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ĬÈĿĤƉôžŵƄ¶ƈħĿģŸúźőĿ
ĿƅÃűƄĮÉÝƅņŲŽĤĮʼnćģŠƊũŃŻģńïôå4ƅĿŷƄŽĥĤĮűƈŵƒïƀŦƁĿŰƊžľĭƃģŻėńŭ
ƀťĿƀÝƅĿƀľ¾ƄŵģƄŲƊŵƄƉƄŵƀŵÖÃŽƈŹƒʼnģĿôå4ƅĿżťƃĿŻĤĨŢōų=ƄŲƊŵĥĤĮűƀťĿ
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ƀŽİĺħńõÀƀŵƀŲºôðŽĤÞ»žŹńÝĥĤĮűĿƇńŵƆŵģƄõĿèŽſńʼnŴħƀŵƄƉſńŹƄ¾ŰƊžľĭƃģŻėńŭ
ſŃƄÝƀÝƃģƈōƀŽƀźű4ƇńŵôƉſÂģƀÝĥĤĮűĿôåƀʼnƄŶĭƀŦƁƄŵģƄĮʼnƄŵƄŽģńïĿôå4ŷÅõńöĭ
ƀťĿôå4ŸƉģƃƃƀħſńŹƃĿƄĽ4ƈŵƄŵƃóŃƄÝƀƉĤÝńĭôƉſńʼnôʼnƄŶĭƃģĤƊĮŵģƄöŵſńõÀƀÝƃģƀžƊŹ
ƈŵƄŵƃƃńŹƃŃģôƉôŶºƄƉôå4ƀƉƄħƀĭĤåńƁƃģƅĿóŃƄÝſÂŅƀÝƃģŃƄ·ïńõÀĥĤĮű
óŃƄÝŇƑƄŵƃńÞĽƀÝĥĤĮűóŃƄÝſÂŅƀÝƃģſŃƄťƄƉôʼnģĿĿôå4ƇńŵÂĤƉƃƀžŵƄ¶ƈħĿģŸƊźő
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ƃģſŃƄťŃƄŽƀĭŃƃƀĭóĿƀħçƄĮÉÝńÝƄ¾4ƇƄűƀĮÈƄťôŶőƄĹóńõÀĿƃģƃƃĤƊĮľŹńÝƑĿƀĭŃƃ
ƇƃŃƄŵƃŸƁƀŽƄħĤĮűůĤžĮÈŅŃģ
ĥĿģƃģƀžƊŹƀÝ
ƀžŵƄ¶ƈħĿģŸƊźő
ŻĤĮŊŽĤŦũģ%ŴħĤű
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żťƃĿŻĤĨŢōų=ƄQŲƊŵ
÷ņìŽĤĮʼnćģŠƊũŃŻÂĤħç
ƀžŵƄ¶ƈħĿģŸƊźőƅƃŀŽńÞĽ
ƀűƄ¶ŃŅńöźōÛĤå
˻˼ÃŵƄŽƃńÞĽĿ
ņƉńźŵ(ņƉĿÅöŵ˺˼́̀ƀ·öŽÛĤå
ÊĿŃƃćģŀĨšżƉģņƉÀƃģŅƄÞźű
ſńöźōŻƄŪöŶö¶ĿŻÂĤħçĿ
ŰƊŵĤžÉõńħ
rafiullah.stanikzai@gmail.com
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ƇĿƇŀŽƄĽſńʼn
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øŵŀŽèöÝĤŽĤŹſńëƀÝôƉŷƒʼnģôå4ƀĭƄŽĤŽĤźŶŊŹƄŵƄ¶ƄŦƁÖÃŽĿ
ŸƉøŵŅƃŃôƉƀžƊŹƈŹƒʼnģƀŵƄ¶ƀÝôå ƀĭ׎ŃƄëôŽŃĿôŶÞĽ
