marSal tuxaCevskis dacema da aRzeveba

maiori uiliam j. makgrenehani, aSS armiis rezervi

miuxedavad imisa, rom dResdReobiT sabWoTa samxedro Teorias da taqtikas

dawvrilebiT ikvleven dasavleTis qveynebSi, SedarebiT naklebi yuradReba eTmoba
im pirebs, romlebmac zemoaRniSnuli sferos ganviTarebaSi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules 1920-ian da 1930ian wlebSi. dRes Cveni yuradReba
imdenad fokusirebulia hitleris winaaRmdeg omis tragikul movlenebze, rom
ruseTis armias xSirad viwro CarCoebSi ganvixilavT, kerZod ki misi
dislocirebisa da SesaZleblobebis konteqstSi mas Semdeg, rac germanulma
tankebma (“pancerebma”) 1941 wlis 22 ivniss sul ramodenime saaTSi mdinareebi bugi
da dnestri gadmolaxes. Cven visaubrebT erTi adamianis Sesaxeb, romlis ideebma
omis Sesaxeb didi wvlili Seitanes germanelebis damarcxebaSi da romelic am
masiur Tavdasxmamde oTxi wliT adre gardaicvala. es gaxlavT marSali mixeil
nikolozis Ze tuxaCevski. statiaSi gaecnobiT am adamians, mis karieras, ideebs,
dacemas da Semdgom reabilitacias.

pirovneba

tuxaCevski daibada 1893 wlis 15 Tebervals smolenskis olqis daba

aleqsandrovskoeSi. 1904 wels misi ojaxi qalaq vraJenskoeSi, iqidan ki 1909 wels
moskovSi gadavida sacxovreblad. adreul etapze misi ojaxis cxovreba gavs
“omisa da mSvidobis” personaJebis – rostovebis cxovrebas. tuxaCevskebi ruseTis
gaRaribebuli didgvarovanebi iyvnen, rasac maTTvis xeli ar SeuSlia maTi
mravalricxovani bavSvebisTvis kulturuli da bednieri saxli uzrunveleyoT.
mixeil tuxaCevskim 1914 wels daamTavra aleqsandrovskis samxedro akademia da
gaxda umcrosi oficeri semenovskis polkSi. amave wlis seqtemberSi igi wina
xazze gauSves. xuTi Tvis Semdeg igi ukve eqvsjer iyo dajildoebuli
simamacisTvis. 1915 wels igi tyved Cavarda; gaqcevis xuTi uSedego mcdelobis
Semdeg igi gadaagzavnes specialuri dakavebis banakSi ingolStadtSi (sadac misi
erTerTi Tanamosakne iyo maRali, gulCaTxrobili frangi kapitani, saxelad Sarl
de goli). Tumca verc me-9 fortma daakava leitenanti tuxaCevski, romelic 1917
wlis agvistoSi tyveobidan gaiqca da or TveSi rusuli armiis xazebamde gaikvlia
gza.

Tavisi aristokratiuli warmomavlobis miuxedavad, tuxaCevski bolSevizmis

erTguli mimdevari gaxda da omidan dabrunebidan sul male – 1918 wlis 5 aprils
partiaSi Sevida. ra aiZulebda ruseTis imperiis armiis brwyinvale, gambedav da
mravalgzis dajildoebul oficers, ase mkveTrad Seecvala midgoma da
dapirispireboda imas, rac misTvis aqamde aseTi Zvirfasi iyo da rasac igi didi
wvalebisa da riskis fasad daubrunda? SeiZleba amis mizezi iyo didi
imedgacrueba, romelic mas dabrunebisTanave daxvda. an SesaZloa, man CaTvala, im
dros Camoyalibebis stadiaSi myofi wiTeli armiis rigebSi mas winsvlisa da
profesiuli zrdisaTvis gacilebiT ufro didi SesaZleblobebi eloda. sabWoTa
politikuri “hagiografebis” gadmocemiT, axalgazrda oficris simpaTia
mSromelebisken mas Semdeg gadaixara, rac igi piradad Sexvda lenins 1918 wels.
SesaZloa, tuxaCevskis aseT mkveTr gardaqmnaSi garkveuli roli ara marto
zemoaRniSnulma, aramed sxva motivmac Seasrula, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Semdgomma
movlenebma erTi ram cxadhyo: mas Semdeg, rac dapirispirebaSi erT mxares dadga,
mas aRar uyoymania. riTic ar unda yofiliyo motivirebuli misi erTguleba
partiisa da leninis mimarT, igi uryevi iyo. es erTguleba ki mas saTanadod
daufases.

tuxaCevskis dawinaureba da pasuxismgeblobebis zrda elvis siswrafiT

mimdinareobda. 1918 wlis 26 ivniss, igi meTaurobda armias, romelmac
mniSvnelovani roli Seitana kontrrevolucioneri admiralis, kolCakis
damarcxebaSi. 1920 wels, 27 wlis asakSi, igi saTaveSi Caudga dasavleTis frontze
polonelebis winaaRmdeg moqmed yvela armias da sul cota daaklda varSavis
dakavebamde. misi bolo sabrZolo operaciebi 1921 wlis kronStadtisa da tambovis
ajanyebebis CaxSoba iyo. amas mohyva erTi meoris miyolebiT misi ramdenime maRal
Tanamdebobaze daniSvna, maT Soris 1921 wels samxedro akademiis ufrosis, 1925
wels wiTeli armiis Stabis ufrosis moadgilis da 1928 wels leningradis
samxedro olqis meTauris Tanamdebobebze. 1931 wels igi gaxda erTdroulad
Tavdacvis ministris – voroSilovis moadgile da SeiaraRebis ufrosi. 1935 wels
voroSilovTan, budionisTan, bliuxerTan da egorovTan erTad mas axlad
dawesebuli marSalis wodeba mianiWes. igi londonSi inglisis mefis, georg V-is
dakrZalvis ceremonials daeswro, rogorc sabWoTa xelisuflebis
warmomadgeneli. amis garda, 1936 wels igi iyo konstituciis Semdgeneli komisiis
wevri.

1937 wlis 11 maiss, tuxaCevski moulodnelad CamoaqveiTes da volgis samxedro

olqis meTaurad daniSnes. dasjis aseT xerxs mimarTavdnen im generlebis
winaaRmdeg, romelTac stalini aiTvalwunebda. TxuTmetiode dReSi igi Sinagan
saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatma, nkvd-m daapatimra, xolo 12 ivnisis gamTeniisas igi
samSoblos RalatisTvis daxvrites.

