÌ

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ƀŶžŹƃĤšĿ ş øʼnƄŹĿ ij ćģ
ƃģƈŵĤìåƃóŀŽĤħ÷ƃĿƀÝ ij ćģƃģôŶžŹƀŽóńĨĽ ş øʼnƄŹĿ÷ƄŦƁóŃƄÝôºŃƃôŦƁńĭ
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