UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
FOURTH QUARTER : Prepared by : Kian Kyle Angelo Cosio, 11- STEM 2
Political organization
● A Political organization is any entity that is
involved in the political process, it includes
political institutions, political parties and political
groups. The purpose of the existence of political
organization is to control people’s behavior or
maintain social order and the distribution of
power within a group.
Band
● is a basic social unit, it is the natural grouping of
humans consisting typically of few extended
families united by strong family ties.
● Band members have easy access to food and
other day to day subsistence. Each band is
independent but not isolated.
● Bands from nearby regions may meet for
ceremonies, to trade goods and even to search
for spouses. Meetings between or among bands
may serve as a factor in the formation of a tribe.
Tribe
● is usually a collection of bands or lineage groups
they share a similar language and occupy a
distinct territory.
● A tribe may have been formed to collaborate in
sharing and storing food or in response to
certain circumstances like war and may last only
until the war ends.
● A leader relies on authority rather than on
power. Bigger and more complex than band, the
tribe has the potential to become a more
complicated form of government such as
chiefdom.
Chiefdoms
● is a political organization led by a chief chief who
holds power over more than one community
group. Chiefdom is more densely populated than
a tribe. Also, the name chief implies chiefdoms
are not egalitarian but instead have social ranks,
with the chief and his family holding power. The
chiefs are usually chosen by heredity, this
usually gives his family and their inner circle the
nobility and the reigns to power.
● Chiefdoms practice redistribution in which goods
are accumulated by one central person or power
who then decides how to allocate them among
the people. The chief is also in charge of solving
disputes, planning and leading raids on other
groups and consolidating labor into public works.
However, chiefdoms typically have no form of
bureaucracy and written laws that help support
the chief. This defines their main difference from
states.
State
● is a centralized political structure that
administers a large population, having a
government of their own to which the great body
of inhabitants render obedience and enjoying
freedom from external control.
● The four elements of state are people, territory,
government and sovereignty. It includes a
bureaucratic structure thus, a state is the most
formal and complex form of political
organizations. States are socially stratified into
distinct classes not according to one’s
relationship to the chief or leader but in terms of
wealth, power and prestige.
AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY
Authority
● refers to the right to command or the power to
give orders or enforce rules. A political authority
defines the government, the governed, the
manner the power is to exercise, and even the
nature of relations between the government and
the governed or jurisdiction.
Legitimacy
● is a value whereby something or someone is
acknowledged as acceptable, lawful, right and
proper. Politically, legitimacy refers to the public
recognition or popular acceptance of the
authority of a governing power.
● Whereby authority has political power through
consensus and mutual understanding. A
principle in political science states that the
authority has to establish its legitimacy because
‘legitimate authority’ is the foundation of all
governmental power.
TYPES OF POLITICAL LEGITIMACY
Traditional legitimacy
● This stems from societal custom, convention
and habit that stress the history of the authority,
often selected based on inheritance. This kind of
legitimacy is found in monarchy and tribalism.
Charismatic legitimacy
● is based on the personal charisma or inspiring
ideas of a leader, a person whose imposing
personality attracts and influences the people to
agree with his government’s regime and rule.
When the term or rule of the charismatic leader
ends for whatever reason, his or her government
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
FOURTH QUARTER : Prepared by : Kian Kyle Angelo Cosio, 11- STEM 2
also comes to an end. This type of leadership of
government is typically fragile and ineffective.
Rational-legal legitimacy
● This popular acceptance of authority derives
from a system of rules that is applied
administratively and judicially. In other words,
the basis of this legitimacy is the public trust and
confidence that the government will properly
abide by the law and other sensible political
principles.
STATE AND NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS
State Institutions
● are institutions supported in whole or part by
general fund money, such as schools, hospitals,
some banks and corporations.
Non-State Institutions
● are groups or organizations which operate
outside the support of any state or government.
In general, they develop certain services needed
by the members of the society for their progress.
BANKS AND CORPORATIONS
Banks
● a financial institution which receives money from
those who want to save it and
lends money to those who need it. Role of Banks
● Banks are where people can safely deposit their
savings and banks then pay interests on.
● They are responsible for the payment system.
