Professional Documents
Culture Documents
9802 001 008 2911 1
9802 001 008 2911 1
ﺇﺳﻠﻮﺏ APA
ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﺤﻲ ،ﺭﻭﺩﺍ ﺟﻌﻔﺮ ،ﻭ ﻳﺤﻴﻰ ،ﺧﻮﻟﺔ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ.(2006) .ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻛﻮﻧﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺪ :ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺎﻟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ -ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻴﻒ -ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ)ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﻴﺮ
ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ( .ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻧﻴﺔ ،ﻋﻤﺎﻥ .ﻣﺴﺘﺮﺟﻊ ﻣﻦ 547941/Record/com.mandumah.search//:http
ﺇﺳﻠﻮﺏ MLA
ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﺤﻲ ،ﺭﻭﺩﺍ ﺟﻌﻔﺮ ،ﻭ ﺧﻮﻟﺔ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻳﺤﻴﻰ" .ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻛﻮﻧﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺪ :ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﻃﺎﻟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ -ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻴﻒ -ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ" ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﻴﺮ .ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ
ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻧﻴﺔ ،ﻋﻤﺎﻥ .2006 ،ﻣﺴﺘﺮﺟﻊ ﻣﻦ 547941/Record/com.mandumah.search//:http
;4 4
P $
P $
:
C$ &/0: &"'$ @ +"2 "] PE F< ?'2 M 5 T"
.PE P% T$"^> _>$ 5 6" / &"'$ M $ UT$"' 6"> B$0$
&/2A$ ) -,A ">9 "A$ F2E 6#/ @>! – F0$ – ` #
UA">/ M F2E &24 C/ @E @>! "$ C$ ? '9 "%5$ 0" .6"'
52$4 6" &"'$ @ "N% T" )* UT"0" 8" +% C* )>" "2E "%5$*
)"0$ UP"" Y'$ C$ ">"> ":$; "E$; &"1$ .P5"% P %
SM < UP5AE P> .
P #E C>! +% +$ D>$$ &>>^ P*9 &0$
% " "%5$ F2E 6# @G MG U@ " "%5$ FG < M C* @>! E"
/%9 / ="%$ F2E *< E>$ U( U">) C* T"G (Nickerson) %M
; +/ UY'< 0 A#* /> *0 C5%$ .* U6# M @#5" @"M 8),? @
U` &%2 C* "%5$ F2E ( 8"% @b# Y' .*0 M) " -"/A$ @ /
@E +b 6> C* 8)5: U' +#0 ':< 6 " &> @ "%5$ +0
/9 @ "%5$ 0" .B< &> -24 C* @%5$" P, 8)7/ ( U"c)
; C$ ) &' @ U` &24 @ 8"] @E / C// >$ C$ &5:
@9 % U6"' &/2A$ ) =""%$ F2E E>$ C$ C)* U)/ @>! 6"' 8"#$>$
@9 FG '/ Td* UT$"' @^ "/$ E +' D" C* "%5$ FG $'" @>!
C* U+0* +%/ (*$ &; B4 F2E P @%" F$' T" "%5$ &) C"
U@") T"* 6) " "%5$ F2E 6# L/ -5$ T"* A/$" :E
.> # M4$ "^> 89 T0V$ 5 89 &"$4; 0$ @9 % U(
(" F2E 6# 6V/ @V$$ 'A +,/ @"/ @ " "$4; F2E 6#*
?< 8?0 &$ @ ."%5$ M UP'"': P"#$ )"#$ +,/
"E "0/ )0$ "%5$ "$ FG $2 6 "/$ &>>^ "0
.( U V4)
@"/ P"E L
W $> 9/$$ U"/$ ( &> @E =%$ 6#0 "2E "%5$
