@TCP]CHI PÈI JBW T

@ T Ì H S L B GGA
A T L C B I ] AM B K

FHIHMA
UH@RIA B@JBTA
Thzhs • kclbith`cði
Tbpramu``cði • CCisthkh`cði
isthkh`cði
Lbgarhlcbita Fbiãtc`a
Phicmhm • B iebrl
iebrl bmhmbs
bmhm bs
B k A r mbøa • K h Kb`jb

KHLCIHP H @AKAT
 rìh y
Lbgarhlcbita mbk
Fhihma Uh`uia
Kb`jbra
@TCH S LBGATHLCBI]A MBK FH
FHIHMA UH@RIA KB@JBTA/
IHMA UH@RIA
@rcstchi Pèi`jbz Tbybs

Bsth tbrlcihitblbitb prajcdcmh kh rbpramu``cði tathk a

phr`chk m b bsth adrh dhga `uhkqucbr lbmca a earlh yh sbh
lb `èic`a bkb`trðic
bkb`trðic`a
`a u atras lã tama s sci bk pbrlcsa
prbvca y par bs`rcta mbk
mbk hutar.

` Mbrb`jas Tbsbrvhmas 4>>0

Pbf÷i Kby I ¾ 8068= y M.Kbf. :4
:444

BMC@CAIBP TC^HKLB
M b 7 T c`hrma
c`hrma ^hkal
^hkalcia
cia Lbimazh
T.R.@. I¾86835:6662=
H v ^ra`brbs mb kh Cimbpbimbi`ch I¾ =3:
P h i GuhimbK urc fhi`ja. KCLH 05-^BT×
urcfhi`ja.
]bkbehx7 062-
062-83:
83:22
JB@JA BBKK MB^ÐP
MB^ÐPC]A
C]A KBFHK
KBFHK I¾82
828044>>0
8044>>0 0662
CPDI I¾ 3364 36>6 3 2
I¾

@a lbithrcas
lbithrcas y Pufbrbi`chs
B lhck7 rcphk
rcphklb
lbNN jatlhck.
jatlhck.`al
`al

Bs ui pramu`ta mb7 ^bmcmas hk par Lhyar

@akb``cði «Frhigh y Ibfa`ca¿ | ]bkbeh
]bkbehx7
x7 062 83:2
 aitbic a
^rclbrh ^hrtb7
T6
- - . 6f 6>
68
8> 6H
8¾ ]ec
Thzhs m bk ^hrta ” ” ” ””
Hitbs mbk ”” 66
Fhihma @rcakka ” 82 @rch mb ]blbrès 6:
Thzhs mb
m b @hrib 85
Bi kh ^rclbrh Jarh :4
Thzhs mb Ma dkb ^rapðscta
^rapðscta -8 6 Kh s ^rcl
Khs lbrhs
brhs Pblhihs
Pblhi hs ”” :=
Thzhs Kb`jbr
Kb`jbrhs
hs - -8 6 Hk R bstbtb
bstbtb :6
Pbfuimh ^hrtb7 ^0
8X XiiìrJrc 3>
*L Bie`rl`mhmmbs mb ]blbras Q f-|
A-
A-cc Biebrlbmhmbs Ciebr``ìashs >0
Kas Ð rfhias y s u s Eui`caibs ””””•”40 X=
a`? ^hrèscta >8 Citbr
Citbria
iass h

¾2 Biebrlbmhmbs Cieb``cashs Uìrhkbs y Dh`tbrchihs - 36

36
ceceìì Uh`uihs Y

A6 Lbmc`cih DèsDèscc`h - >0

Y3 ]br`brh ^hrtb7
Pìitbscs mb ^ratbìihs bi kh Kb`jb 43
Bk Jìfhma y su
s u Clparthi`ch 43 e ~ [i iia
Hkc
Hkclbitas
lbitas phrh
phrh Uh`hs Kb`jbrh
Kb`jbrhss 0> iia
0> ”” lu
Frhlìibhs y Kbfulciashs - - 08 @alpasc`cði m b kh Kb`jb
b
i 0= ±Xuã bs kh Kb`jb1 88
8800
EiYcjce* 05
0: Kb`jb `ala Hkc
Hkclbita
lbita mJulhia
`al a Hkclbita
Hkc b ]bribras 8
]8
C=a
=¾ Eh`tarbs qub Heb`thi
H eb`thi kh @alpa sc
sc`c
`cði
ði mb kh Kb`jb 88
8866
Tbpramu``cði == urhbia e” gìu
Hihtalìh Tbpramu`tcvh mb kh Uh`h ==
Hihtalìh, T bpramu`tcvh v h mmbk
bk ] a r a - =2 [±
c`kaa Bstrhì -
B k @@c`k • =0 Hkfuias ^u
^uitas
itas Clparthitb
Clparthitbss 84=
Lhibga Tbpramu`tcva -2 > Ua
Laith Ihturhk ” 20 Kh vbith k±d
Cisblcih`cði Hrtcec`chk - -2= Lhstctcs 8Yd
^rbøbz ” 2: Mbecic`cði ” 845
^hrta 23
v Arfhicslas
Arfhic @hushitbs mb kh L hstct
slas @hushitbs hstctcscs
Ebrtckcmhm 50
Lãtamas mb M chfið
chfiðstc
stc`a
`a 80>
Lbgarhlcbita F biãtc biãtc`a
`a 5= J-0-Ì

/ X uã bbss C X F biãtc`h1
biãtc`h1 5= •ÌXA

F biatcpa
biatcpa y Ebiatcpa 5= •iL
8> +
L htb
htbrcrchk
h k F biãtc`a 52 Tcjkìirleìek --cw
 tramu``c
ramu ``cði
ði
K h «^ra
«^ramu`tcvc
mu`tcvcmhm
mhm Hiclhk¿ bstè ciekubi `chmh p a r ma
ciekubi`chmh m a s frhimbs frupas m b
eh`tarbs kas
kas fbiãtc`as y kas lbmcahl dcbithkbs qu
lbmcahldcbithkbs qub b tcbibi sus
sus prapchs
`hrh`tbrìstc`hs qub sai ib`bshrchs mb `aia`br h eci mb beb`tuhr ui bec-
`cbitb pra`bsa mmbb lbgarhlcbita q u b pramuz`h kkaa s rbsukthmas
rbsukthmas bspbrhmas.
Hitbs m b cic`chrsb bi kh earlh`cði mb ui jhta kb`jbra mbdblas
mbdb las mbecicr
mbecicr
iubstras adgbtcvas pkhicec`hrkh cisthkh`cði y eui`caihlcbita mb mbkk scstblh
pramu`tcva phrh `aitrakhr y lhibghrkh pramu`tcvcmhm
pramu`tcvcmhm m b iubstra jhta. B s -
ta s adgbtcvas rbkh`caihmas `ai khs `aimc`caibs tapafrèec`hs y hldcbith-
kbs mb kh rbfcði mbdbi mbtbrlcihr b k tcpa m b h`tcvcmhm qub vh h mbshrrakkhr
kh blprbsh7 Fhihma pu pura
ra `ru`bs y/
y/aa madkb prapðscta.
prapðscta.
K h pramu``cði mb fhihma kb`jbra s b dhsh b
bii 2 eh`tarbs prci`cphkbs7 L h -
ibga hkclbith`cði rbpramu``c
rbpramu``cði
ði shicmhm y lbgarhlcbita fbiãtc`a. Bs-
tas 2 eh`tarbs h su vbz bstèi bstrb`jhlbitb rbkh`caihmas y heb`thi kh kh
pramu``cði b i earlh citbrmbpbimc
citbrmbpbimcbitb.
bitb.
Mbsmb b k puita m b vcsth prè`tc`a kh `rchizh rbspaishdkb y pkhicec`hmh
clpkc`h kh hmlcicstrh`c
hmlcicstrh`cði
ði hkclbith`cði rbpramu``cði sbkb``cði eh`ckcmh-
mbs m b hkaghlcbita y shicmhm bi fbibrhk. @ala pubmb vbrsb ãstas
mb ãstas eh`ta-
rb s sai mb uih hlpkch rbpbr`uscði b`aiðlc`h y par ka thita pubmbi
ci`cmcr bi cas `astas m
mbb pramu``cði mb uih bxpkath`cði.
B i bk prbsbitb kcdra trhthlas m b ciearlhr h k bstumchitb
bstumchitb praebscaihk a h k
`rchma
`rc hmarr sadrb `ala kafhr ui lbgarhlcbita pramu`tcva
pramu`tcva `aitrakhima
`aitrakh ima tamas
kass eh`tarbs qu
ka qubb heb`thi kh pramu`tcvcmhm mb kh vh`h kb`jbrh.

k utar
 bibr kcm mbs

B k fhihma vh`u i a kb`jbra

kb`jbra pbrt
pbrtbib`b
bib`b hk frup
frupaa mb kas vbrt
vbrtbdrhmas,
bdrhmas, `khsa
`khsa lh lìeb
lìebras,
ras,
armbi mb cas
cas hrtcamè`tck
hrtcamè`tckas,
as, ehlckch
ehlckch Davcmh b, sudehl ckch
ckch Davcih b, fãi bra D a s y bspb-
`cb Das ] hur us
Kas davcias sai rulchit
rulchitbs
bs `arih ma s, tcbibi
tcbibi kas mcbitb
mcbitbss bi earlh mb lbmch kuih y
pasbbi ui bstu`j
bstu`jbb `ariba sastbic
sastbicma
ma par `khvcghsasbhs.

B k fh ih ma vh`ui a arc
arcfcihk
fcihklbitb
lbitb b s citramu`cma h Hlãrc`h murhitb b k pra`bsa m b
`aiqucsth y frh`chs h sus u `hph`cmhm pramu`tcvh sb hmh pta rèpc
rèpcmhl
mhl bitb h k b`ascstblh
m b bsth phrtb m b k luima, `alpctcbima y lu`jhs vb`bs vbi`cbima h khs bspb`cbs
ka`hkbs `hlãkcmas sumhlbrc`hias).

B k fhihma vh`uið bs citramu`cma h lãrc`h

bs
murhitb kh `aiqucsth y sb hmpta
pasctcvhlbitb h iubstra lbmca hldcbitb

Bi kh h`tuhkcmhm s b bi`ubitrh mcstrcducma b i t a m a s ka s b`ascstblhm y pcsas

hktct
hkt ctumcihkbs
umcihkbs,, h pbshr mb qub khs rhzhs
rhzhs l bgarhmh s h÷i ttcb
cbibi
ibi pradkblh
pradkblh s mb hmh pth-
`cði bi kh hkturh.
H s c pubs,
pubs, bi` ai trhl as mce
mcebrbitbs tcpasmb
brbitbs m b `rchizh s ymmbb `rc
`rchizh hm arbs, mbsmb b k pbqub-
`rchm
ø a `hlpbscia, `ai uih b`aia lchm b sudsc sudscst
stbi`c
bi`chh ma im b bk hiclh k `ulpkb uiu i ma dkb
dkb
a trcpkbprapascta mhi ma kb`jb, trhdhga
trhdhga y `hrib? jhsth kas frhimbs `bitr `bitras
as mb pra-
pra-
mu``cði bspb`chkczhmas, ` a i pa dkh`c aibs m b vhrcas `cbitas
dkh`caibs `cbitas m b
hiclhkbs maimb s b rbhkczhi kh lhya rìh rìh m b trhdhgas m b lbgarh-
lcbita fbiãtc`a phrh su pastbrc
pastbrcar
ar bxphi scði.

@ r ì h v L b ga
ga r h l cb i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a bybs
Yi
rcstchi P è i ` j b z
Pcstblhs m b @rchizh
xcstbivhrc
vhrchs
hs earlh s mb `khsc
`khscecec`hr
`hr kas scst
scstblhs
blhs mb `rc
`rchizh
hizh , kh l hs clparthitb sbr
sbrch
ch
hqubkkh q u b sbphrh kh `r chizh sbf÷ i b k bi`cbrra mb kas hiìlhkb7
`rchizh
- Bsthdukhmhs `uhima ka s hiclhkbs bstèi pbrlhibitblbitb b i `arrhkbs, pubmbi
bsthra i a sbphrhmas p a r bmhm y/
y/aa bsthmca
bsthmca pramu `tcva

I a bsthdukhmas bs kh `rchizh bi bk `hl pa, fbibrhklbitb

fbibrhklbitb sb ushi `br`
`br`as
as tblpa -
rhkbs
rhkbs p ubmb i sbr hiclhkbs
hiclhkbs sðka hk phstarba a supkbl bithmas `ai `ai`bitr
`ai`bitrhmas.
hmas.

Lcxtas s a i hqubkkas maimb ka kass hic

hiclh
lh kbs shkbi h phsthr murhitb hkfuihs jarhs mmbb k
m ìh yssaa i bi`brr hmas phrh mbs`hishr y /a `aisulcr b k `ai`bitrhma y/a bk armbøa.
bi`brrhmas

Bstas scstblhssa l blpkbhmas phrh tama tcpammbb `rchizh mmbb davcias, s ci mcebrbi`ch
rb i b k adgbtcva mb kh `rchizh, bs ui scstblh qub sb rbkh`caih lhs h kh aebrth m b k
rbi
hkclbita earrhgb).
^hrh kas vh`uias kb`jbras, s b rb`alcbimh q u b hmblès m b tbibr b i `ubith ka s
prafrhl hs mb hklbith`cði sb `aiscmbrbi
`aiscmbrbi kas `uc`ucmhmas
mhmas bspb`c
bspb`ch-
h-
kbss `ai khs tbribrhs qub sbrèi bk rrbblp
kb bblp khza p ramu`t
ramu`tcva
cva lbgarhma
m b iubstras jhtas.

@akb``cði7 « F r h i gghh y I b f a ` ccbb i

^ar bsa bs qub
qub h `aitciuh`cði i
ias
as rbebrcrblas h kas scstblhs mb `rchizh m b tbrib-
ras mb h`ubrma h kas `ucmhmas y h khs cisthkh`caibs.
@rìh kcdrb
Bstb scstblh trhmc`caihk tcbib m a s lamhkcmhmbs7
- M bghima bk tbribra tama bk mìh `ai kh
kh lhmrb sci armbøhr.
- Mbghima b k tbribra ` ai kh lhmrb mbspuãs mb m b k armbøa jhsth khs
kh s jarhs mb kh thrmb.
]cbib kh mbsvbithgh mb qub kas tbribras hkh k pbrlhib`br uita h kaskas hiclhkbs hmukt
hmuktas
as
bstèi bxpubstas h uih `aithlcih`cði rèpcmh y `aitciuh pa parr biebr
biebrll bmhmbs y phrh-
sctcsla hulbithima kh l arthkcmhm.
arthkcmhm.
B s vbithgasa p arqub sb bvcth bk usa mb lhia mb adrh y l htbrchkbs
htbrchkbs bi kh
kh `aistru`cði
hibga mb kas hiclhkbs.
mb `arrhkbs y bk l hibga
@rch rtcec`chk
]amas kak a s scstblhs m b hkaghlcbita tcbibi b k adgbtcva m b `rchrtbribrhs shkumhdkbs
l hitbic
hitbicãimakhs
ãimakhs hkbghmhs mb kas hiclhkbs hmuktas b i sctc
sctcas
as bspb` chkbs a bi prhmb-
s kcdrbs a `ai luy dhghs padkh`caibs mb phrèsctas.
rhs
rh
@rìh b i shk
shkh
h ` uih ` a i `arrhkbs cimcvcmuhkbs
Ubithghs7
- Kas hiclhkbs bstèi sbphrhmas m b h`ubrma h bmhm y bsthmca pramu`tcva.

- lcibrhkczhmh
Kh tbribrh sb hpubmb
pubm b hk
hkclbithr
clbithr `arrb`thl bitb `ai kb`jb phsta `ai` bitrhma y sh
vakuithm. shkk
- Ia sb lhl hi bitrb
bitrb sì y par ka thita sb bvcthi mhøa s pastbrc
pastbrcarbs
arbs bi kkh
h udrb.
udrb.
Kclcth`caibs7
- B k `asta mb kh `aistru``cði.
@ucmhmas7
- Hit bs mb kkkbvh
kbvhrr khs tbribrhs h khs `uih
`uihss sb mbdb j h`br uih `alp kbth mbscieb
mbscieb``cði.
``cði.
- Kh `hl h pubmb sbr mb vcruth a mb pcsa pcsa mb phrrck
phrrckkh
kh bkbvh ma sad rb bk subka.
- Bvcthrkh h`ul ukh`c ði mb
ukh`cði m b dhsu rhss hkrbmb marm b ka
dhsurh k a s `arrhkbs.
- Bvcthr `arrcbitbs mb hcrb.
- Lhibghrtblpbrhturhs bitrb 80¾@ h 8:¾@.
@rìh b i @arrhkbs @aluihkbs7 Bs uih vhrch`cði mbk mb k hitbrcar utckczhima bi kufhr mb
`arrhkbs cimcvcmuhkbs `arrhkbs `aluibs phrh 5 u : hiclhkbs. Pb mb mbdb
db tbibr kh prb-
`hu`cði mb mbghr suecsuec`cbitb
`cbitb bsph`ca bi `al bmbr
bmbras
as y bk sul
sulcicstr
cicstra
a mb kb
kb`jb
`jb mbd b sb
sbrr
mb lhi brh cimc
cimcvcmuhk
vcmuhk..
^artètckbs7 Bsths sb
@rìh b i @arrhkbs a Ghukhs ^artètckbs7 s b `aka`hi bi bk patrbra y bk hiclhk
sb `rìh bi khs `aimc`caibs iarlhkbs m bk lbmca. sl uy b`aiðlc`a.
@ucmhmas7
- Mbdbi `aka`hrsb bi ui patrbra qub ia jhyh scma phstarbhma par hmuktas phrh
bvcthr `aithlcih`cði pa
parr phrèsctas.
- Khs hukhs sb lubvbi paparr ehghs `hmh 0 mìhs. Bi civcbria bstb
tcblpa pubmb sb
sbrr lbiar.

@ r ì h v L b ga
ga r h l cb i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a rcstchi Pèi`jbz bybs
- K h ghukh mb db tbibr `al bmbra y vhsc
vhscghs
ghs phrh bk hfu h. Kh kb`jb sb ssulcics
ulcicstr
trhh bi
dhkmb a bi vhscghs kclpchs.
- Pc bk tbrrbia bs bi mb`kcvb sb mbdb blpb zhr mb hdh ga jh`ch
jh`ch hrrcdh phrh bvcthr
`aithlcih`cði mb kh phrtb dhg
dhgh.
h.
Pcstblh m b Bsth`h P b rb`alcbimh b i bxpkath`caibs pbqubøhs. B k tbribra s b
sugbth h uih bsth`h par l bmca mb uih safh mb 4 h 0 lbtras y sb rath
rath `hm h 4 h 0
mìhs. Mchrchlbitb sb kb kkbvh kb`jb hfuh `ai`bitrhma y shk.
cstbl m b Pblc`aiecihlcbita Kas tbribras bstèi bi uih prhm brh pbra tcbibi

h``bsa pbrlhibitb
sulcicstrh mchrchl
mchrchl bitb kb`jbzaih
h uih
kb`jb `udc
`udcbrt
brthh maim
y `ai`bitrhma. Mbdbb stbibr
b pratbfbi
p brlhib kh kkuvch.Pb
mbitblbi kbs
kb sy
tb hfuh
s h k l cibrhk czhmh.
czhmh. M bitra m b bstb scstbl
scstbl h s b pubmb jh`br uuii h rrath`c
ath`cði
ði p arerh ighs
sblhihklbitb ` a i h``bsa pbrlhibit
pbrlhibitbb h k èrbh tb`jhmh.
@rìh `ai Iamrczh H uih dubih vh`h sb cb hscfihi 4 ð 0 tbribra s phrh qub kas
hkclbitb.
Mbsvbithghs7
- @ aithl cih`cði mb kas tbribra s par phrès
phrèsct
ctas.
as.
- K h vh`h pubmb prbsbit
prbsbithr
hr pradkblhs mbm b hibstra.

@htbfarìhs mb kas Hiclhkbs bi kh Frhigh

@ a i kh ecihkcmhm mb mcebrbi`chr kas
kas `ucmhmas kh hkclbith`cði y bk `aitrak sb sbphrhi
ka s hicl hkbs sbf÷i `rctbr
h kas `rctbrcas
cas `al a kh bmhm bsthmc
bsthmcaa pramu`t
pramu`tcva
cva y bthph m b pramu`-
`cði mb kb`jb. .
]bribrhs kh`thitbs mbsmb qub i h`b i jhst
jhsthh qub sai mb stbt
stbthmhs.
hmhs.
]bribrhs mbstbthmhs jhsth kas 0 ð = lbsbs. @aivcvbi`ch b i frupas pbqubøas.
]blbrès bi b i `rb`clcbita jhsth kas 84 lbsbs hpraxclhmhlbitb.
Pai hkclb
hkclbithmhs
ithmhs bspb`chk
bspb `chkl
l bitb phrh kafhr ui lèxcla `rb`clcbita
`rb`clcbita
ka qqu
u b sastbimrè tamh s u vcmh pastbrcar.
sastbimrè

@akb``cði « r h i g h y I b f a ` ccaa ¿
Uhquckkh mbsmb kas 84 l bsbs jhst
jhsthh bk cic`ca mb kh
kh prclbrh prbøbz 8: lbsb hpraxc-
prclbrh hpraxc-
lhmhlbitb)
Uhquckkaih hiclhk bi prclbr
prclbrhh prbøbz, jhsth bk phrta.
Uh`hs b i Kh`th`cði vh`hs bi armbøa. Pb pubmbi su mcvcmcr sbf÷i icvbkbs mb
pramu``cði b i `arrhkbs mce
mcebrbitbs.
brbitbs.
Uh`h b i sb`h sai kas kas hiclhkbs qub shkbi mbk pbrc
pbrcama
ama pramu`tcva.
pramu`tcva. Pb prbphrhi
phrh bk
b k scfucbitb phrta,
Uh`hs mb mbs`hrtb sai khs qub sai sbphrhmhs m b k pkhitbk p a r dhgh p ramu``cði
ramu``cði a
p a r bmhm a par biebrlbm hm. ^ubmbi bitrhrh u i pra`bsa m b bifarmb.