Electronic payment today is becoming more
important as people tend to do cashless
transactions.
● Banks issue loans to both people and
companies to start business, buy homes or to
make investments.
Corporation
●is a company or group of people authorized to
act as a single entity and recognized as such in
law. Corporations can either be for profit or can
issue stocks.
COOPERATIVES AND TRADE UNIONS
Cooperative
● is a firm owned, controlled and operated by a
group of users to meet their common economic,
social and cultural needs. Each member
contributes equity capital and shares in the
control of the firm on the basis of one-member,
one vote.
Trade union
● is an organization whose members are made up
mainly of workers. Its main objective is to protect
and advance the interests of its members in the
workplace.
TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY GROUPS
● Transnational advocacy networks have different
ranges or categories that support or plead the
causes of several issues. Examples are Human
Rights Watch and Amnesty International which
are groups of people that share the same
advocacy of the importance of basic human
rights. The phenomenon of globalization is to
draw attention to share the advocacy beyond
country borders.
DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES
● Every state and many local governments have
economic development agencies dedicated to
assist new and established businesses start,
grow or succeed.
● The services provided by these agencies
includes startup devices, training and resources,
financial assistance, business location and site
selection assistance and training to develop
skills.
NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs)
● NGO’s are non profit organizations that are
independent from states and international
governmental organizations.
● Usually funded by donations and run primarily
by volunteers, may be registered for tax
exemption based on recognition of social
purposes.
● Others may be fronts for political, religious or
other interests.
Roles of Non-Governmental Organizations
● Development and Operation of Infrastructure
● Supporting innovation, Demonstration and Pilot
Projects
● Facilitating communication with the government
about social issues. Technical assistance and
training
● Research, monitoring, and evaluation
● Advocacy for and with the poor.
Education
● is the process of facilitating learning. or the
acquisition of knowledge, skills, values. beliefs,
and habits.
● Education can take place in formal or informal
settings and any experience that has a formative
effect on the way one thinks. feels, or acts may
be considered educational.
● The the methodology of teaching is called
pedagogy.
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
FOURTH QUARTER : Prepared by : Kian Kyle Angelo Cosio, 11- STEM 2
Formal Education
● is imparted by direct instruction. A formal
education program is the process of training and
developing people in knowledge, skills, mind.
and character in a structured and certified
program.
Informal Education
● comes about indirectly; the learner often is
unaware that he is having a learning experience.
Informal education is a spontaneous process of
helping people to learn. It works through
conversation and dialogue, and the exploration
and enlargement of experience
AIMS OF EDUCATION
A. Individual Aim:
● Development as an individual of a human being.
● Moral & spiritual development.
● Cultural development.
● Harmonious development
● Promote positive physical development.
● Development of a right personality
● Development of good citizenship
● Development of good leadership
● Emotional & mental development
● Character building
B. Social Aim:
● Through education the individual child should be
provided with the require assistance to become
a useful and well-adjusted member of the
society, irrespective of socioeconomic status.
C. Vocational Aim:
● Education should prepare the child to earn his
livelihood so that he can lead a productive life in
society.
D. Intellectual Aim:
● Development Of intelligence through education
Will enable the child to lead an independent life
with confidence.
E. Cultural Aim:
● By undergoing education Child becomes
cultured & civilized. Cultural development is
through development of aesthetic sense &
respect for others’ culture
F. Moral Aim:
● Moral values like honesty, loyalty, tolerance.
Justice. Self-control & sincerity promote the
social efficiency of an individual
G. Good Citizenship:
● Education enables the children to grow as
productive citizens by following the social &
moral standards set by the society
FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION:
Individual:
Development of inborn potentialities
● Education helps the child to develop the inborn
potentialities of the child providing scope to
develop.
Modifying behavior
● Education helps to modify the past behavior
through learning and through different agencies
of education.
● All-around development: Education aims at
the well-rounded development of the learner-
physical, mental. Social. Emotional, and
spiritual.
Preparing for the future
● After completion of education the child can earn
its livelihood getting proper education. Which
has productivity. The education should be
imparted according to the own interest of the
child.
Developing personality
● The whole personality of the child is developed
physically. Intellectually. Morally. Socially.