9 &.% +' F2E 6#% A$ X2> )"2E $$" C$ UC2#0 A &"$>
8"2> "%5$ F2E # @>! 6"' +0"* U6#0 "V 8)* ' 9 &# M4$
.( Ue*A) " F0
">5 &"2E @ A"24 UT>2 9 @9 D"A$> ; B] 8)5 "%5$
/ C// >$ C$ &5: /9 @ "%5$ 0" U)V0/ D 24$ "/:E ",""%
. )/ @>! 6"' 8"#$>$ ; C$ ) &' @ U` &24 @ 8"] @E
.( U4* f @$2%)
T$% "%5$ 8)5 +' (5 2E @""/$ @"N'/ b &"/$
"N% )? U"%5$ "20/ &"E C$ "*0 &"? @ P.A UT$) T*:9
@> ;^ )"G 9 C$ &5"0$ /9 @ .8E +%/ "%5$2 &5"0$ @
:C$7"
$0$ ", "2E :T7/ ( ) S' C* % "%5$ "$ /" =HE
,> +N T"2E " @9 @%" U+5A +% E )?$ )E @ 6"* 3,:4 F2E
.L4< &;
A' F2E (>^$ F/$ "2E "*0 "2#E "2E :T7/ ( ) "/' T*H 0"
U%M$% g"2#0 &"20 XM% U+"4$ U(>'! UX!% gL4< ">5 &"20
FG (>' @ )$ 2% U+;$>; U# U ""$ U8"0$ U"$
.P"#0$ N%9 "%5$ @%
L 0$ "24 "2E FG "" CV$* 8)5 "%5$ @9 ( ) 8"2' /E L"
9 U@"0 M4$ 9 U 7> ' TH S: C,#$ C2E5$ C*0 CM A FG
5 L "%5$ A$" U@H"0 +^> @E /G 9 F0 "G 9 U820 C* /] _/G
.T/ A"' ","/ T*? P0/$
&.42 "2#E 0/ )#"A @E 8# "2% "2E :T7/ ( ) @ T*H 0"
"] "2E C U)"2E 8%' 9 );$> 9 %*< @"%$ 0$> &20 ">'
U(' @V$'; "E 0 #/> 6/4 X! @V$$ UP$ )5
.F0 6/4 >$%$ )#"A @E
:T7/ ( ) V4 C* % "%5$ (De Bono, 1989) /" =H 0"
9 8)5 =) XM @%" U= FG +: +9 @ 6/4 @ =%$>"
." C F2E 8%' 9 &.% +' UA"A4$ 9 U# M4$
U) F0 AEG 6/42 $ =$% 9 F0 @E Y'/ T7/ @"/$ T*H 0"
F2E TA ).4 @ +#0 (" C$ "20 6)2/ T5:"* "%5$ 8"20$ 6E 9
U@") 8) "0 ,* F2E 6:# &>" ( D" )/ 8#" "2E 9 U6/4
+' -A %*< @"%$ C* ) 5 E 2%$ &/4 @9 Y"' .(
A$* 5 )0 +E5$" &/4 +#0 b @7/ ( UCA) "" U&.%
b 3,:4 '$$ .0 .' 2A$$ &.% = .T"?$ UT$E> UT$"2E
F2E $$"* ,"/ D +E5$$ C$ UT$"/ UT$% U":4 T:,:4/ 5 +#E
89 ""$ "" +E9 U"M &0 U+' ">9 U8"5 U&"? U)? +E5$ M
."E/G
M) 6' "^ FG +:$ /0: %^$ "%5$ 8)5 #/> &5"0$ @G
FG 6! FG 20/ ' SM < gT>" T$?'. /0: 8N @ U 8)5
.( U60>) .
P % @"N.N D B0/ C* & $ "%5$ @ 6"N% +%9 @ "0
/ U"%5$ _9 @ 4b _ @"/ ""$2 6E P*:9 @/ @N'/ 84$>
"%5$ _V >/ 8$; L F2E '9 T$">$ "%5$ =:9 0$ @%
(" .E D>$ @# 4b M %M ("# 6 &;' &9/ M X*
-,#' C* :/$ ` -24 C* /$ "%5$ +#0 +EG @9 C* X X
@> =$% +9 @ @>! +,> )< gC.>! @" )?E C$ < @ C
F2E +;$>; C* T2,> )9 % UT$0> )0"A$ ))* 0"/A (" @%
U V4) "/ i"$ @ /0 ( 3.4$> C* UT$"' T$?E -4
.(
0" "%5$ 820$ @9 ( ) S52' C* T"G (Beyer, 1987) "/ L"
M @ .80 M C* E>$ &"1$ +? C* #/ F2E *< &0$ 3*
P>", P* XM I/:9 F$' UT$"$ "%5$ 8"20$ 6V/ " &:< &0$ U-2A
.80 + @ "N% C* T#"#'$ "/$ J F0>$
6# M X2$" SM 5* UD$ &,* D" P>", P/2A$ "%5$ 0"
&# M4$ F2E P U"0/$ @ P'$ UT P/ U"%5$ C* .
P #$> @%"
82>" ; )* U2/ C* ">"> ":$; "E$; ?O P"E UT$"' C* '"':
X2$ F2E W / "E = ) M4$" U6' ""0 -* )%'" G C % )/
.(Paul, 1984; Norris, 1985) ""0
@%$ 5 L "%5$ "$ "9 @9 (Mcfarland, 1985) ;5% L$
(Smith) Y"> 9 .T" 2E5 A -"#'$ U"EV 5 ":4 // C*
"%5$ F2E 5 6 F2E $0$ 2E5 A @9 #$0"* ( ) S52' C* %M
+,> T"* &E U&20 T"* &N% :E C* )$': U&20 @ -#'$2
F2E 8%'2 /> +,> "G @ / ; XM ./M% /4< U&E! U8.E!