tuxaCevskis dacemis mizezebis gasagebad misi karieris ganxilvaze ufro metia

saWiro. amisTvis unda vimsjeloT aseve misi pirovnuli Tvisebebis Sesaxeb.
tuxaCevski mravalmxrivi geniosi iyo, romelsac ar axasiaTebda viwro xedva,
rogorc SeiZleba daemarTos vunderkinds, romelmac ama Tu im sferoSi did
warmatebas miaRwia. man icoda ramdenime ena, iyo musikis damfasebeli, ukravda
violinos, ainteresebda literatura da msoflioSi mimdinare movlenebi, SeeZlo
waremarTa azriani dialogi samxedro sferosgan Zalian Sors mdgomi sferoebis
profesionalebTan. magaliTad, maSin, roca tuxaCevski leningradis samxedro
olqis meTauri gaxda, didi kompozitori SostakoviCi jer kidev axalgazrda
musikosi iyo. isini axlo megobrebi gaxdnen da musikis Sesaxeb saubarSi uamravi
saaTi gautarebiaT.
 tuxaCevski iyo moxdenili, mamaci, warmatebuli axalgazrda kaci da bevri Tavisi
Tanabari oficrisa da zemdgomi meTaurisgan gamoirCeoda (maTgan gansxvavebiT,
rogorc ityvian, “gaaCnda klasi”). Tumca swored zemoCamoTvlilma Tvisebebma
ganapirobes seriozuli problemebi. mis zemdgoms, k. voroSilovs, pirovnuli
simamace axasiaTebda da SeeZlo, “magari” serJantis darad gemrielad gaelanZRa
kidevac misi daqvemdebarebulebi, magram strategia da taqtika mas cota ar iyos
sagonebelSi agdebda. mas zepirad axsovda, wuTSi ramdeni tona sabrZolo masala
SeeZlo Tavze daeyara mowinaaRmdegisTvis Tanamedrove ruseTis armias, Tumca
Zalian bundovani warmodgena hqonda imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda moexdina
qvedanayofebis dislocireba, organizeba da kontroli, an rogor unda moeZebna
savaraudo mowinaaRmdege, romelsac am sabrZolo masalas dauSenda. naTeli iyo,
rom voroSilovisnairi pirovnebisTvis Zalian uxerxuli iyo daqvemdebarebaSi
iseTi brwyinvale oficris yola, rogoric tuxaCevski iyo.

tuxaCevski rom ubralod mSvidi geniosi yofiliyo, igi SeZlebda aseT yeyeC
ufrosTan saerTo enis gamonaxvas. magram mas aseve hqonda qarizma da igi
magnitiviT izidavda oficerTa mTeli Taobis kaSkaSa da mowinave
warmomadgenlebs. swored amis gamo igi Zalian aSfoTebda voroSilovis zemdgoms.
stalinis ruseTSi ase iyo: Tu ori an meti adamiani erTad ikribeboda, amis mizezi
ara erTmaneTis mimarT simpaTia, aramed SesaZlo SeTqmuleba unda yofiliyo. amas
garda, tuxaCevski ara marto brwyinvale, aramed damoukidebeli gonebis patroni
iyo, romlis kontrolac advili ar iyo. xolo kontrolis gareSe igi SeiZleboda
saSiSic yofiliyo. maSasadame, Tu SeiZleboda, rom saSiSi yofiliyo, adre Tu
gvian, igi aucileblad gaxdeboda saSiSi. es paranoikis azrTa Tanmimdevroba ki
ara, xelisuflebis SenarCunebis mizniT ukiduresi windaxedulobis gamoxatuleba
iyo.

stalins sWirdeboda samxedro struqtura, romelTanac igi Tavs komfortulad

igrZnobda. mas surda misi nebis aRmsrulebeli morCili instrumenti, romelic
mis brZanebebs Seasrulebda da romelTanac molaparakeba ar dasWirdeboda Tavisi
miznebis misaRwevad. Tuki aseTi instrumentis Sesaqmnelad wmendaSi cotaodeni
niWi daikargeboda, es Zalian umniSvnelo fasi iqneboda: niWi daixarjeba, sulieri
simSvide ki Seufasebelia. tuxaCevskis sajaro gancxadebebic mxolod mis
sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebda. igi azrovnebda ise, rogorc samxedro saqmis
profesionals Seefereboda da ar asvenebda germaniis mzardi samxedro manqanis
gamaognebel SesaZleblobebze fiqri. Tumca TviT “didi konspiratori” mis
SeSfoTebas ar iziarebda. stalinma kargad icoda SeTqmulebis organizeba da
mxolod imaze fiqri SeeZlo, Tu rogor gamoiyenebda igi TviTon msgavs ritorikas.
amgvarad tuxaCevski Tavisive samxedro moazrovnisa da damkvirveblis niWis
SeTqmulebas emsxverpla da stalinis antipatia daimsaxura. da rogorc
mogvianebiT davrwmundebiT, stalinma marSalisa da misi Tanamoazreebis Tavidan
mosacileblad Tavisi erTerTi yvelaze daxvewili gegma SeimuSava.
misi ideebi da interesebi

ganviTarebis procesSi myofi wiTeli armia gasaTvaliswinebeli faqtoria. misi

mokavSireoba mxolod da mxolod upiratesobad Tu CaiTvleba. poloneTisTvis
igi ukve angariSgasawev mowinaaRmdeged iqca.

- generali verner fon blumbergi, 1928 w.

bevri ram iqidan, rasac dRes vxedavT sabWoTa armiaSi, warmoadgens tuxaCevskis
im ideebisa da ocnebebis gansaxierebas, romlebic man 50 wlis win ganWvrita da
praqtikulad gamocada. sabrZolo manqanebi da satransporto saSualebebi
adrindelTan SedarebiT ufro mZlavria, artileria ufro zustia, saartilerio
sabrZolo masala ufro efeqtiania, magram ZiriTadi ideebi da taqtika didad ar
Secvlila. imis Tqma, rom rusul samxedro azrovnebas tuxaCevskimde da
tuxaCevskis Semdeg araferi Seuqmnia, ra Tqma unda, seriozuli gazviadeba
iqneboda. polkovniki savkini Tavis klasikur naSromSi taqtikis Sesaxeb iZleva
precedentebis grZel CamonaTvals evropuli da rusuli sabrZolo taqtikis ori
ZiriTadi manevris ganviTarebis istoriidan: ZalTa koncentrireba da cecxlis
koncentrireba. swrafi gadaadgilebis, mowinaaRmdegis Tavdacvis xazze winaswar
SerCeul wertilSi mravalricxovani ZalebiT dartymis mitanisa da mis zurgSi
qaosis Seqmnis ideebi axali ar aris. ori saukunis win suvorovi mimarTavda aseT
xerxebs da brwyinvale Sedegebs aRwevda. brZolis dros yvela saartilerio
saSualebiT masirebuli cecxlis warmoeba mowinaaRmdegis konkretul
adgilmdebareobebze - arc es aris axali idea. rusebs hqondaT saartilerio
kanonadis xelovnebis xangrZlivi da saamayo tradicia rogorc kontrbatareis
cecxlis warmoebisa da sacecxle mxardaWeris, ise gadamRobi cecxliT
mowinaaRmdegis SeboWvis Sesrulebis dros.

brZolis velze yvelaze gadamwyvet viTarebaSi swraf, gadamwyvet Setakebebs,

mravalricxovani ZalebiT ieriSsa da gamanadgurebel masirebul cecxldaSenas
rusebi mimarTavdnen bevrad adre, vidre leitenanti tuxaCevski ruseTis mefis
sadideblad samxedro samsaxurs Seudgeboda. sxvaTa Soris, ukve erT-erT pirvel
Tavis statiaSi, tuxaCevski gamodioda mefis ruseTis armiis oficrebis
gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg wiTel armiaSi, ara imis gamo, rom maT erTgulebaSi eWvi
epareboda, aramed imitom, rom mas miaCnda, rom Zveli skolis warmomadgeneli
oficeri, rac unda gamocdili yofiliyo, fexs ver auwyobda omis warmoebis axal
meTodebs, romlebic im dros inergeboda da is, Tavisi profesiuli codniT,
revolucias bevrs verafers SesTavazebda.