Aesthetically and spiritually. He is recognized in
society.
Helping for adjustability
● Man differs from a beast. Man has reasoning
and
B.
TOWARDS THE SOCIETY:
Social change and control
● Society is never stagnant. It is progressive and
dynamic.
● The child who lives in the society is influenced
by the social environment. His life and
personality can be developed.
● Our customs and traditions preserved and
transmitted to us through generations are
ever-changing.
● We Should not be blinded by false beliefs. Nor
be hindered towards our development.
Education helps us to keep up with the
development of science and technology.
Reconstruction of experiences
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
FOURTH QUARTER : Prepared by : Kian Kyle Angelo Cosio, 11- STEM 2
● Education is a life-long process. Life is
education and education is life. Life is full of
experiences.
● One cannot live with his past experiences which
are unable to adjust in the society.
● So education helps the individual to reconstruct
the experience and adjust with the environment.
Development of social and moral value
● Society is always in tension with individualism or
selfishness. There is no social or moral value,
today many people are behaving like animals.
But this selfishness and animal-like behaviour
can be changed with mom! education.
● Education teaches the moral value and social
value tolerance. sympathy, we-feeling, love/
affection. respect towards elders, helping the
poor and th needy persons.
Providing opportunity or equality
● The Philippine Constitution emphasizes equality
among the citizens in terms of opportunities and
privileges in all aspects o' society,
● Education teaches us to give equal opportunities
in all aspects irrespective of stratification.
political beliefs. regional sex and religion.
TOWARDS THE NATION:
Inculcation Of civic and social responsibility
● Education helps to make the rising generation
understand its rights and duties as citizens 01 a
democratic Country.
Training for leadership
● The leadership quality of the individual is
developed when he participates in all spheres of
social. political. religious and educational
activities,
National integration
● We are living one country having diversities in
respect of color or skin. economic status. dialect.
food preferences, and mode of dressing. habits
and physical environrnent.
Total national development:
● Education helps for bringing about total national
development by developing all sectors i.e.
social, economic. cultural, spiritual. Moral.
educational. etc.
Differentiation
● is the method of relating people in terms of
certain social characteristics and the classifying
them into social categories based on these
characteristics.
★ The layering of these social categories into
higher and lower positions of prestige or respect
is called social stratification.
★ Sociologists use the term social stratification
to describe the system of social standing.
★ Social stratification refers to a society’s
categorization of its people into rankings of
socioeconomic tiers based on factors like
wealth, income, race, education, and power.
★ Society’s layers are made of people, and
society’s resources are distributed unevenly
throughout the layers. The people who have
more resources represent the top layer of the
social structure of stratification. Other groups of
people, with progressively fewer and fewer
resources, represent the lower layers of our
society.
The Caste System
● Caste systems are closed stratification systems
in which people can do little or nothing to
change their social standing.
● A caste system is one in which people are born
into their social standing and will remain in it
their whole lives.
● People are assigned occupations regardless of
their talents, interests, or potential. There are
virtually no opportunities to improve a person’s
social position.
● In the Hindu caste tradition, people were
expected to work in the occupation of their caste
and to enter into marriage according to their
caste. Accepting this social standing was
considered a moral duty.
● Cultural values reinforced the system. Caste
systems promote beliefs in fate, destiny, and the
will of a higher power, rather than promoting
individual freedom as a value.
● A person who lived in a caste society was
socialized to accept his or her social standing.
The Class System
● A class system is based on both social factors
and individual achievement. A class consists of
a set of people who share similar status with
regard to factors like wealth, income, education,
and occupation. Unlike caste systems, class
systems are open.
● People are free to gain a different level of
education or employment than their parents.
● They can also socialize with and marry
members of other classes, which allows people
to move from one class to another.
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
FOURTH QUARTER : Prepared by : Kian Kyle Angelo Cosio, 11- STEM 2
● In a class system, occupation is not fixed at
birth. Though family and other societal models
help guide a person toward a career, personal
choice plays a role.
● In class systems, people have the option to form
exogamous marriages, unions of spouses from
different social categories.
● Marriage in these circumstances is based on
values such as love and compatibility rather than
on social standing or economics. Though social
conformities still exist that encourage people to
choose partners within their own class, people
are not as pressured to choose marriage
partners based solely on those elements.