^brcamas ramu`tcvas

^brcama m b ^ramu``cði m b kb`jb

B k pbrcama m b pramu``cði m b kb`jb bi vh`h s Jakstbc
Jakstbcii bs mb 8> l bsbs,
bsbs, blpbzhima
trbs mìhs mbsp uãs mbk phrta, pubs murhitb bstas trbs prclbras mìhs kh vh `h pram u`b
bk `hkastra qu b sbrè `aisulcma pa r ssu u `rìh. M b bstas 8> lbsbs fbibrhklbitb
fbibrhklbitb s b
blp kbhi : ð 3 pubs b s kkhh ãpa`h bi kh qub kh vh`h mbdb bitr bitrhr
hr h k pbrcama m b sb`h
hpraxclhmhlbitb hk 6la lbs mb prbøbz). K h vh`h pubmb prbøhr prbøhrsbsb h k sbfuima a
tbr`br `bka mbspuãs m b k phrta, b i `aimc`c aibs iarlh kbs, `aiscmbrhima qub ia jh
`aimc`caibs
tbicma p radkbl hs cieb``casas i c bsth bbii trhthlcbi ta.Kh pramu``cði mb `hmh hiclhk,
mbpbimb mmbb eh`tarbs mmbb jbrbmhdckcmhm mb sus phmrbs, mb su prapca `h rè`tbr kkb`jbb`jb ra
y mb khs `aimc`caibs m b lhibga y hkclbith`cði m b k jhta.

@ r e h y Lbgarhlcbita m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a @ r c s t c h i P è i ` j b z b y b s
^br cama mb Mbs`hisa a Pb`h

rbhkczh bi vh`hs mb sbfuimh prbøbz bi hmbkhitb. Pb mbgh mb armbøhr hpraxclh-

mb
mhlbitb m a s lbsbs hitbs m b k phrta 6la lbs mb prbøbz), bstb bs ui tcblpa
hmb`uhma p hrh qub kh vh`h mb gb mb pramu`c
pramu`crr kb`jb b cic`cb kh pramu``cði
pramu``cði mb `hkastra.
`hkastra.
Bstb pra`bsa sb pu bmb rb
Bstb rbhkc
hkczhr
zhr mb lhibrh ihtihtu-
u-
rhk, sc bk hiclhk bsth pramu`cbima lbias mb 8>
kctras m b kb`jb, sc bk icvbk m b pramu``cði b s hkta,
mbdb h yumh rsb `ai l bmc`hlbitas bspb`
bspb`ìe
ìecc`as qub
cijcd
cij cdhi
hi kh pramu``cði
pramu``cði mb kb`jb.
B i vh`hs ` a i prad kblh s ccieb``casas
ieb``casas bi kkhh udrb a
` a i tbimbi`ch h tbibrkas, sb kb mbdb prakaifhr ka s
tcbl
tcbl pas mb armb øa, prclbra
prclbra uih vbz hk mìh, kubfa
`hmh mas mìhs, kubfa ` hmh ttrbsrbs jhsth kafrhr
kafrhr qub
yh ia pramuz`h kb`jb.
Bi bsth bthph sb mbdb `hl dchr bk tcpa
tcpa mb hkc
hkclbita
lbita
par uia lhs sb`a, ` a i dhga mmbb pratbìih, kh s `ai-
mc`caibs m b lhibga thldcãi vhrìhi par s b r hiclh-
kbs bi mbs`hi sa bi bt
bthph
hph mb fbsth`cði hvhi zhmh.
^hrh vb
vbrr lbgar kh vcmh rbpramu` tcvh mb uih vh`h lh ibghmh b i bst
bsthh l hibrh, sb pubmb
utckczhr bk `hkbimhrca scfucbitb.

BMHM BP]HMA MB K
KH
H U H @H

R ih dubih
dubih vh`h 8> ” 88== lbsbs Kh prclbrh laith.
pubmb sb
s b r hpra- 8= ” 4= lbsbs ^rbøhmh
vb`jhmh jhsth
4 høas 4= lbsbs) ^rclbrh phrta
par : phrtas b
42 8/4 - 46 lbsbs Kh sbfuimh laith
ci`kusa l h s
46 05lbsbs ^ rbøhmh
0 = ” 0 5 lbsbs Bstè sb`h
0 høas 05 lbsbs) Pbfuimh phrta

06 8/4 - 03 lbsbs Kh tbr`brh laith

03 =:lbsbs ^ rbøhmh
=5 ” =: lbsbs Pb`h
= høas =: lbsbs) ]br`brh phrta... bt`

•r
@akb``cði « r h i g h y I b f a ` ccaa ¿
 @TÌ S LBGAT LCBI]A M B K

B i bk l uima sb jhi mbs`rcta `br`h mb

`a i t
`ai i

frhimb i ÷lbr
÷lbraa mb ia bs
ib`bshrca `rbhr iubvhs rhzhs sc ia ushr
kh s rhzhs purhs a `ruzhr mas a tr
khs trbs
bs mb
bkkhs phrh kafrhr ka s adgbtcvas mbsbhmas.
kas

K h sbkb``cði mb uih rhzh

y bi su vhkar
` al a eubitb m b fbrlapkhslh bi kh

phrh ur Y ` a s c s t b .

Ka s hkclbitas phrh khs

Kas

s vh`hs
Khs
Kh
thldcãi pubmbi s b r hkclbithmhs ` a i

. . . .

`brvb`
Hmblès khs
khs vh`hs ib`bscthi
lcibrhkbs y vcthlcihs phrh rbspaimbr h
suss rbqucsctas iutrc`caihkbs K a s hkclbitas
su
phrh vh`hs s a i eerb`ubitblbi
rb`ubitblbitb
tb
`khscec`hmas bi7
 Thzhs

Bi bk lu ima ssbb jhi mbs`rct

mbs`rctaa `br`h mb mas`cbiths rhzhs
rhzhs mcebrbitbs `ai thi f rhmb
i÷ulbra mb fbrl apkhs
apkhsl
l h sb vb qub ia bs ib`bshr
ib`bshrcaca `rbhr iubvhs rhzh
rhzhss sc ia us
ushr
hr
kh s rhzhs purhs a `ruzhr mas a trbs m b b kkhs phrh kkafrhr
khs afrhr ka
kass adgbtcvas mbsbhmas. •
K h sbk
sbkb``cði
b``cði mb uih rhzh mbdb dhshrsb bi su l ãrc
ãrcta
ta pramu`tcva
pramu`tcva y bi su vhkar `al a
eubitb m b fbrlapkhslh bi kh pramu``cði `albr`chk m b `hrib y kb`jb phrh u i
b`ascstblh mbtbrlcihma.

Khs l hyarìh
hyarìh scia tamhs hs rhzhs
tamhs kkhs
davcihs jhi
jhi scma `rbhmhs par bk
jaldrb h trhvãs mb scfkas mb
lbgarhlcbita fbiãtc`a

Fhihma rcakka
^ar ka fbibrhk kh r h zh qub lès pbrscstb bi kh rbfcði bs kh lès hmhpthmh `ai kh
vbithgh mb qub sbsb pubmbi `al prhr kas hiìlhkbs bi kkhh lcslh zaih. Bs euimhl bithk
thldcãi `aldcihrkhs prbebrbi`chs pbrsaihkbs `ai khs rb`al bimh `caibs tã`ic tã`ic`hs.
`hs.
B k fhihma `rcakka tcbib frhi cl parthi`ch
parthi`ch pa pì b m b `rch a kkhh padkh`cði dhsb
parr sbr bk pìb
phrh iubstrh `rchizh h kh qub mbdbl as l bgar
bgarhr
hr fbiãt
fbiãtc`c`hlbitb
hlbitb pbrpbraa `aisbrvhi ma
`hrh`tbrìstc`hs mb h mhpth`cði h k lbmca.
sus `hrh`tbrìstc`hs
B k f hih ma `rc akkaa b s vhkcasa p a r su rustc`cmhm hmhpth`cði h k lbmca y sb
`rcakk sbrr ushma `a
`ai
trcpkb prapascta7 `hrib kb`jb y trhdhga. M bsmb bst bsthh pbrspb`tc
pbrspb`tcvh
vh
bi kh sbrrhiìh dhga `aimc`c aibs hmvbrshs mmbb `rchizh ` a i phstas
`aimc`caibs
padrbs y sbquìhs su s u s Ìimc`bs pramu`tc vas s a i h`bpthdkbs.
pramu`tcvas

@ r ì h y L b ga
g a r h l c b i ttaa m b k F h i h mmaa U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a rcstchi Pèi`jbz bybs
@aiscmbrhlas qub khs rhzhs utckczhmhs phrh b k lbgarhlcbita m b k fhihma `rcakka
sbhi rhzhs
rhzhs m b mad kb pr
prapasct
apasctaa phrh dhk
dhkhi`b
hi`b hr ka s mbeb`tas mb kh fhih mbrìh ka`h k.

T hzhs b @ hrib

Bi iubstra phcs khs rhzhs mb `hrib lhs bspb`chkczhmhs sai khs qub pravcbibi
arcfcihklbitb m b `kclhs
`kclhs tblp khmas, bitr
bitrbb atr
atrhs
hs tbibl as7
Hdbrmbbi Hifus Jbrbearm

clausci Pjartjai

r `kclh trapc`hk sbkvh a `asth m b k trðpc`a) s b ushi rhzhs

rhzhs `bduc
`bducihs
ihs `al a7
Ibkarb Drhjlèi

Cimudrhsck

@akb``cði i F r h i g h y I b f a ` ccaa
Hkfuihs atrhs rhzs
rhzs bi`aitrhmh
bi`aitrhmhss bi iubstra phìs sai7 @jhrakhcsb, @jchicih, Fhccawhy,
Talhfiakh? y bitrb khs `bducihs7 Fyr, Fuzbrht, Dhifus, Phith Fbrtrumcs, bt`.

Thzhs m b Madkb rapðscta

Bitrb khs rhz
Bitrb hs mb madkb prapascta, bs mb`cr pramu`tarhs mb `hrib y kb`jb, mb `kclh
rhzhs
tblpkhma tbiblas7

Iarlhima daim i`b

^hrma Pucza Pcllbithk

Atrhs rhzhs mb khs `uhkbs jhy pbqubøh

pbqubøhs s lubstr
lubstrhs
hs bi Khtcia Hlãrc`h sai7 ]hrbithcsb,
Ercsai Jakhimãs,
Jakhimãs , Hlhrc
Hlhrckka
kka Hk
Hkblèi
blèi,, bitrb atrhs.

T hzhs Kb`jbrhs
Khs rhzhs bspb`chkczhmhs phrh kh pramu``cði kè`tbh tcbibi bi fbibrhk uih cmãitc`h

lareakafìh shkva khs `bducihs). ]ama ssu

u ecscakafcsla bsth arcbithma par bk jaldrb h
trhvãs mb scfk
scfkas
as mb sbkb``cði jh`c
jh`ch
h kh pram
pramu``cði
u``cði kè`tb
kè`tbh7
h7 Hkhrfhlcbita mb sus ear-
lhs, frhi `aitbicma mb kh `hvcmhm hdmalcihk, vbia sa y mcfbstcva patbitb,
hdmalcihk, scstblh vbiasa
bs`hsas h`÷lukas frhsasas y sastbicmas rbimclcbitas.

h `hr
`hrfh
fh fbiãtc`h a jhdckcmhm bs euimhlbithk phrh adtbibr uih mbtbrlcihmh pra-
fbiãtc`h
mu`tcvcmhm yh qub sc ui cimcvcmua ia pasbb bst
bsth
h jhdck
jhdckcmhm
cmhm phrh uih bspb`ce
bspb`cec`h
c`h eui-
`cði, icifuih h``cði mb lhibga kafrhrh ci`rblbithrkh pramu``cði mb bstb cimcvcmua.
h``cði

iathrr qub bk pra`bsa mb ci`rblbita mãkh `hrfh fbiãtc`h ia sb

Bs ib`bshrca jh`br iath
beb`t÷h bi bk lcsla cimcvcmua sci
scia
a mb uih fbibrh`cði h atrh y b
bi
i
uhi`ch bs ui pra`bsa qub rbqucbrb tcblpa, vhrchs fbibrh-
`aisb`uhi`ch
`aisb`

`caibs mb vh`uias scficec`hi vhrcas høas.

r ì h y L bgar
bgarhl cbita m b k F h i h m a Uh`
cbita U h`ui
ui a Kb`jbr
Kb`jbra
a rcstchi P è i ` j b z b y b s
Tbvcshrblas
Tbvcshrblas `al a khs prci`cphkbs
prci`cphkbs bi Hl ãrc`h Khtc
Khtcih h khs sc
scfuc
fucbitbs
bitbs77
Jakstbci Bs kh rhzh lè
lès
s
clparthitb h ic
icvbk
vbk luimchk
lu imchk,,
bi iubstra lbmca bsth
dcbi hmhpthmh h kkh h `asth
pbraa hui tcbib
pbr tcbib pradkblhs
sadrb kas 4,>>> l.s.i.l.
lhk mb hktur
hkturh)
h) y bi kh sbk-
sbk-
vh bstrãs).

Drawi Pwcss H pbshr

m b su `hph`cmhm madkb
prapascta, b i iubstra
phcsb bs lhs ushmh
`a la pramu`tarh mb kb-
`j b p a r s u lhyar eh`ckc-
mhm mb hmhpth`cði h rb-
fcaibs hkths.

Gbrsby Hiclh kbs lès pbqubøhs y mb

lb i a r pramu``cði, pbra m b eè`ck hmhp-
th`cði h rbfcaibs trapc`hkbs y atrhs kA^eb¡cku. • .7CU'G88Y.-
mblbmchih hktctum. Pu par`bithgb mb
frhsh bi kh kb`jb bs lhs hkta qub bi
kh s rhzhs hitbrcarbs.
khs

Fyrr kb`jbrh ^rbsbi`ch clparthitb b

Fy i zaihs trapc`hkbs
bi
bmchh m b kb`jb `a i pa`h `h itc
m b sbkvh, pramu``cði l bmc itcmhm
mhm
m b frhsh. Clparthitb `al a hkt
hktbrihtc
brihtcvh pramu`tcvh bi za-
vh pramu`tcvh
ih s qu
ihs b scblprb j
qub hi prbebrcma kh `rchizh mb vh`uias mb
jhi
`hrib, `ala kh sbkvh y `asth iartb.
Bsth rhzh `bd÷ , hk cfuhk
cfuhk q ub atrhs, eub trhìmh mbsmb Hsch
h D rhsc
rhsckk y mb hjc mcsrtrcducmh h tamh Pumhlãrc`h.

Phjìwhk @aisb`ubi`ch mbk `ru`b bitrb atrhs rhzhs `bd÷,

bi rrbk
bkccmhm h`t÷hi `ala hi clhkbs m b madkb prap asct
ascta,
a, pbra b i
kh s rbfcaibs trapc`hk
trapc`hkbs
bs sb kbs prbecbrb `ala pramu`tarhs mmbb
kb`jb par kh prbsbi`ch m b atrhs rhzhs l h s clparthitbs phrh
kh pramu``cði mb
m b `hrib.

@akb``cði F r h i g h y I bfa`
bfa`ca
ca¿¿
 Iutrc`cði y
kclbith`cði

B k Pcstblh cfbst
cfbstcva
cva
K h vh`h kb`jbrh y atras hiclh kbs `al a avbghs, `hdrhs, d÷ehkas, `hl `hl bkkas y gcrhehs
s a i j brd ìvaras pakc
pakcèstr
èstrc`as
c`as ( vhrcas b stðlh fas ) `uyhs mcbths bstèi `alpubsths
prci`cphklbitb m b lh tbrc
brchh vbfb thk. Ka
K a s rulchitbs ssaa i eè`cklbitb cmbitcec`hmas par-
qub l hstc`hi
hstc`hi kh `alcmh lu `ja h÷i `uh ima ia cifcbrb
cifcbrb i hkclbitas
hkclbitas.. Bs
Bstth h``cði mb

lhstc`h`cði
adtbibr sbh kkhlh
bib rfì
rfìh mb khs rulcih`cði
phrbmbs mb ykhsb s`ãkukhs
phrtb mmbb k khs
pra`bsa q uthldcãi
pkhiths,
pkhiths, b pbrlcthkkhlh
ã k rulchitb
mh ecdrh.
ecdrh.

B k scstbl h mcfbstc va mb kas rulchitbs bbss

mcfbstcva
uihh lhquci
ui lhqucihh tr
trhisear
hisearlh
lh marh luy
luy
bec`cbitb `hphz mb hpravb`jhr lhtbrchs
lhtbrchs
padrbs y jh st
sthh taxc`hs phrh atrhs
atrhs bspb`c
bspb`cbs
bs

Tbtì`uka y Tulbi
B k rulbi y b k rbtì`ukul earlhi kh phrtb l è s frhimb mbm b k scstblh mcfbstcva. ^hrh
eh`ckcmhm, s b kkhlh bsth phrtb b k rbtì`uka rulbi hquc s b pra`bsh kh lhyarìh mb kh
`alcmh (56%). B k rulbi y b k rbtì`ukul bstèi udc`hmas bi bk khma czqucbrma mb kh
vh` h, l cbitrhs qub bk alhsul y b k hdal hsul bst
bitrhs bstèi udc`hmas bi bk khma mbrb`j a.
èi udc`hmas
B i b k rulbi jhy lc`raarfhicslas qub `hldchi kh `alcmh h uih earlh mcfbrcdkb
phrh khk h vh`h. Ci`k uybi ui
Ci`kuybi u i h mcvbrscmh m m b b spb`c
mcvbrscmh bs mb
spb`cbs m b dh`tbrch y pratazaa qquu b `hl-
dchi mcstcitas tcpas m b `alcmh.
mb
K h bspb`c
bspb`cbb malcihitb mb kas l c`
c`raarfhicslas
raarfhicslas bi bk rulbi mb
mb-
pbimb bi kh mcmcbth
bth mb kh vh`h.

@ r ìhì h y L b ga
g a r h l c b i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b ra
ra rcstchi P è i ` jb z bybs
c rt
Bk rbtì`uka y rulbi sai kas prclbras bstðlhfas mb kas ru-
lchitbs. B k `aitbicma m b k rbtì`uka b s lbz`khma `ai kas mbk
rulbi `hsc `aitciuhlbitb.
Hl das bst ðl hfas `al phr t bi u i h padkh`cði mbish m b
lc`raa rfhicsl as dh`tbrch, pratazaa s y euifì) y erb`ubitb-
dh`tbrch,
lbitb sai kkhlhm as bk «rbtì`uka-rulbi.¿
Bk rulbi bs ui paza mb ebrlbith`cði frhimb qub pubmb
qub
`aitbibr jhsth 8>>-84> of mb lhtbrch bi mcfbstcði. Khs
phrtì`ukhs m b ecdrh sb qubmhi bi bk rulbi mb 4> h =: jarhs
parqub kh ebrlbith`cði dh`tbrchih
dh`tbrchih bs ui pra`bsa kbit
kbita.
a. Bk
ai uita
Kh Ekarh h`tbrchih
Tulbi
B k rulbi
rulbi pravbh u i hldcbit
hldcbitbb hprapchma, `ai ui sulcicstra
Tbtì`uka
fbibrasa mb hkclbitas, phrh bk `rb`clcbita y rbpramu``cði
as lc`radcas bitrb bkkas khs qub pubmbi mcfbrcr kh
mb kkas khss phrb- eðrlhkh
mbs mb kkhs hs `ãkukhs mb pkhiths `bkukas h) phrh pramu `cr phrtb l h s
hzu`hrbs sbi`ckk
sbi`ckkas
as fku`ash)
fku`ash),, hmb l hs ebrlbithi fku`ash phrh frhimb
adtb ibrs u bibrfìh y prpramu`bi
amu`bi è`cmas
è`cmas frhshs vakètckbs
vakètckbs HFU)
`ala ka s pramu`tas ecihkbs mb ebrlbith`cði qub
kas qub scr
scrvbi
vbi `ala mbkk
mb
bstalhfa
eubitbs m b bibrfìh phrh kh vh`h.
y bsth
Lcbitrhs qub `rb`bi kas lc`radcas mbk rulbi, pramu`bi udc`hma.hk
hlciaè`cmas, khs
khs pcbmrhs
pcbmrhs euimhl bithkbs phrh prat
pratbìihs.
bìihs. Khs
dh`tbrch pubmbi utckczhr hlaich`a a urbh `al a eubitbs m b
khma
ictrðfbia phrh pramu`cr hlciaè`cmas. Pci kh `aivbrscði czqucbrma
dh`tbrchih, b k hl aiì h`a y kh urbh sbhi ci÷tck phrh kh vh`h. mbkk hiclhk
mb
as Paic mas mb k T ulb i

P b pubmbi aìr kas saicmas m b k rulbi bstalhfa) bi ui hic- xy? Qse

l h k iarlhk `ai kh arbgh pbfhmh hhkk khma czqucbrma m b k hdma-

lbi. Bsta cimc`h sc bk hiclhk bsth `alcbima y hpravb`jhima s u s hk
hkclbitas,
clbitas, m bdb
tbibr mas a trbs saicmas par lciuta sc bs iarlhk.

