sabWoTa warsuli

1937-1938 wlebis masobrivi represiebi

sabWoTa saqarTveloSi
daviT jiSkariani
`istoriaSi, sazogadoebaSi ufro meti sisxli iRvreba arafrisTvis, vidre ramisTvis~.
merab mamardaSvili

sabWoTa kavSirSi 1936-1938 wlebSi masobrivi represiebi mimdinareobda. es iyo saxelmwifos

mxridan sakuTar moqalaqeebze Zaladoba, romlis umTavresi mizani iyo sazogadoebis TiTqmis
yvela socialuri fenis gardaqmna da totaluri SiSis danergva. represiebi qarxanasaviT, meqa-
nikurad, muSaobda. teroris didsa da biurokratiul meqanizmSi funqciebi met-naklebad gan-
sazRvruli iyo, xolo TiToeuli rgoli – aucilebeli da saWiro. masSi monawileobas aqtiu-
rad iRebdnen rogorc moskovSi momuSave umaRlesi politikuri organos – politbiuros wev-
rebi, ise ama Tu im respublikis, soflisa Tu Temis xelmZRvanelebi. bevri adamiani sakuTari
surviliT, Tumca sxvadasxva motivaciiT, asmenda xalxs da ase xdeboda masobrivi Zaladobis mo-
nawile. terori ar yofila damaluli da uxilavi, mis Sesaxeb icoda sazogadoebam.

imdroindeli media represiebs did dros uTmobda. sainformacio veli imgvarad iyo Seqmni-
li, rom moqalaqeebisTvis represiebi „Cveulebriv“ movlenad warmoeCinaT. iqmneboda gancda,
rom saxelmwifosTvis sasicocxlod aucilebeli iyo „xalxis mtrebis“ aRmoCena da ganadgure-
ba. moskovSi gamomavali gazeTebis garda, represiebze werda regionaluri media, mSobliur ena-
ze, da lokaluri konteqsti Sehqonda sakavSiro represiebSi.

1936-1938 wlebis qarTulenovan gazeT „komunistSi“ xSirad amoikiTxavdiT frazebs: sikvdi-

li xalxis mosisxle mtrebs, daundoblad gavsrisoT faSizmis pirsisxliani agentebi, gavanad-
guroT gvelis wiwilebi, mosyiduli agentebi daundoblad isrisebian, rogorc qvewarmavlebi.

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xelisuflebisaTvis mxolod mowodebebi da
lozungebi sakmarisi ar iyo. represiebis
procesSi unda gaegoT „xalxis xma“. sazoga-
doebis monawileoba represiebSi mniSvnelo-
vani iyo – Zaladoba ar unda gamoCeniliyo,
rogorc xelisuflebis proeqti. am mizniT
mediaSi Cndeboda rigiTi qarxnis muSebis,
mSromelebis, inteligenciis warmomadgen-
lebis moTxovnebi, rom „usastikesad“ das-
jiliyvnen xalxis mtrebi. sasjeli ki saer-
To sazogadoebrivi Tanxmobis, mSromelTa
nebis aRsrulebad warmoCindeboda.
ramdenime aseuli aTasi adamianis repre-
sias marto erTi organo ver SeZlebda. ami-
tom, iqmneboda iseTi sasamarTlo da arasa-
samarTlo organoebi, romelTac ganaCeni
daCqarebuli wesiT unda gamoetanaT. xSirad
saCvenebeli sasamarTlo procesebi imarTe-
boda, maT Sesaxeb media werda da radio gad-
moscemda. 1937-1938 wlebis saCvenebeli
procesebidan, magaliTad, erT-erTi yvela-
ze gaxmaurebuli iyo „memarjveneTa siRna-
Ris kontrrevolucioner mavnebelTa orga-
nizaciis procesi“. am konkretul SemTxveva-
Si gamoZieba dapatimrebul adamianebs sof-
lis meurneobaSi „ZirgamomTxrel“ saqmiano-
bas edaveboda.
represiebi saqarTveloSi
represiebSi aqtiurad iyo CarTuli sab-
WoTa umaRlesi xelisufleba. kremlSi mo-
muSave politbiuros wevrebi regionebidan
miRebul siebs ecnobodnen. adamianTa saxe-
lebisa da gvarebis gaswvriv xSirad ioseb
stalini da politbiuros sxva wevrebi ake-
Tebdnen aRniSvnebs. aRniSvna gulisxmobda,
rom politbiuro nebas rTavda Sinsaxkomis
TanamSromlebs daepatimrebinaT adamiani.
iSviaTad, magram iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac
regionidan gagzavnil siaSi Seyvanil pirs
represirebi ar Sexebia – politbiurom ub-
ralod ar miiCnia mizanSewonilad.
ioseb stalini Tavadac Zalian aqtiu-
robda represirebulTa siebis damuSaveba-
Si. is namdvilad ar icnobda siebSi Seyvanil
yvela adamians, sabWoTa kavSiris yvela re-
gionidan. gamonaklisi iyo saqarTvelos sab-
WoTa socialisturi respublika, romlis
siebSic mravlad iyo stalinisaTvis kargad
nacnobi adamiani, im droidan, rodesac ax-
algazrda ioseb juRaSvili, kobas metsaxe-
liT, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi po-
litikurad aqtiurobda, ibrZoda monarqiu-
li mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg. bevri maTgan-
is saxelisa da gvaris gaswvriv represiebze
Tanxmobas swored stalini awerda xels.
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 sabWoTa warsuli