ƃŃƄŽƃģøŵŀŽèöÝƀÌƄĭſÃÞŎħƀÝôƉŷƒʼnģôå4ƀĭƄŽĤźŵĤšƄŦƁĿģƄöƁĿ
ƈŽèöÝŃƃƀÑħſńëƀÝôƉƀĭ
÷ņìŽĤĮʼnćģŠƊũŃ
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ģ×ÞƊʼnƄ¾ſŃŀžźʼnƀŵ˺
ķêƊžľĭƃģŻėńŭ˻
ŃſĿĤƊĭÂģſńŹƄ¾ƀĭƄŽƄħĤĮëôʼnģĿ˼
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˺˺6óÃëſŃĤōģƀĭĤžÉõńħŸƉńëŻėńŭĤƉė́
˺̋6ƇƄëóńĨĽūƄŶľŹſĤʼnôħĤƉė̂
˺́6÷ÃëİĺħƄëƄĭƃņõĿÅöŵƀŵŸƉńëŻėńŭĤƉė˺˹
˻˻6ſÃëſÂƄĵĤåÖÃöħ×ŽÃŹƄŵ˺˺
˻̌ųÁžÌŃƃĤƊħŇƑƇƄōóńÝĿ˺˻
˻́ƇÅöëƇŀŽƃçƇÃŹ˺˼
˼˼øŵģƃĿńÌôìźºĿ˺̊
˼̌6÷Ŀ÷Ãëİĺħƀľ¾Ÿ¶ģƀŵŸƉńëŻėńŭĤƉė˺̋
̊˹6ƃÅöëƇŀŽƃçƀÍž¾ĤƊħ˺̌
̊̊6ųÃëſĿŅĤåƀŵŴĭƄŵģƄŽĤŽĤŊŽģ˺̀
̊́ſŃĤōģŸƉńëŻėńŭĿƀĭŸħŷƄĭģ˺́
̋˺6ųÃëſĿŅĤåƀŵƄŹųŀöëôŶƉƃôžÞʼnƃģĿ˺̂
̋̋øŵŀõÃÌËĭńÝƀĭ׏ÄƄÞʼnŸƉńëŻėńŭ˻˹
̋̂ƀźħńĭŻƃńĭƄƊŽĿƄìŽƄĭƄŵėƀŵŴƊħĤħģĿ˻˺
̌˼ſŀöºƄʼnƀŽƃôåŃƃģƀŦƁ˻˻
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7
×ÞƊʼnƄ¾ſŃŀžźʼnƀŵ
ŀŽƃÂģóŃƄÝŸëƄĭƃģôħç4ĬĽƃ4ôźƊʼn4ŷƄŭƇÃÍŽĤºŷƄëƀÝżƉĿéŃĤĨŹŷƒʼnģĿ
óĿĿ ôºŃƃ ńĭ ĬŹĤƊŭ Ŀ ƀľ¾ ôĨöō ÖÃŹƄŵ ƀŵ ĬŵĤʼnŃ Ŀ īĤƊžĵ ƃģ ĬƊŽĤŊŽģ ųƄ¶ ôìŶħ 5ƅŀŽ
ƈōƆŶĮŊƊĽģŀŽƄĽƀľ¾ƃÄƄĽƀŵżƉĿƈŶ¿öÞʼn
ļŹƀĭĬŹģƀŦƁĿĬƊŵƃĜŊŹģĿƆŵĤŢĭćģƄŽ5ƀĮŎŽ¹žŹńĭÄƄŹŅŏćģųƄʼnŃôåŇƃģ
ƃģňžƉĤʼnƀìŵ 5ŷƄŶšżƉÂģƀĭĬŹģƃģżƉĿŃƄŽƃģżƉĿ4ƈŵƄħƃģŃêŶĽƀĭŷƒʼnģôå 4ƅĿƅÃë
ƇÂĤħçƃģŃƈëƄĭżƉÂģƀĭŷƄŭŴÞĽƄħçƀŵƃŃƄŽĿƃģƇƄʼnŃƃƀħçƀÝƅƄŦƁĿƀĭŷƄŭńƁƇçƄŵĤžìĭ
ƃģƇƄʼnŃƃƀĭƄìŽƃńŵŸëƄĭńƁƃģôźƊʼnóńƁ4ôħçóńƁĿŷƒʼnģôå4ſĿœńũŻĤźŶŊŹńÝģĿ