warsul kavSirebze uaris Tqma da warsulSi miRebuli sabrZolo momzadebis

uaryofa did wilad unda aixsnas tuxaCevskis axalgazrduli qedmaRlobiTa da
saqmisadmi gansakuTrebuli enTuziazmiT. magram aseT damokidebulebas sxva
safuZvelic hqonda. daviwyoT imiT, rom mas unda hqonoda Rrma imedgacrueba im
konfliqtis gamo, romelsac xedavda mis mier naswavlsa da im taqtikas Soris,
romelic praqtikulad gamoiyeneboda. gansxvavebam didebul warsulsa da uRirs
awmyos Soris Tavis samarcxvino mwvervals 1918 wels miaRwia, rodesac omi
gadaiqca umoqmedod yofnad atalaxebul, gayinul sangrebSi, sadac taqtika
saerTod aRarc iyo saWiro. ar aris gasakviri, rom I msoflio omisa da
revoluciis veteranebi grZnobdnen, rom maT aRmoaCines sruliad axleburi omis
warmoebis meTodebi. revoluciis dros iaraRis saxeebi ar Secvlila; garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT isini sakmaod primitiuli iyo. magram revoluciam saerTod
gamoricxa sangrebi, sayrdeni punqtebi, qveynis sazRvrebi. es iyo gadaadgilebebis
da calkeuli Setakebebis omi, romelSic orive monawile mxaris jarebi
iSlebodnen Zalian swrafad da aseve swrafad gadajgufdebodnen, sxva adgilze
dartymis mizniT. teritoria iyo is, sadac gaivlidnen jarebi, raTa
miaxloebodnen an dacilebodnen mowinaaRmdeges; aRar iyo saWiro matliviT
miwaSi CaZroma da xvrelebidan Tavdacvis gaxorcieleba.

Zvel damokidebulebaSi kidev erTi cvlileba, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi

gahyva tuxaCevskis, iyo Cveulebrivi jariskaculi motivacia. wina omebSi brZolebi
warmoebda erTi romelime saxelmwifos an romelime mmarTvelis sadideblad an
sxvebze gasabatoneblad. magram wiTeli armia brZolebs sxva miznebisTvis
awarmoebda. mTeli Tavisi sicocxlis manZilze, tuxaCevski armias aRiqvamda
rogorc revoluciis basr maxvils, axali mcnebebis gavrcelebis kanonier da
efeqtur saSualebas da fars mowinaaRmdegeebisgan dasacavad. armiis gamoyeneba
revoluciis samsaxurSi tuxaCevskisTvis iyo sabWoTa ruseTSi armiis rolis
Sesaxeb Tavisi sakuTari filosofiis aqsioma da mis mier am rolis gamarTlebis
safuZveli. es misi yvela naSromis laitmotivad iqca, misi cnobili wignis
CaTvliT “instruqcia wiTeli armiis jariskacisaTvis manevrebis dros”.

sanam am wminda jvarosnuli laSqrobisaken mowodebas gverdze gadavdebT,

rogorc gulubryviloebis mosatyueblad mogonil vadagasul xriks, sasargeblo
iqneba gadavxedoT sabWoTa samxedro xelovnebis ramdenime Zalian fuZemdeblur
princips, gansakuTrebiT maT, romlebic exeba Tavdasxmisa (Setevis) da Tavdacvis
dapirispirebas. sabWoTa armiis doqtrinaSi xazgasmulia TavdasxmiTi xasiaTis
brZola da mudmivad meordeba gamonaTqvami: “gadamwyveti da saboloo gamarjveba
miiRweva mxolod da mxolod SeteviT.” xolo Tavdacvis Sesaxeb naTqvamia:

...aris mxolod droebiTi damxmare xerxi....gamoiyeneba adgilobrivad, im dros

rodesac sxva seqtorebSi grZeldeba Seteva, an mniSvnelovani obieqtis dakavebis
Semdeg masze gamagrebis dros, drois mogebis mizniT, sakuTari Zalebis gayvanis
dasafarad da ufro mravalricxovani mowinaaRmdegis Setevis mosagerieblad...

agresiul moqmedebaze, da mowinaaRmdegis teritoriaze brZolis gadatanaze

aseTi aqcentireba kidev erTi damarwmunebeli faqtoria CvenTvis, raTa
vigulisxmoT, rom es ar aris mxolod operatiuli sakiTxi, aramed esaa wminda
omis warmoebis meTodi. SeuZlebelia gaimarjvo did gardaqmnaSi an daamxo
sistema, roca bunkerSi zixar, xolo armia, rogorc mudmivad aRniSnavda
tuxaCevski, sabWoTa sistemis nawilia da unda asaxavdes mis miznebsa da
suliskveTebas.

faqtiurad, axalgazrdebi, romlebic samoqalaqo omis sakuTar gamocdilebaSi

armiis momavlis winapirobebs xedavdnen, marTali iyvnen da am mTavari
orientaciis mniSvnelobis Seufasebloba ar SeiZleba. im dros, roca amerikelebma
ukan daixies okeaneebs miRma, Tavis gamagrebul amerikaSi, da CaiZirnen 1920-ianebis
fuqsavatur cxovrebaSi, xolo frangebi Txridnen ufro did da ukeTes xvrelebs
maJinos xazze, rusebi azrovnebdnen Tanamedrove omis moTxovnebis mixedviT,
rogoricaa mobiluri omi, siRrmiTi Tavdacva da qvedanayofebis marTva da
kontroli, romlebic gadaadgildebian did teritoriebze didi siCqariT.

tuxaCevskis samxedro ganviTarebis ori aspeqti dasrulda 1922 wels. misi

oficialuri sabrZolo momzadeba didi xnis damTavrebuli iyo, xolo ucxo
qveynis winaaRmdeg da samoqalaqo omSi praqtikuli gamocdilebis miRebac Sewyda.
ra SerCa mas? es iyo am gamocdilebis Rrmad SeTviseba da misi gamoyeneba momavali
teqnologiuri da politikuri movlenebis ganviTarebis procesSi. am amocanas man
brwyinvaled gaarTva Tavi, radgan misi sakuTari xedvebi gamyarebuli iyo ori
idealuri viTarebiT, romlebic avsebdnen da aZlierebdnen erTmaneTs momdevno
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi: saidumlo TanamSromloba germaniasa da sabWoTa
kavSirs Soris samxedro sferoSi da wiTeli armiis brwyinvale axalgazrda
generlebis jgufis erToblivi Zlieri SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis procesi.

pirveli faqtori warmoadgenda mniSvnelovan samxedro simbiozs, romelic

TiTqmis aT wels gagrZelda. germanelebs hqondaT teqnikuri codnis didi maragi,
magram sWirdebodaT sivrce, sadac teqnologiuri miRwevebis gamocdebs
Caatarebdnen da Sedegebis mixedviT TavianT ideebsa da teqnikas Seafasebdnen. es
erTa ligis ganiaraRebis komitetis Tvalisgan mofarebulad unda momxdariyo.
rusebi Tavis mxriv, mondomebuli iyvnen enaxaT, rogor gamoiyureboda mobiluri
omis maTi idea, im frTebiTa da borblebiT aRWurvili, romlebsac germanuli
teqnika miawvdida. am TanamSromlobas diplomatiuri safuZveli daudo rapalos
xelSekrulebam, romelsac germaniam da sabWoTa kavSirma 1922 wels moaweres xeli.
oTxi Tvis Semdeg, am or qveyanas Soris TanamSromlobis xasiaTi da misi
sazRvrebi dakonkretda meore oficialuri SeTanxmebiT: raixsverma (germaniis
SeiaraRebuli Zalebi) iTxova infrastruqtura, romlis gamoyenebiTac SeZlebs
mudmivad SeiZinos gamocdileba taqtikis, wvrTnisa da teqnikuri ganviTarebis
sakiTxebSi, SeimuSaos akrZaluli iaraRis Teoria da praqtika, gawvrTnas maRali
rangis piradi Semadgenloba aseTi iaraRis gamoyenebaSi, Caataros SeiaraRebis
gamocda sabrZolo viTarebaSi, rogorc germaniaSi Catarebuli eqsperimentebis
gafarToeba da bolos, am gamocdebis Sedegebis mixedviT, SeimuSaos Teoriuli
daskvnebi, romlebic daxmarebas gauweven wvrTnisa da jarSi gawvevis politikis
dagegmvas. konkretulad, wiTel armias waredgina sami Txovna: pirveli exeboda
sabWoTa samxedro bazebis gamoyenebas aviaciis, motorizebuli jarebisa da
qimiuri omis meTodebis gamocdisaTvis. meore moTxovna exeboda moqmedebis
Tavisuflebas iaraRis gamocdisa da taqtikuri wvrTnebis Casatareblad. mesame
rigSi, raixsveri iTxovda samxedro sferoSi gaxorcielebuli samuSaoebis
Sesaxeb informaciis srul urTierTgacvlas. sabWoTa kavSiris mxridan movida
mosalodneli Tanxmoba, romelic gamoixateboda bazebis ijariT gadacemaSi,
agreTve saTanado sabWoTa piradi Semadgenlobis srul CarTulobaSi da sabWoTa
kavSiris teritoriaze Catarebuli cdebisa da wvrTnebis teqnikuri, taqtikuri da
Teoriuli SedegebiT sargeblobaSi.