● Marriage to a partner from the same social
background is an endogamous union.
Three Social Classes:
The upper class
● consists of the elite families who are the most
prolific and successful in their respective areas.
● These are the groups of people who are stock
holders, investors, and who live in an exclusive
neighbourhood.
● They own many houses; mingle with the same
class, and value heritage most over wealth.
The middle class
● These are mostly professional people like
lawyers, doctors, managers, owners of small
businesses, executives, etc.
● They live in spacious houses situated in best
suburbs. Their income can afford them a
comfortable lifestyle.
● They value education most since education to
them is the most important measure of social
status.
The lower class
● These are the office and clerical workers, skilled
and unskilled craftsman, farm employees,
underemployed and indigent families.
● They live in smaller houses. They are short of
revenue, education or trainings, acquaintances,
and communication. They depend on their pay
check.
Status Consistency
● Social stratification systems determine social
position based on factors like income, education,
and occupation.
● Sociologists use the term status consistency to
describe the consistency, or lack thereof, of an
individual’s rank across these factors.
● Caste systems correlate with high status
consistency, whereas the more flexible class
system has lower status consistency.
Ascribed and Achieved Statuses
● Statuses are not the same. We get different
statuses in different ways. Some are ascribed
statuses, which are assigned or given by the
society or group on the basis of some fixed
category, without regard to a person's abilities or
performance. Examples of ascribed status are
sex, family background, race, and ethnic
heritage. You did nothing to earn these statuses;
you have no control over these characteristics
and had no opportunity or chance to choose
your family, your sex, and your race.
● On the other hand, achieved statuses are
earned by the individual. Example, you become
an actress and singer because you won the
search/contest "Starstruck". You land a good
Job after graduation because the quality of your
performance satisfies your employer. With
achieved statuses, you establish which statuses
you want. Frequently you struggle and exert
more effort with others to get hold of them.
Prestige and Esteem
Prestige
● refers to the evaluation of status. You have
prestige according to your status. For instance,
being a senior
Esteem
● refers to the assessment of our role behavior.
The measure of esteem we have depends on
how well we carry out our role.
Social Mobility System/Structure
● The act of moving from one social status to
another is called social mobility.
● Social mobility makes the inequality of social
class reasonable and, in the point of view of
some, even justifiable.
● If social mobility is high, even though individuals
have unequal social origins, everyone believes
that they are equal in having an opportunity of
getting a higher social class position.
● And if social mobility is low, it is clear that the
majority of the people are stationary with respect
to the status of their ancestors.
● Mobility applies to both groups and individuals.
The two kinds of mobility very often go together.
A disadvantaged
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
FOURTH QUARTER : Prepared by : Kian Kyle Angelo Cosio, 11- STEM 2
People may change their social class position
either of two ways.
➢ They can move from one position to another
position within their social class.
➢ They can move into another class.
Horizontal mobility
● is the movement of a person within a social
class level. For example: if a person leaves the
job of a Principal to become an Education
Supervisor, that person remains in the same
social class.
Vertical mobility
● is the movement of the person between social
class levels. The movement may be upward or
downward. In other words the person may either
rise or fall in the social class structure.
Social Capital
● It is centered on social relationships where it
viewed as the collective asset which is shared
by the group.
● It could also be viewed as a harmonious
relationship between people within the group as
a social network that shares things in common.
Social Status
● The place of a person within a group it also
implies the importance, power, and wealth that
the person has.
● It has also something to do on how other
member of the group view the person.
Social Position
● The person’s place in society. The Position could
be because of cultural stratification.
Income Inequality
● The gap on income between individuals, group
of people, countries. Wealth has a factor to play
on the inequality.
● The wider the disparity between group or
classes the more income inequality
is seen in society.
Gender Inequality
● Pertains biases and discrimination from other
gender.
● It views a certain gender with a role that has less
significance in the society they belong.
● Gender discrimination is also a huge factor in
contributing to inequality in a society.
Ethnic Minorities
● Racial or Ethnic inequality was a result of racial
stratification where the less influence, numbers,
power on a society is being treated with less
priority, in some cases policy making is directed
to the main group of society.