politbiuros wevrebis xelmoweril si- samxedro kolegiisaTvis gansaxilvelad

ebs mecnierebi „stalinuri (stalinis) sie- gamzadebuli kontingenti gadaecaT gansa-
bis“ saxeliT icnoben. am siiT represirebu- kuTrebuli sameulisaTvis, romelic saqme-
lebi arian e.w. elitis wevrebi, partiuli no- ebs „swrafad ganixilavda“.
menklatura, Zveli bolSevikebi, biurokra-
tiisa da inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi. gansakuTrebuli sameulis Seqmnam rep-
maT saqmeebs daCqarebuli wesiT ganixilavda resiebs axali, masobrivi xasiaTi SesZina.
ssrk-is uzenaesi sasamarTlos samxedro ko- yvelaferi ki berias zemoT aRniSnul weri-
legiis gamsvleli sesia, romelic represi- lamde 4 TviT adre moxda: 1937 wlis 3 ivliss
ebSi aqtiurad CarTuli erT-erTi organo ioseb stalinma, sakavSiro komunisturi
iyo. mis garda arsebobda arasasamarTlo partiis centraluri komitetis pirvelma
organoebi, romlebic adamianTa beds ufro
„moqnili meqanizmiT“ daCqarebulad wyvet-
dnen. am ukanaskneli organos muSaobisTvis `miliciis sameulis~ oqmi
aRar iyo saWiro kremlSi ganxilvebi da sam-
xedro kolegiis gamsvleli sesia. sami Ta-
namdebobis pirisgan Seqminili organo, e.w
`troika~ (rus. Тройка – sameuli) ufro swra-
fi da mkacri iyo. samxedro kolegias didi
dro exarjeboda erTi adgilidan meoreSi
wasasvlelad. isini yvelgan igvianebdnen.
cixeebi ki patimarebiT iyo gadatvirTuli.

1937 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTvelos

ck-is pirvelma mdivanma lavrenti beriam we-
rili gaugzavna ioseb stalins. am dokumen-
tiT irkveva, rom im droisTvis saqarTvelos
cixeebSi 5 000 adamianze meti imyofeboda,
aqedan 2 000 – TbilisSi. cixeebis gadatvir-
Tva da samxedro kolegiis gamsvleli sesiis
dagvianeba lavrenti berias aZlevda safuZ-
vels, rom stalinisaTvis eTxova nebarTva,