am molaparakebebis saboloo Sedegi iyo sami erToblivi dawesebulebis daarseba:

saaviacio skola lipeckSi, qimiuri jarebis skola volskTan da satanko skola
yazanTan, md. kamaze. daaxloebiT 1928 Tu 1929 wels, samive skola iyo
Camoyalibebuli da funqcionirebda. damkvirvebel oficerTa gacvla ramdenime
xnis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda. 1928 wlis Semodgomaze, generali verner fon
blombergi ewvia samive bazas sabWoTa jarebis wvrTnebze dakvirvebis mizniT. man
waradgina 54 gverdiani moxseneba Tavisi vizitis Sesaxeb, romelic sainteresoa
rogorc misi piraduli, ise teqnikuri xedvebisa da daskvnebis TvalsazrisiT.
dRevandeli retrospeqtuli SefasebiT, gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovani iyo
javSansatanko da saaviacio skolebi. swored yazanSi gamoscades raixis “msubuqi
traqtorebi” da gauSves isini sacdel poligonze Sesabamisi konstruqciis
franguli da inglisuri tankebis modelebis winaaRmdeg. aq gaecnen germaneli da
sabWoTa oficrebi tankebTan mopyrobas: maT marTvas rogorc samxedro teqnikis
saxeobisa da agreTve, maT gaTvaliswinebas SenaerTisTvis Zalebisa da
saSualebebis gaTvlis dros.

arsebobs cduneba vifiqroT, rom ruseTis wvlili SemoisazRvreboda mxolod

garkveuli adgilebis daTmobiT ama Tu im miznebisTvis, erTgvari
stumarTmoyvareobis gamoCeniT, magram TviTon germanelebi sxvagvarad fiqrobdnen.
eriksoni Tavisi sityvebiT ase gadmoscems blombergis azrs im sargeblis Sesaxeb,
rac miecaT germanelebs: “germaniis armias wiTeli armiisgan SeeZlo eswavla
bevri ram iseT sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa jarebis aRWurva, samxedro sainJinro saqme
(gansakuTrebiT, pontonis xidebis ageba), samxedro aviacia, qimiuri iaraRi,
propagandis meTodebi, samoqalaqo pirebis Tavdacvis organizeba sahaero
Tavdasxmebis winaaRmdeg da agreTve mosaxleobis mobilizeba Tavdacvis mizniT.”

am urTierTobebis zogi sasargeblo mxare savsebiT aSkaraa, magram zogierTi

mxolod sasurvelis sinamdviled miCnevis Sedegia. magaliTad, sainteresoa,
“wiTeli baronis” (I msoflio omSi cnobili germaneli piloti) STamomavlebs ra
unda eswavlaT aviaciaSi rusebisgan? miuxedavad imisa, rom rusebs cota ram
hqondaT SesaTavazebeli samxedro aRWurvilobis sferoSi, maT marTlac hqondaT
ramdenime Zalian saintereso idea am aRWurvilobis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT.
artileria rusebis gulSi Tavis gansakuTrebul adgils inarCunebda da maTi
myisieri reagireba taqtikuri aviaciis ideaze iyo gamowveuli imiT, rom
TviTmfrinavi, Tavisi arsiT, maTTvis iyo manevrirebis maRali unaris mqone
sahaero platforma, romelsac SeeZlo haeridan Camoeyara an esrola feTqebadi
sabrZolo masala maRali gamanadgurebeli SedegiT. Cveulebriv (tradiciul)
saartilerio cecxlTan da javSniani sabrZolo teqnikis Sokismomgvrel efeqtTan
erTad, mosalodneli iyo, rom Sedegi absoluturad damangreveli iqneboda.

germanelebs ar dauyovnebiaT am ideis aTviseba da TavisTvis ramdenime xriki

SeimuSaves. im cxra tipis TviTmfrinavebidan, romlebsac isini lipeckSi
ganuwyvetliv cdidnen, siaxliT gamoirCeoda iunkers-47, miwiszeda miznebze
moieriSe TviTmfrinavi, romlis daniSnuleba iyo, emoqmeda Setevaze gadasul
qveiT jarTan da javSansatanko qvedanayofebTan erTad. germaniaSi Catarebuli
damatebiTi gamocdebisa da garkveuli rekonstruqciis Semdeg, iunkers K-47
moevlina mopikire gamanadgurebel Ju87 Stuka-s saxiT; mogvianebiT, is sikvdilisa
da qaosis mTesveli gaxda espaneTSi, poloneTsa da safrangeTSi.

tuxaCevskim swrafad iswavla bevri ram rusebis tevtoni stumrebisagan da maTi

xedvebi da gamocdileba Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis gasamdidreblad
gamoiyena. is xedavda aSkara upiratesobebs, rasac axali meTodebi iZleoda. es
iyo siswrafe, sakmao sacecxle siZliere da manevrirebis unari, magram am axali
upiratesobebis kvaldakval, aseve swrafad, Cndeboda sirTuleebi iseT sferoebSi
rogoricaa momarageba, wvrTna, komunikaciebi da organizacia. rogor unda
daeZliaT zedmeti damokidebuloba SeiaraRebis ama Tu im saxeobaze, magaliTad,
tankze an TviTmfrinavze da amave dros, maqsimalurad esargeblaT yvela
upiratesobiT, rasac aseTi SeiaraReba iZleoda? javSansatanko da meqanizebul
nawilebs rogor unda SeenarCunebinaT Tavisi mTlianoba da ar gadaqceuliyvnen
ubralo Tanmxleb eskortad nela gadaadgilebuli qveiTi jarisTvis? rogor
unda gaewvrTna sabWoTa kavSirs Tavisi jariskacebi iseT doneze, rom maT
SeZlebodaT aseTi rTuli SeiaraRebis gonivruli gamoyeneba da movla da amave
dros, ar daeSvaT, rom Seqmniliyo samxedro teqnikis specialistebis garkveuli
elitaruli fena, rac miuRebeli iqneboda uklaso sazogadoebaSi?