● Racism is the mainstream view of society
depicted in the contemporary.
Types of Stratification/Classification that
divides countries and people.
The Three World Model
● was popularized by the Americans. It [originally]
categorized countries based on the economic
policies that the country adapted, First World
countries the capitalist nations, Second World
Countries comprises of Communist nations, and
the Third World Countries were basically the
others.
● Another depiction known today as the
Developed Countries countries who are
industrialized with advance technology, and the
Developing Countries that are more reliant on
agriculture.
● This kind of stratifications secludes countries
based on its economic performance.
Modern Global Stratification
● was a result of The World Bank categorizing
countries based on the National Income Per
Capita of a country the categorization are
High-Income Countries, Middle-Income
Countries, and Low-Income Countries. H-I
Countries are developed countries which
technological advancement is a key, M-I
● Countries are developing countries that gears
their policy and development towards an
Industrial one, and L-I Countries are developing
countries that struggles in increasing its
development and services to uplift its peoples
living status.
● This kind of classification will reflect on how
households will be classified in the Philippines
the social classes are the following Upper Class,
Middle Class, Lower Middle Class, Working
Class, and the Poor. This classification is not
universal but texts and written articles use this
stratification.
Social Inequality
● is not a new challenge in our society looking on
the social formation even before the colonization
of the Spaniards in the Philippines, our ethnic
social stratification depicts nobles and
commoners.
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
FOURTH QUARTER : Prepared by : Kian Kyle Angelo Cosio, 11- STEM 2
● The spread of Islam from the south upward on
the island the practiced of chieftain headed by
Datus was common.
● The practice of the Northern Ethnic groups does
not directly refer to a Datu but their formation of
council where it comprises of elders showed that
stratification was a practice.
● In the succeeding years of the colonization and
pacification of foreign countries to the islands of
Philippines the social stratification changed from
an ethnic one to foreign, but the inequalities
would be more prevalent not just because of the
disparity in status but also because of race.
● Inequalities in the Society as a topic in general is
very vague to be covered. The following
discussion on Inequalities are the aspects to be
focused for this week lesson.
Income Inequality
● in the Philippines is so widespread that the
workforce of the country is being focused on a
location.
● This kind of setup also shifts population density
in certain geographical location where in time if
not moderated additional problem occurs like
displacement of family member, health issues,
crime rate, carbon footprint, etc.
● The gap on the profit made between farmers
and distributors/retailers is also a part of this
inequality and becoming a problem as the
supposed next generation farmers look for other
means of income.
Education
● is one of the basis on the calculation of the
Human Development Index.
● The literacy rate of a country is also affected by
education.
● The system adapted or developed must suit the
cultural and social needs of the country.
● One of the reasons why the educational system
has variation between countries.
● Discrimination in terms of education happens
when University or College attended becomes a
factor for hiring or promotion.
Inequality in Health
● is depicted when admittance for health facilities
becomes inaccessible for the public.
● This inequality also covers the absence of
updated technology for treatments and adequate
facilities.
● The disparity in the health care shows VIP
Culture, different in treatment quality, and
discriminative gestures from healthcare workers.
Human Development
● Human Development and Poverty Reduction
Cluster
● Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (CCT)
● K to 12 Basic Education
● Responsible Parenthood
● Sin Taxes
● Universal Healthcare Law
Economic Development
● Public-Private Partnership Philippine
● Development Plan 2011-2016
● Comprehensive Tax Reform
● Build, Build, Build” (BBB) Program
Environment and Climate Change
● Development Plan 2011-2016
● Comprehensive Tax Reform
● Build, Build, Build” (BBB) Program
Acknowledgement
● of the Inequalities is one step on finding solution
or mitigating it before it becomes more severe.
Fortunately, the Philippine Government
acknowledges the inequalities that exist in the
society, and it formulates programs to address
these inequalities to mitigate its effect on the
masses. The following are programs of the
Country addressing different Social Inequalities.
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
● People in all cultures vary from one another
based on their age, gender, and personal
characteristics.
● Human culture is not homogeneous, but rather
diverse. Human beings are distinguished not
only by genetic distinctions, but also by
generally accepted standards.