Alhsa
B k tbr`br bstalhfa a alhsa tcbib u i h `hph`cmhm m b hpraxc lhmhl bitb 8> of. Bk
hpraxclhmhl
alhsa bs uuii ðrfhia pbqubøa q u b tcbib uuii h hk th `hph`cmhm m b hdsar`cði. ^brlctb
hkth
b k rb`c`khgb m b hfuh y lcibrhkbs thkbs `ala samca y eðseara q u b pubmbi rbt arihr hk
rbtarihr hk
rulbi h trhvãs mb kh kh shkcvh.
Bk al hsa ia bs bsbi`c
bsbi`chk,
hk, sci
sci bl dhrfa bs ui ðrfhia mb trhisc
trhisc--
`cði bitrb bk rulbi y bk hdalhsa, qub tcbibi lamas luy mceb-
rbitbs m b mcfbstcði.

@ a k b ` ` c ð i « F r h i g h y I b f a ` ccaa ¿
Hdalhsa
Bk `uhrta bst alh fa bs bk hdal hsa. Bs bstalhfa prapchlbitb mc`ja. Pb`rbth è`c
bstalh è`c--
m a s eubrtbs y l u`jhs bizc
bizclhs
lhs mcfbstcvhs.
K a s hkclbitas q u b bitrhi b k hdalhsa s a i `al pubs tas prci`cphk
prci`cphklbitb
lbitb m b phrtì`u-
khss ia-ebrlbithmhs m b hkclbitas, hkfuias pramu`tas ecihkbs mb kh ebrlbith`cði
kh
lc`radchih y kas l c`radcas
c`radcas m b k rulbi.

Kas Ðrfhias y sus ui`caibs

Citbstcia frhimb
Citbstcia
Citbstcia mb
mbkfhma
kfhma

8 Tulcih`cði

K h rulcih`cði rbmu`b bbkk th l h ø a mb khs phrtì`ukhs mb ecdrh y bxpaib kkas

as hzu`hrbs
c h ebrlbith`cði l c`radchih.
h ch
^ramu``cði mb 85>-8:> kctras mmbb shkc
shkcvh
vh ` uhim a ui
uihh vh`h l hstc`h
hstc`h 55-:
-: jarhs pa r mìh,
pbra lbias m b 0>-2> kctras sc bk rulbi ia bs bstc
bstclukhma
lukhma mblhschma
mblhschma `ai`bitrhma
bi kkh
h mcbth .
K as h lartc
lartcfuhmarbs
fuhmarbs bi kh shkc
shkcvh
vh dc`hrdaihta y easehta) ibutrhkczhi ka kass è`cmas
pramu`cmas parebrlbith`cði lc`radchih, lhitbicbima ui h`c h`cmbz
mbz ibutrhk qu
qubb ehva-
rb`b kh mcfbstcði m b ecdrh y `rb`clcbita m b l c`r
c`radcas
adcas bi bk rulbi.
4 Tbtì`uk
Tbtì`ukaa rul bi
Tbtbi`cði mb phrtì`ukhs khrfhs mb earrhgbs qub
qu b bstclukhi kh rulcih`cði.
Kh ebrlbith`cði lc`radchih pramu`b è`cmas frhsas vakètckbs
`ala pramu`ta ecihk mb kh ebrlb
ebrlb ith`cði m b `hrdajcmrhtas y uih
lhsh mb
m b lc`radcas ` a i hk
hkth
th `hkcmhm m b pratbìih.
g a r h l c b i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a @rcstchi P è i ` j b z b y b s
@ r ì h y L b ga
• Hdsar`cði mb HFU h trhvãtrhvã s m b phrbm mmbb k rulbi. Kas HFU
s a i utckczhmas `al a kh eubitb prc
prci`c
i`cphk
phk mb bib rfìh pphrh
hrh kh
kh
vh`h y `ala prb`ursarbs mb kh frhsh mb kh kb`jb
trcfkc`brcmhs) y hzu`hrbs bi kh kb`jb kh`tash).

• ^ramu``cði m b jhsth 8>>> kctras m b fhsbs `hmh mìh qub

s a i bru`thmas.

0 Alhsa
• Hdsar`cði m b hfu h, samca, eðseara
eðseara y HFU rbscmuas.

=- Hdalhsa mcfbstc
mcfbstcði
ði è`cma) B k pra`bsa
• Pb`rb`cði m b è`cmas eubrtbs y bizclhs mcfbstcvhs. mb
rulc cði
• M cfbstcði
cfbstcði m b hkclbitas i a ebrlb
ebrlb ithmas bi bk rulbi hkfu-
i h s pratbìihs y kìpcmas). pbrlctb
• M cfbstcði
cfbstcði m b prat
pratbìihs
bìihs dh `tbrchihs pramu`c
pramu`cmhs
mhs bi bk rulbi
lhxclczhr
>.
>.22 h 4.
4.22 of/ mìh).

2 C i tb s tc i a m b k f h m a
• Pb`rb`cði m b bizclhs m cfbst
jìfhma y pèi`rbhs.
cfbstcvhs
cvhs par bbkk citbst
itbstccia mb kfhm a,
o l
ebbcr thrk è
• Mcfbstcði bizclètc`h m b `h rdajcmrhtas, pratbìihs y kìpc
kìpcma
ma s. «± eeterì tcðrø mbee r - G
mb
• Hdsar`cði mb hfuh, lcibrhkbs y pramu`tas mb mcfbstcði7
fku`ash, hl ciaè`cmas
ciaè`cmas y è`cmas
è`cmas frhshs.
9.,;;?, **c,c, - -
5 @cbfa y citbstcia frubsa
.

• R ih padkh`cði pbqubøh mb
m b lc`radcas ebrlbithi kas
ka s pra-
mu`tas m b mcfb stcði
stcði i a hdsardcmas.
• Hdsar`cði mb hfuh y earearlh
lh `cði mb jb`bs.

@akb``cði7 F r h i g h y I b f a ` c b i
Ubithghs mb kas ^ a kc
kcfèstrc
fèstrc`a
`a s
K a s hicl hkbs rulchit
rulchitbs
bs pubmbi utckczhr uuih
ih frhi vhrcbmhm mb eubitbs mmbb hkclbitas
`alphrhmas `ai kas hiclhkbs ia-rulchitbs.
ia-rulchitbs. K a s l c`radcas
c`radcas qqub
ub vcvbibi bk rbtì`uka
rulbi pbrlctbi h kas ru rulch
lchitb
itbs
s `a
`aivbrt
ivbrtcrka
crkass hkclbitas ecdrasas (earrhgbs, rbscmuas
mb `ukt
`uktcvas
cvas y hfracimustrch) y bk ictr
ictrðfbia
ðfbia ia-pratbìih (hla iìh`a , ur urbh)
bh) bi hkc
hkclbi-
ta s hkthlbitb iutrctcvas y h`bp thdkb phr phrhh ka s sbrbs jul hias (`hrib
(`hrib y kb`jb).

Kkha s rulcih`cði
hkc
hkcl
l bitas ecdrasas
ecydrasas ssaa i bsbi`chkbs
kh pramu``cði phrh khqub
mb kh shkcvh saimbib`bshrchs
shkum kh vh`h parqub
phrh lkhhitcbibi
hitcbibi
eui`cði
`arrb`th m mbb k rulbi y kas lc`radcas q u b vcvbi hkkì.
R ih vh`h pubmb
pubmb `al brearrhgbs
brearrhgbs (m
(mbb dhgh bibrfìh) y `ai` bitrhmas
bitrhmas (mb hkth bibrfìh),
s ci bl dhrfa, kh hmc`cði m b hkths `hitcmhmbs mmbb `ai`bitrhmas h u i h rh`cði mbdb
sbrr prafrbscvh (= h 2 mìhs) phrh pbrlctcr kh padkh`cði m
sb b dh`tbrch bi bk rulbi h
mb
hmhpthrsb h kh iubvh mcbth.
mcbth.
K a s jb`bs mb rul chitbs
chitbs s a i rc`as bbii lhtbrch arfèic`h (lc`radcas ia-mcfbrcmas)y
s a i ebrtckczhitbs bx`bkbitbs.

Mcstrcdu`cði mb kh Bi brfì
brfìhh
8 >> Bibrfìhh ta thk
Bibrfì 2 ^brmcmh
^brmcmh `a la fhsbs

0> ^brmc
^br mcmh
mh `a l a jb`bs 5> Bibrfìh lbthdakczhdkb

6> Bibrfìh mcfbstcdkb 4> ^brmcmh bi pra`bshl cbita

cbita

2 ^brmcmh `ala arcih => Bibrfìh mcspaicdkb

Mbspuãs mb kh mcfbst
mcfbstcði,
cði, uih vh` h sakhl bitb tctcbib
bib mcspaicdkb
mcspaicdkb => mb khkh bibrfìh
` a i q u b blpbzð. Bk => mb kh bibrfìh arcfcihk, u i h vh`h civcbrtb bi bk lhitbic-
lcbita mbk `ubrpa (`al
(`al a bk lbthdakcsla , h`tcvc
h`tcvcmhm,
mhm, y `hkar) y bi pramu`` cði (`al
(`al a
rbpramu` `cði, `rb`clcbita, y kh
kh kb`jb).
kb`jb). Mb tama ka qub `a l b uih vh` h, ui par`bi-
thgb luy pa`a vh h kh pramu``cði
pramu``cði mb kb`jb.

Kas kclbitas
K a s hkclbitas phrh kkhhsvh`hs kb
kb`jbrhs
`jbrhs pubmbi
pubmbi ¡i`kucrthkkas, jaghs, sblckkhs y rh`c-
las mb vhrchs
vhrchs pkhit
pkhiths.
hs. Khs vh`hs thldcãi pubmbi sbr hkclbithmh
hkclbithmhss `ai sudpramu`tas
cimustrchkbs (jhrcihs m b sbl ckkhs
ckkhs akbhfciash s, lbkhzh,
lbkhz h, frhias `brvb`bras,
sudpramu`tas mb lakcia bt`.).
Hmblès kh k h s vh`hs ib`bscthi
ib`bscthi lcibrhkbs y vcthl
vcthl cihs phrh rrbspai-
bspai-
m b r h sus rbqucsctas iutrc`caihkbs. Kas hk
Kas hkclbitas
clbitas phrh
phrh vh`hs sa
sai
i

erb`ubitblbitb `khscec`hmas hsì7

r~
@ r ì h y L b ggaa r h l c b i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a @rcstchi P è i ` j b z b y b s
 arrhgb
- @ai`bitrhma

- Pupkblbita mb pratbìih
- Lcibrhkbs y vcthlcihs

Huiqub hrdctrhrch, bsth `khscec`h`cði s b dhsb bi bk vhkar m b k

hkclbita `ala sulcicstra m b iutrcbitbs bspb`ìec`as.
Iutrcbitbs sai khs susthi`chs quìlc`hs ib`bshrchs ph rh kh
shkum, l hitbiclcbita,
hitbiclcbita, `rb`c
`rb`clcbita
lcbita y p ramu``cði mbk hiclhk.
K a s iutrcbitbs bi`aitrhmas bi kas hkclbitas y rbqubrcmas
par kas hicl hkbs pub mbi sbr `khscec`hmas
`khscec`hmas hsì
hsì77 Kas
r qu eic ieas
•Hfuh
iutrctcvas
Bib rfìh kìkìpcmas,
pcmas, `hrdaj cmrhtas, pratbìihs)
mbpbimbi
^ratbìih `alpubstas ictrafbiasas) mb kh bmhm
Ucthlcihs y bk bsthmca

Lcibrhkbs pramu`tcva
b i qub sb
K a s earrhgbs thldcãi pubmbi `aitbibr susthi`chs qub ia
tcbibi
tcbi bi vh kar iutrctcva. Hkfui
vhkar Hkfuias
as `al paibitbs tcbibi
tcbibi bst
bstru`t
ru`tu-
u-
bi`ubitrb
rh s `al pkbg hs `alpubstas ebiðkc`as) q u b sa i cimcfbstcdkbs
pkbghs b k hiclhk
y pubmbi citbrebrcr `ai kh mcfbstcði m b hkfuihs iutrcbitbs
par bgblp ka kcficih y thic
thicia).
ia). Hmb lè s hkfuihs pkhiths
pkhiths `ai-
tcbibi taxcihs qub sai mhø cihs phrh kh k h shkum m b k hiclhk.

b`bscm mbs utrctcvhs

s vh`hs vhrìhi bi sus rbqucsctas iutrc`caihkbs. I

Khs
Kh a mbdb-
Ia

las mhr mb `albr ka lcsla h khs vh`hs tama b k tcblpa.

- Uh`hs qub pramu`bi uih hkt
qub hkthh `hitcmhm mb kb`jb ib`bsct
ib`bscthi
hi lès
lès bibrf
bibrfìh,
ìh, pratbì
pratbìih,
ih,
y lcibrhkbs.
- Uh`hs bi kh prclbrh phrtb mb kh`thi `ch ib`bs cthi
cthi l è s bibrfìh qu b vh`hs bi b k ececii
m b kh`thi`ch.
- Uh quckkhs
quckkhs qub bstèi phrcbima
phrcbima par prclbrh
prclbrh vbz ib`bscthi lès iut
iutrc
rc`c
`cði
ði qub vh `h s
lhmurhs.
Pbf÷i bst
bstaa ttbib
bib l as mcebrbitbs
mcebrbitbs ib`bscmhmbs mb h`ubrma h kh
k h bthph
m b vcmh y bsthmca pramu`tcva bi qub sb bi`ubitrb b k hiclhk, bsths

s a i ãpa`hs bi qub bk dhkhi`b mb kh bibrfìh mb kh vh`h

vh`h `hldch.

C]]
ìgl l

@ a k b ` ` c ð i « F r h i g h y I b f a ` ccaa ¿
8 K h ãpa`h bitrb b k phrta y kh pramu``cði lèxclh m b kb`jb K h vh`h tcbib u i
dhkhi`b ibfhtcva mb bibrfìh. Bs bk tcblpa bi qub mbdb mhr mb `albr kh lbgar
`alcmh h kh vh`h.
4 Kh ãpa`h bitrb kh pramu``c
pramu``cði ði lèxclh mb kb`jbkb`jb y bk `aisula l èxclaèxcla K h
vh` h tcbib
tcbib u i dhkhi`b m b bibrfìh. Ia sb hul bithrè
bithrè kh pramu``cði m b kb`jb pbra
tamh vìh bs clparthitb mh rk rkbb ui hk
hkta
ta ic
icvbk
vbk mb iutrc`c
iutrc`cði
ði phrh qub kh vh` h f hi b bk pbsa
q u b pbrmcð. Bsths mmaa s ãpa`hs earlh
earlh i kh prclbrh phrtb mmbb kh`thi`ch.

0 K h ãpa`h bitrb b k `aisula lèxcla b k tbrlcia mb kh pramu``cði m b kb`jb

Ci`kuyb kh lcthm y bbkk ec
ecii mb kh`thi`ch. Kh vh` h tcbib ui dhkhi`b pasctcva mb bibrfìh y
blpcbzh h fh ihr pbsa. P b pubmb blpbzhr h mhr h kh vh`h `alcmh m b lbmchih
`hkcmhm

= K h ãpa`h bi qub kh vh`h bstè sb`h B i bstb tcbltcbl pa s b pubmb mhrkb

mhrkb `a lcmh m b
dhgh `hkcmhm.
`hkcmhm. Bk ppbsa
bsa qub fh ih kh vh`h bs bk pbsa mb kh `rì
`rìhh `rb`cbima
`rb`cbima hmbitra.
hmbitra.

K a s Frupas mb Lhibga
Bitai`bs b s rb`alb
rb`alb imhdkb mcvcmcrkhs vh`hs b i sbcs
sbcs lhihmhs phrh pambr hkclbithr
`hmh uih mb h`ubrma `ai sus ib`bscmhmbs
8 ^rclbrh phrtb mb kh`thi`ch7 Kh pbrmcmh mb kb`jb `hushmh par kh ehkth mb `alc-
mh bi kas prclbras trbs lbsbs mb kh`thi`ch ia sb pubmb rb`upbrhr Bs bk tcblpa bi
bi
q u b kh vh`h pubmb trhisearl hr `al cmh h kkb`jb
b`jb ka lès bec
bec`cbit
`cbitblbitb.
blbitb. Bitai`
Bitai`bs
bs
`hmh ocka mb `alcmh bxtrh qub rb`crb`cdb
db kh vh`h bspb`chkl bitb sc rb`c
rb`cdb
db dh khi`bh ma
kh lhyar pramu``cði m b kb`jb sb vh h vbr. Bs luy clparthitb mhrkb m b `albr dcbi bi
bsth ãpa`h. K h `alcmh prbphrhr
prbphrhrèè h kh vh`h h bitrhrbi kh laith
b i kh prðxclh phrtb m b kh`thi`ch
kh`thi`ch parqub u i h vh`h mblhschma
ekh`h i a `ai`bd crè
crè eè`cklbitb

r ì h y Lbg
Lbgarh
arhl
l cbita m b k Fh
Fhih
ihma
ma Uh` uia
uia Kb`j
Kb`j bra/
bra/ rcstchi P è i ` j b z b y b s
4 . Lcthm mb kh`thi`ch7 Bs bk tcblpa bi qub qucbr
mb qucbrbb pbish r bi
bi paibr kkh
h vh`h bi kh
laith atrh vbz. B s lbgar paibr kh vh`h `ai bk tara `uhima bstè lhitbicbima a
fhihima pbsa ia pbrmcbima. Iarlhklbitb bst bstaa bs 5> ð 6> mì
mìhs
hs mbspuã s mb
mbkk phrta.
Mbdb `aitciuhr mèimakb mb `albr dcbi pbra ia sb vh h vbr kas hkta icvbkbs m mb
b
pramu``cði m b kb`jb.
0. Eci mb kh`thi`ch7 Kh
K h vh`h i a mhr
mhrèè l u`jh kb`jb bbii bst
bsthh ãpa` h s c rb`cdb dubih
iutrc`cði a ia. Bitai`b s ia bs ib`bs hrca mhrkb hktas icvbkicvbkbs
bs m b iutrc
iutrc`cði
`cði y sb
pubmb blpbzhr kclcthr s u `aisula m b dhkhi`bhma. K h vh`h tamhvìh mbd b `aitciuhr
fhihima pbs
pbsa.
a. Pb pubmb bl pbzhrsb`èim akh.
= . Uh`
Uh`hs
hs sb `hs7 Hjarh bs bk tc
sb`hs7 tcblpa
blpa phrh paib rkh vh
vh`h
`h b i patrbras mmbb dhgh `hkcmhm
`al a ka
kas
s mbsp
mbspbrmc`ca sm
brmc`cas b scb
mb scbld rhs. Kh vh`h pubmb `albr `alcmh mb dhgh `hkcmhm
ldrhs.
sci supkbl bitas `al a lbkhzh a dhkhi`bh ma. Pci bld hrfa bs clparthitb
clparthitb tamhv ìh
mhrkb shkbs lcibrhkbs parqub lu`jhs vb`bs kh `alcmh mb dhgh `hkc `hkcmhm
mhm bs mbec`cbi-
tb bi lcibrhkbs.
lcibrhkbs. Kh vh` h `aitciuhrè fhi him a pbsa pbra
pbra bk pbsa bs
bs bk `ubr
`ubrpa
pa mb kkhh
`rìh `rb`cbima hmbitra.
2. Uh`hs kcsths h phrcr7 Mas sblhihs hitbs
Mas
m b k phrta tcbib q u b blpbzhr h mhrkb m b `albr
ui pa`a mb dhkhi `bhm a prafrbsc
prafrbscvhlbitb
vhlbitb phrh mmhr
hr
h kas lc`raarfhicslas bi bk rulbi tcblpa h
hmh pthr hk lès hkta icvbk mb iutr
iutrc`c
c`cði
ði qub rb`cd
rb`cdcc-
h vh`h mbspuãs m b k phrta.
rè kkh
]hldcãi kh vh`h tbimrè u i h hkt
hkthh mbl him h phrh
`hk`ca mbspuãs m b k phrta. Bst
Bstbb `hk`ca vbimrè m b
kas jubsa s y mbk trh`ta fhstracitbstcihk
fhstracitbstcihk..
Pc kh vh`h bstè rb`c
rb`cdcbima
dcbima ui supkbl bita mb `hk-
`ca bs rb`albimhdkb kclcthr bk `hk`ca hitbs mbk
phrta phrh bisbøh rk rkbb h sh`hr bk `hk`ca mb su `ubr-
pa. Ri supkblb ita mb kh vct vcthlcih
hlcih M kb kb hyumhrè
b i hdsardhr b k `hk`ca. QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQYQQQ
5 . ]bribrhs `rb`cbima7 Bs cclparthitb
lparthitb paibr lès htbi`cði
htbi`cði bi khs tbr
tbribrhs
ibrhs `uhima
bstèi
bst èi `rb`cbima
`rb`cbima qub fhsthr l u`ja bi `urhr a lhitbibr uih vh`h mãdck `uhima sbh
frhimb. K h s tbribrhs b i `rb`clcbita ib`bscthi `alcmh ` a i dubias icv icvbkb
bkbss mb pra-
tbìih y bibrfìh b i hmc
hmc`cði
`cði ès hkb s lcibrhkbs
lcibrhkbs phrh kkhh prbvbi`cði mmbb lu`jhs biebrlb-
mhmbs ` hus hm hs par mbec mbec`cbi`
`cbi`chs.
chs. ]hldcãi bs clparthitb rb`armhrrb`armhr qub bk prclbr
phrta phrh uih vhq uckkaih bs eubrtb. Lu`jhs vb`bs kh vhqu ckckkaih kaih ttcbib
cbib pradkblhs
pradkblhs
phrh phrcr p a r s u `ubrpa pbqubøa y ehkth m b bxpbrcbi`ch. PC b s pascdkb b s lbgar
paibr kh vhquckkaih bi ui bsthdka ka lès `br`h mb kh `hsh phrh
lhi tbibr ui ag agaa vcfckhitb `uhima kkbfh
kkbfh bk tcblpa
tcblpa mbk ph rta y `akh-