imis miuxedavad, rom arsebobda seriozuli taqtikuri da Teoriuli problemebi,

SesaZleblobebi aRafrTovanebda da stimuls aZlevda sabWoTa kavSiris
saukeTeso da yvelaze gonier samxedro axalgazrdobas. zogma maTganma Tavisi
Tavi mxolod erT dargs miuZRvna, magaliTad, i. alqsnisi iyo saukeTeso piloti,
romelic sabWoTa sahaero Zalebs 1931 wels Caudga saTaveSi; a.sediakini
artileriis gamoCenili specialisti iyo, xolo i.xalebski meqanizaciisa da
motorizaciis administracias xelmZRvanelobda da aRiarebuli iyo
javSansatanko saxeobis saukeTeso eqspertad. im meTaurebs Soris, romlebic axal
ideebs Tavis Stabebsa da daqvemdebarebulebs Soris avrcelebdnen, gamoirCeodnen:
leningradisa da moskovis samxedro olqis xelmZRvaneli a.i. korki, belorusiis
samxedro olqis xelmZRvaneli p. uboreviCi da kievis samxedro olqis
xelmZRvaneli i..e. iakiri. doqtrinis farTod gavrcelebas samxedro wreebs gareT
xels uwyobda r.p. eidemani, romelic xelmZRvanelobda osoviaxims ( Osoviakhim ) –
es aris rusuli akronimi, romelic gaiSifreba ase: saaviacio da qimiuri
Tavdacvis mxardamWerTa sazogadoeba, anu, sabWoTa samoqalaqo Tavdacvis
organizacia.
 sabWoTa sahaero-sadesanto Zalebis Seqmna dasaxelebuli pirovnebebis
urTierTSeTanxmebuli moqmedebisa da TanamSromlobis kargi magaliTia.
tuxaCevskis, Cveulebriv, yvela erTxmad aRiarebs sabWoTa jarebSi axali
qvedanayofebis Seqmnis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalad da es asec aris, magram misi
warmateba gunduri Zalisxmevis Sedegi gaxldaT. pirveli STagoneba sahaero
Zalebis erTi oficris iniciativa iyo, romelsac long ailendze, ruzveltis
velze, nanaxi hqonda paraSutistebis mier Catarebuli saocrad gabeduli da
STambeWdavi sanaxaoba. im dRidan, fiqri am ostatobis samxedro daniSnulebiT
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb aRar moscilebia oficris gonebas. samSobloSi dabrunebis
Semdeg, man alqsniss SesTavaza azri, rom sabrZolo qvedanayofebis pirdapir
TviTmfrinavidan, paraSutebiT daSveba kidev erT Zlier mxares Sematebda sabWoTa
armias mTlianad da kerZod, sahaero Zalebs.

qveiTi jarisa da aviaciis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis idea moewona

tuxaCevskis, romelsac TviTonac hqonda msgavsi azri da man dauyovnebliv daiwyo
am ideis praqtikuli gaxorcieleba rogorc samxedro, ise arasamxedro sferoSi.
organizacia “osoviaximma” Tavis saqmianobaSi sul male Seitana wvrTnebi
paraSutiT xtomaSi axalgazrda qal-vaJebisTvis da 1929 wlisaTvis ukve Seqmnili
iyo pirveli saparaSuto-sadesanto qvedanayofebi. maT monawileoba miiRes
farTomasStabian manevrebSi, romlebic 1931 wels daiwyo da TanamSromlobiTi
suliskveTebiT ganmsWvalul germanel damkvirveblebSi didi interesi gamoiwvia.
maT Soris iyo kurt Studenti, romelmac xuTi wlis Semdeg germanuli
saparaSuto-sadesanto jarebi daaarsa. 1935 wlisaTvis sabWoTa sahaerosadesanto
qvedanayofebi aRar warmoadgenda ubralod gancvifrebis sagans. 5000 adamianze
meti, Tavis aRWurvilobasTan da maragTan erTad, daeSva TviTmfrinavebidan,
iakiris mier kievis samxedro olqSi Catarebuli samxedro wvrTnebis dros. aman
didi STabeWdileba moaxdina ucxoel damkvirveblebze, romelTa Soris amjerad
iyvnen frangi, Cexi da italieli oficrebi.

garda axali tipis qvedanayofebis Seqmnisa, rogorebic iyo satanko da

sadesanto qvedanayofebi, romelTac gansakuTrebuli amocanebis Sesruleba
SeeZloT, tuxaCevskis Tavidan unda gaeazrebina da Seefasebina tradiciuli
qvedanayofebis roli axlebur omSi. erT-erTi aseTi saxeoba iyo kavaleria, erT
dros yvelaze didebuli da prestiJuli jarebis saxeoba, romlis saTanado
gamoyenebas tuxaCevski gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda. wver-ulvaSiani
dragunebi, maTi moelvare xmlebis laplapi da sxva garegnuli efeqtebi bevrs
aRarafers niSnavda da veRarc SiSs iwvevda, Tu maT tankebis ekipaJebTan
SevadarebdiT. masirebul ieriSze gadasuli kavaleriis Tavzardamcemi efeqts,
roca miwa zanzarebda cxenebis TqaraTqurisgan, xelsayrel poziciebze
ganlagebuli ramdenime tyvimfrqvevis efeqtTan Tu SevadarebdiT, kavaleriis
ieriSi ususur speqtaklad CaiTvleboda.

kavaleriis amocanebidan zogi marTlac warsuls Cabarda, an TandaTan sxva

nawilebs gadaeca. magram tuxaCevski mainc Tvlida, rom SesaZlebeli da saWiroc
iyo kavaleriis tradiciuli maxasiaTeblebis Sedegianad gamoyeneba, magaliTad,
misi gamalebuli qrolvis Zalisa, siswrafisa da manevrirebis didi resursisa. es
romantikuli anaqronizmi cxenebidan gadmoiyvanes, borblebze Seayenes da
rekognoscirebisa da flangis dacvis amocana misces, mowinaaRmdegis TavdacvaSi
Rrmad SeRwevisa da swrafi garSemortymis taqtikis mxardasaWerad. erT-erTi
saSualo wodebis oficeri, romelmac mTlianad miuZRvna Tavisi Tavi am maRali
mobilurobiT gamorCeuli operaciebis organizebasa da kontrols, iyo giorgi
Jukovi. man 1931 wels daasrula swavla frunzes saxelobis akademiaSi. 1934 wels
igi meTaurobda meoTxe sakavalerio divizias, romelic wiTeli armiis saCvenebel
gamosvlebSi monawileobda, da im droisTvis is ukve sakuTar eqsperimentebs
atarebda kombinirebul operaciebSi kavaleriisa da javSansatanko qvedanayofebis
gamoyenebaSi. tuxaCevski arc medlis meore mxares - Tavdacvas tovebda
ugulisyurod. is gansakuTrebiT dainteresebuli iyo imiT, Tu ra saxis cocxali
Zala da materialur-teqnikuri saSualebebi xdeboda xelmisawvdomi misi
genialuri TanamoRvaweebisaTvis. ra SeiZleboda momxdariyo, Tu nacistebi Tavisi
filosofiis gamoyenebas ruseTis winaaRmdeg Seecdebodnen? 1932 wlisTvis
tuxaCevskis ukve Camoyalibebuli hqonda warmodgena, rogori unda yofiliyo
sabWoTa Tavdacva. bevr aspeqtSi, Tavdacva sarkiseburad asaxavda Tavdasxmas - Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT swraf moqmedebaze, sacecxle siZliereze, agresiul
suliskveTebasa da siRrmiT Tavdacvaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas. amgvarad,
Tavdacva aqarwylebda swrafi garSemortymis taqtikas, romlis gaxorcielebaSi
germaneli da sabWoTa samxedroebi wvrTnebs erTad gadiodnen. Tumca Zvelebur,
gamagrebul Tavdacvaze gadasvla aRarasodes unda momxdariyo (tuxaCevskis mier
Catarebulma wvrTnebma xom aCvena, rom aseTi Tavdacvis SemTxvevaSi,
Tavdamcvelebi tiris samizneebad gadaiqceodnen mobiluri damrtymeli
ZalisTvis), magram mainc, TavdacviT nagebobebsa da Tavdacvis zRudeebs didi
adgili ekava tuxaCevskis sqemaSi. maTi daniSnuleba iyo, mowinaaRmdegis
javSansatanko teqnika moeqciaT “ganadgurebis zonebSi” an raionebSi, sadac misi
mobiluroba da sacecxle siZliere mniSvnelovnad dasustdeboda. Semdeg,
TavdacvaSi, iseve rogorc SetevaSi, warmatebis gasaRebi iyo mobiluri cecxlis
drouli gamoyeneba, agresiul suliskveTebasTan da javSansatanko rezervebis
swor gamoyenebasTan erTad, rac bolos mouRebda aseT zonebSi Setyuebul
mowinaaRmdeges.