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ƃƃÂģƃģŃƀ¾ƀĭôŶÞĽƄħçƃŃƄŽƀŵĤƉƃģƃÃëôƉſƄÝóńÝƃģƃÂĤħçƃƀħçńÝƅƄťĤźƁĿżƉĿģĿôå
ƄħçĿƃŃƄŽĿƀĭôĽƄŹóĿƃģƇĿœńũÄƄŹńÝųŀöʼnŃƀĭôĽƄŹóĿƇÅöëģĿģƀŽųƃÀŴħƀÝ
ƀŽ ƀÌģÀ ƀÝ ƀľ¾ óĿ ƀŵ ĤƉė ƄŽ 5ƆŵŀöʼnŃ ƄŎŽ ƀĭńÝ óÂĤħç ƀŵ żƉĿ Ŀ Ƅħç ƃŃƄŽ ńÝ ƃģ ƄŵƃĿĤƉ ƀŵ
ĿƀĭƄħçƃŃƄŽƃģųƃĿĤƉƄħçƃŃƄŽĿƈŵƄ¶ƄƉńÝĬŹģƇŀźĺŹĿôëƀžŵƄ¶ſńƁƀÝôå 4ƇŃĤìÈ
ƀĭƃŃƄŽôƉģƄľŵĤŹŅƄŽ5ƇƃſĿŅŸƁƄŹĬƉėƄƉƀëƈƉĤŹńũćģųƄʼnŃ6ƇĿœńũųÂĤħçżƉĿ
ćģųƄʼnŃĿƄŽ 5ƃÂĤħçƀŽƃīĤŹƄŶŢŹŴÞĽƃģƇƃƀŽſĿŅƀħçƃŃƄŽĿÄƄŹŅôåƀŶëƄŽğƄʼnŃƃ
6ƃÃëƅĤºńÝƀÍŽń¾ƀħńŹģģĿ
ĦĵģƃƄƉĿôžŢƉĦĵģƃƄƂũƀħƑģĦĵģƄŵģŸĮƉƑĤŹôå 4ſĿſŀšĤŭſƄƉôƂŮũƈŵƄőģĿ
ſńʼnńĭŗńōóĿĿƄŽ 5ƇƃŗńōųƄëſńʼnńĭŃĤëĤƉƈōŷƄëĿôå 4ſŃĤÞŵƄŵƄëſńʼnńĭ ĿŃĤë
ƇĿĦĵģƃôƉųƄë
ƃģƇĿœńũƀžƊ»ÈƃģƀžƉŃĤŽńƁńÝŷƄŶšƇńŎħĤƉƇƄƊŽĿſŀĹńĭĤƊĭÂģĿŸƁƃģŷƄŶšƈžƉĿŸƁ
ƀĭ ôħç ôŶÞĽ ŷƄŶš ģĿ ôå 4ƇĿ œńũ ƄŽĤŽĤźŶŊŹ ńÝ ģĿ ƄŽ 5ƇĿ ôë Ƅħç ƀÝ ƃŃƄŽ Ŀ ŷƄŶš ńõÀ
ƇÂĤħçƃģŃ
ƃģ ô·Ì 4ôŽƃƄÈŃƑ 4ƃÃë ų=ƄƉÃŽ żƉĿ øŶ¿öÞʼn ŷƒʼnģ Ŀ ôå 4ƅĿ ƅÃë ńŹģ ƀĭ ÄƄŹ ij ćģ
ƃŃƄŽƀÝóƃĤƊĭÃÍŽĤºƃģôŽƃƄÈŃƑģĿÄƄŹôåƀŶëƄŽ 5ƃÃëƀŽĤÈƃŃƀĭƄìŶĽôƉóƃĤƊĭÃÍŽĤº
6ƃÃëƈũńŢŹƀĭƃŃƄŽƃģų=ƄƉÃŽżƉĿƀħƀÍž¾ƄŽ5ƃÂĤħçƀŽƃģŃƀĮŽĤºôƉĤƉƃÂĤħçƀŽƃƄħç
ńŹģôƉƀĭƃƀħĤĺőƃģųĿƄŵŃĿƈìŽƃÂĤħçŸʼnſńʼnƄũƃńŝƀŵĬĽƃƀŦƁĿŏŷńëģųƄʼnŃ
ƀĭŃƃćģųƄʼnŃƅĿƅƃŅĬħĤıĿŀƉŅīńŖĹôƉƀÍŶöħƀÈƇÃëſĿŅôħçóŃƄŽôå4ƃƅÃë
8
ƀħçƈŽĤƉńʼnƀÌƄĭóÃÍŽĤºƀÝôħçƃŃƄŽ ĿƃģƇÃëƃŃĤëƀÌƄĭƀÝŻÂĤħçƀŦƁĿôå4ƃƅÃëńŹģ
ƇÃëſĿŅ
ſĿŅƀħçŷƄŭŷƄëĿôåéƄ¾ôžŢƉŸƁńōżŹģŷƄŭĪŦŵŧńšżŹôåƈƉĤŹńũŏćģųƄʼnŃ
ƄōżŹģƀÝôƉƀľ¾ńōƀŵƄŽƇÃë