● Individuals are treated socially unequal from the
standards based on social rewards like status,
power, income etc., which is considered as
social inequality. Social inequality simply means
the existence of socially created inequalities.
● Social stratification is a form of social inequality.
A society organizes its members in terms of
superiority, inferiority, and equality.
● Stratification is the mechanism by which certain
individuals come to rank higher than others by
interaction or differentiation.
● The division of society into separate strata or
layers is referred to as social stratification.
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
FOURTH QUARTER : Prepared by : Kian Kyle Angelo Cosio, 11- STEM 2
● It involves a social group hierarchy. Members
within a certain layer share a common identity
and have a similar lifestyle.
● An example of a stratification system is the
Indian caste system. The society in which
divisions of social classes exist is referred to as
a stratified society.
● Modern stratification is fundamentally different
from primitive stratification. Two phenomena are
involved in social stratification;
❖ differentiation of people or groups based on the
possession of certain characteristics whereby
some individuals or groups come to rank higher
than others, the ranking of individuals according
to certain criterion of evaluation.
Definitions of Social Stratification
By Ogburn and Nimkoff;
“The process by which individuals and groups are
ranked in more or less enduring hierarchy of status is
known as stratification”
By Lundberg;
“A stratified society is one marked by inequality, by
differences among people that are evaluated by them as
being “lower” and “higher”.
By Gisbert;
“Social stratification is the division of society into
permanent groups of categories linked with each other
by the relationship of superiority and subordination”.
By Williams;
Social Stratification refers to “The ranking of individuals
on a scale of superiority- inferiority-equality, according to
some commonly accepted basis of valuation.
By Raymond W. Murray;
Social stratification is horizontal division of society into
“higher” and “lower” social units.”
By Melvin M Tumin;
“Social stratification refers to “arrangement of any social
group or society into hierarchy of positions that are
unequal with regard to power, property, social
evaluation and psychic
gratification”.
Origin of Stratification
● According to Davis, social stratification has
come into being due to the functional necessity
of the social system.
● Professor Sorokin attributed social stratification
mainly to inherited difference in environmental
conditions.
● According to Karl Marx, social factors are
responsible for the emergence of different social
strata, i.e. social stratification.
● Gumplowioz and others contended that the
origin of social stratification is to be found in the
conquest of one group by another.
● According to Spengler, social stratification is
founded upon scarcity which is created
whenever society differentiates positive in terms
of functions and powers.
● Racial differences accompanied by dissimilarity
also leads to stratification.
Characteristics of Social Stratification
● Social stratification is universal. No
society in this world is free from stratification.
However, modern stratification differs from that
of primitive societies. Stratification is a
worldwide phenomenon. According to Sorokin
“all permanently organized groups are stratified.”
● Stratification is social Education, property,
power, experience, character, personality, etc.
are considered to be more significant than
biological characteristics. As a consequence,
stratification is social in nature.
● It is ancient. The Stratification system existed
even in the ancient times. The differences
between the wealthy and poor, weak and
powerful existed. Even the importance of
political, social and economic inequalities was
emphasized during the time of Plato and
Kautilya.
● It is in diverse forms. Forms of social
stratification are not the same in all societies.
Different societies, old or present, big or small
are characterized by diverse forms of social
stratification. Class, caste and estate are the
general forms of stratification. For instance, the
ancient Greeks were divided into freemen and
slaves and the ancient Romans were divided
into the patricians and the plebians.
● Social stratification is consequential:
Social stratification has two significant
consequences, one is “life chances” and the
other one is “life style”. Members of a class have
similar social chances but social chances vary in
every society. Among these are chances of
survival and of good health, opportunities for
education, chances of getting justice, marital
conflict, separation and divorce etc. On the other
hand, life style denotes a style of life which is
distinctive of a particular social status. It includes
matters like the residential areas, mode of
housing, means of recreation, the kinds of dress,
to which one is exposed and so on. Lifestyle
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
FOURTH QUARTER : Prepared by : Kian Kyle Angelo Cosio, 11- STEM 2

may be considered as a subculture in which one

stratum varies from another within the
framework of the overall culture.