am moRvaweobis procesSi tuxaCevski isev waawyda Zvel, fundamentur problemas,

romelic swrafad gadaiqca dilemis erT aspeqtad. ideologiurad, sabWoTa
kavSiris armia unda yofiliyo muSaTa klasis armia da ara romeliRac calke
aRebuli jgufisa. jer kidev 1920 wels, l. trocki, maSindeli samxedro ministri,
Tvlida, rom armia rogorc aseTi, saerTod unda daSliliyo da mis magivrad
Seqmniliyo saxalxo laSqris msgavsi TavdacviTi jari. magram tuxaCevskisTvis
aSkara iyo, rom upatiebeli danaSauli iqneboda meqanizebuli qvedanayofebis
SesaZleblobebis ugulvebelyofa, am SesaZleblobebis dasamareba Zveli yaidis
uzarmazari qveiTi jaris simZimis qveS da socialisturi samSoblos Tavdacvis
mindoba mxolod “muJikebis” da muSebis gaunaTlebeli jarisTvis, romlebic
celebiT da uroebiT iqnebodnen SeiaraRebuli. magram rogorc aRvniSneT, xalxSi
SemorCenili iyo mZlavri antipaTia samxedro xelovnebaSi ganswavlulTa calke
gamoyofili klasisadmi. gamodioda, rogorc laTinuri gamoTqma ambobs: Quis
custodiet ipsos custodes? mcvelebs vinRa daicavs?

problema Semdegnairad gadaiWra, yovel SemTxvevaSi, droebiT mainc: gadawyda

ori wiTeli armiis Seqmna: regularuli komponenti, romelic warmoadgenda masebs
da regularuli cocxali kontaqti hqonda sabWoTa sazogadoebasTan da
dartymiTi armia, romelic mxolod namdvili profesionalebiT
dakompleqtdeboda. es jariskacebi, SerCeuli da gawvrTnili ise, rom scodnodaT
axali teqnika da SeiaraReba, iseve rogorc axali taqtika, Tavisufali iqnebodnen,
gamoeyenebinaT sakuTari warmosaxvis unari, SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba, Wkua da
yvela gansakuTrebuli SesaZlebloba, dasaSveb sazRvrebSi. es agreTve
saSualebas aZlevda mgegmavebs, maTi yuradReba koncentrirebuli yofiliyo
transportis, momaragebisa da komunikaciebis moTxovnebze, romlebic aseTi
samxedro nawilebisTvis Sesabamisi iqneboda. sabolood, rodesac ufro da ufro
imata sabrZolo manqanebisa da sxva axali teqnikuri aRWurvilobis raodenobam,
xolo mosaxleobac ZiriTadad ufro daixvewa, meti ganaTleba miiRo da gaerkva
bevr rameSi, gaCnda imedi, rom gansxvaveba am or armias Soris TandaTan
Semcirdeboda da bolos sruliad gauCinardeboda.

misi dacema

1937 wels, tuxaCevskis saqme mTeli kontinentisTvis sensaciad iqca. faqtiurad,

es iyo produqti SeTqmulebebisa da kontrSeTqmulebebis mTeli qselisa, romelic
sul cota, oTxi qveynis samxedro samsaxurebs moicavda: nacisturi germaniis,
sabWoTa kavSiris, Cexoslovakiisa da safrangeTis. sxvadasxva wyaroebi miuTiTeben,
rom 1936 wlis dekemberSi, rainhard heidrihs, himleris kontrdazvervis
samsaxuris xelmZRvanels, ewvia generali nikolai skobini. es batoni gaxldaT
rusi emigranti, TeTrgvardieli oficeri, romelmac heidrihs uambo, rom mas
tuxaCevskis Sesaxeb iseTi informacia hqonda, romlis gonivrulad gamoyenebas am
kacis ganadgureba mohyveboda. heidrihi moixibla am perspeqtiviT da gaendo erix
iankes, romelsac dazvervaSi muSaobis didi gamocdileba hqonda. iankes eWvi
Seepara; man gaafrTxila heidrihi, rom SesaZlebeli iyo, es yofiliyo stalinis
mcdeloba, sxvisi xeliT gaekeTebina Tavisi Cafiqrebuli binZuri saqme. Tu
stalins tuxaCevskis da misi mxardamWerebis diskreditacia surda, saqmis
damajereblad SeTxzva ufro advili iqneboda ucxo qveynidan miRebuli
mtkicebulebis safuZvelze. erTi sityviT, iankes azriT, skoblini ormagi agenti
iyo, romelic nkvd-ze muSaobda. da Tu es ase iyo, heidrihi araprofesionaliviT
ratom unda aRmoCeniliyo CaTreuli stalinis “bizantiuri samefo karis” stilis
intrigebSi?

kapitani ianke TiTqmis naTelmxilveli aRmoCnda, magram misma gafrTxilebam

piriqiT, ufro gaaRviva heidrihis mada. Tuki stalini apirebda Tavisi
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis saukeTeso nawilis ganadgurebas, germania didi sixaruliT
gauwevda mas daxmarebas am saqmeSi. da rac albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo,
heidrihi da masTan daaxloebuli pirebi vermaxtSi mniSvnelovan saqmianobas
eweodnen da Tavis gamoCena surdaT. SS dazvervis samsaxurma ganicada arnaxuli
zrda da winsvla misi daarsebis dRidan 1931 wels, magram mTlianad samxedro
sferosTvis is mainc jer axali nawili iyo. es iyo mcirericxovani, gamoucdeli
da advilad mowyvladi nawili. heidrihi ocnebobda, Seeqmna organizacia, romlis
Sedareba Tavisuflad SeiZleboda msoflios sxva did saidumlo samsaxurebTan
(rogoric iyo rusuli nkvd an germanuli armiis dazverva abveri) da Tanac ise,
rom am Sedarebas misi upiratesoba eCvenebina. misi azriT, erT-erTi yvelaze
utyuari gza, raTa germanuli armia da misi mravalricxovani departamentebi
iZulebuli gamxdariyvnen, misi organizaciis winaSe Tavi daecvaT, iqneboda maTi
dadanaSauleba, rom isini, Tundac iribad, ucxo qveynis samxedro gadatrialebaSi,
egreT wodebul putCSi monawileobdnen. ase rom, es mxolod rusuli samxedro
Zlierebis dangrevisTvis Sesaferi pirobebis Seqmnis sakiTxi ki ara, es gaxldaT
brwyinvale SesaZlebloba im gamoCenili germaneli oficrebis
diskreditaciisTvis, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyvnen rusuli samxedro geniis
axal aRmavlobasTan germania-ruseTis samxedro TanamSromlobis wlebSi. Tavisi
gamocdilebisa da gamWriaxobisaTvis kapitani ianke “dajildovda” 30 dRiani
SinapatimrobiT da heidrihi saqmes Seudga.