C'" SM "%5$ F2E 6# C* +,> M +N$$ U&20 : ":
@ N%9 E 6NG @$0" @"M 8.% $ U&E! X C* _ @ T/':
.< @"/ F2E 8$E
FG $$ M* gPN"' (" "/$ C* "%5$ & "A$/ 8$; @G
+.4 @ T2#: F2E UC.#0 "%5$ F2E % SM A#> F P"'$ U"" 5>25
@7/ )$? 342$$ @"M2 UA>9 @A.*9 )E F$' XM $> U6/> 2,><
(Marzano, #"#' FG +:2 "*% 0$ 8%' UC2"2'$ "%5$ &)
&20 C* 8#$* UJ) M N"' "/1 &0 F/$$ -2A M @ .1992)
.A @#$! "9 CA0$ @9 U*02 @ 4 F#/$ ; @9 &0 F2E B5" I/:9
C$ &20 @ +,) 8% +0$> +"2'$ )$'" C$ +"2'$ "%5$ &)
.) @V0$"
&> @0 @# ) Ui"$ XM M "%5$/ 8$; $>
&9/ N"' "%5$ %' +0 U@"20$ E "A$ "%5$ C* #0$
@% Y"' U( ) 8E "%5 ="%" T/$% C* T"G 9 #* US" @ +E9 D P"20*
( ) 8E >"2 " F2E @%* 4c A$ 9 U"C27$ "%5$" "%5$ C>"
( ) 8E C* U "%5$ 8"20$ C* @20 ) "5$>" ""20$ 8: SM
8"#$ C* Y'/2 $ @E 6/E @% U" "%5$ 8)5" :@0/ ;
P # ("G &/
.( U ") "%5$ F0 T"* U "%5$ 6
E C* &"%2> @ ' "] 0/ &A/$ T U% 8)5 "%5$
U2% +' U-A% gL49 8"5 D +4$ U_V< = @ ' "]
.# M4$
@52$4" @"N'/ @9 ?'." U "%5$2 6"0 &5"0$ F2E _.A! +.4 @
) U"*#N "20 @"N'/ &$ FG =.$4; D" U "%5$ ="0$ C*
:="0$
FG +:$2 -"A +)>j" "%5$" :T9 F2E (Lipman, 1988, p.47) @/
."-"> ' ">>' &M ":$ ""0 F2E $0" T< XM U6" 8%'9
-A E#/ 8%' = % C2#E A" :T9 T*H 0"* ( ) @ 9
FG $>;/ T""#$ C @ -#'$ T$"] U)/ ^/$ @%" J$ FG #" U+;$>;
."/# ""0
M49 *< @ 2A$$ &/$E 6E @ J" " :T9 (Norris, 1985) (" T*H E
."8)/ :4 ? ) @"%$ +,/ @E Y'/ @/>'/ ? &)
UP;;$> P%' S'" SM +#0 +7$ "%5$" :T9 ( ) C."% T*H 0"
/$4 2%2 "'$ F2E W / P%2> J$$ #$ @ $ "$20 6E F2E $0"
."8%'9 &$$> ):'* F2E F/$ &"V5 +"%$ U&202
C* Y' 8)* J' 8"#$ +;$>; 8)5" :T9 F2E ( ) "> T*H 0$
."T/ A/$" ; T:"24$/ I>" UI"': AG
)#"20$ 8%'< AEG C* +)$ TG" :+#/ "%5 ="%" T/$% C* S" T*H 0"
.( U V4) "< @ -#'$ @"'
+: &"2E >"" SM +^> "%5$ @ _ :T7/ ( ) "/' T*H 0"
=2 ">>' C$M 8"#$ F2E XM% U:4 &%' ""0 F2E $0" U#2
.E$
#$ )9 (Critical) " "2! 2% FG 0 MG ( ) @ @"/" %
F2E 6# A>// C0" SM U(Kritikos) C" 9 (Criticus) C"$. +:< @
PM'$> % "%5$ +%9 N%9 @ "%5$ @% / .8%'< :G 9 ""$
@9 % U"%5$ + C* 8)$/$%/ *E @"M @""/$ @"%5 @"N'/ 8$ F2E
=: C* @""N% +/ @ )0$> >" C$ &"/0$ N%9 @ "%5$ "/0$
:)9 @ 6"E @0 F2E ;2 "/0$ 84$>" D 8E C* UT$) "%5$ &"2E
9 &.% +' UC2"2'$ "%5$ U C +% C* X U A4< "0 @E =%
2A$" SM "%5$ .P#/> )"2E -5$ ""0 FG $>;/ T""#$ C @ -#'$
"%5$ U8"#$ "%$ +"2'$ :C U82/ =":$ C* "20 &"$> +% 84$>
XM T/2A$" UT205 9 T/ @^ T: @7/ M4$ F2E % U+#0 C27$
."$2 AA4 +,/ 2,>9 &"V* DV @
@9 @%" C$ "%5$ &) @ E 8V$ "2#E "2E "%5$
9 C @ -#'$2 – @"0 "$$ S7/ 8 $ @ – 0$ 9 65 6:/ 84$>$
9 C " +' 8%' :G +9 @ "0 ""0 FG $>;/ T""#$ U_V
.8$; _V 2% +' 9 9 8"0$ 9 $$> FG +:$
FG $>" U< &# *% -" 3"'$ "2E @E 6/E "%5$*
+9 @ % F:9 FG "EV/ $>" U6A4 6A4 CA/ $
#20$ +0 *% > F2E =%0" &/N -:/ =:$$ U"2> J,$ FG +:$
T"G &2:$ UJ,$ # CE" -A +,> 84$>" 2N _V/
C* )0V" +/ -"$ &"A0 < +/#" ; )* 2N +#' C* L4< Y'/
"%5$ @9 (Radinow, 1994) " L" @"' C* .( U') )#" # @ "
""0 @ E/ $ U&#$02 C.#0 (>< %^$ C$ "20
.( US52') &#$0 M 8""#$ /$4 +"2'$ & !