`aii bkkh.
darhr `a
akb``cði F r h i g h y I b f a ` ccaa ¿
Rtckczh`cði m b Kìpcmas bi kh cbth
h lcthm mb kh frhsh bi kh kb`jb bs mbrcvhmh m
@hsc kkh bk lbthdakcsla m
mbk b kìpcmas bi kh
mb
fkèimukh l hlh rch.rch. Bst
Bstas
as è `cmas frhsas pravcbibi prci`cphklbi tb mb khs kcpapratbìihs
pravcbibi prci`cphklbi
rc`hs b i trcfkc`ãrcmas. R i hulbit a mb m b è`cmas frhsas bi kh mcbth hul bith ssuu sb`rb-
`cði bi kh kb`jb
kb`jb , pbra thl dcãi cijcdb b k sìitbscs m b è`cmas frhsas m b `hmbi h `art
`arthh
y lbm chih).
chih) . Hsì kh mbprbscði lhr`hmh bi kh sb`rb`cði mmbb frhsh bi kh kb`jb `uhima
s b hkc
hkclb
lb ith kh s vh`hs ` a i mcbths dhghs b i ecdrh i a pubmb s b r `al pbishima mhima
l è s frhsh bi kh mcbth.
Pìitbscs mb ^ratbìih bi k Kb`jb
Murhitb kh kh`thi`ch, kh fkèimukh lhlhrch tcbib u i h hkth prcarcmhm phrh utckczhr
hlciaè`cmas. Bk lbthdakcsla mb hlciaè`cmas bi kh fkèimukh lhlhrch bs sulh-
lbitb `al pkbg a. Kh lh yarìh
pkbga. yarìh mb kas hl ciaè`cmas hdsardcmas par kh fkèimukh l hlh rch
hdsardcmas rch
b s utckczhmh phrh scitbtczhr pratbìihs mb kb`jb.
K h kb`jb `aitcbib
`aitcbib hpraxclhmhl bitb 0>f mb prat pratbìih
bìih pa rof ., pbra
pbra j h y mcebrbi`chs
rhzhs y mbi tr
clparthitbs b itrb rhzhs traa kh lcslh rhzh mmbb vh`hs. K h s pratbìihs m b subra
m b kb`jb thldcãi s a i scitbtczhma s m b hl ciaè`cmas
scitbtczhma ciaè`cmas bi kh fk
fkèim
èim ukh lhlhrc
lhlhrch. h. H kfu-
i h s prat bìihs bi`a itrhmhs bi kh kb`jb ciluiafkadukcihs) sb bi`hrfhi m b trhislc-
pratbìihs
tcr rbscstbi`ch m b bie brlbmhmb s hk tbribra rb`cbi
biebrlbmhmb rb`cbi i h`cma. K h s ciluiafkadukc
ciluiafkadukcihsihs s a i
hdsardcmhs m cr b`tblbitb mb kh shifrb y i a scitbtczhmh
crb`tblbitb scitbtczhmh mb itra khk h fkèim ukh lhlhrch
lhlhrch
y hsc su `ai`bitrh`cði bi bk `hkastra ia bs hkta. K h kb`jb `aitcbib `al pkbgas m ã
ictrðfbia ia-pratbìih i`hitcmhmbs l uypbqubøhs par bgblpka urbh7 >.>: f/of. .
luy

B k Jìfhma y s u Clparthi`ch
B k Jì
Jìfhma
fhma ubf h uuii phpbk clp
clp arthitìscla bi kh mcfbstcði y b i fbibrhk bi kh supbrvc-
vbi`ch mb kas sbrbs vcvas , bs bi bst
bstbb ðrfhi a maim b s b scitbtczhi y y mcstrcduyb i kas
mcstrcduyb ka s
mcebrbitbs
mcebrbitbs iutrcbitbs
iutrcbitbs qub rbqucbrb bk arfhicsl a.

B i pbrcamas mmbb su d-hkc

d-hkclbi
lbi th`c ði a bi kh prclbrh phrtb mmbb kh`thi`ch, khs
th`cði kh s vh`hs b i -
erbithi su mb l hi mh phr
phrhh bi brfìh lavckc zhima ka s tbg
lavckczhima tbgcmas
cmas hmcpasas phrh adt adtbibr
bibr
bibrfìh sa drb hqubkkh pravbì
pravbìmh
mh bi kh mcbth. K a s è`c
è`cmas
mas frhsa s mb cas trcfkc`ãrcmas
hklh`bihmas bi cas tbgcmas hmcpasas udc`hmas prci`cphklbitb bi bk hdmalbi y
bi`clh mb kas rìøaibs) sai kcdbrhmas jh`ch kh shifrb.
K as è`cmas frhsas kcdbrhmas
kcdbrhmas sa
saii hdsardcmas par bk jìfhma maimb pubmbi s b r utckczh-
m a s `al a eubitb
eubitb mmbb bibrfìh a `aivbrtcmas h obtaihs q u b pubmbi s b r kcdbr
kcdbrhmas
hmas jh`ch
kh shifrb y utckczhmas `ala u i h eubitb m b bibrfìh b i lu`jhs tbgcmas.
K h frhsh mbp ascthmh bi bk jìfhma jh`b mceì`ck h k jìfhma earlhr
ascthmh
lès fku`ash. Bsth `aimc`cði a`urrb prci`cphklbitb bi kas prc-

lbras mìhs m b kh`thi`ch y pubmb kkbvhrh mbsarmbibs l bthdðkc`as.

bthdðkc`as.
@ r ì h v L b ga
ga r h l cb i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a rc stc hi Pèi`jbz bybs
Hkclbitas phr
phrhh Uh`hs Kb`j brhs
Kas hkclbitas sb `khscec`hi bi khs scfucbitbs `htbfarìhs7
• Earrhgbs?
• ai`bitrhmas (hkc
@ ai`bitrhmas (hkcl
l bitas phrh bibrfìh y pratbìih)?
• Lcibrhkbs y Ucthlcihs (supkblbitas).

Bstb bs ui l ama `aiv bicbitb phrh ` khscec`hrkas

Bstb khscec`hrkas hkclbitas,
pbra u i pa`a hrdctrhrca. KhK h `khscec`h`cði i a bstè i clparth
clparthi-
i-
tb `al a shd br `uh kbs hkc
hkclb
lb itas sai mcmcspaic
spaicdk
dkbs,
bs, vhkar iutrc- . -
Kas earrhgbs
earrhgbs
-.'c-Y/ v

tcva y kas eh`ta rbs qu b heb` thi su utckc

utckczh`cði
zh`cði bi uih rh`cði.
puãmbcq sebr •?
/frrh lìiãh
/f ìiãhs s ð/
ð/
'ì .-"''•
'•B-.

qub tcbibi '

-.. - .
aalparthribrta

vbfbthtcva
mcebrbitby
drcimhi
iutrcbitbs
arr gbs C mcebrbitbs hc
v fhihma
Bi fbibrhk, ka s earrhgbs sai khs phrtbs vb fbthtcvhs mb khs
fbthtcvhs [s frhlìibhs a kbfulci

prapar`cði mb ecdrh (lès mb 0>% mb ecdr

ecdrhh ibutra mbtbrfbit
mbtbrfbitb).
b).
K a s earrhgbs s a i rbqubrcmas bi kh mcbth bi uih earl h eìsc`h
eìsc`h
tas`h (phrtì`ukhs mb l ès mb 8 a 4 ll. m b kaifctum).
Rsuhklbitb ka s earrhgbs s b pramu`bi bi kh prapc
prapchh frhigh. ^ubmbi s b r phstarbhmas
mcrb`thlbitb, a `asb`jhmas y prbsbrvhmas `al a bisc bisckhg
khgbb a jb ia. Pbf÷i kh bthph
m b kh`thi`ch, pubmbi `aitrcducr mbsmb `hsc 8>>% (bi vh`h s ia-kh`t
ia-kh`thitbs)
hitbs) h ia l b-
i a s mb 0>% (bi vh`hs bi kh prclbrh phrtb m b kh`thi`ch) mb kh lhtbrch sb`h bi kh
rh`cði. K h s `hrh`tbrìstc`hs fbibrhkbs m b earrhgbs sai kas scfucbitbs7
Uakulbi7 B k vakulbi kclth kh `hitcmhm q ub `albrè kh vh`h. K h cifbstcði m b
bibrfìh y kh pramu``cði m b kb`jb pubmbi sb s b r kclcthmhs sc jhy
mbl hschma earrhgb b i kh rrh`cði.
h`cði. Pci bl dhrfa, hkcl
hkcl bitas kasvaku-
l ciasas sai bsbi`c hkbs ph rh bstclukhr kh rulcih`cði y lhitb-
bsbi`chkbs
i b r kh shk
shkum
um mb kh vh`h.

@akb``cði7 Frhigh y I bfa`ca

bfa`ca¿¿
 Hkth Ecdrh y Dhgh Bibrfìh7 Earrhgbs pubmbi `aitbibr mb 0> jhsth 3> % m b ecdrh
3>%
(ecdrh i butra mbtbrfbitb). B i fbibrhk, bk lès hkta b
bii `aitbicma mb ecdrh, l è s dhga bk
`aitbicma mb bibrfìh mb k earrhgb.
• @aitbicma m b pratbìih bs vhrchdkb7 Pbf÷i kh lhmurbz, khs kh s kbfulciashs pub-
m b i tbibr 8 2 h 40% mb pratbìih `rumh, frhlìibhs `aitcbibi : h 8:% pratbìih
`rumh (sbf÷i bk icvbk mb ebrtck
ebrtckczh`cði
czh`cði `ai ictrðfbia) y kas rbs cmuas mb `asb `jhs
pubmbi tbibr saka 0 h =% mb pratbìih `rumh (ph (phggh).
Mbsmb ui puita
puita mb vcst
vcsthh iutrc`caihk, kas earrhgb s pubmbi vhrchr bitrb hkcl
hkcl bitas l uy
(phsta gavb i y su`ukbita, kbfulciashs bi ssuu bthph vbfb thtcvh)
dubias (phsta thtcvh) h l u y padrb
(phghs y rhlaibas).

F r h l ì i b h s y K b f u l ci
ci a s h s
Earrhgbs mb hkt
Earrhgbs tbr`brh phrtbs m ã k h l htbrch
hkthh `hkcmhm pu bmbi `aistctucr mas tbr`brh htbrch sb`h bi
kh rh`cði m b vh`hs, q u b `albi 4.4.22 h 0% mb su
su pbsa `arparhk `ala lhtbrc
lhtbrch sb`h
(bgblpka, u i h vh`h mb 5>> of. pubmb `albr 82 h 8: of. mb lhtbrch sb`h bi ui
earrhgb dubia).
Pci bldhrfa, earrhgbs mb dubih `hkcmhm, hkclbithmas bi rh`caibs dhkhi`bhmhs,
sulcicstrhi lu`ja mb kh pratbìih y bibrfìh ib `bshrchs phrh kh pramu``cði mmbb kb`jb.

Y eP v
'19 •-, £~9 y x
*• - «k Y-9Gr9YZ7t- -.Jjr
Gecp-U P.
* •*• •,* --1Yv

£
h . ' •kc.cH
*U--.@'.YÌ1 - * *P£
-±21 ,
P±-
•

Frhlìibhs

K h s `aimc`caibs mb subkas y `kclh tìpc`hlbitb mbtbrlcihi kas tcpas

tcpas mb earrhg
earrhgbs
bs
l è s `al÷i bi uih rbfcði.
]hita frhlìibhs (rhyfrhss, dralb, dbrlumh, eebstu`h
bstu`h y ar`jara)
y kbfulciashs (hkehkeh, trãdak, kbspbmbzh) s a i hlpkchlbitb ` a -
ia`cmas
ia`cmas hkrbmbmarmb k l uima.

@ r ì h y L b ggaa r h l c b i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a rcstchi Pèi`jbz bybs

Kas phstas ib`bsctbi
ib`bsctbi ebrtckc
ebrtckczhitbs
zhitbs ict
ictrafbih
rafbih mas y `ai mc`caibs hmb` uh mh s mb jul b-
m h m phrh `rb`br dc
dcbi.
bi. P ci b ld h rf a, kkhh s kbful
kbful ciashs sai lès rbscstbitbs h kh sb-
quìh y pubmbi hfrbfh r4>>of mb ictrðfbia/høa
ictrðfbia/høa /jb`tèrbh hk subka parqub `aivcvbi
hsa`chmas ` a i dh`tbrch q u b pubmbi `aivbrtcr ictrðfbia m b k hcrb h ebrtckczhitb
ictrafbihma.
Bk vhkar iutrctcva mb earrhgbs bs hkthlbitb ciekucmh par kh bthph mb `rb`clcbita `uhima
s a i `asb`jhmas a phstarbhmas.
B k `rb`clcbita
`rb`clcbita pubm b s b r mcvcmcma b i trbs
trbs bthphs su`bscvhs7
Bthph vbfbthtcvh?
Bthph mb ekarh`cði?
Bthph mbm b earlh`cði mb
m b sblckkhs.

Rsuhklbitb,y lès
vbfbthtcva b k vhkar
dhgaiutrctcva mb uim bearrhgb
bi kh bthph bs lhs
earlh`cði hkta murhitb
m b sblckkhs. @aibkh k `rb`clcbita
hvhizh m b
lhmurbz, kh `ai`bitrh`cði mb pratbìih, bibrfìh, `hk`ca, eðseara y lhtbrch sb`h
mcfbstcdkb
mcfbstcdkb bi kh pkhit
pkhithh sb rbmu`b i lcbitr
lcbitrhshs kh `ai`b itrh`cði mb eecdr
cdrhh hul bith.
Lcbitrhs hulbith kh ecdrh hulbith bk `aitbicma mb kcficih, hsì jh`cbima kas
`hrdajcmrhtas lbias mcspaicdkbs h kas l c`radcas c`radcas m b k rulbi. @ al a rbsukthma,
rbsukthma, bk
bk
vhkar bibrfãtc`a m b k earrhgb sb
s b rbmu`b. Hsì, `uh ima kakass earrhgbs s a i pramu`cmas ``aa i
b k prapðscta m b hkclbithr fhihma, mbdbi s b r `asb`jhmas a phstarbhmas bi uih
bthph gavbi. Bk lhìz y bk sarfa, `asb`jhmas phr phrhh bi sck
sckhgbsai
hgbsai mas bx`bp`caibs,
parqub h pbshrqub b k vhkar iutrctcva mb khs phrtbs vbfbthtcvhs
vbfbthtcvhs m b
kh pkhith thkka y jaghs), bi kh earlh`cði m b sbl ckckkhskhs u i h `hitcmhm
hkth mb hklcmði mcfbstcdkb h`ulu kh bi kas frhias.

akb``cði « r h i g h y I b f a ` ccaa ¿
B k rbimclcbita
rbimclcbita l èxcla mb l htbrch sb`h mcfbstcdkbb bi `a-
mcfbstcdk
sb`jh earrhgbrh s b adtcbib7
Murhitb kh prclbrh phrtb m b lhmurbz bi bk `hsa m b
frhlìibhs?
Bi kh bthph mb lbmca h lhmurh phrh kkbful
bful ciashs?
Hitbs mb qub kas frhias sa
saii `alpkbthlbitb cimbithmas
`ala bi bk lhìz y sarfa.
J h y pa`a qub sb pubm b jh`b r phrh prbvbic
prbvbicrr kh pbrmcmh mb
mb
vhkar iutrctcva mb ui earrhgb `ai kh hvhizh mb su lhmurbz.
^ a r `hmh mìh mb htrhsa bi kh `asb`jh mbspuãs mbk la-
lbita ðptc
ðptcla
la mb lhmurbz, kh pr pramu``cði
amu``cði kb`jb rh pat
patbi-
bi-
`chk mb khs vh`hs ququbb `alb bk earrhgb sbrè heb`thmh. Pc Pci
i
bldhrfa, jhj h y vhrchs bstrhtbfchs qub sai mcspaicdkbs phrh
l hitbibr kh mc
mcspaic
spaicdc
dckckcmhm
mhm mb earrhgbs `ai vhkar iutrctcva7
8 Mb shrrakkhr uih bstrht
bstrhtbfch
bfch mb p hstarba qub `a rrbspai-
mb hk iul bra mb hiclhkbs bi kas patrbr
patrbras
as y kh thsh mb `rb`
`rb`clc
clcbita
bita mbk phs
phsta
ta..
4 . Pbldrhr u i h lbz`kh m b phstas y kbfulciashs q u b tcbib thshs mcebrbitbs m b
`rb`clcbita y lhmurbz murhitb kh bsth`cði.
0. @asb`jhr bi uih bthph tblprhih mb lhmurbz y prbsb
prbsbrvhr
rvhr `al a jbia a bisckhgb
= . Hkcl
Hkcl bithr kas earrhgbs
earrhgbs mb l biar `hkcmhm h khs vh`hs sb`hs a khs vh`hs bi uktclhs
bthphs mb kh`thi`ch y kas
kas earrhgbs dub ias h kkhs
hs vh`hs cic
cic`chima
`chima su kh`thi`c
kh`thi`ch.
h.
Tbscmuas m b `asb`jhs y sudpramu`tas fracimustrc kbs
K a s rbscmuas sai khs phrtbs mb khs pkhiths qub sb qubmhi bi bk `hl pa mbspuãs
mbspuãs m b
`asb`jhr bk `uktcva
`uktcva prc
prci`c
i`cphk
phk par bg
bgbl
bl pka phi`h mb lhìz, phgh mb `brbhkbs, dhfhza
m b `høh m b hz÷`hr). K a s rbscmuas pubmbi s b r phstarbhmas, pra`bshmas `ala u i
hkclbita sb`a, a `ai vbrtc mas h bisckhgb. Hquì `hrh `tbrìstc
vbrtcmas `tbrìstc`hs
`hs fbibrhkbs mb kh lhya-
rì
rìhh m b rbscmuas7
Pai ui hkc
hkclb
lb ita dhrhta y vakulciasa?
P a i hkta b i ecdrh cimcfbstcdkb mbdcma h su
s u `aitbicma hkta m b kcficih ]rhthlcbitas
quìlc`as pubmb i l bgarhr su vhka r iutrc
iutrctc
tcva?
va?
Dhga bi pratbì
pratbìih
ih `rumh?
Tbq ucbrbi
ucbrbi supkblbith`cði
supkblbith`cði hmb`uhmh bspb`chk
bspb`chklbitb
lbitb ` a i pratbìih y lcibrhkbs?
Tbqucbrbi bsthr pc`hmas `uhima ssaa i `asb`jhmas a hitbs m b hkclbithr?
^ubmbi s b r ci`kucmas bi khs rh`caibs m b vh`hs ia-kh`thitbs
q u b tcbibi
tcbibi mbl himhs lbiarbs phrh bibrfìh.
bibrfìh.