xelmowerebi gaayalbes, dokumentebSi cvlilebebi Seitanes da Selenbergma,

heidrihis marjvena xelma, meti damajereblobisTvis, mamxilebeli werilic ki
Seadgina tuxaCevskisTvis damaxasiaTebeli xelweriTa da weris stiliT. andre
briso aRwers, ra gzebiT gadaeca es damRupveli dosie pirdapir stalins,
romelsac Zalian gaexarda aseTi masalis miReba: germaneli emigranti, romelic
praRaSi cxovrobda da SS-is polkovnik bomis daqvemdebarebaSi muSaobda, Tavisi
zemdgomis miTiTebebis Tanaxmad, doqtor benes megobarsa da ndobiT aRWurvil
pirs dauaxlovda da saidumlod gaendo, rom berlinSi iyo vinme alfred naujoki,
romelic mzad iyo sabWoTa mxarisTvis mieyida marSal tuxaCevskis sabolood
mamxilebeli dosie. prezidenti bene, romelic winaswar ukve Semzadebuli iyo,
xafangSi gaeba da piradi werili miwera stalins.

kremlidan pasuxma ar daayovna. eJovis ori agenti Cavida praRaSi, daamyares

kontaqti bomTan da gaeSurnen berlinSi, sadac winaswar gafrTxilebuli naujoki
elodebodaT. banknotebis saxiT sami milioni oqros rublis fasad, tuxaCevskis
dosiem maT xelSi gadainacvla.

SesaZloa, bene gulwrfelad, keTili zraxvebiT moqmedebda, radgan sxvadasxva

wyarodan miRebuli informacia amtkicebda dosieSi mocemul masalas. heidrihis
karnaxiT, fon vaiczakerma, raihis sagareo saqmeTa saministros moxelem,
saxelmwifo mdivnis moadgilem, CexeTis elCs miawoda idea, rom praRasa da
moskovs Soris urTierTobebi SeiZleboda Secvliliyo, Tu tuxaCevskis dajgufeba
gaimarjvebda. Tavis memuarebSi bene moixseniebs msgavs Secdomas diplomat
trautsmansdorfis mxridan, romelTanac mas piradi kontaqti hqonia. kidev erTma
nkvd-s agentma nikolai aleqseevma gangeb moawyo ise, rom frangebs is daeWiraT
da Tavis aRiarebaSi CarTo, rom tuxaCevski TanamSromlobda nacistebTan.
amasobaSi, stalini da misi mTavari bralmdebeli viSinskic awyobdnen gegmebs,
rogor SeemzadebinaT niadagi. gadawyda, maT mier mowyobili pirveli saCvenebeli
procesis mimdinareobisas viTomda SemTxveviT, magram ramdenjerme,
gaJRerebuliyo tuxaCevskis saxeli. am procesze mTavari mopasuxeebi iyvnen k.
radeki, g. piatakovi, n. muralovi, l. serebriakovi da g. sokolnikovi.

rodesac am CaxlarTuli sqemis Sedegebi, saTanado mxilebebiT, Tavdacvis

saministroSi voroSilovs warudgines, swored am organizaciis TanamSromlebs,
romlebic wesiT, unda SekavSirebuliyvnen da erTxmad daecvaT tuxaCevski,
mouwodes, gamxdariyvnen misi bralmdeblebi, mosamarTleebi da sasjelis
aRmsruleblebi. umaRles sasamarTloSi dainiSna sagangebo samxedro tribunali.
1937 wlis 11 ivnisisTvis tribunalma aRasrula gamoZieba, gamoitana daskvna da
voroSilovis mier xelmowerili 12 ivnisis brZaneba ukve ityobineboda, rom im
dRes, ganTiadisas, sikvdiliT dasajes marSali tuxaCevski, agreTve i. uboreviCi,
i. iakiri, r. eidemani, a. korki, v. primakovi da v. putna.

am sasikvdilo ganaCenebs mohyva wmendis didi talRa, romelic 1941 wlamde

gagrZelda da waleka umaRlesi samxedro eSelonebi, xolo saSualo da dabali
eSelonebi SiSsa da eWvSi CaiZirnen. Tumca maRali eSelonebis danakargi
procentulad gacilebiT meti iyo (armiis 13 meTauridan daxvrites 11, korpusis
85 meTauridan 57 da diviziis 195 meTauridan 110), wmendam imsxverpla agreTve maTi
daqvemdebarebulebis didi nawili, romlebic maTda saubedurod, “arasaTanado”
saStato SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCndnen an “arasaTanado” amocanis Sesruleba
evalebodaT. am masobrivi sisxliani wmendis saboloo ricxobrivi Sedegi zustad
aravin icis. savaraudod, xelmisawvdomi monacemebis mixedviT, msxverplis
raodenoba Seadgenda 15-dan 30 aTasamde oficers.23

wmendis gamo bevri adamiani dazaralda da daitanja. Sedegebi katastrofuli

aRmoCnda ara mxolod im oficrebisTvis, romelTa saxelebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi,
erTmaneTis miyolebiT, iSleboda sabrZolo nawilebis Semadgenlobidan, aramed
bevrad ufro farTo wres Seexo. magaliTad, erT-erTi rusulenovani wyaro
gviambobs, ra Sedegi mohyva tuxaCevskis dapatimrebas misi ojaxisTvis. Txroba
iwyeba misi meuRlis, ninas naambobidan, ra moxda mas Semdeg, rodesac is gayva
Tavis qmars kuibiSevSi, sadac mas volgis samxedro olqis meTauroba unda mieRo:

misi Casvlidan cota xnis Semdeg, is daeswro volgis samxedro olqis politikur
muSakTa krebas. erT-erTma meTaurma, romelic adrec icnobda tuxaCevskis, am
krebaze SeniSna, rom marSali daaxloebiT or TveSi gaWaRaravebuliyo, Zalian
daRlilad gamoiyureboda, magram rogorc yovelTvis, mkafiod da logikurad
msjelobda samxedro wvrTnebisa da momaval samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.
 tuxaCevskis meuRle, nina evgenis asuli, did xans eloda mas, magram is krebidan
aRar dabrunebula. movida pavel dubenko, gafiTrebuli saxiT, da Seatyobina, rom
marSali tuxaCevski daapatimres. nina moskovSi dabrunda. cota xanSi daapatimres
igic, tuxaCevskis deda da da-Zmebic.

mogvianebiT, stalinis brZanebiT, mokles [rusulad sityva-sityviT ase ewera:

“fizikurad gaanadgures”] tuxaCevskis meuRle da Zmebi. sami da gadaasaxles
SromiT banakebSi. tuxaCevskis arasrulwlovani qaliSvili daapatimres,
rogorcki srulwlovanebis asaks miaRwia. deda da erTi da gadasaxlebaSi
daiRupnen.

sabWoTa kavSiris mTel sivrceze, uamravi adamiani zustad ase itanjeboda.

gankicxulTa da msjavrdebulTa ojaxebi, megobrebi da kolegebi an aseve
daundoblad nadgurdebodnen, an ganagrZobdnen cxovrebas utyvi morCilebiT da
yovel wuTs elodnen sagamoZiebo organoebSi gamoZaxebas.

misi reabilitacia

me Soridan vicnobdi tuxaCevskis da vxvdebodi xolme mas, rodesac qalaq

moskovis da regionuli partiuli komitetebis pirvel mdivnad vmuSaobdi.
erTmaneTs xandaxan telefoniT velaparakebodiT da plenumebze vxvdebodiT.
erTxel mTxova, velze wavyolodi raRac axali iaraRis Tu axali sainJinro
teqnikis sanaxavad. is safuZvlianad icnobda yovelgvar samxedro siaxles da
gatacebuli iyo teqnikuri miRwevebiT. darwmunebuli var, tuxaCevski sikvdiliT
rom ar daesajaT, Cveni armia, im dros, roca hitleri sabWoTa kavSirs Tavs daesxa,
gacilebiT ukeT gawvrTnili da aRWurvili iqneboda.