89 M @""/$ 5>.5 8$ ' T$) "%5$/ 8$; @% #
.( U ") (.8.- K) @A.*9 ""%9 F$' M D/$$ @%" MG U:0
P">>9 P* "%5$ F2E 5 6 "A$ S" @ +0 -/> @# "/ C*
6'$ &"; C* "%5$ @ _ M)/ 8$; L9 #* UN"' 6$5 C* 9 ."/$2
.( U">) *< L T$"$ ""20$ J/ )? FG "%"<
6/4 F2E # D: U&.% +' F2E 6# U" "%5$ $0"
*0 "A$ 6" 6" *0 "G C* 8)>" XM +% UP"> M".$ +E U*0
Y"' @ " +%/ )20/ 8#$ ; ( @9 &> @ "0 &%9 .6
g "%5$ "A$ C* P>", P 02$ ; )$"2%" > @9 U"%5$ &) "/$
UPV0/ 8)V0/ F2E 2,>9 A 8)0"$ 8$" ; U8),b @E M".$ +7> @9 @*
.(Swarts, 1994) e# "N$ 2,>9 @'A" P 6M$>< # ) @9 F$'
8N U _V 6 # M".$ T"$ +.4 @ "%5$ 8"20$ 8$" P/]
4 6"' C* B4 U8)2/#$> D +0$2 PV"9 '/ 8 @"' C* U A4< 4$>
.( U>) $% C* 6 # "? 7> &>" 6"' @9 % U> -A
F2E P5$ X @9 ;G U "%5$ ="0$ ]": C* _$ =.$4; 8]
%' P/9 H 0" SM (Ennis) ("G $#" U"%5$ @ _ M )"2E +$" C$ &)
E 5 )4$>" C$ "%5$2 6) 6E C$N " %"9 C* "%5$
:C2" % C U _V 9 6?/ -20$$ 6/E "2E B0$
9 & E; @"/ U)$': @ -#'$ 9 )$/NG @%" C$ -,#' @"/ ""$ K
.""# 9 "$M 8E
8'#$ C$ X2$ U_V/ .0 &M />< & E; &20 @"/ ""$ K
.T/ A/$$ ; _V F2E
9 &# @ +;$>; "2E > C* ->$; 8E 9 B$ T9 F2E =0$ K
.D,
( ) @ E )5":$ FG U(Udall & Danials) " +9 9
:C$c ' F2E 5:"*
)5":$ FG (Watson & Glaser, 1980) >"2 @>A @ +% DV #
:"$c &) F2E S$'" U "%5$2 PM ( ) ") E
.&"V5 ""$ K
.J,$ 3.4$> K
:C$7" % C U "%5$2 &) 6E ' #* (Beyer, 1987) "/ 9
X2$ _V/ .E ) @%" C$ />< & E; &20 @"/ ""$ K
.T/ 2:/ &$ ; C$
="0$ F2E "%5$ &) "'$ C* (Facione, 1998) @"* $0"
&) U"*0 &) :&) @ @"E +" SM (Delphi) /4 _G
@V$$ &) &> C)* "%5$ +%$ C$ "*0 &) 9 ."
:C2"
; 9 F0 @E "/0$ 8)5 T7/ /4 T*H 0" Y"' :(Interpretation) ">5$ •
">5$ +" U""0 & ! @"# &"A0 = $ =2$4
.F0 I"V$ UL 1 3.4$> U=":$ :"$c "E5 &) F2E
&/0 @"/ "205 6:# &;; &M &.0 "'$ C0" :(Analysis) +"2'$ •
9 /$ 9 8%' 9 #$E @E "/0$2 L4< k": &5: 8"5 2,><
&) @V )2"2'$ J' =$% c 3'* /4 H 0" . b 9 &20
."E5 +"2'$
=:$ C$ &"/0$ 9 &/0 ': ": (" T/ :#" :(Evaluation) 8"#$ •
&M &.02 "#A 6# (" UT,b T$#$0 T/$ 34 XG 9 8)*
&) @V D#$ U"/0$2 +% S9 9 2,>< &5: &/0 @"/ "#"#' ;
.J' 8"#$ U& E; 8"#$ : @$"E* @$) U8"#$
U#0 J,$ 3.4$>; . :0 "*$ "'$ :(Inference) +;$>; •
"#A J,$ A/$> U2: &M &20 8)* U&"V* &"4$ @"%$
."/0$2 4b +% S9 9 2,>< &5: &/0 @"/ C#"#' F0 &M &.02
FG +:$ U+,/ @"4$ U< C:#$ :C "E* &) +;$>.