@rì h y bgarhlcbitam b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a @rcstchi P è i ` j b z b y b s

Jb i a
Jbia bs bk pramu`ta rbsukthitb mb kh mbs jcmrhth`c
jcmrhth`cði
ði ihturhk mb k earrhgb h ui
u i icvbk mb
julbmhm fbib rhkl bi tb ciebr
ciebrccar hk 82 . KKhh `aisbrvh`cði m b k pramu`t a, mbpbimb b i
pramu`ta,
clpbmcr qub pra`bs as dcak
dcakðfc`as
ðfc`as thkbs `al a bila jb`clcbita y ebr ebrl
l bith`cði tbi-
fh i kufhr.
Eh`tarbs qub heb`thi k pãrmcmh mb iutrcbitbs
B k `artb, b k sb`hma h `hlpa, kh rbspcrh`cði y kh h`tc
h`tcvcmhm
vcmhm l c`radchih hs ì `ala ka
kass
beb`tas lb`èic`as ciekuybi bi kh `alpasc`cði ecihk m b k pramu`ta h `aisbrvhr.
K h rbspcrh`cði bs uia mb kas eh`tarbs cfiarhmas y qub cie ciekuybi
kuybi mcrb`thlbitb bi kh
`hkcmhm ecihk mmbb k pramu`ta h `aisbrvhr.
B k pra`bsa mb rbspcrh`cði bi ui tbgcma b i pra`bsa mb l ubrtb, kkbvh
kkbvh `aiscfa kh pãrmc-
m h m b hz÷`hrbs bjcmrðkcscs mb khs pratbìihs.

Bstbb pra`bsa, ia rbmu`b mcrb`thlb

Bst mcrb`thlb itb kh mcfbstcdckcmhm pbra sc ciekuyb bi uih beb`-
tcvh `a is brvh `cði mbk earrhgb
earrhgb y bi kh bec`c
bec`cbi`ch
bi`ch mbk usa mb kas iutrc
iutrcbit
bitbs.
bs.
B k ear
earrhg
rhgbb `aisb rvhma bi earlh m b jbia a er
erb`b
b`b u i h sbrcb m b vbithghs
- Bs ui pra`bsa mb `aisbrvh`cði m b earrhgbs hkthlbitHlb`hiczhma
- @uhi ma pratbfcm
pratbfcma,
a,su `aisbrvh`cðibi bk tcblpa mbl himh dhgas ¡isu
¡isulas
las
- ^ubmb qub bi kh l hyarìh
hyarìh mb kas `hs
`hsas,
as, pravbb r kas
ka s iutrcbitbs
ib`bshrcas
g
b hmhpth dcbih kh l hyarìh
hyarìhmb kas scst
scstbl
bl hsmb pramu``cði.
l e
]U u @ a k b ` ` c ð i 7 F r h i g h y I b f a ` ca ¿
Pbkb``cði m bk tc
tcpa
pa mb earrhg
earrhgbrh
brh h `aisbrvhr
Bi kh prè`tc`h sb rbstrcifb h kh mcspai cdck
cdckcmhm
cmhm m b earrhgbs yy/a
/a phstur
phsturhs
hs hm hpthmhs bbii
kh rbfcði, atrh mb khs `aiscmbrh`caibs
`aiscmbrh`caibs ib`bshrc
ib`bshrchs hs bs kh mbtrhthr mmbb supkcr khs
kh s ib`b-
scmhmbs mb kas hiclhkbs qqubub vhi hutckczhrb ear
earrhg
rhgbb `aisbrvhma b i eearlh
arlh fbibrhk, bs
lès b `ai ðl c`a pramu`c
pramu`crr jbia h phrtcr mb bspb `cbs pbrbiibs qub mb hiuhkbs. Cimb-
pbimcbitblbitb m b ktcpa mb phsturh y mbk rbimclcbita, jhy bitrb ui 0>-=> m b
`astas ecgas. L è s clparthitb qub kh `hitcmhm m b earrhgb h `arthr a kh `hitcmhm m b
`uhitcec`hr
jbiabi pramu`cma
mas earrhgbb bbs
bk earrhg s cec`hma.
jbi cec`hma. kh mcspai cdc
cdckckcmhm
mhm m b iutrcbitbs mcfbstcdkbs h`ulukh-

Eh`tarbs qub ciekuybi bi kh `hkcmhm mbk jbia pramu`cma

Uhrcas sai kas eeh`tarb
h`tarb s kcfhmas bi kh `hkcmhm mmbb k earr
earrhgb
hgb pramu`cma7
- Bspb`cb earrhgbrh
-Uhrcbmhmbs
- ^ar`bi thgb
thgbmb lhkbzhs
- Mhøas `hushmaspar cisb`tas

- Biebr
Biebrlbmhmb
lbmhmb s
- @ aimc`caibs
aimc`caibs`kclètc`hs bi bk lalbita mb kh `asb`jh, bt
bt`.
`.
Mbdblas rb`ar mhr ssci
rb`armhr ci bldhrfa, qquu b icifuia mb kas eh`tarbs lb i`caihmas bs tthh i
clparthitb y `a imc`c
imc`caihi
aihi tb mb kh ``hkc
hkcmhm
mhm ` al a7
- Icv
Icvbk
bk mb ebrtckcmhm

- Bsthmaecscakðfc`a mb kh pkhith h k lalbita mb kh `asb`jh, qub h su vbz bstè

heartuih
heart uih mhl bitb, mcrb`thlbitb
mcrb`thlbitb hsa`chma h uih tal h mb mb`cscði.
mb`cscði.
- ]ã`ic
]ã`ic`hs
`hs ia hmb`uh mhs `hushi uih rbmu``cði bi kh pramu``c
pramu``cði
ði y bi kh `hkcmhm
`hkcmhm mbk
jbia. Ia mbdbl as akvcmhrq
akvcmhrq ub murhitb bk pr
pra`bsa
a`bsa mb hklh`bihl cbita
cbita y mbutckczh-
`cði pu bmbi a`urrc
a`urrcrr pãr
pãrmc
mcmhs
mhs thi bkbvh mhs `a l a khs ccijbrbitbs
ijbrbitbs hk pra`bsa
pra`bsa mb pra-
mu``cði m b k jbia.
@ala rbfkh fbibrhk, phrh lciclczhr khs pãrmcmhs mb jbia murhitb bk pra`bsa mb
hkclbith`cði, b k h``bsa mb kas hiclhkbs mbdb s b r kclcthma. @uhima b k h``bsa b s
pbrlctccma, mbdb ` ais cmbrhrsb mbghr uias >.0> l pa r hiclhk.
pbrlct
H`bkbrhmarbs mbk pra`bsa mb mbsjcmrhth`cði
B i bk pra`bsa
pra`bsa mb sb`hma h `hlpabxcstb jay bi mìh cciearlh`cði
iearlh`cði sadrb bk beb`t
beb`taa mb
h`aimc`caihmarbs
h`aimc`c aihmarbs lb`èic`as y pramu`tasquìlc`as (`hrdaihta
m b pathsca) q u b bstclukhi y h`bkbrhi b k pra`bsa m bmbsjcmrhth-
`cði mbk earrhgb.
mbk

r ì h y L bgar
bgarhl
hl cb
cbit
ita h`uia Kb`jb
a m b k F h i h m a U h`uia K b`jbra
ra YgeY ]
rcstchi P è i ` j b z b y b s
 iehrmhma
Murhitb b k pra`bsa m b biehrmhrt
biehrmhrthl hl dcãi jjhh y pãrmcmhs. Kh s lcslhs vhrìhi b i hl pkc-
pkc-
tum y frhvb mhm . B s clp
clp arthitb bi bsth bthph `al a bi `uhkqucbrh mb khs khs hitbrcarbs
(`artb, jckbrhma , bt
bt`.
`.)) kh rrbfu
bfu kh`cði y kkclpcbzh
clpcbzh mb kh l hqu cihrc
cihrch.
h.
H su vbz, jay bi mìh bxc bxcst
stbi
bi pramu`tas qub pbrlct
pbrlctbibi hmb khithr bk lal bita mbk
biehrmhma (9 0> LP) LP),, rbmu` cbima hsì khs pãr
pãrmcmhs
mcmhs l b`èic`hs. Ria mb kas pramu`-
tas utc
utckckczhmas
zhmas bs bk è`c
è`cma
ma prapcði c`a, qub h su vbz tctcbib
bib beb`tas bi bk pra`bsa mb
hklh`bihlcbita. K hs pãrmcmhs
pãrmcmhs ` al ÷il bitb ``ccthmhs bi kh kkctctbrhtur
brhturhh `uh im a sb ushi
ehrmas `aivb i`caihkbs as`ckhi bitrbbitrb 0 y : , lcbitrhs qub bi kas ehr ehrmas
mas fcfhitbs
as`ckhi bitrb 2-82 .

bsj cmrhth`cði
cmrhth`cði

K h hpkc`h`cði mmbb hcrb pubmb sb r erìa a `hkcbitb.

`hkcbitb. E h`tarbs b`a iðl c`as s a i
kclcthitbs bi bstb pra`bsa
Bk usa mb p ramu`tas quìlc
quìlc`as
`as (phrhquht, è`cma eðrlc`a, `hrda ihta mb pathsca,
prapcaihtas, bt`.) b s u tckc
tckczhm
zhm a jay bi mì
mìh,
h, hpbi hs b i bs`hkh bxpbrclbi thk
thk..

isck gb
Bk bis ckckhgb
hgb bs «bk hkclbi
hkclbi ta qub rbsuk
rbsukth
th mb kkhh
ebrlb ith`cði hi hbrð dc`h mb ui lhtbrc
lhtbrchkhk vb-
fbthk j÷lbma, qub sb kafrh par kh earlh`cði
a hm c`cði
c`cði m b è`cmas¿. K h `hkcmhm m b k bisckhgb
sb vb heb`thma p a r lu `jas eh`tar
eh`tarbs
bs `ala7
khs `hrh`tbrìstc`hs prapchs m b k earrhgb h k sbr
`asb`jhma, `kclh, bsthma m b lhmurbz y `ai-
mc`caibs m b `rb`clcbita.
^hrh kh ad tbi`cði mbk bisckhgb
bisckhgb sb mb dbi sb-
fucr kas scfucbitbs phsas7
- @a rtb
rtb mb earrhgb
-]rhispartbmbk lhtbrchk
- Kkbihma y `alph`thma mbk scka

-]hp hm a mb k sc
scka
ka
Bk bisckhg
bisckhgbb bs fu hrm hm a bi uih bstr
bstrutur
uturhh kkhl hmh scka. Bxc
Bxcst
stbi
bi mcvbrshs `khsbs mb
sckas, kh bkb``cði bi trb
trb uia y atra mbpb imb m b eh`t
eh`tarbs
arbs `al a tcpa
mb bxp kath`c
kath`cði
ði fhi hmb rh, rb`ursas
rb`ursas b`ai ðl c`as mcspaic
mcspaicdkbs
dkbs,, ta -
pafrheìh mmbb k tbrrbia y atras.

@ a k b ` ` c ð i 7 F r h i g h y I b f a ` ca
ca ¿
]cpas mb Pckas
mb

PCKA ]TCI@JBTH A WHIGH

H ) @u dcbrta mb pkèstc`a, D)
@hph mb tcbrrh, @) @hihkbth
mb bs`urrclcbita m b k hfuh

PCKA @HIHMCBIPB
@artb mb ui scka
`hihmcbisb

G
H @u
@udcbrt
dcbrth
h mb pkèstc`a D @hph mb tcbrrh
mb Pakkhma khtbrhk mb dhrra

PCKA ^HTUH
sbkkhma ` a i pkèstc`a
H ) y tcbrrh u atras
lhtbrchkbs D)

K/-K

ì h v L bgarhl
r ìh bgarhl cbita m b k F h i h m a Uh`uia Kb`jbra rc stc h i P è i ` j b z bybs
@ai`bitrhmas
I a jhy uih dubih mbecic`cði mb `ai`bitrhmas, pbra pubmb sbr mbs`rcta par sus
`hrh`tbrìs
`hrh`t brìstc
tc`hs
`hs `al a hkclbitas
hkclbitas y sus beb`tas bi kkhs
hs eui`caibs mbk rulbi.
Rsuhklbitb «hkclbita `ai`bitrhma¿ rbecbrb h 7
Hkclbitas qub sai dhgas b i ecdrh y hktas b i bibrfìh.

@ai`bitrhmas pubmbi sb r hkta a dhga bi pratbìih. K a s frhias mmbb `brb hkbs `aitc
`aitcb-
b-
i b i ;84% pratbìih `rumh, pbra khs jhrjhrcihs
cihs mb sblck
sblckkhs
khs akbh fcia shs (say,
(say, hkfa-
mði, lhiì) kkhl hmas hk
lhiì) kkhl hkcclbi tas pratbc`as pubmbi `aitbibr jhstjhsthh 92> mb pra-
tbìih `rumh.
tcbibihkth phkhthdckcmhm y usuhklbit bsai`alcmas rèpcmh
K a s `a i`bitrhmas tcbibi
lbitb. Bi `aitrhstb
`aitrhstb h earrhg
earrhgbs,
bs, kas `ai`b itrhmas tcbibi dhga vaku l bi par uicmhm
m b pbsa (hkth
(hkth frhvb mhm bspb`ì
bspb`ìec
ec`h).
`h).
Bi kass `ai`bitrhmasi a bstclukbi kh rulìih.
`aitrhstb h earrhgbs, ka
K a s `ai`bitrhmas usuhklbitbebrlbithi l è s rèpcmhlbitb q u b earrhgbs bi bk
rulbi. Hulbithi kh h`cmbz (rbmu`bi bk pJ) mbk rulbiq
(rbmu`bi ub pubmbcitbrebrcr `ai kh
qu

ebrlbith`cði iarlhk mmbbecdrh.

@uhima `ai`bitr
`ai`bitrhma
hma earlh lè s mb 5>-6> mb kh rh`c
rh`cði
ði pubmb prava`hr p radkblhs
mbshkum.

K a s `ai`bi tr
trhmas
hmas ssaa i tamas ka kass hkc
hkcl
l bitas Z
ci`kucmas bi kh rh`cði qquu b pravbbi bibrfì
bibrfìhh y
s b mhi `ala supkblbitambk earrhgb vbrmb,
jbia a bis bisckckhgb
hgb /

Khs vh`h s kb`j brhs mb hkta

hkta p atbi`chk phrh pramu``cði kb`jbrh
kb`jbrh thld cãi tcbibi hktas
rbqubrclcbitas phrh bibrfìh y pratbìih. @aiscmbrhima qub khs vh`hs pubmbi `albr
saka `cbrth `hitcmhm `hmh mìh, kas earrhgbs saka s ia pubmbisu sulcic strhr kh `hitcmhm
lcicstrhr
rbqubrcmh
rbqubrc mh mb b ibrfìh y pratbìih. Bk prapðsct
prapðsctaa mb h frbfhr `ai`bitrhm as h kh rh`c
rh`cði
ði mb
kh vh`
vh`hh kb`jbrh bs mb pravbbr u i h eubitb mmbb bibrfìh y prat
pratbì
bìih
ih phrh supkblbithr ka
kass
earrhgbs y`ulpkcr `ai kas rbq ucsct as m b k hiclhk.
ucsctas
Hsì kas `ai`bitrhmas s a i hkclbitas clparthitbs q u b pbrl ctbi
ctbiearlukhr mcbths q u b
lhxclczhi kh pramu``cði kb`jbrh. Fbi brhklbi tb, kh lèxc lh `hi-
lèxclh
tcmhm m b `ai`bitrhmas qub uih vh`h pubmbrb`cdcr `hmh mìh ia
mbdb sadrbphshr 84 h 8= of.

@akb``cði7 ececrhigh y I bfa`ca¿

bfa`ca¿
 ai`bi trhma
tr hma bi kh Mcbt
Mcbthh

Kas `ai`bi trhmas sai tamas kas hkc

hkclb
lb itas cci`kucmas
i`kucmas bi kh rh`cði
rh`cði qub p ravbb i bibr-
fìh y sb mhi `al a supkblb ita mbk earrhgb vbrm b, jbi a a bisck
bisckhgb.
hgb. ^ub mbi sbr aer
aerb`c
b`c--
m a s `al a ccifrbmc
ifrbmcbitbs
bitbs sbph rhmas a bi uih lbz`k
lbz`kh.
h. @a la sb jh cimc
cimc`hma
`hma , kh `hitc-
m h m mmbb `ai`bitrhmas ib`bshrcas
ib`bshrcas p a r `hmh vh`h mbpbimb mb su pramu``cði mmbb kb`jb
y kh `hkcmhm mbk earrhgb.

Cisulas

Phdbr `ala mbtbrlcihrkh `hitcmhm m b `ai`bitrhma phrhhkclbithrbs clparthitb.

P ci bldhrfa , cfuhklbitb clparthitb b s shdbr `uhk mbdb sbr bk par`bithgb m b pratbì-
i h `rumh bi kh lbz`kh m b `ai`bitrhmas.
@uhima bk earrhgb bs uih kbfulciash a u i phsta dcbi ebrtckczhma, `hmh uia bi su
bthph cic`chk mb lhmurbz, a uih lbz`kh mb hl das, kh pratbìih
pratbìih `rumh pubmb vhrchr
bitrb 84 y 8 8== . Pci bldh rfa `ala kh bthph mb lhmurbz hvh izh y bk `aitbicma mb
pratbìih
pratbì ih sb rbmu`b,
rbmu`b, bs ib`bs hrca hu l bi thr kh pratbì
pratbìih
ih `rumh bi kh lbz`kh mb `ai-
`bitrhma jhsth 82-8: .
Ecihklbitb par mcbths
mcbths dhshmh s bi earrhgbs mb dhgh `hkcmhm, rbsc
rbscmuas
muas mb ` asb`jhs y
bisckhgbb mb lhìz `hmh uia mb kas `uhkbs tcbib ui `aitbic
bisckhg `aitbicma
ma dhga mb pratbìih `rumh,
kh pratbìih `rumh mb kh lbz`kh m b `ai` bitrhma mbdb bsthr bi bk rhifa mmbb 8: h 4 400 .
Bk vh`uia parsbrrulcblitb ttcbib cbib kh `hph`c
`hph`cmhm mhm mb hpravb `jhr uias cis
cisulas
ulas qub
atrhs bspb`cbs ia ushrìhi, bspb`chklbitb ka s pramu`tas ecdrasas y bkblbitas i a
afhi c`as. ^hrh bvhkchr kh `aivbicbi`ch mb ui pramu`ta b s cciparthitb
iparthitb shd br su `aitb-
icma m b iu trcbitbs
trcbitbs b i rbkh`cði h k prb`ca mmbb k hkclbita.
K a s cisulas sb pubmbi mcvcmcr bi pratbc`as bibrfhtc`as y
e cdrasas, m b h`ubrma h k iutrcbitb l h s clparthitb bi su
`alpasc`cði.

g a r h l c b i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a @rcstchi P è i ` j b z b y b s
@ r ìhì h y L b ga
Bitrb ka s pratbc`as bi`aitrhlas kh phsth mmbb hkfamði, kh sagh, sbl ckkhckkh m b hkfamði,
jhrcih mb pbs`hma, bt`., bitrb kas bibrfãtc`as bi`aitrhlas h kh lbkhzh, hz÷`hr,
lhcz, frhsh jcmrafbibmh, bt`., bitb Cs ecdr
ecdrasas
asas tb ibl as h k he
herb`ja,
rb`ja, kh phi`h, tama
tcpa m b bisckhmas, aruga, bt`., thldcãi bstèi kas ¡isurrcas
¡isurrcas supkblbithrcas
supkblbithrcas `al a kh
urbh, b k `hrdaihta m b `hk`ca, kh shk `al÷i, bitrb atras.
H `aitciuh`cði lbi`caihlas hkfuias fru-
p a s m b cisulas utc
utckckczhma
zhma s bi kh
kh prbphrh`cði
m b k `ai`bitrhma7
Frhias m b `brbhkbs (`bdhmh, frhias m b
lhìz,, frhi as mb s arfa , hrraz,
lhìz hrraz, tr
trcfa)
cfa) sai hkc
hkc-
lbitas mb hkth bibrfìh phrh khs vh`hs kb-
`jbrhs, pbra sai dhgas bi prqprqtbì
tbìih.
ih. Frhias
m b `brbhkbs hpkhsthmas a hfrcbthmas sai
eubitbs bx`bkbitbs mb `hrdajcmrhtas
ebrlbithdkbs (hk(hklcmði)
lcmði) qub hul bith kh `ai- `ai-
`bitrh`cði mb bi brfìh bi kh kh mcb
mcbth.
th. P ci bl-
dhrfa, mblhschma frhia mb `brbhkbs bi kh
mcbth (lès mb 8> h 84 of./vh`h/mìh) rbmu`b
kh l hstc`h`cði,
hstc`h`cði, kh eui`cði mbk rrulbi
ulbi y rb-
rb-
mu` b bk par`bithgb m b frhsh bi kkhh kb`jb.