TYPES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
The major types of stratification are
Caste
● Caste is a hereditary endogamous social
category in which a person's rank and related
rights and responsibilities are determined by his
birth into a specific group.
● This system is considered “close” because it
does not facilitate vertical social mobility.
● Once status is assigned, members of the society Estate
cannot advance and improve their social status
● Another form of stratification in medieval Europe
in any way.
was the estate system, which placed a high
● Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Sudras in
value on birth as well as wealth and
India are of this type.
possessions.

● Each estate had its own state. The estate

system is synonymous with feudalism.
● The nobility were ordained to defend all, the
clergy to pray for all and the commons to
provide food for all

Class
● In modern societies, class-based stratification
prevails. In this system, a person's status is
highly dependent on achievement and ability. It
is defined by a person's abilities, wealth, money,
Slavery
● It is an extreme form of inequality in which some
intelligence, power, education, income, and so
individuals are owned by others as their
on.
property. In this system, every slave had a
● Vertical mobility is extremely easy in this system
master to whom he was subjected and the
because there are no barriers to moving from
latter’s power over the former was unlimited.
one status to another.
● Slavery had an economic basis. Societies of the
ancient world based upon slavery (Greek and
Roman) and southern states of the USA in the
18th and 19th centuries.
Social Mobility
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
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● Movement within the social system from one
social class to another is referred to as social
mobility.
● It denotes a change in social status. All societies
allow some degree of social mobility. However,
they differ in the degree to which individuals may
move from one class or category to another.
Types of Social Mobility
In social stratification the movement occurs in three
directions.
❖ From lower to higher
❖ From higher to lower
❖ Between two positions at the same level.
Social mobility is of two types:
Vertical mobility
● Vertical mobility is the movement of people from
one status or/ and stratum to another, from lower
to higher or higher to lower level.
● It includes changes in class, job and power.
There are two types of vertical mobility; upward
mobility and downward mobility.
Upward mobility
● happens when an individual shifts from a lower
to a higher status.
Downward mobility
● When an individual moves down from one
position to another and changes his status.
Horizontal mobility
● Horizontal mobility refers to the movement from
one social group to another positioned on the
same level.
● This implies that the ranks of these two classes
are the same.
● It involves change in position without the change
in status.
Aside from the two general types of social stratification
described above, there are two other types of social
stratification in terms of time dimension. They are as
follows:
Inter-generational mobility
● Intergenerational mobility occurs as changes in
position occur from one generation to the next.
● For example, if a son changes his status by
taking on a higher or lower rank occupation than
his father, inter-generational mobility occurs.
Intra-generational mobility
● Intra-generational mobility occurs as changes in
rank happen within one generation.
● Intra-generational mobility refers to the rise and
fall of a family's occupational system, which
results in a shift of social standing within one
generation.
According to Britannica Encyclopedia (2016),
social change, in sociology
● is the alteration of mechanisms within the social
structure, characterized by changes in cultural
symbols, rules of behavior, social organizations,
or value systems.
Sources of social, cultural, and political change
Innovation
● is the social creation and institutionalization of
new ideas.
● It is a concept of integrated innovative solutions
to address problems and issues a society is
facing such as unemployment poverty or
environmental issues.
Diffusion
● is the spread of innovations from one social
setting to another it occurs when one group
borrows or incorporates something from another
group such as norms, values, food, clothing, and
other innovations.
Acculturation
● is the processes of change in artifacts, customs,
and beliefs that result from the contact of two or
more cultures. The term is also used to refer to
the results of such changes.
Assimilation
● is the process whereby individuals or groups of
differing ethnic heritage are absorbed into the
dominant culture of a society.
● The process of assimilating involves taking on
the traits of the dominant culture to such a
degree that the assimilating group becomes
socially indistinguishable from other members of
the society.
● As such, assimilation is the most extreme form
of acculturation.
Social contradictions and tensions
● (e.g., inter-ethnic conflicts, class struggle, armed
conflict, terrorism, protests, gender issues)
Some of Socio-Cultural Changes in the
Philippines are concern with:
● Politics
● Job Opportunities
● Pattern of Infrastructure
● Marriage Patterns
● Social Get Together
● Health Awareness
● Eating Habits
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
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● Technology ● This will vary from country to country depending

New challenges to human adaptation and social
change
Global warming and climate change
Global warming
● is the long-term heating of Earth’s climate
system observed since the pre-industrial period
(between 1850 and 1900) due to human
activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which
increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels
in Earth’s atmosphere.