axalgazrda stalini

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 represiebi saqarTveloSi

mdivanma, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisar
nikolai eJovsa da partiis regionalur
xelmZRvanelebs misca brZaneba, romlis mi-
xedviTac, represiebi unda dawyebuliyo yo-
fili kulakebisa da sisxlis samarTlis dam-
naSaveebis winaaRmdeg. Semdeg brZanebis Tav-
dapirveli Sinaarsi Seicvala da ufro far-
To masStabi miiRo. radikalurad Seicvala
represiebis socialuri klasi da samizne au-
ditoria – moicva yvela kategoria, rome-
lic miuRebeli iyo sabWoTa xelisuflebi-
saTvis.
saqarTveloSi 1937 wlis 7 ivliss lav-
renti berias brZanebiT Seiqmna gansakuT-
rebuli sameuli, romlis wevrebic iyvnen:
saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komis-
ris moadgile aqvsenti rafava, saqarTvelos
respublikis prokurori ilarion talaxaZe
da muSaTa da glexTa miliciis ufrosi Sal-
va wereTeli. gansakuTrebulma sameulma
1938 wlis oqtombris CaTvliT imuSava. misi
Semadgenloba ramdenjerme Seicvala. aqvs-
enti rafava misma Sefma, saqarTvelos ssr-is

adamianebis dapatimrebis, zedamxedve-

lobis, gamoZiebis, sasjelis sisruleSi moy-
vanis uzarmazari samuSao ki Sinsaxkomma Se-
asrula. axalgazrda „Cekistebi“, romleb-
sac muSaobis gamocdileba jer ar hqondaT,
limitebis Sesasruleblad Sinsaxkomis kar-
toTekis masalebs iyenebdnen, rom dasapa-
timreblad sasurveli adamianebi epovaT.
Tavdapirvelad umTavresi kontingenti ku-
lakebi iyvnen da TanamSromlebic maT kar-
toTekis furclebze eZebdnen. ase daerqva
brZaneba N 00447-is egidiT mimdinare opera-
cias „kulakuri“ operacia (rus. Кулацкая опе-
рация).

sameulis mizani iyo gansakuTrebuli we-

siT, sasamarTlos gareSe, momxdariyo adami-
anebis represireba ori kategoriis mixed-
viT: pirveli kategoria sasjelis umaRles
zomas – daxvretas gulisxmobda, xolo meo- berias 1937 wlis 8 ivlisis daSifruli depeSa sta-
lins – aRricxvaze ayvanili kulakebisa da sisx-
re – sxvadasxva vadiT Sroma-gasworebiT ko-
lis samarTlis damnaSaveebis Sesaxeb.
loniaSi gadasaxlebas.

berias 1937 wlis 8 ivlisis daSifruli depeSa sta-

lins – represirebulebis limitebis gazrdisa da
sameulebis muSaobis Sesaxeb.

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 sabWoTa warsuli

Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisarma sergo

gogliZem Caanacvla. xSirad, rodesac gog-
liZe ver axerxebda sameulis sxdomaSi mona-
wileobas, mas anacvlebda Sinsaxkomis meoT-
xe ganyofilebis ufrosi bogdan qobulovi.
sameulis muSaobaSi, misi Seqmnis pirveli
dRidan bolo dRemde, srulad monawileob-
da sameulis sxdomis mdivani, Sinsaxkomis
me-8 ganyofilebis ufrosi aleqsandre kon-
stantines Ze morozovi.
1937 wlis 8 ivliss saqarTvelos ck-is
pirvelma mdivanma lavrenti beriam moskov-
Si gagzavna represirebulTa limitebis
Txovna – es niSnavda, rom man moiZia pirveli
kategoriiT dasasjeli 1 419 adamiani, xolo
meore kategoriiT – 1 562 adamaini. beriam we-
rilSi daamata, rom arseboben adamianebi,
romlebic saSiSni arian da sasurvelia maT-
gan sazogadoebis gawmenda; rom aseTebis
raodenoba 2 000-s aRwevda da rom mas SeeZlo
maTi represirebac. am werilis mTavari miza-
ni iyo moskovs gaezarda saqarTvelosaTvis 1937-1938 wlebSi represirebulebi
represirebulTa limiti. msgavsi suraTi
sameuli aqtiurad muSaobda. oqmebi ru-
iyo sxva sabWoTa respublikebSic. adgilob-
sul enaze iwereboda da moculobiT erT
rivi elita moskovis winaSe Tavis mowonebas
gverds ar aRemateboda. adamianis pirad in-
gazrdili limitebiT da mkacri represie-
formaciasTan erTad aucileblad iwerebo-
biT cdilobda.
da braldeba. sasjelis zomis qveviT ki sa-
1937 wlis agvistodan dekembramde limi- meulis wevrebi awerdnen xels.
tebis raodenoba 5 000-dan 17 500-mde gai-
1937 wlis 21 dekembers sameulma 350 ada-
zarda, maT Soris, pirveli kategoriisTvis –
miani gaasamarTla, aqedan pirveli katego-
2 000-dan 7 500-mde. am dros saqarTvelos
riiT – 102, xolo meore kategoriiT – 248 ad-
mosaxleoba sul 3 376 946 adamians Seadgen-
amiani. am SemTxvevaSi gamodis, rom sameulis
da.
wevrebma 24-saaTiani muSaobis SemTxvevaSi
(rac, rasakvrivelia, SeuZlebeli iyo) adami-
anis bedis gadawyvetaze saSualod 4 wuTi da
aqvsenti rafava 11 wami daxarjes. es ki imaze metyvelebs, rom
sameulis muSaoba xSir SemTxvevaSi konveie-
Salva wereTeli ruli principiT xdeboda.