nikita xruSCovi.

marTalia, xruSCovma Tavis saidumlo sityvaSi 1956 wlis TebervalSi,

komunisturi partiis me-20 yrilobaze, gakicxa 30-ian wlebSi Catarebuli wmendebi,
uflebaCamorTmeuli, dasjili adamianebis saxelebis garSemo Seqmnili
atmosferos gansatvirTad didi dro iyo saWiro. 1956 wels gamocemul s a b W o
T a e n c i k l o p e d i a S i saerTod ar iyo naxsenebi marSali.

tuxaCevski da ori aseve saxelganTqmuli marSali, romlebic imave 30ianebSi, cota

mogvianebiT, daxvrites – bliuheri da egorovi. voroSilovis portreti ki
warmodgenili iyo mTeli gverdis formatiT da mis Sesaxeb dabeWdili iyo
samgverdiani, qeba-didebiT aRsavse statia, romelsac moyveboda kidev aTi gverdi
teqstiTa da suraTebiT, romlebic eZRvneboda voroSilovis saxelis matarebel
or qalaqsa da erT olqs. polkovnik savkinis naSromis „operatiul xelovnebisa
da taqtikis Ziritadi prinicpebi” farTo amonaridebSi, romlebic gamoiyeneba
sameTauro-saStabo kolejis leqciebSi sabWoTa armiis Sesaxeb, araferia naTqvami
tuxaCevskize, samagierod, farTod ganixileba suvorivis, kutuzovisa da leninis
wvlili sabWoTa taqtikaSi.
 miuxedavad yvelafrisa, procesi mainc daiwyo. rodesac es statia mzaddeboda,
sabWoTa enciklopediis axali gamocema jer ar iyo misuli tomamde, sadac aso
“t” iqneboda, magram 1963 wlidan gamovida tuxaCevskisadmi miZRvnili sakmaod
mravalricxovani masala, romelic ibeWdeboda samxedro an politikuri
gamomcemlobebis mier. axla maT ukve mwerlebi da poetebic ki uerTdebian: 1967
wels gamoica tuxaCevskis cxovrebisadmi miZRvnili romani, poema, da korickis
mier dawerili biografia, romelic albaT tuxaCevskis wvlilis Sesaxeb yvelaze
amomwurav naSromad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. garda tuxaCevskis debis da kompozitor
dimitri SostakoviCis mier dawerili statiebisa, am naSroms erTvis ramdenime
maRali rangis oficris, maT Soris, marSal kiril mereckovis dawerili,
tuxaCevskis damsaxurebebisadmi miZRvnili werilebi.

magram sabWoTa biografebi aSkarad cdiloben, miCqmalon stalinis roli

momxdar tragediaSi. maT heidrihi, vinc SeTxza ambavi SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb, dadga
speqtaklis epizodebi germaniasa da CexoslovakiaSi da sruli paketi stalins
gadasca, gamoiyvanes borotebis gansaxierebad, xolo stalinma ubralod advilad
daijera da gazviadebuli reagireba moaxdina. Tu stalini raimes gamo unda
gavakritikoT, es pirvel rigSi aris dabrmaveba sakuTari pirovnebis kultiT,
ramac aiZula is, daejerebina nacisturi germaniis maqinaciebi SeTqmulebis
arsebobis Sesaxeb.

msgavsi scenari malamosaviT argebs zogierTebis sindiss, magram amis garda,

is xom stalinis gamWriaxobas akninebs. sxvadasxva adamiani stalins sxvadasxva
Sefasebas aZlevs, magram rogoric unda yofiliyo, dRemde aravis, TviTon
trockisac ki, ar miuCnevia igi kravad, romelic daibna intrigebis uRran tyeSi.
vfiqrobT, rom am amazrzen xlarTebSi voroSilovi iyo erTaderTi adamiani, visac
am SeTqmulebebis arseboba sjeroda. trockis nawerebidan stalinisadmi
pirovnuli sruli autanlobis gafiltvris Sedegad, miviRebT Seqmnili viTarebis
analizs, romelic yvelaze damajerebelia:

“samxedro manqana Zalian momTxovni da gaumaZRaria da advilad ar egueba

politikosebis, samoqalaqo pirebis mier dawesebul SezRudvebs. ganWvrita ra
momavalSi konfliqtis SesaZlebloba am mZlavr manqanasTan, stalinma gadawyvita,
voroSilovisTvis adgili mieCina, sanam is misi gavlenidan gavidoda. ogpu-s
(sabWoTa saidumlo samsaxuris), anu eJovis daxmarebiT, stalinma dagegma
voroSilovis uaxloesi TanamSromlebis ganadgureba mis zurgsukan, ise rom man
araferi icoda, ukanasknel etapze ki igi pirdapir arCevanis winaSe daayena.
amgvarad, stalinis gamWriaxobiTa da veragobiT dadgmul maxeSi gabmuli
voroSilovi TanamSromlobda sabWoTa armiis sameTauro Semadgenlobis
ganadgurebis saqmeSi da Sedegad, darCa sabralo, uunaro adamianad, romelic
SesaZloa nanobda, magram ver bedavda stalinTan dapirispirebas. stalini
adamianis damonebis ubadlo ostatia ara am adamianis mxridan aRtacebis
damsaxurebiT, aramed misi CaTreviT saSinel, upatiebel danaSaulSi. aseTi
agurebisgan Sedgeba is piramida, romlis mwvervals stalini warmoadgens.”
 erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli wuxili, romelic sabWoTa avtorebis wignebsa
da statiebSi xSirad iCens Tavs, aris wuxili imaze, rogor SeiZleboda
ganviTarebuliyo movlenebi, tuxaCevski misi Zalebis da niWis ayvavebis xanaSi rom
ar moespoT: sabWoTa kavSirSi dasrulebuli iqneboda dasavleTis mxridan
Tavdacvis sistema; SesaZlebeli iqneboda fineTTan saSineli marcxis Tavidan
acileba; Tu germania SeiWreboda sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze, misi dartymis
Zala dasustdeboda gacilebiT ufro male, Tumca ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es
saerTod ar moxdeboda, da ase Semdeg.

magram yvela es mosazreba aris is, rasac ucnobma mecnierma ironiiT uwoda “jin
diqsonis istoriis skola”, anu ukiduresad fuWi drois xarjva, romelsac,
Cveulebriv, arc didi ziani moaqvs da arc rames mTqmelia. Tumca, tuxaCevskis
SemTxvevaSi aseTi midgoma gansakuTrebiT fuWia, radgan am dros misi realuri
wvlilis aRniSvna da dafaseba CrdilSi rCeba. II msoflio omis mimdinareobisas,
mZime brZolebiT gadaRlili sabWoTa samxedro meTaurebi miubrundnen
tuxaCevskis ideebs da maTi gaxorcieleba daiwyes, Tumca misi saxelis xsenebasac
ver bedavdnen. mowinaaRmdegis didi Zalebis alyaSi moqcevis brwyinvale magaliTi
stalingradTan, TavdacviTi zolebi, romlebic mowinaaRmdeges kurskTan eloda,
artileriis gadamRobi cecxlis farda berlinTan – es yvelaferi tuxaCevskis
saxelmZRvaneloebidan amoxeuli furclebi iyo. tuxaCevski rusuli samxedro
tradiciis nawili didi xniT adre gaxda, sanam misi oficialuri reabilitacia
moxdeboda. dRes igi istoriis nawilicaa.