.&$$>;
J,$ @.EG F2E P @%" @7/ /4 =H 0" :(Explanation) •
-"> ""0 -A -A 8"5 </ "%5$ XM "/$ UC#A "%5$
C#A "%5$ BE XM% UJ,$ )>>9 F2E &"/ C$ &/$E; V C*
J,$ @.EG :C )V$" C$ "E5 &) .0# J' +% F2E
.J' BE U"/$ & !
g8$. 6"N "*0 6) N%9 6) M 0$ :(Self-Regulation) &M 8"?$ •
&M 8"?$ /4 =H 0" .8"%5$ >'" @9 " "%5$ SM I>$ )<
M C* 4$> :0 XM% U_ +%/ "*0 T$A //
8"#$ +"2'$ &) -"/A$ N9 34 +%/ U:24$> J,$ U&A
.J,$ I"':$ 9 %*< I"':$ U": @ %7$2 "^>$ 6? D UT%'<
&M I"':$ U&M 8"#$ : @"$"E* @"$) 5 84$>" &M 8"?$
.(Facione, 1998)
:, ) C
F2E $0$ 2E5 A @9 ( ) S52' C* % (Smith) Y"> L"
T"* &N% :E C* )$': U&20 @ -#'$2 "%5$ F2E 5 6
"G @ / ; XM ./M% /4< &E! 8.E! +,> T"* &E U&20
F2E 6# C* +,> M +N$$ U&20 : ": F2E 8%'2 /> +,>
. "%5$
U820$ @ "#"#' 6N @9 FG 8E M (Whitehead) ")$" 9
C* &>" U5 )/ " C$ ""20$ 6/4 @ J$$ C$ "%5$ &"2E C* @%$
.( U">) )20$ C$ %$ &20
C* C0 8"20$ =9 ""1$ " T9 (Brookfield, 1990) 2"5%/ #$0"
/>9 N.N XM /2A L "%5$ &) "$ F2E +$" U&EV =2$4
:C
C* X/ 5 9/" )"* UC2#0 JV 2' C* +4 F2E ^ "%5$ ( )
.-"/A$ "? @"/ -5 =%$>" U0 -,#'
.6 #"A/ ":4 T$.E 3'* @ T%" T< g5 #/ 6V "%5$ ( )
#"A/ @"/4 &$ "A$/ I>" CA#" D$ C* 6V "%5$ ()
.(Huff, 2000) 4$; "2E E 6
:C2" / "%5$2 5 820$ "9 (Nickerson, 1985) @>%" IV"
@"M 8),? @ /%9 / ="%$ F2E *< E>$ " "%5$ F2E 6# @G •
.6# M @#$5"
"$4; F2E 6# .5 89 &"$4; 0$$ UD$ 8#$" C%$ 8#$/ •
P'"': P"#$ )"#$ +,/ (" F2E 6# 6V/ @V$$ "
. "%5$
& ]! @ "02 @>! B0$" U80 /E "/ +:$ &0$ #0$ D •
@"/ &.0 U80 S9 U6 # ", E> 8.E; 6 )9 @ &"N7$
.i ...Y'< ">5$ U+
U< @ " SM "%5$ @ T / ; UM +% @ T0 5 '" C%
.) +% "E & " @"/$" U "< @"/ +V5"
I: C* &>" "%5$ 820$ "9 @9 (Brookfield, 1987) 2"5%/ %M"
"%5$ 820$ @G +/ UA#* +V*< FG T0V ""1$ F2E T$E> @>! 6"' NG
FG .