Climate change
● is a long-term change in the average weather
patterns that have come to define Earth’s local,
regional and global climates.
Transnational migration and Overseas Filipino
Workers (OFWs)
Transnational migration
● is defined as “a process of movement and
settlement across international borders in which
individuals maintain or build multiple networks of
connection to their country of origin while at the
same time settling in a new country” (Fouron &
Glick-Schiller, 2001).
● Transnational migrants can actively participate
can range from immigrants remaining active in
the politics of their native country, including
voting for their desired leaders.
Overseas Filipino Worker
● is a term often used to refer to Filipino migrant
workers, people with Filipino citizenship who
reside in another country for a limited period of
Employment.
● There are over 10 million Filipinos working
abroad, making the Philippines "one of the
biggest export countries of labor"
Responding to social, political, and cultural
change
Inclusive citizenship and Participatory
Governance
Inclusive citizenship
● is a form of direct democracy in which all
citizens are involved in policy making and the
government of their city.
● It is a government policy that gives all citizens
equal access to public services, funds and
democratic rights and the ability to represent in
government.
on what is admissible by law in that particular
country.
● In the Philippines, partylist system was created
in the 1987 Constitution with the aim of giving
marginalized sectors or groups, including labor,
peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural,
women, youth, and other such sectors as may
be defined by law (except the religious sector),
representation in Congress.
Participatory governance
● is embodied in processes that empower citizens
to participate in public decision-making, and it
has been gaining increasing acceptance as an
effective means to tackle ‘democracy deficits’
and improve public accountability.
New forms of media and social networking
● The New Media Institute defines new media as
“a catchall term used to define all that is related
to the internet and the interplay between
technology, images and sound.” Examples of
new media include websites, blogs, e-mail,
social media networks, music and television
streaming services, and virtual and augmented
reality.
● That's in contrast to “old media,” which
PCMag defines as all forms of communication
that came before digital technology, including
“radio and TV and printed materials such as
books and magazines.”
● Social networking is the use of
Internet-based social media sites to stay
connected with friends, family, colleagues,
customers, or clients.
● Social networking can have a social purpose, a
business purpose, or both, through sites like
Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Instagram.
Social movements
● A social movement is defined as an organized
effort by a large number of people to bring about
or impede social, political, economic, or cultural
change.
● Sociologists identify several types of social
movements according to the nature and extent
of the change they seek.
Reform movement
● seeks limited, though still significant, changes in
some aspect of a nation’s political, economic, or
social systems.
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
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● It does not try to overthrow the existing

government but rather works to improve
conditions within the existing regime.
In the Philippines, some of these movements are:
Children's Education First Coalition
● sought ways to address congestion in among
schools
Foundation for Economic Freedom
● team working on property rights
Revolutionary movement
● seeks to overthrow the existing government and
to bring about a new one and even a new way of
life.
History-making revolutionary movements happened
in the Philippines:
1896 Philippine Revolution
● revolution against Spanish colonizers
1986 EDSA People Power Revolution
● aimed to end the dictatorship of President
Ferdinand E. Marcos and begin a new era
marked by true freedom and democracy.
Reactionary movement
● tries to block social change or to reverse social
changes that have already been achieved.
● They highlight the importance and greatness of
traditional values, ideologies, and institutional
arrangements. They strongly criticize the
fast-moving changes of the present.
Self-help movement
● involve people trying to improve aspects of their
personal lives.
Examples are:
Hesed Foundation
● is dedicated to programs relating to youth and
education, health, and community building
•
Self-help Organization of Disabled Persons
● run by self-motivated disabled persons to enable
disabled peers in their community to become
similarly self- motivated, and self-reliant.
Religious movements
● aim to reinforce religious beliefs among their
members and to convert other people to these
beliefs.
Examples are:
Rizalista religious movements
● believe in the divinity of José Rizal who is
believed to be is still living and that he will
deliver his followers from oppression and
poverty.