ģŃƀĭƄìŶĽƃģôħçôŶÞĽŧŃĤŢŹƇńŎħƃģƈžƉĿŃƄ·ÌƄħçƃŃƄŽƀŵ4ųƄʼnŃżƉĿƀĭƄìŶĽ4ſÂĤħç
ńÝżƉĿôå 4ƇÅöëƀÈĬĽƃƀŦƁƀžŶħ 4ſĿſńĨĽſŃĤìÈƃģſĿƀŖƉńũƈŶŹƃģƈžƉĿſƄƉ4ųƃÂģ
ƈōųÂĤħçƃƄħçƃŃƄŽ
ƀÝôåƄ¾ńĭƄŽƈƊÈƃŃƃĤžƉƃƀÈƃģŃĤëƀÈ4ŃƑƀÈƀŹƄëƀĭĤåéƄ¾ƈºģŃôëƄőƄŒŽƀÝ
ƅĿêƉńōôëńĵģƀÝôƉ÷ĿƄŽ5ƇÅöëŴźšŃƑƃģŃĤë4ĤžƉƃóĿ
ƀĭŃƄÝƀ·ÌóńĭêŶĽƃģƃÂĤħçƃĥĤĮëŃƄ·ÌŷƄëŴħĤƉňžƉĤʼn4ĦřĿƀľ¾ôħçôŶħƀŵƀë
ƈƉĤŹńũ ŏćģųƄʼnŃƃģƅĿĬŹŀĽƄƉģĿƇÅöëųƄëģŃńĵģĬŹŀĽóĿĿƀƉĤÝńĭƄŽ 5ƇÃë
ƀ·Ì ôƉ ƀĭ ƃŃƄŽ ôå 4ƅĿ éƄ¾ ƀŦƁ Őľō ſŃƄť ƄŵƄ¶ ńĭ ŇĤžŵģ ŠŪžƉ żŹ ŇĤžŵģńƊĽ
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ƇĿôĭĤÞŶĭôƉƀŽƃńĵģôåƅƄōųÃëŃƃŷƄŽôŭŀőƀƉŃĤĵĿƀĭƄŽƄĮŹŀĽųƃÀģĿôëƄIJƉĿĤĹģƀÝ
4ÖçƄŵĤžìĭ4ňžƉĤʼnƄŹƄŶšƇńŎħƃģƈžƉĿĿ4ųƄʼnŃŷƒʼnģĿƀĭƃŃƄŽôå4ƄōƆŶƉƃƀÌƄĭſÁžŵƀÝ
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ſĿƈƉĤŪëœńũŸƁſÂĤħçƄŽ5ƇƃƈŽƄōĤŽ
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Ŀ ôźƊʼn ĿôƉ×ŵƄºƈźŶšôå 4ƀĭ ƄŽƃŃƃƄŽĤźŶŊŹƄžĮÉÝƄŶÞĽƄžŹĿŃĿƃńõÀ4ƅƄōĿƃĿŃƄĮŶë
Ĥħ óĿ ƀŵ 4ƇĿ óÃë óŀŽģÂƃ ƀŽƄħĤĮë ŃƄ·Ì ÏÌ 5ƇĿ ôŎĭ ųƃÁŽģ ƀÝ ƄìŽƃŀõÅťĿ Ƅħç ƃŃƄŽ
ƄƉôå4ƅĿƅņìŽĤĮʼnćģŠƊũŃŻģńÌŸƁƄƉƀľ¾ƄŽĤŽģƄºƄžƊĢŹĿģƄöƁƃģżƉĿńÝ4ƄÉõƃ4ƀʼnĤŊĹģ
ƀĭƄĮÉÝƅĿôëŇƑƀÝôʼnĤĮʼnŇƃģģŀźƁôåêƊžľĭƃģŻėńŭôƉĥĤĮëŃƄ·ÌƃģƈźŶšńõÀ
ƀŵĤë˺˽˹˹Żėńŭôå 4óƄōƀŽƃĿĤƉƄŽƄÍĮľŹńÝƈŊžƉĤʼn ƄŦƁƄ¾ĿôëĥĤĮëóŀÝƆŵÂĤħçģŃ
ĿóÃëſŃĤōģƀĭĬŮƊŮĹƄƉijćģ4ŀöŽģƄĭƃŨŎëƀÝżŽôƉńŎħƄĽóÃëſŃĤōģƀĭŃƃóŀŽģÂƃ
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