P " N%9 @%" "%5$ M (* .C/"! N</ D$ F2E / 0"
"%5$/ @>$" @"A @ =7$" P0$ @9 X;" US'$ F2E /2A D"$
."" A4 T"* B54$ D$ )* XM UT"* >"> &"# & +0*9 $
+/ A#* "%5$ &;b >" /* U"*0 &) @ , A#* (" "%5$
/4 )"2E -2A" = @ E C U "%5$ FG 5 D*$ +E X
' D*$ +E 0/> FG /4 $^ +:$ ." &) +"/
: "%5$ ' (Dispositions) &0$>;/ F>$ C U "%5$
.(Systematicity) "? K
.(Facione, 1998)
.C2#0 $5; K
.+ @E 0/ K
@9 " C$ "$ U"#"#' @%$ C$ "$ @"/ ""$ F2E P @%" @9 K
."#"#' @%$
.&2% C0 ' 52$4 P%*9 ( L @9 *0 T" @%" @9 K
.T)5" ; C +% @E + >$" @9 K
8)5" @9 U@4c T#" 8)* D"A$>" U$>/ )$" T$5 / +'" @9 K
.T "" @"4c
6 P' X2$" T9 "%5$ &) 84$> FG +"" SM 342 +#"
>' U/> +V5 C0" Y"' UC/"G F0/ 84$>" I2A: .(Critical Spirit)
C> @9 D"A$> ; .: &202 =)2$ U-A2 >% >' U6, +#0
#" P"'7* U&) M +0$> MG ;G P" P %5 U "%5$ &) X2$" @
=4 9 02 :+N U+0 B0/ />/ @%$* U"%5 8)$) %$" @9 ( B0/
.(Facione, 1998)
)0" 8#$ U/2A E "%5$ ("# '$ &< @9 ( ) "> "$
-A 9 C2% +;$>;/ :#" .C" +;$>; (" C2% +;$>; (>9 F2E
E# @ E @ @%$" SM +;$>; @ _ XM (Formal Logic) C2%
FG S^$ C$ 52$4 +;$>; -A E# D/$$ Y"' U6' 2% AG C* 0/$$
+:2 /2A$ &20 @%$ U+;$>; @ _ M &.% C* .'"': /!
.2% C* V$ +' FG
&>" 6' "] &.% @d* (Everyday Reasoning) C" +;$>; C* 9
U&.% M +' *0 & G X &>" T9 % U'V '"': &/G X
U-.A! F2E $ "] 9 B] +%/ V$ @%$ +'2 /2A$ &20
U5 X" C% 84$>$ U5 )/>$% @9 -/> C$ 8"5 U#/> &20 @d* XM
/$4$ UP":4 P)"$ 6E @V$$ _ M @ &.% .? ) HV0" '"
F2E &/$4; M "%$ @%" C$/ U52 52$4 =< -"#'$ 2"> /$E/
&< M) @/"$>* .6< )V$$ C$ &/0 9 &.% F2E 5 9 8"#$
#$>; $$>; U&2> F2E @%'" 8 +/ U34 8)E/G @ P%*9 @#24" ;
.( U">) /$4; &/E C* +05/ +N$
:C "%5$ +' 2 &/$4 "N FG ("9 (" ""
.(Cornell Critical Thinking Test, Level X) (X) L$> U "%5$2 +% /$4 .
.(Cornell Critical Thinking Test, Level Z) (Z) L$> U "%5$2 +% /$4 .
.(Ross Test of Higher Cognitive Processes) "20 "*0 &"202 ( /$4 .
.(New Jersey Test of Reasoning Skills) C;$>; "%5$ &) C>"" /$4 .
(Judgment: Deductive Logic CV$*; ""$ C#A $$>; F2E 8%' /$4 .
(The Ennis–Weir Critical Thinking Essay "" – (";" "%5$2 C# /$4; .
(California Critical Thinking "%5$ &) "5"% /$4 FG *V!/
.Skills Test)
U "%5$2 ">"2 – @>A" /$4 PE" &/$4; N%9 @9 "> %M$
.( U">) ("9 /$4 8N U+"% /$4
V/1W :N N !
: @E 6/E U+ M C* PE" "%5$ &/$4 N%9 @ 0"
U%" %% F2E @"5%$> @"",V5 @ E C4 V5 8E C* ""4
U(Level x) @$: $ .P P"%5$ 8) 2A$$ C$ = Y'< )"* F$$
)"G " U(Level z) U/$4; M C* Y'/ _V C U(9 L$>) )"G "
() () L$> ("#" U "%5$2 &) () (9) L$> ("#" U( L$>)
"N 2' .A F2E ">>9 6:/ "> 2'2 P0/$ . "%5$2 &)
+' C* P> 1:< .A F2E /$4; M -"/A$ @%" U&0 .A
."20 ">
" U(Level x) +"% /$4 : @"">", @""$> @ +"% /$4 @%$"
) "> @"M2) ( L$>) T"G " U(Level z) +"% /$4 U(9 L$>) T"G
+' C* /2A (9) L$> =)$>" .() L$> U(9) L$>/ PE:* @c @
/2A U@"/ @"#$ "N /2A () L$> =)$>" "/ U( K) ">
"%5$2 0 &/$4;"/ &/$4; M F2E -2A" .@"1/ @ 8"] &"2%
@d* UXM @ B"# F2E .8E +%/ "%5$ &) "A1$ FG =)$ )< g"
"%5$ F2E 6# @ A#* P' P/ =)$>" @"0 / 3$4 "%5$ /$4
.&202 @"0 : ": +' #0 8%'9 M4$ F2E 6#% U
+ +% F2E 21$2 N%9 9 @"9 C* ) S9 8"#$ @%" T9 "]
N.N F2E /$4 +% C* 6#* +% +$$ ./> @< & G *$ A" UC>
.6' '"': /G U&"4
A#* F0" ; SM "%5$ + C* $> Y'/ @ P &/$4; 0$
"A$ U "%5$ 8"20$/ UPV"9 "%5$2 8)5 +"%$/ +/ "%5$ /$4/
("$ $ ) C* )4$> L U8""#$2 @"/$4; 8":$ 8$ # .)