Pai lu`jas ka kass cisul

cisul as utckczhmas
phrh kh hk
hkclbi th`cði mb kas rulchitbs,
clbith`cði
iubstra trhdhga b s `al dcihrk
dcihrkas
as mb
lhibrh q u b `udrhi kh khss ib`bscmhmbs
m b k fhihma

Kas vhrcas
vhrcas trhthlcbitas
trhthlcbitas cicimustr
mustrcchk
hkbs
bs mb frhias mb `brbhkbs pramu`bi iul brasas
sudpramu`tas q u b tcbibi vh karbs iutrct
iutrctcv
cvas
as bxtrãlbitb vhrchmas7
hrcih m b fkutbi m b lhìz bstè pramu`cma bi bk lakcia m b hklcmði m b lhìz. B s
pratbìih (=> h 5>%) y bi brfìh. Kas shkvhma
u i h eubitb bx`bkbitb mb pratbìih shkvhma s mb frhias
m b `brbhkbs (hrraz y trcfa) hf rbfh i ec
ecdrh
drh h kh mcbth y `aitcbibi mb 8= h 86% m b
pratbìih. B k shkvhma m b trcfa bs uih eubitb dubih m b eðseara y eui`caih `ala
khxhtcv
khxht cvh.
h. Khs `hs`hrhs mb hkfuihs f rhias mb `brbhkbs (`bdhmh, hvbi h, trc
trcfa) `ai-
tcbib saka 0 h =% mb pratbìih y :2 h 3>%3>% mb ecdrh.
Pudpramu`tas m b `brvb`brìh y mbstckbrìh ` a i frhias mb `b-
rbhkbs sa i dubihs eubitbs m b `h rdajcmrhtas
rdajcmrhtas y pratbì
pratbìih
ih kbithlbi-
tb mcfbstcmhs 4> h 0>%).

@akb``cði « r h i g h y I b f a ` ccaa ¿
 Th`clas y tudbras (zhihjarchs, `hshdh, phphs y
ihdas) sai usuhklbitb phkhthdkbs y dubihseubi-
tbs mb `hrdajcmrhtas eè`cklbitb
eè`cklbitb ebrlbithdkbs (bibr-
fìh) pbra dhghs bi pratbìih (lbiar mb 8> ).
• Pudpramu`tas mb cimustrch hzu`hrbrh (lbkhzh)
usuhklbitb sai hktas biecdrh eè`cklbitb mcfbrcdkb.
mcfbrcdkb.
@cbrths pkhiths h`ulukhi kìpcmas bi sus sblckkhs

(sblckkhs
(sblck
bk trðpkhs
c`aa ykbhfciashs). Lu`jhs
sudtrðp c`a (say, mb bsths
lhiì, bst hs `rb`bi
hkfamði) pbrabihk
hk--
fuias sai pram u`cma s bi kas phì phìsbs
sbs tbl pkhma s (kc-
ihzh, `høðkh, fcrhsak . Kh Khss sblckkhs akbhfciashs
hkclbitas m b hk
bitbrhs pub mbi sbrvcr ` al a hkclbitas hkth
th bibr-
fìhh pbra usuhklbi tb `aitc
fì `aitcbibi
bibi susthi`
susthi`cchs. Lè s erb-
`ubitblbitb kh khss jhrcihs mb sblckkhs akbhfciashs,
pramu`cmhs `al a sudpramu`ta m b kkhh bxtrh``cði
bxtrh``cði mbk
h`bctb y qub `aitcbibi 0>-2> mb pratbìih sa saii ush-
ma s `ala hkclbitas pratbc`as phrh kkh h s vh`hs.
• Pbl ckkhs
ckkhs mb kbfulciashs (jhdhs, fhrdhizas,vcfih
`aitcbibi susthi`chshitc-iutrc`caihkbs, pbra mbs-
puãs mb pra`bshlcbita hmb`uhma sai uih dubih
eubitb mb bibrfìhy pratbìih.
• ^ratbìihs m b arcfb i hichiclhk
lhk (jhrcih mb `hrib a ju bsa, jhrc jhrcih
ih mb pkulhs a pbs-
`hma) usuhklbitb sai rbscstbitb h kh mbfrhmh`cði bi bk rulbi y pubmbisbrvcr
`ala dubihs eubitbs m b eðseara y `hk`c `hk`ca.
a. Mb dbi sb
sbrr l hibghmas
hibghmas `a i `uc
`ucmhma
mhma phrh
bivcthr rcbsfas
rcbsfas mb trhisebrbi`ch
trhisebrbi`ch mb cie cieb``caibs.
b``caibs. Bk subra mb kb`jb rbsukthima mb
pra`bshlcbita `ai tc tcbib
bib hkt
hkthh `hit
`hitcmhm
cmhm mb kh`tash (hz÷`h
(hz÷`hr)r) lès pratbìih y lcibrh
lcibrh--
kbs. Pci bl dhrfa bsths iutrcbitbs
iutrcbitbs pubm bi sbr luy mckmckucmas
ucmas sc ia sb sb` h bk subra.

cibrhkbs y ratbìihs
K a s lcibrhkbs y vcthlcihs sai mb frhi clparthi`ch b i kkhhiutrc`cði. KKhh smbec`cbi`chs
pubmbi rbsukthrbi pbrmc
pbrmcmhs
mhs b`aiðl c`hs frhimbs. Bi khs
khs vvh`hs
h`hs kh`t
kh`thitbs,
hitbs, kas
kas l h`ra
lcibrhkbs mb prci`c
prci`cphk
phk clparthi` ch sai `kara mb samca (Ih@ C),
C), `hk`ca (@h), eðsea ra
(^), y h vb`b s lhfibsca (Lf)y hzuerb (P).Kh ecbdrb mb kb`jbbi kh prclbrhs mchs mb
kh`thi`ch s b mbdb h u i mbsbquckcdrca m b lbthdakcsla m b `hk`ca, y b k eðseara b s
bsbi`chk phrh lhitbibr dubih ebrtckcmhm bi bk jhta.
@hsc tamas kas hkclbitas, `ai bx`bp`cði mb urbh y frhsh, `aitcbibi hk lìicla
`hitcmhmbs kclcthmhs mb lcibrhkbs. Mbdcma h qub khs khs kbfulcia-
shs `aitcbibi l è s `hk`ca q u b frhlìibhs, kh
khss rh`c
rh`caibs
aibs dhshmhs
bi kkbful
bful ciashs rbquc
rbqucbrbi
brbi lbiassupkblbith `cðrc `ai `hk`c
supkblbith`cðrc `hk`ca.
a.

@rìh y bgarhlcbitam b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a @r c stc hi P è i ` j b z b y b s

K h l bkhzh bs rc`h
rc`h bi `hk`ca
`hk`ca y sudpramu`tas
sudpramu`tas mb arc
arcfbi
fbi hiclhk sai dubihs eubitbs mb
`hk`ca y eðseara. Bk `kara mb samca bs bk saka lcibrhk qub sb pubmb aerb`br par
h``bsa kcdrb b i dkaqubs). K h supkblbith`cði lcibrhk mb kh mcbth mb kh vh`h kb`jbr
kb`jbrhh
b s usuhklbitb bitrb
bitrb A y 8 2 > f/vh`h/mìh.
R ih lbz`kh mb lcibrhkbs qu
qubb `aitcbib `hk`ca, eðseara a hl das paparr bgblpka mc`hk`ca
easehta pubmb sbr rbqubrcma sbf÷i kas cifrbmcbitbs mb kh rh`cði. Kas earrhgbs
earrhgbs vbrmbs
usuhklbitb `aitcbibi dhgas ic
icvbkbs
vbkbs mb eðseara rbk
rbkhtc
htcva
va h khs ib`bsc
ib`bscmhmbs
mhmbs mb kh vh` h.
Pci bldhrfa, bisckhgb mb lhìz `aitcbib pa`a `hk`ca y eðseara y rbqucbrb
supkblbith`cði ` a i hl das lcibrhkbs.. K a s lc`ralcibrhkbssai rbqubrcmas ci `hitc-
lcibrhkbs
mhmbs luy pbqubø hs y usuhklb itb sai cci`kuc
i`kucmas
mas `al a ui prblbz`khma bi bk bk `ai-
`bitrhm a. Kas l c`r
c`ral
al cibrhk
cibrhkbs
bs sai rbqubrc
rbqubrcmas
mas bi ``hitc
hitcmhmbs
mhmbs l uy pbqubøhs y usuhk-
lb itb sai ci`kuc
ci`kucmas
mas `al a uih prblbz`kh
prblbz`kh bi kkhh prbphrh `cði mbk `ai`bi trhma.

Rih T h `c ði h k h i `bh m h
^hrh dhkhi`bh r rh`caibs
rh`caibs mbdb tbibrsb b i `ubith kkaa s scfucbitbs puitas7
8 Kh prapar`cði mb earrhgb y `ai`bitrhma rbqub rcmh
rcmh bi kh mcbth
mcbth mbpbi mb mb vhrcas
eh`tarbs mb kas `uhkbs kas lès clparthitbs sai 7
• @h kcmhm
kcmhm mb earrhgbs.
earrhgbs. Bk `aitbicma
`aitbicma mb bibrfìh bi ui earrhgb l hmu ra bbss lbiar qub
b k `aitbicma mb bi brfìh bi ui earrhgb cil hmu ra a vbfb thtcva. Hsì, rbqucbrb lès
. .,, `ai`bitrhma bi khs rh`caibs dhshm hs b i earrhgbs
earrhgbs lh muras.
• Ib`bscmhmbs
Ib`bscmhmbs mb bibrfìh mb kh
kh vh`h. Kh mbl himh mb bibr
bibrfìh
fìh mmbb kh vvh`h
h`h hulbith
`ai bk hul bita mb pramu``cði
pramu``cði mb kb`jb. Rsuhklbitb khs `hitcm `hitcmh-
h-
mbs mb `ai `bitrhma rbqu
rbqubrcmhs bi kh rh`cði mb uih vh`h m b hkth
brcmhs
pramu``cði sai lès qub phrh
phrh vh`hs m b dhgh pramu``cði.

akb``cði F r h i g h y I b f a ` ca
ca ¿
 • Rihvh`h sb`h mbdb `albr uih rh`cði `ai 3>-8>> earrhgb y >-8> `ai`bitrh-
uih
ma ) pbra u i h vh`h m b h kt
kthh pramu``cði bi bk cic`ca m b kh`thi `ch ib`bscthr
ib`bscthrèè u i h
rh`cði qquu b `aitcbib ia lbias m b =>-=2 earrhgb (22-5> `ai` bitrhmas).
4. Kh pratbìih `rumh rbqubrcmh bi kh lbz`kh m b `ai`bitrhmas mbpbimb mmbb k tcpa m b
earrhgb bi kh rh`cði.
rh`cði. E arrhg
arrhgbs
bs qub tc
tcbi
bi bi hkta `aitbicma mb pratbìih `rumh `aria
kbfulciashs pubm bi sbr `aldcihmas `ai uih l bz`kh mb `ai`bi trhmas mb dhgh
pratbìih.

0. Bk `karura m b samca (Ih@C) h k cfuhk qub khs shkbs m b eðseara y `hk`ca pubmbi
sulcicstrhrsb hm-kcdctul. Pc Pcii bl dhrf a, ka
ka lb gar bs qub kh `hitc
`hitcmhm
mhm mb lcibrhkbs
bi kh rh`cði ssb
b h hgusthmh h khs ib`bscmhmbs mmbb k hiclhk. K h `hitcmhm m b l cibrhk
cibrhk
phrh hf rbfhr h khkh rh`cði mbp bim b mb kas sc
scfucbit
fucbitbs
bs eh`tarbs7
]cpa m b earrhgb bi kh mcbth. Kh s kbfulciashs s a i rc`hs b i `hk`ca y. rbqu cbrbi
cbrbi
lbias supk bl bith`cði ` a i `hk`ca qub kas phstas.
supkbl
• K h `hitcmhm mmbb `ai`bitrhmas bi kh mcbth. Rsuhklbitb kas
ka s `ai`b itrhmas tcbibi
tcbibi
dhga `aitbicma m b lcibrhkbs, hsì lès hkth kh `hitcmhm m b `ai`bitrhmas bi kh
mcbth,
mcbth, lès hkth
hkth kh ib`bscmhm phrh
phrh supkblbi th`cði mb lcibrhk
lcibrhkbs.
bs.

• Kh s ib `bscmhmbs
`bscmhmbs mb kh vh`h phrh l cibrhkbs.
ibrhkbs. ^hrh lhitbiclc bita u i h vh`h ib`b-
lhitbiclcbita
scth 0> h 2>fr. mb `hk`ca y 8> h 0>fr. mb eðseara `hmh mìh. @hmh ocka mb kb`jb
rbqucbrb hpraxcl hmh lb itb 0fr. mb `hk`c
`hk`caa y 44fr.
fr. mb eðseara.

@uhima u i h rh`cði sb dhsb b i earrhgbs m b `hkcmhm hkth a lbmch, pubmbi rbqubrcr ui uihh
supkblbith`cði mmbb l cibrhk (par bgblpka easehta
easehta la iasðm c`a) bi bk rhifa mb A h 82>
fr./vh`h/mì
fr./ vh`h/mìh.
h. Pci b l dhrf a, `ai earrhgb
earrhgb mb dhgh `hkc
`hkcmhm
mhm a bisckhg
bisckhgbb mb lhìz bs ib`bsh-
rc
rcaa supkblb ithrthita `hk`ca
`hk`ca `al a eðseara,
eðseara, bi bk rhifa 2>-4>>
2>-4>> fr./vh`h/mìh.
Pbf÷i kh `al pasc`cði
pasc`cði mb kas lcibrhkbs trhzhs y kh lbz`kh m b
vcthlcihs mcspaicdkbs kkh
h `hitcmhm m b supkblb ith`cði
ith`cði vhrch bitrb
8> y 42 fr./vh`h/mìh.

@rìh v Lbgarhlcbita m b k h i h ma Uh ` u i aK b ` j b r a @rcstchi Pèi`jbz bybs

 bpramu cði

Hihtalìh Tbpramu`tcvh mb kh Uh`h

B k trh`ta rbpramu`tcva mb kh vh`h sb bi`ubi trh ka`hk
ka`hkczhma
czhma mbdhga mbmbkk rb`ta, bbkk ÷ktcla
sbflbita m b k citbstcia frubsa. K h l hyarì
hyarìhh mb khs phrtbs m b k trh`ta rbpramu`tcva
pubmbi sb sbrr bxhl cihmhs
cihmhs bi earlh cimcrb`th `uhima ui drhza bs bxtbimcma mbitra
mbkk rb`ta phkph` cði rb`thk)
mb rb`thk)77
B k `brvcx pubmb sb
sbrr lhicpukhma murhitb kkhh cisblcih`cði hrtcec`chk?
Kass eakì`ukas y b k `ubrpa k÷tba pubmbi sbr
Ka sb r cmbitcec
cmbitcec`hma
`hma s bi bk avhrca?
K h prbsbi`ch mb ui bl drcði
drcði bi `rb`clcbita bi bk ÷tbra pubmb sb r mbtb`thmh.
B k ÷tbra, avcmu`ta y avhrcas sb bi`ubitrhi suspbimc
suspbimcmas
mas bi kh `hvc
`hvcmhm
mhm hdmal cihk ppaa r
lbmca mbk kckcfhl
fhl bita hi`ja . Kh pasc`cði
pasc`cði mb bstb kcfhl bita kb pbr
pbrlct
lctbb hk ÷tbr
÷tbraa hkaghr
hk ebta bi `rb`clcbita.

K h rbpramu``cði b i fhihmb rì rìhh

hmqucbrb frhi clparthi`ch par qub qub h
trhvãs
trhvãs mb bkk
bkkhh bs qub sb kafr
kafrhh bk
lbgarhlcbita fbiãtc`a y par kkaa thita
pramu`tcva mb iubst
iubstra
ra jhta

Uhfcih
K h vhfcih bs ui tuda hpkhsthma, m mbb iarlhklbitb 00>> `l mb khrfa. Bs bk kufhr mmbb
mbpasc`cði mmbb k sblbi murhit
murhitbb bbkk sbrvc`ca
sbrvc`ca ihturhk. KKhh vhfcih scr
scrvb
vb

`ala ui phshgb
`cði hrtcec`chk y phphrh shkccistrulbitas
rh khkas
shkcmh
mh mbk eebta utckczhmas
bta murhitb phrh cisb
bk phrta. cisblc
lcih-
ih-

@akb``cði F r h i g h y J b f a ` ccaa ¿
 brvcx
B k `brvcx bs ui eubrtb l÷s`uka mb hkrbmbmar mb 8> ` l mb khrfa y 4,2 h 2 ` l m b
mcèlbtra. P b bi`ubitrh pb re rearhma
arhma bi bk `bitra par ui hifa sta `hihk. B k `hihk s b
bi`u bitrh usuhkl bitb `brrhma y sbkkhma
sbkkhma mu rhitb kh prbøbz)
prbøbz) bx`b pta murhi tb bk `bka
y b c phrta. B k `brvcx-bs u i h «pub rt
rthh m b `ai trak¿
trak¿ q u b prbvcbib h `uhkqucbr lhtbrchk
bxtrhøa mb Civhmcr bk ÷tbra y, bi beb` ta, ka hcskh
hcskh mbk l ui ma bxtbrc
bxtbrcar.
ar.

b ta

ieuimdue`

×tbra
Bk ÷tbra
÷tbra bs kkhh phrtb mbk trh`ta rbpramu`tcva
rbpramu`tcva mai mb bk ebta bi mbsh rrakka bs lhi tbic
tbicma.
ma.
B i ui
u i h vh`h i a prbøhmh, b k `ubrpa m b k ÷tbra bs mb lbias m b `ci`a `bitìlbtras mb
khrfa, y pasbb `ubrias
`ubrias czquc
czqucbrm
brmaa y mbrb`ja qub sb `urvhi `al a kas mb ui `hribra.
Bk ÷tbra
÷tbra bs ui ðrfh ia lus`u khr `hph z mb uih bia rl b bxphiscði phrh hkaghr hk eebta
bta
b i `rb`clc
`rb`clcbita.
bita. Jh`ch bk ecihk
ecihk mb kh prbøbz, bk ÷tbra `ai tcbib
tcbib ui tbribra mb 02 h =>
ofs, 4> h 0> ofs mb ekucmas, y `ci`a ofs mb pkh`bith sb`uimcih).
Kubfa mbk phrta, tal h hpraxc
hpraxclhmh
lhmh lbitb => mìhs phrh
phrh qub bk ÷t
÷tbra
bra y at
atrhs
rhs phrt
phrtbs
bs mbk
hphrhta rbpramu`tc
rbpramu`tcva
va hk`hi`bi iubvhl bitb bk thl høa ia-fbsthit
ia-fbsthitbb bstb
bstb pra`bsa bs
kkhlhma civaku`cði).

vcmu`tas
vcmu`tas sai mas tudas `aitaribhmas q u b uibi ka s `ubrias m b k ÷tbra `ai bk
Kas a vcmu`tas
avhrca rbspb`tcva? bkkas sai mb lès mb 4> `l mb khrfa y sakh-
lbitb >,5 `l mb mcèlbtra. B k ecihk mb m b `hmh a vcmu`ta s b hdrb b i
bstru`turhh b i earlh m b blduma ¡ieuimìduka)? bsth bstru`tu-
uih bstru`tur
rh `akb`th h k ðvuka qub bs kcdbrh
kcdbrh ma m b k avhrca murhitb b k `bka.

@ r ì h v L b ga t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a @rcstchi P è i ` j b z b y b s
g a r h l c b i ta
K h ebrtckczh`cði, a kh uicði mb ui ðvuka `ai ui bspbrlh tazacmb,
tazacmb, s b pramu`b bi bk
avcmu`ta. Bk bldrcði pbrlhib`b bi bk avcmu`ta par trbs a `uhtra mìhs hitbs mb
mbspkhzhrsb hk ÷tbra. Bstb pbrìama mb tcblpatcblpa bs ib`bshrca phrh ququbb bk ÷÷tbr
tbraa sb
prbphrb h s ì lcsla phrh rb`cdcr hk
h k ebta b i `rb`clcbita.
Avhrcas
Bi uih vh`h i a prbøhmh, ka
kass avhrcas s a i avhkbs earlh m b jubva), m b `br`h m b
`uhtra h sbcs `l m b khrfa y mas h `uhtra `l m b mcèlbtra. K h s eui`caibs l è s
clparthitbs m b k avhrca sai7
^ramu`cr ui ðvuk
ðvukaa lhmura `hmh 4 8 mìhs `uhima
kh vh`h pasbb u i `c`ka bstrhk iarlhk?
Pb`rbthr jarlaihs qub7
- @aitrakhi bk `rb`clcbita mb
mbkk ðvuka mbitra
m b k avhrca?
- @hldchi kh `aimu`th mb kh vh`h murhitb
b k `bka?
-^rbphrhi b k trh`ta rbpramu`tcva phrh pasc-
dkbs prbøbz.
Rih mb mas bstru`turhs prbmalcih
prbmalcihi i bi kh supbr-
mbb k avhrca7 yh sbh bk eakì`uka q u b `aitcbib h k
ec`cb m
ðvuka lh mura a bk `ubrpa k÷t k÷tba
ba `ubr
`ubrpa
pa hlh rc
rckkkka)
a)
q u b `rb`b mb ka qub qubmh m b k eakì`uka
eakì`uka kubfa mb
q u b b k ðvuka j h scma kcdbrhm
kcdbrhm a avukh`cði).
Ðvu
B i `aitrhstb ` a i t amhs kkhh s atrhs `÷kukhs m b k `ubrpa, bbkk ðvuka pasbb uuii h sakh `apch
mb kh ciearlh`cði fbi÷tc`h mb kas `ral asal hs. Kas ðvukas sai bi`aitrhma s bi bk
avhrca hitbs mbk ih`clcbita, pbr
pbraa kh
kh lhmurh `cði mbk lcsla `al cbizh `ai kh lh mu-
rb z sbxuhk bi kh pudbrthm 84 h 8= lbsbs m b bm hm) guita
guita `ai bk `al cbiza
cbiz a mb kas
`c`kas bstrhkbs.