sergo gogliZe

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 represiebi saqarTveloSi

am represiebs ar hqonia individualuri

xasiaTi da xSirad koleqtiuri gageba hqon-
da. gasamarTlebuli adamiani kargavda sa-
kuTrebis uflebas, misi sakuTreba konfis-
kacias eqvemdebareboda. CamorTmeul sax-
lebsa da binebSi sxva adamianebs asaxlebd-
nen. pirad nivTebs xSirad specialur adgi-
las yiddnen, sadac maTi SeZenis ufleba
mxolod Sinsaxkomis TanamSromlebis ojaxe-
bis wevrebs (ZiriTadad, maT colebs) hqon-
daT. meTvalyureobis qveS iyvnen gasamarT-
lebulTa ojaxis wevrebic, colebs, qmris
danaSaulis Seutyobineblobis gamo, aseve
asaxlebdnen Sroma-gasworebiT koloniebSi.
Svilebic meTvalyureobis qveS iyvnen.
miuxedavad arnaxuli Zaladobisa, sabWo-
Ta xelisuflebas arasdros uRiarebia, rom
es iyo sistemis, saxelmwifos danaSauli Ta-
visi moqalaqeebis mimarT. ufro metic, bevr
postsabWoTa qveyanaSi Cekistebis reputa-
ciis dacvas ufro meti resursi xmardeba,
vidre msxverplTa uflebebs. imisaTvis, rom
represiebi vigrZnoT, sru-
adamians, sanam mis saqmes sameuli ganixi-
lebiT araa saWiro aTaso-
lavda, xangrZlivi da Zalian usiamovno pro-
biT wignis wakiTxva da Za-
cedurebi unda gaevlo. TiToeul dapatim-
ladobis meqanizmis de-
rebulze iqmneboda sisxlis samarTlis saq-
taluri codna. marti-
me. gamoZieba eniT aRuwereli sisastikiT
vad rom warmovidgi-
mimdinareobda. aRiarebiTi Cvenebis mosapo-
noT, TiToeuli cif-
veblad gamomZieblebi wamebis sxvadasxva me-
ris ukan dgas adamia-
Todebs igonebdnen. Sinsaxkomis TanamSrom-
nis sicocxle, dang-
lebis gavlena da warmatebuli muSaoba imiT
reuli cxovreba da
fasobda, Tu ramdenad swrafad da xSirad
wlobiT gagrZele-
moipovebda dapatimrebulisgan aRiarebiT
buli tanjva.
Cvenebas. fizikur zemoqmedebaze sanqcias
uSualod Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari
gogliZe gascemda zepirsityvierad.

sameulis mier miRebuli gadawyvetile-

bebi dauyovnebliv unda aRsrulebuliyo.
kulakurma sameulma Tavisi muSaobis dros
21 107 saqme ganixila, saidanac 10 563 adami-
ans miesaja sasjelis umaRlesi zoma –
sikvdili, xolo darCenil 10 544-s –
sxvadasxva vadiT Sroma-gaswo-
rebiT koloniebSi gadasax-
leba.

33