.T/ +0 J/ +/# ""0% U E L "%5$ F2E 6# 8""#$
.">"$ % V"9 @"/$4; 84$> L
"%5$2 +"% /$4 )"A1" C$ 0/< "E5 &)2 C2" "*
.(9) L$>
:G C* @"'$ 6 U #$>; F2E 6# /$4; @ M ("#"
M C* 8$" .,A4 9 '"': &$$> @E 6%^ 9 AEG U"$'; 8%'<
8) 2A" U52$4 D"V @E "0 &20 @E S$'$ 6#5/ @"'$ " $ +
@ E 6#* +% 0/ $ .'"': 6#5 M C* 6 &20 /$E
M) T$ +.4 @ 34 T/ 4" @"0 $$> ) +% S$'" U&"$4;
9 U': +$'" T9 9 UP'"': $$>; M @% MG #" @9 @'$ F2E .6#5
"*% "] 0A# C* 6 &20 &% MG 9 U7A4 +$'" T9 9 UlA4 T9
.7A4 : "'$
U8%' :G FG "$ C$ U": F2E 6# /$4; @ M ("#"
T"* @%" ; = C* T#":$ %" L S9 FG 4b 34 T#" "N T"* @"/
C$ &/0 @ PE @"'$ AEG 8$" .+# T"2E %$" F2E P02A 6E 8%'
MG "* U $# B$* +% $ #" @9 @'$ F2E U< B0/ C* #N ) 8)5"
.T"G & "2:< 6/0 9 "2:< 6/0 C* P V$ @%
/$$ "$ 3.4$> UA/$>; F2E 6# /$4; @ M ("#"
&/0 "'$ U; 89 &# F2E $$$ "$ &% MG "#$ U&# 6E F2E
.8"5 9 &/0 "#/ D > "] > 8"5 9
""0 '7* U&V$*; F2E =0$ F2E 6# /$4; @ M ("#"
6/0 &% MG "#$ U+"20$ C* 65 O" T9 @"0 B$*; ">><
@"/ UB$*; 9 2> @"/ 6 " -5 *0 U; 89 T/ 82> C F2E +$$
.XM F2E @/ 9 +"
: ' )%
"9 U"" T$"' 5 ":4/ TA/$ "%5$ "9 @ P.A
L "%5$ "$ @9 :)9 60$ &/$E; /2A L "%5$ @ _ M A$
"2E T>>9 C* 820$ @9 XM gT20$" SM C*0 L$'2 -E9 8)* FG S^" /2A
FG 24 "2E @ *0 >$% "2E +'" 820$ C* "%5$ ="?$ ."%5$
)V0/ 20$> :E A/ FG UC*0 L$'2 +V*9 @#$G FG CV#" C2#E A
U"0/$ @ '$ FG "%5$ C* +.#$>; FG A/ S^$ "%5$ "$ .B0//
.""0 8%'< -/A" SM CEV C:#$> +#0 @"%$ FG S9
@ / ; U61$/ ") FG 2:" U=) -#'" " "%5$ + -#'$2
##' % MG 8%' @ @%$ E M U&/$4 9 (""# @ U-#'$ 8%'
"20 C/> @< 8: ;G C E# (""# 9 -#'$ 8%' .; 89 =)
"%5$ + I"': $; C* @' + ">" ="% U"%5$ ="% %7$ A/V
; 89 =< -"#'$/ A"' UD> U-"E U&/N U$$ U+:$ U-" UIV
.( U>)
F2E +0 U6# M ("# . &< "A$ SV @ M%
(" &9 FG ' & / UXM V C* ./> (""# "G U)$"$ "A$
*$$ U34 +%/ "0> ,"/2 8E +%/ "/0 ,"/2 6A @%$ "%5$2
/$4 "A$ FG =)$ C$ > M C$7$ @ .6" ("# &9 &5: )"*
6# ("# )"2E $E; @%" 67/ @"N'/ $ U(9 L$>) "%5$2 +"%
+0 *< E "%5$ &"$> F2E = @%" C$/ U "%5$ F2E
(Cornell Critical Thinking Test "%5$2 +"% ("# =:$" .8)" )$"$ F2E
@ SM U "%5$2 + Y"' ="0$ $E/ F/ T< L$' -:/ U (CCTT))
:T*9
+# F2E @?*'" U8)0$ / C* @)>" @"% @"A EG C* 6E> K
.( U"4 5"24) "A$ T$*#N
-,#' +/ 8E UY'/ +^>$ F2E U8"%5$ C* +.#$>; F2E /2A D"$ K
"$> I$5$ +#E SM @A "G F2E E>" )* C$/ U)$': @ -#'$ @
.( U " gPaul, 1984)
.-A +#0 #" T% UA#* "/2> 9 U A4< @E Y'/ 2A$" ; K