Hihtalìh Tbpramu`tcvh m b k ]ara

K a s tbstì`ukas m b k tara pramu`bi kh s `÷k
`÷kukhs
ukhs sbxuh kbs a bspbrlh tazacmbs
tazacmbs qub , `al a
b k ðvuka, `aitc
`aitcbibi
bibi sakhl bitb ui h `apch mb kh ciearlh-`cði ib `bsh rch phrh `aistctuc
`aistctucrr
h u i cimcvc-mua. H pbshr mb qub kas ðrfhias sbxuhkbs mbk lh`ja `alcbizhi h
pramu`cr jarlaihs hitbs mbk ih`clcbita, kh pramu``cði mb
bspbrlhtazacmbs rb`cbi `alcbizh bi kh pudbrthm bitrb bitrb kas 6 y
kas
ka s 8 4 lbsbs m b bmhm).

@akb``cði « r h igh y I b f a ` ccaa ¿

 s`rata

B k bs`rata bs bk sh`a udc`hma heubrh mb kh `hvcmhm hdmalcihk q u b `aitcbib ka s

tbstì`ukas. Hgusthima kh mc
mcsthi`ch
sthi`ch bitrb ka
k a s tbstì`ukas y b k `ubrpa, b k bs`rata rbfukh
kh tblp brhturh mb kas tbstì`ukas. Bst
Bstaa bs ib`bshrc
ib`bshrcaa mbdc
mbdcmama h qub kh earlh `cði mb
bspbrlhtazacmbs sb kkbvh h `hda l bgar h tblpbrhturhs lb-iarbs mb 4 h =¾ =¾@
@ qub kh
tblpbrhturh `ar-parhk iarlhk.

Hkfuias taras pasbbi sakhlbitb u i tbstì`uka bi bk bs`rata la iarqucmba) y hkfu-

ia s atr
atras
as icifu ia `rcptarqucmba). Bstb tbs
tbs tì`uka qub jh mbs`bimcma eui`caih pbr-
pbr-
eb`thl bitb, pbra bk qub pb rl hib `b bi kh `hvc
`hvcmhm,
mhm, ia. Bst
Bsth `aimc`cði
`aimc`cði bsjbrbmcthrch
y bst
bstas
as taras ia mbd bi sbr utck
utckczhmas mb lh ibrh qub kh praphfh`cði mb bstb mbe
mbeb`ta
b`ta
sb h bvcthmh.

bstì`ukas
K a s tbstì`uk
tbstì`ukas
as pasbbi ma s eui` caib s prc
prci`cphkbs7
i`cphkbs7
• ^ramu`c
^ramu`crr bspbrlhtazacmbs vchdkbs, e÷rtckbs?
• ^ramu`cr khs
k hs jarl aihs lhs`ukcihs.
lhs`ukcihs.
@hmh tbstì`uka s b bi` ubitrh bivub kt ktaa bi su prapc
prapcaa `al phrtc
phrtclb
lb ita y `hmh uia bs
uihh uicmh
ui uicmhmm `al pkbth b cimbpbimcbitb. Ka K a s tbstì`ukas sb bi`ubi trtrhi
hi earlhm as pr
prcci-
`cphklbitb mb pbqubøas t÷dukas tudas sblciìebras) maimb sb sb kkbvh h `hda kh pra-
mu``cði mmbb bspbrlhtazacmbs.
bspbrlhtazacmbs. H kfuih s `÷k `÷kukhs
ukhs bspb`chk
bspb`chkczhmhs
czhmhs kkhl
kkhl hmhs m b Kbymcf
a `÷kukhs citbrstc`chkbs s b bi`ubitrhi mcsbl cihmhs par kkas
citbrstc`chkbs)) sb as tbgc-
mas mbk tbstì`uka y p ramu`bi ttbstastbraih,
bstastbraih, kh ja rla i h lhs`ukc-
ih prbmalcihitb.

@ r ì h y L b ga
ga r h l cb i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a rcstchi Pèi`jbz bybs
Bsthh ja rl aih bs clpa rthitb phrh7
Bst
Kh earlh`cði iarlhkmb bspbrlhtazacmbs?

Mbtbrlcihr b k clpuksa sbxuhk m b k tara (kcdcma)?

Lhitbibr kh h`tcvcmhmmb kas ðrfhias sbxuhkbs sb`ui mh-
rcas (prðsthth,vbsì`ukhs sb lcihkbs y fkèimukhs mmbb @aw pbr)
vbsì`ukhs pbr)..
Bi bk mbkk hphrbhlcbita,hitbs
lalbita mb mb qub bksblbi
s b h byh`ukhma, ka s bspbrlhtazac
bspbrlhtazacmbs
mbs s b lbz`khi `ai khs
sb`rb`caibs rc`hs b i sudsthi`chs iutrctcvhs mb kasðrfhias
bi
sbxuh kbs sb`uimhrcas
sb`uimhrcas..

Bspbrlhtafãibscs
]alh hpraxclhmhlbitb
hprax clhmhlbitb mb 5= h 6= mìhs phrh kh k h earlh`cði
m b bspbrlhtazacmbs y mb 88== h 8: mìhs phrh qub bk bspbrlh
vchgb h ka khrfa
khrfa mbk bpc
bpcmìmc
mìmcla
la kufhr
kufhr mb h`ul ukh`cði y lhmu-
rh`cði ecihk mb kas bspbrlhtazacmbs).^a ^ a r ka thita, ka s sìita-
kas pramu`tcvh
lh s mb ciebrtck
ciebrtckcmhm
cmhm mbk tara sb p rbsbithrèi mas y lbmca h jbrbmcthrch
trbs lbsbskubfa mb qub bkpra`bsa mb earlh`cði mb
bspbrl htazacmbs jh scma scma heb`thma. m b ui rbdhøa
b s lbmchitb
B i fbibrhk, kh earlh`cði m b bspbrlhtazacmbs s b ci`r
ci`rbl
bl bith
bì usa mb ui
`ai bk pbsa y b k mcèlbtra mb kas tbstì`ukas. ^ar ka thrYta,
taras l è s frhimbs y lès vcbgas qub b s pradhdkb tbifhtbifh i tara mb hkta
tbstì`ukas lès frhimbs) pramu`biusuhklbit b lès vhkar
bspbrlhtazacmbs qub kas taras l ès pbqubøas. fbiãtc`a
Kh sb`rb`cði mb fkèimukhs h``bsarchs `aitrcduyb, bi pra-
lbmca, hui :> mbk tathk mbk
vakulb
vak ulb i mbkbyh`ukhma. Ri
tara gavbibitrhima b i sbrvc`capramu`b th i saka 8 a 4 lmmb
cb x[ '• /
sblbi paparbyh`u
r kh`c
kh`cði
ði lcbitrhs qub ui tara `alpkbthlbi- •-”-Y
tb lhmura pramu`b 8> h 82 l c mb sbl bi par byh`u khma.
B i fbib rhk, `uhima
`uhima bbkk tara scrvb p a r sbfuimh a tbr`brh vb
v b z `aisb`utcvh, b k vakulbi
ia mb` rbsb, pbra kh `ai`b itrh`cði mb bspbrlhtazacmbs tc tcbimb
bimb h mcslciucr.
K h s byh`ukh`caib s eerb`ubit
rb`ubitbs
bs i a he
heb`thi
b`thi fbibrhkl bitb kh ebrtckcmhm mb ui tara hmuk-
hmuk-
ta,, pbra ui tara gavbi mbdb sbr utckczhma b
ta i earlh lès`ucmhmash.
bi

Bk c`ka Bstrhk
B k `c`ka bstrhkbs bk citbrvhka 48 mìhs bi pralbmca m b khrfa) bitrb
m a s `bkas. R i `bka a bstr
bstraa murh m b sbcs h 00>> jarhs y bs bk pbrìama

C]]
mb rb`bptcvcmhm sbxuhkMìh 8 mbk `c`ka).

akb``cði « r h i gh
g h y I b f a ` ccaa ¿
 h s b eakc`ukhr
Jh`ch bk ecihk mbk `c`ka bstrhk, `uhima bk ðvuka hk`hizh kh lhmurbz, sb bi`ubitrh
bivubkta par uih sbrcb mmbb `÷kukhs y rambhma mb sudsthi`chs iutrctcvhs. KKhh bstru`turh
`alpkbth sb kkkkhlh
hlh eakì`uka y sb`r bth bstrðfbias, ui
sb`rbth uihh jarlaih q u b `hldch kh `ai-
mu`th mb kh vh`h murhitb b k `bka. BBss sakhl bitb murhitb b k `bka qub kh vh`h ssbb mbgh
sakhl
lai thr par bk tara a par atrhs vh`hs. Murhit
Murhitbb b k `bka, bbkk ðvuka y bk
b k eakì`uka hk`hizh i
ka s bsthmcas ecihkbs m b lhmurh`cði.
kas
Bi kh avukh`cði 84 jarhs kubfa mb k ecihk mmbb k `bka), bbkk eakì
eakì`uka
`uka «bxpkath¿, b k ðvuka bs
«bxpkath¿,
prapukshma jh`ch mbitra m b k avcmu`ta y khs `÷kukhs q u b pbrlhib`bi bi bk avhrca
`alcbizhi h earlhr u i h iubvh bstru`turh kkhlhmh `ubrpa k÷tba. B k `ubrpa k÷tba k÷tba
sb`rbth u i h ja rlai h kkhlh
kkhlh mh prafbstbraih
prafbstbraih q u b prbvcbib b k `rb`clcbita `alpkbta
m b kas eakì`ukas y b
kas s ib`bshrch
bs ib`bshrch phrh lhitbibr kh prbøbz.

Avhrca
avhrtb
- @ubrpa ( H . D e a

• ” • @bevex

Uukvh

hsb kutbhk
kutbhk
Bk mbshrrakka `alpkbta mbk
mbk `ubrpa k÷tba
k÷tba tal h hpraxclhmhlbitb trbs mìhs Mìh
Mìh 4 h 2
mb k `c`ka). H pbshr mb qub hkfui as eakì`ukas
eakì`ukas ` al cbizhi h `rb`br bk Mìh 8 mbk `c`ka, kh
prafbstbraih sb`rbthmh par ui `ub rpa k÷tba h`tcva bvcth q u b bkkas lhm urbi y par ka
thita ssbb mbfbibrbi.
kass mìhs 85 h 8: mbk `c`ka, sc bk ÷tbra ia jh mbtb`thma kh prbsbi`ch mb ui
Murhitb ka
bldrcði, lhimhrè ui u i h sbøh k jarl aih k prasthfk
prasthfkhimc ihs) q u b pramu`b kh rbfrbscði
himcihs)
mbk `ubrpa k÷tba.
k÷tba. Bsth rbfrbscði rbl ubvb kh cijcdc`cði mb khs ehsbs ecihkbs mb mbkk `rb`c-
lcbita eakc`ukhr y kb pbrlctb hk h k eak
eakì`uk
ì`ukaa malcihitb `al pkbt hr s u
pkbthr
lhm urh`cði.
urh`cði. Bst
Bstaa `aimu`b h ui iubva `bka y hk `alcbiza
`alcbiza mb ui
iubva `c`ka rbpramu`tcva.

g a r h l c b i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a @rcstchi P è i ` j b z b y b s
@ r ì h v L b ga ~ ]
Bi bk `hsa mb uih prbøbz bk ÷t÷tbra
bra y bk bldrc
bldrcði
ði l himhi jarl aihs qub hyumhi h
lh itbibr bk `ubrpa k÷tba
k÷tba murhitb tamh kh prbøbz.

hibga Tbpramu`tcva
K h bec`cbi`ch bi kh rbpramu``cði bs uia mb kas hspb`tas l è s `rìtc`as mb ui jhta
rbithdkb. K h s pãrmcmhs b`aiðl c `hs qub sb pramu`bi `ala `aisb`ubi`ch mb uih
rbpramu``cði rbtrhshmh pasbbi l÷ktcpkbs eh`bths7 a kh vcmh mb kh vh`h pramu`cbima
kb`jb sb rbmu`b mbdcma h qub bk pc`a m b pramu``cði m b kb`jb ia sb pramu`b ` a i
thith erb`ubi`ch y kas pbrìamas m b sb`h s b bxtcbimbi? a b k i÷lbra m b tbribras
ih`cmas par høa mb`r
mb`rb`b
b`b mhima l bias apartuicmhmbs
apartuicmhmbs phrh
phrh mbs`hrthr vh`hs ` a i
dhgh pramu``cði m b kb`jb mcslciuybima kh p ascdk fbiãtc`h bi bc vhkar
ascdkbb f hihi `ch fbiãtc`h
fbiãtc`a m b k jhta? a B k `asta mcrb`ta phrh b k trhthlcbita mb kas mbsðrmbibs
rbpramu`tc
rbpr amu`tcvas
vas sbrvc`ca y jaiarhrcas vbtbrc
vbtbrcihrcas
ihrcas sb ci`r
ci`rblbith.
blbith.

Mbtb``cði mbk bka

hibrhh mb
M b l hibr m b l hxclczhr
hxclczhr kh vcmh pramu` tcvh
tcvh u i h vh`h mbdb sbsbrr sbrvcmh bitrb kas :>
y 3> mìhs kubf a mbk ph rta. Bsta
Bsta kb pbrlctcrè
pbrlctcrè pramu`cr ui iubva tbrib ra `hm h 84 2 h
84 : l bsbs . CCitbrvhkas bitrbb ph rtas lès-khrfas pasbbi ui
itbrvhkas bitr u i beb`ta i bfhtcva bi kkhh vcmh
beb`ta
pramu`tcvh
pramu`tcvh mb kh kh vh`h .
S h sbh qub bk pramu`tar utckc`b cisb
cisb l cih` cði hrtcec`chk a sb rvc`ca
hrtcec`chk rvc`ca m b l aith ihturhk kh
bec`cbitb mbtb``cði mb `bka bs ui `al paibitb
pa ibitb `rìtc
`rìtc`a
`a mb ui dubi l hibga rbpramu`t
rbpramu`tcva
cva
b i kh bxpkath`cði kb`jbrh. @uhkqucbrh qub sbh bk `hsa bk rbfcstra mb khs vh`hs bi
`bka a eb`jhs m b sbrvc`ca b s ib`bshrca phrh prbmb`cr `bkas eutu

ras
u i h alphibrh
radhdkbs eeb`jhs
b`jhs ym`aitrakhmh.
hprapchmh b phrtahmh.
`aitrak y phrh l hibghr h khs vh`hs m b

@ a k b ` ` c ð i 7 F r h i g h v I b f a ` ca
ca ¿
±Xuã bs b k `bka
B k `bka bs ui pbrìama mb h`bpth`cði phrh bk hphrbhlcbita (rb`bptcvcmhm sbxuhk) q u b
iarlhklbitb sb s b prbsbith b i iavck khs pudbs`bi tbs y vh`hs i a prbøhmhs. Bstb pbrìa-
iavckkhs
m a m b rb`bptcvcmhm pubmb murhr m b sbcs h 0 > jarhs y a`urrb `hmh 4488 mìhs bbii pralb-
mca. B k citbrvhka bitrb m a s `bkas pubmb vhrchr iarlhklbitb m b 8: h 4=
`bkas 4 = mìhs.
Pcfias mb `bka
K h mbtb``cði mmbb `bka rbqucbrb mb uih hfumh adsbrvh`cði. K h lhyarìh mb khs vh`hs
pasbbi u i phtrði m b `alparthlcbita q u b `hldc
`hldchh frhmuhkl bitb mbsmb b k `alcbiza
hk ecihk mbk `bka. Bk lbgar cimc`hmar mb qub uih vh`h bstè bi `ãra bs~`û èima sb
lhitcbib
lhitc bib quc
qucbt
bthh y sb mbgh l aithr par sus `al phø brhs a par ui tara.
^htraibs mchrcas
mchrcas bi kas scfias
scfias mb `bka
Bk `alcbiza mb kh h`tcvc
h`tcvcmhm
mhm mb `bka
`bka scfub mcebr
mcebrbitbs
bitbs phtraibs, `ai kh lh yarìh mb kh
khs ãktclhs jarhs mb kh thrmb h ka khrfa mb kh ia`jb, y bi khs
h`tcvcmhm murhitb khs
kh lhø hih. Khs civbstcfh`caib s l ubstrhi
prclbrhs jarhs mb kh ubstrhi qub l ès mbk 6>% mb kh
h`tcvcmhm mb laith talh kufhr bitrb khs 67>> mb kh ia`jb y khskhs 67>> mb kh lh øhih .

M b l hibrh mb mbt
mbtb`t
b`thr
hr lès mbk 3>% mb khs vh`h s bi `bk `bkaa bi bk jhta, khs
khs vh`hs
mbdbi sbr adsb rvhmhs `ucmhmash lb itb bi k
khs
hs pr
prclbr
clbrhs
hs jarhs mb kh lhøhih, ãktclhs
jarhs mb kh thrmb, y bi citbrvhkas mb `uhtra h `ci`a jarhs murhitb bk mìh.

Mbdblas sbr luy `ucmhmasas bi kh

mbtb``cði mbk
mbk `bka pa
parr qub mb bsa
mbpbimb ci`rblbithr kh pramu``cði bi bk
tcblpa y bvcthr pbrmcmhs b`aiðlc`hs

Atras eh`tarbs q u b ciekubi`chi kh bxprbscði m b k `bka

K h bxprbscði y mbtb``cði mmbb `bk `bkaa pub mbi sbr lès a lbias eè`ck
eè`ck mbpbimcbima mb ui
iãlbra mb eh`tarbs. ^ar bgblpka, bk tcpa mb hkaghlcbita mb khs vh`hs (bsthdka,
bsthdka kcdrb, phsturh, `hlcia phrh `hlcihrh ka khrfa mbk hkhld rhma, bt bt`.
`.)) pravbb mb
vhrcas frhmas mb eh`ckcmhm phrh kh vh`h phrh bxprbshr scfias mb `bka y phrh kas
pramu `tarbs phrh mbtb`thr vh`hs b i `bka.
Bi jhtas lès frhimbs, lès mb uih vh`h pubmb bsthr bi `bka hk lcsla tcblpa.
@ u h i m a bst
bstaa sb prbsbi th, kkhs
hs apartuicmhm bs mb mbtb`thr vh`hs
b i `bka sb ci`r bl bith b i earlh mrhlètc`h mbdcma h qub kh h`tcvc-
ci`rbl

mhm mb laith
ci`rblbith a m b sbrvcv`ca m b cisblcih`cði thldcãi s b
`aiscmbrhdkblbitb.

@ r ì h y L b ggaa r h l c b i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a @rcstchi P è i ` j b z b y b s
 ^ar bgblpka, mas vh`hs bi `bka h
hkk lcsla tcblpa frupa sbxuhklbitb h`tcva) jh`bi
q u b khh`tcvcmhm mb laith sbtrcpkcqub. i `aitrhstb, eh`tarbs thkbs `ala hkths
tblpbrhturhs y julbmhm, vcbita, kkuvch, `aiecihlcbita, y `aimc`caibs qub pubmbi
`hushr kh s vh`hs h phtcihr a `hbr, a makarbs bi khs pbzuøhs tcbimbi h cijcdcr kh
bxprbscði mmbb `bka.

usbi`ch mb `bka

B k `bka pubmb ia sbr mbtb`thma bi khs vh`hs par khs scfucbitbs rhzaibs7 a K h vh`h
bstè prbøhmh? a Kh vh`h jh phrcma y bk `c`ka bstrhk ia sb jh rbbsthdkb`cma `bka
luma)? a K h vh`h bstè bi hibstra par uih lhkh iutrc`cði, sbvbrh cie cieb`` cði m bk trh`ta
b``cði
rbpramu`tcva, u atrhs `al`alpkc`h`caibs
pkc`h`caibs kubf
kubfaa mb
mbkk phrta? a Kh vh`h pasbb ui avhrca
Kh
quìstc`a? a B k pramu `tar ehkkh b i mbtb`thr u i h vh`h qub jh bitrhma b
pramu`tar bii `bka.

a l b i t a m b k Pbrvc`ca

Cic`ca mb
mbkk bka Uh`h sb mbgh laithr Ecihk m
mb
bk bka
: jarhs A - 4= jj)) 85jarhs{0-05j) : jarhs A - 4= j)

8: ,4= arhs

Cisbjicih`cai Hrtcec`chk

Laith Ihturhk

B k sbrvc`ca `a
`aimu `b h kh prbøbz sakhlbitb s
imu`b scc b k bspbrlhtazacmb s b bi`ubitrh bi
« b k kufhr hmb`uhma bi bk lalbita apartuia¿. B k ðvuka b bss kcdbrhma m b k avhrca h khs
8 h 8= j arhs kubfa mb kh ecihkczh`cði m b k `bka y pubmb sadrbvcvcr
jarhs
YYYYYY K cieãrtck par 5 h 84 jarhs. B
par Bi
i `aitrhstb, b
bkk bspbrlhtazacmb pubmb
Y• LYYYvcvcr jhsth 4
4=
= jarhs bi bk hphrhta rrbpramu`tcva
bpramu`tcva mãkh vh`h.