G @/ )V*" 9 &#$0 9 %*< +/#" ; UP P"%5$ %5" SM A*
.( UCN') ) "2#E &%'
@#" U/></ 8E" E P" @%" U)$9 # +,/ L @/>'/ M47" K
.( UCA) *% < 8"#$ 8$" Y"'/ _V/ 2: &M &
:"$c 2,>< @E /! > M +'$
m"0> ,"/ F2E HA (9 L$>) "%5$2 +"% /$4 &/N &;; K
,"/ F2E HA (9 L$>) "%5$2 +"% /$4 -: &;; K
m"0>
: C
D$ C* % 2E* A "EV ":4 / C* "%5$ 8)>"
F2E P 5 @%" Y"' U "%5$ F2E ': A $0$ MG UCA#"
M ": F2E 8%'2 2"> "G F2E U&20 @ +,) 8% D +0$
+0 U6# M ("# . &< "A$ 6V @ I/:9 C$/ U&20
FG ' & / UXM V C* .)"20$ +V*< +/> "G U)$"$ "A$ F2E
)"* *$$ UN'/ "$$ U"0> ,"/2 # 6A @%$ "%5$2 (" &9
/$4 "A$ FG =)$ C$ > M C$7$ @ .6" ("# &9 &5:
6# ("# )"2E $E; @%" 67/ @"N'/ $ U(9 L$>) "%5$2 +"%
+0 U/2A E "%5$ &"$> F2E = @%" C$/ U "%5$ F2E
@ /$0" % (""# M (9 F2E "%5$2 +"% /$4 C$7" U8)" )$"$ F2E
+ Y"' ="0$ $E/ C/ T< gL$' -:/ =:$" Y"' U)2V*9 )N'9
. "%5$2
:4 ,5/ P" 0/ P" " $ 8$; "$ ("# M +N "A$ "9 C$7$
+V*9 0$ C)* U,5 M)/ P" $ P$ X @G Y"' g@"/ ,* C ;9 U/2A @
6>4 )$"$ @%$ &29 MG C$ 6"'2 EG )$"/$ @>'9 MG D$ C* 6N
&$5$ @G U@"/ "/$ "9 + D" &AE9 XM U@"/2 PV D$2
6 )*9 -"#'$ C* )$ @"/ "/$ "2E &% .8$; M
@ U"%5$ &) 8"20$ F2E %$ J/ "*$ FG $'$ P#/> 60 AA4
S#$ C$ ""20$ 35 7")" M C* 8$; "%$* XM U "%5$ )V
T$ T/ "$ "%5$ C* "$ -#'$$ T.4 @ SM UT>5/ A #N
.( U@)
@ T$ +
n "0> "/0 %2 X2 " 0 /E @/ ` /E X2 T
:/ C* "> T$2% %M9 @9 ;G @c C0>" ; .@"/ "/$ "E +9
UC#> 9 "E @ 6"1: $// @%$ T/9 )29 @ 8$ @ / @G"
FE @9 po0" $) @d* XM U)2$ 9 )2) @9 +#0 FV" ; @" +/#" ;
+/#$> ` 0/ T/ +?$>" .
P 2? T:]9 -$ Up/2: E $" $ " >]
@"2 4 D F2E ">$ / +#: _/! :E C* T"G ' 9 C* @'
.@A
"A$ =)/ "/0 #A C* + M C* 6, ' 0$ > @d* M
.N'/ 82E ' C* XM U/2A E "%5$ &) ("# 8,. C/E ("#
C* P?' +< @% _V B0$$ )% @ D/$ > M "9 @d* C$/
@ 6"/% "9 > >$%$ % U "%5$ &/$4 +$$ C$ Y'/< &/$%
HA (9 L$>) "%5$2 +"% /$4 &/N -: &;; F2E =0$ +.4
.T$"9 /$4; M F2E V A"2>$ 8$"> C$/ U"0> ,"/ F2E
@"0/ M4< D c 3'* &20 8""#$ F2E 6# @E 6/E :, ) K
=0" .( U>) Y'/ " _V +' 52$4 ? &) /$E;
L$>) "%5$2 +"% /$4 F2E < L$>/ > M B]< P",G
."2% T>%0$ % (9
("#$ C$ "EV &/$4; '9 :( 6 ) , ) 4) $ K
@V$$ C4 V5 8E C* ""4 : @E 6/E U "%5$ &)
0/< @V$" U>$ C$ < V C* c 9 U-,#' /$4; 6$> '
UA/$>; U #$>; :C (9 L$>) "%5$2 +"% ' C$ 0/<
)"2E +:'$ C$ +.4 @ (#" U": U&V$*; F2E =0$
."0> ,"/2 +0 (9 L$>) "%5$2 +"% /$4 F2E /A
80 8"20$ ( C* (A>$ YN) =:/ &#'$2 &/A :+ :; & !
.A>$ 2' ") U K 802 "0>/ ="A# C*
: &