]U «• @akb``cði F r h i g h y I b f a ` ca
ca ¿
R i h rb`albi mh`cði `al÷i phrh phrh bbkk lbgar lal bita mmbb rbhkc-
zhrkh cisblcih`cði hrtcec`chk bs kh kh rbfkh mb «lh øhih -thrmb¿7
-thrmb¿7
vh`hs adsbrvhmhs b i `bka bi kh l h ø h i h ssbb cisblcihi kh
lcslh thrmb, y vh`hs adsbrvhmh s bi `bk `bkaa murhitb kh thrmb
s b cisblcihi kh l høh ih scfuc scfucbit b. Bi bk `hsa m b sb rvc`ca
bitb. rvc`ca
ih turhk, h kh ara pubmb pbr-l ctctìrsbk
kh v h` h y bbkk ttara ìrsbkbb hp hr hb hr ` a -
lbizhima uihs pa`hs jarhs kkubfa ubfa mb qub kh vh`h h`bpth
h`bpth kh
laith jhsth qub kh vh`h s b icbfh h sbr l a ithm
it hm h.
aith I h t u r h k ama
fhihmbra
mbdb bkbfcr
ui dubi tara,
y mb`cmcr bk
lãtama m mb
b
sbrvc`ca qub
vh h utckczhr
mb h`ubrma h
beb`tcvcmhm y
Bk usa mb taras phrh sbrvc`
sbrvc`ca
ca ih turhk pbrl hi b`b mcsblcihma ¡ `astas phrh
h ã i b i èr bhs maim b kh cisbl
èrbhs cisbl cih`cði hrtcec`chk jh
j h pradhma s b r
beb`tcvh. Lu`jas pramu`tarbs `rbbi qub kas ììimc`bs imc`bs mb prb-
øbz sai lès hktas `uhima u i tara sb ush bi kufhr mb kh sbrvc`cas y
cisblcih`cði hrtcec`chk. H ÷ i hsì, `uhima kkhh mbtb``cði m b `bka
b s bxh`th y `uhima kh cisblcih`cði ssbb rbhkc
rbhkczh
zh `arrb`thlb i- • kh`thi`chs /
tb, ia jhy mcebrbi`ch `ai kh cisblcih`cði hrtcec`chk.
Bxcstbi trbs sctuh`caibs maimb bk usa mbk sbrvc`ca ihturhk
bstè cimc`hm a7
bstè ””
@uhi ma bk pbrsaihk ia `aapbrh a bstè bstè bitrbihma
bitrbihma bi earlh
earlh cihmb`uhmh phrh rbhkc-
zhr khs thrbhs hsa`chmhs `ai kh mbtb``cði mb `bka y kh tã`ic`h mb cisblcih`cði
hrtcec`chk, `ai mu` cbim a h ìimc`bs
imc`bs mb prbøbz bxtrbl
bxtrbl hmh l bitb dhgas?
- @ uh im a kh fhihi`ch h kkhrfa
hrfa pk
pkhza
hza bs mb pa`h clparthi`ch?
clparthi`ch?
- @ uh im a khs `ai mc`caibs ka`h
ka`h kbs ia pravbbi kh cierhbstr
cierhbstru`tur
u`turhh ib`b shrch phrh uih
cisblcih`cði hrtcec`chk bxctash (h``bsa hk sblbi, hklh`bihlcbita mb ictrðfbia
kìqucma, tbk
tbkãeaia
ãeaia , bt`.).
Kas pramu`tarbs `ai taras bi bk jhta ia mbdbi akvcmhr qub kas
lcslas j h i `hus hm a lu `jas h ``c
``cmbit bs ehthkbs.
mbitbs

@ r ì h y L b g a r h l c b i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a @rcstchi P è i ` j b z b y b s
Bkkas rbprbsbithi ui pbkcfra rbhk bspb`chk
bspb`chklb
lb itb `uhima sb `rbb sbfura) y mbdbi
m b s b r lhibghmas m b l hibrh sci mblastrhr tbl ar) y `ai bxtrblh prb`hu-
hibr h ecrlb sci
`cði. Hmblès, kakass taras pubmbi mcmcsblcihr
sblcihr biebrlbmhmbs trhislctcmhs sbxuhklbitb
vcdrcascs y trc`ala
trc`alaichscs).
ichscs).

Cisblcih`cði rtcec`chk
K h cisbl cih`c
cih`cði
ði hrtcec`chk bs uih tã`ic`h p a r lbmca mb kh `uhk bbkk sblbi sb citramu`b
hrtcec`chklbitb mbitra m b k `ubrpa mbm b k ãtbra bi bk lal bita
bita m b k `bka bi ui citbita m b
pramu`cr kh prbøbz.

^rbsbithlas kh
khss l hyarbs vbithghs mbk usa mb kh cisbl cih`cði
cih`cði hrtcec`chk7
- Lbgarhlcbita
Lbgarhlcbita fbiãtc fbiãtc`a hscva7 K h prci`cphk
`a l hscva7 prci`cphk vbi thgh m b bbstb
stb lã tama mmbb rbpramu`-
`c
`cði
ði bs kh pascpascdck
dckcm
cmhm
hm mb l bgarh fbiãtc`h lhscvh mb frhim bs padkh`c
padkh`caibs
aibs mb fhih-
m a utc
utckckczhima
zhima sbl bi mb rbpramu`t
rbpramu`tarbs
arbs sbkb``c
sbkb``caihmas
aihmas . Bk lbi ar `asta
`asta mb sblbi
paib h m cspasc`c
cspasc`cði
ði mb kh lhyarìh mb kas pramu`tarbs b k vhkcasa hpa rtb fbiãtc`a m b
bstas hiclhkbs.
- Rtckczh`cði mb
m b sblbi m b hkth ebrtckcmhm
ebrtckcmhm 7 K a s rbpram u`tarbs utc zhmas b i cisblcih-
utckckczhmas
`cði hrtcec`chk, ssaa i hiclhkbs m b hkth ebrtckcmhm. Hiclhkbs m b bx`bkbitb hptctum pra-
mu`tcvh ` a i ebrtckcmhm rbfu khrsai bkc bkclcihmas
lcihmas `al a mhmar bs mb sblbi.
mhmarbs
- ^rafrhlh`cði m b `ruzhlcbitas7
`ruzhlcbitas7 @ uhi ma s b rbhkczhi
rbhkczhi `ruzhlcbitas hktbrihm as b s
ib`bshrca lhitbibr mas a lès rambas rambas sbphrhmas pa r bsthr b i sbrvc`ca ` a i taras
mb rhzh mcebrbitbs.
mcebrbitbs. H k ` asta mb kkas
as rbpramu`tarbs jhy qub hfrbf hrkb kh mup kc`h`cði
m b khs ib`bscmhmbs mb patrbras. Hk utckczhr kh cisblcih`cði hrtcec`chk sb kcdbrhi
patrbras
patr bras hk lhi tbibr guitas kas mcst mcstcit
citas
as kat
katbs
bs mb vcbitr
vcbitrbs.
bs.
- Lbgar `aitrak mb kas vcbitrbs7 K h cisbl cih`cði hrtce hrtcec`chk
c`chk rbqucbrb
uih adsb rvh`cði mchr
mchrch
ch mb kas vcbitrbs. Bsta eh`ckcth b bkk `aitrak mb
teDDDekYr kas lcslas, b k bstumca m b k `alparthlcbita sbxuhk y s u shicmhm.
 ]U @ a k b ` ` c ð i 7 F r h i g h yI b f a ` c a ))) )

^rbsulb kh prbvch hmap`cði m mbb lbmcmhs tbimcbitbs h bkclcihr kas

kas vcbitrbs clpra
mu`tcvas y pascdckcth kkhh mb tb``c
tb``cði
ði mb hqu bkkas hiclhkbs qub ia ``c`k
c`khi
hi iarlhklbi-
tb,, tbicãimakas b i `ubith phrh s u bkclcih`cði a trhthlcbita. Bst
tb Bstaa sup ai b u i h
lbgarh bi kh ebrtckc
ebrtckcmh
mh m mb k ramba.
- M cs
cslciu`c
lciu`cði
ði mb kas pbkcfras
pbkcfras b ci`aivbicbitbs mbk l hitbiclcbita mb tar
taras7
as7 B k lhi-
tbiclcbita m b rb pramu `tarbs scblprb
scblprb bs uih `alpkc`h`c
`alpkc`h`cði
ði mbitra mb ui bsqublh
rh`caihk, bxpubstas p a r atra khma h l hkafrhrsb.
mb lh ibga rh`caihk, hkafrhrsb. Bi
B i a`hscaib s rbsukthi
rbsukthi
lu`ja l è s aibrasas qub kas `astas apbrhtcvas mb kh ccisbl
isbl cih`cði hrtcec`chk.
- @aim u``cði mb lbgarbs praf rhlh s mb rbpramu``c
rbpramu``cðiði y phr
phrcc`c
`cði7
ði7 Kas prafrhlhs
prafrhlhs mb
rbpramu``cði y ph rc`cði
rc`cði ssaa i lu `ja l è s beb`tcvas `ai bk usa mb kh ccisbl
isbl cih`cði
hrtcec`chk h k bgbr`brsb uuii l hyar `aitrak
`aitrak mb kas sbrvc`cas.
Bk usa mb cisblcih`cði hrtcec`chk jh`b ib`bshrca b k mbshrrakka mb ui scst scstbl
bl h m b
cmbitce
cmbit cec`h`c
c`h`cði
ði mb vh`hs y rbfcstr
rbfcstraa mb mh tas mb `b kas b cisbl cih`caib s. R i scstblh
scstblh
mb rbfc
rbfcstrstras
as bxh `ta bs ib`bsh rca
rca phrh mbsh rrakk
rrakkhr
hr ui dubi l hibga rbpramu`t
rbpramu`tcv
cvaa bi bk
jhta y pravb brkh ciearlh`cði
ciearlh`cði phrh qub khs hsa`ch`caibs m b `rchmarbs pubmhi lhi-
tbi br kcdr
kcdras
as m b jhtas prb`csas.

L ã t a m a s mb cisblcih`cði
B i bst
bsthh sb``cði sb mbs`rc
mbs`rcdb
db kh tã`ic`h mb ccisbl
isbl cih`cði lhs ushmh, kh mb ecgh`cði
`brvc`hk
`brvc `hk tr
trhisvhfcihk,
hisvhfcihk, pa rsb r kh
kh l hs be
bec`
c`cbit
cbitb.
b. ^rbvchl bitb sb jhrè ui dr
drbvb
bvb `al bi-
thrcaa sa drb khs
thrc khs l hs `aluibs.
M b kh tã`ic`hs `aia`cmhs, khs mb lhyar bec`cbi`ch sai khs sc
fucbitbs7
h Lãtama rb`ta-vhfcihk
ì Lãtama vhfcihk
` Lãtama mb
mbkk vhfcias`apca.
Pcbima kas
ka s trbs lã tamas sbi`ckkas bi su bgb`u`cði, s b mbdb
prbebrcr hk lès bec`cbitb a hk qub uia bstb l lèè s h`astuldrhma.
Kh bec`cbi`ch mb ui lãtama bstè ìitc ìitclhl
lhl bitb rbkh`caihmh `a i
bk citbrvh
citbrvh ka citbrphrta.
citbrphrta. @u him a lhyar bs kh bec
bec`c
`cbi`ch
bi`ch l bi arb s
bk citbrvhka citbrphrta pralbmca mb ui jhta. B i iubstra `hsa
rb`albimhlas bk lã tama rb`t rb`taa vhfcihk `ai ecgh`cði
ecgh`cði `brvc`hk.

Ecgh`cði brvc`hk ]rhisrb`thk

Bk adgbtcva mb bsths kìibhs bs citbrcarczhr hk bstumchitb mb kas
mbthkkbs l h s clpa rthitbs
rthitbs h tbibr b i `ubith bi bk lal bita
bita mb kh
cisblcihr
bgb`u`cði
bgb`u`c ði mb kh tã`ic
tã`ic`h
`h lhs h mb`u hmh phr
phrhh vh`hs.

g a r h l c b i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a @rcstchi P è i ` j b z b y b s
ì h y L b ga
@ r ìh
Khs vh`hs mbdbi sbr ¡isblcihmhs murhitb bk pbrcama mb `bka a pa`a mbspuãs?
fbibrhklbitb pbrlhib`bi bi `bka 84 - 05 jarhs y pubmbi sbr bxctashlbitb
¡isblcihmhs
¡isblc ihmhs jhst
jhsthh 5 jarhs mbspuãs mb ecihkczhr bk pbrcama
pbrcama mb `b ka. Lu`jas civbstc-
pcbishi q u b p hrh adt
fhma rbs pcbishi bibr ka s lbgarbs rbsukthmas, kh s vh`hs mbdbrìhi s b r
adtbibr
¡isblcihmhs murhitb kh ÷ktclh phrtb m b k pbrìama mb `bka.

b`ta

iìuimìduka

^ra`bmclcbita

]ama bk bqucpa utc

utckckczhma
zhma phrh kh cisbl cih`cði mb db bsthr pbreb`thlbi tb kckclpca,
lpca, kas
tudas m b mcku`cði y pcpbths a vhcihs mbd bi bsthr bstbrc zhmhs a utckczhrsb bkblbi-
bstbrckckczhmhs
ta s m bs`hrthdkbs,
bs`hrthdkbs, yh qub sai b `a i ð lc`a s y mbsb`jhdkbs. P b utckczhi cfuhklbitb
prbecbrbi ushr m b kètbx. B k tã`ic`a
fuhitbs mbs`hrthdkbs, huiqub hkfu ia s tã`ic`as prbecbrbi
b i b k `hlpa mbdb lhitbibr s u s cistrulbitas dcbi kclpcas y mbscieb`thmas? b k
mbkhithk kclpca y bi dubi bsthma. @uhim a sb ush sblbi `aifbkhma y tudas tudas,, pc
pcpbt
pbths
hs
a vhc
vhcihs
ihs mbs` hrthdkbs, ia bs pr
prb`c
b`csa
sa kclpchr
kclpchr bk bqucpa
bqucpa ccisbl
isbl cihmar.]ama cisblcihmar
mbdb tbibr ui th`ja mb mbspbr
mbspbrmc`ca s phrh bk bqucpa ushma? ia jhy ihmh pbar qub
mc`cas
ka s `htãtbrbs, fuhitbs y lhtbrchk mbsb`jhdkbs b i fbibrhk, mbsphrrhlhmas bi bk
èrbh mb trhdhga.
S h sb lbi`caið qub bk lãtama lès bec`cbitb bs bk rb`tavhfcihk? rb`urrcr hk
vhfcias`a pca a mbpascthr bk sbl bi bi vhf cih, `aistctuyb
`aistctuyb ui h cclpbrc`
lpbrc`ch
ch mb prc
prci`c
i`c--
pchitb. K h tã`ic`h m b ecgh`cði `brvc`hk.bs m b blp kba uicvbrshk
uicvbrshk y kh hpkc`h`cði bs kh
kh
lcslh
lc slh yh sbh qub sb usb sbl bi eerbs`a
rbs`a a `aif bkhma, hkhklh`bih
lh`bih -
ma bi hlpakkhs,
hlpakkhs, phgubkhs u ðvuk as h÷i sb ushi bi hkfuias phì-
ðvukas
sbs y/a phrh fhihma mb `hrib .

akb``cði « r h i g h y I b f a ` ca
ca i
K a s phsas h sbfucr phrh cisblcihr h kh vh`h sai7
• Cmbitcec`h`cði mb
mbkk hiclhk.
• Pugb` cði, kckclpcbzh
lpcbzh mb
m b vukvh y phrtbs
hmyh`bitbs `a i hfuh y pa stbrc
stbrcarsb-
arsb- h phgubkh.

`hma `a i tahkkhs m b phpbk.

• Mcku`cði mb
mbkk sblbi y h`aimc`caih-
lcbita mb ãstb bi bk cistrulbithk d pcstakbtb p rccisblcicr `aiphgubkhs.
mb cisblcih`c
cisblcih`cði.
ði.
• @ak a`hr kh lh ia bifuhi thmh cz-
qucbrmh) `ai kas mbmas bi earlh mb mb
`uøh b citramu`crkh suhvblbitb bi bi
bk rb`ta, vbi`cbima kh rbscstbi`ch mb
mbkk
bseìitbr hihk y bkclcihr b k bstcãr`ak ` hgustb mb kh v ci mbs`hrehdkb.

mb kh hl pakkh rb`th
rb`thk.
k.
• Cisbrthr bk `htãtbr a pcstakbtb mb cisblcih`cði `ai kh lhia kcdrb mbrb`jh) bi kh
vhfcih y fuchrka jh`ch bk ` ubkka utbrcia.
utbrcia. Pb
P b sugbth ecr
ecrlb
lb lb itb ãstb y s b bierbith kh
puith mbk cistrulbita `ai kh bitrhmh mb mbkk `ubkka.
• L hicpuk
hicpukhr
hr b k ccistrul
istrul bithk m b lhibrh q u b phsb h trhvãs mb cas pkc bfubs `brvc`hkbs
pkcbfubs
jhsth kh par`cði pastbrcar mb m b k `hihk. B k cistrulbita i a mbdb pbibtrhr
pbibtrhr praeuimh-
lbitb bi bk ÷tbra, yh qub hkfuihs vb`bs pubmb pramu`cr cieb``c cieb``cði
ði a dcbi bk sblbi
s b r mbpa sct
scthma
hma bi bk `ubria `aitrhkhtbrhk
`aitrhkhtbrhk hc avhrca a vukhitb.
vukhitb.
• Fbibrhklbitb ka kass prci`cpchitbs tcb-
ibi mcec`ukthmbs hk citramu`crkh pcpbth
b i b k `ubkka utbrcia. P b ib`bscth
prè`tc`h y ph`cbi`ch.

• sBi hkfuihs
hr `al pkbt vh`hs bs
pkbthlbitb
hlbitb clpas cdk
cdkbb phh
bk cistrulbita
ka khrfa m b tama bk `ubkka y sclpkb-
lbitb sb mbpas cth
cth hi praeuimhlbi-
tb ` a l a s b hvhizð bi bk lcsla.
• Rih vbz bi`aitrhma bk sctca mb mbpa-
sc`cði sb bxpbkb bk sbl bi bith
bithlbi-
lbi-
tb y sb rbtcrh b k cistrulbita.
• P b mbs`hrth bk bqucpa ushma , s b khvhi kh
khss lhias y s b kclpchi
y mbs cieb`thi khs daths y fuhitbs
fuhitbs sc sai mb kètbx.

• P b kkbihi ka s earlu khrcas

khrcas y rbfcstras mb
m b rbpramu``cði.

ga r h l cb i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a
@ r ì h y L b ga rc stc hi Pèi`jbz bybs
^rbøbz
Ebrtckczh`cði ]alh kufhr bi bk
avcmu`ta. BBkk bldrcði bitr
bitrhh h k ÷tb-
ra mas htrbs mìhs mbspuãs, pbra
i a sb hmj cbrb
cbrb h kh phrbm mmbb k ÷tbra
hitbs m b kas 4:mìhs.

Clpkhith`cði @aiscstb bi kh ear-

lh`cði m b `br`h mb :> h 8 > > b s -
tru`turhs ma im b bk tbgc
tbgcma
ma ebthk (`a-
tckbmði y bk tbgcma l h t b r i a
(`hr÷i`ukhs) s b pkcbfhi guitas.
ci`kuyb kh earlh`cði
Bstb pra`bs a ci`kuyb
Bstb
mb bk `armði uldckc`hk. Kh clpkhi-
clpkhi-
th`cði sb `alpkbth fbibrhklbitb
mìh =2 mb kh prbøbz.
bk mìh
drcaihrchh Jhsth q u b
Lub rtb bl drcaihrc
s b `alpkbth kh clpkhith`cði, b k
rcbsfa mb lubrtb bldrcaihrch bs
hkta. P b bstclh qub sb prbsbith
bi bk 8> h 4> mb kas `hsas.
Pc kh lubrtb m bk bldrcði sb prbsb ith kas kas prclbras 86 h 8: mìhs kubf a mb khebrtckczh-
`cði, kh vh`h rbtarihrè
rbtarihrè hhkk `bka bi ui prafrhl h rbfukhr
rbfukhr.. Ri h lu brtb bldrcaihrch
bldrcaihrch l è s
thrmìh rbsukthrè bi ui rbtaria h k `bk `bkaa mblarhm a. B i bst
bstbb `h sa, kh vh`h pasbb u i
`c`ka bstrhk «hphrbitb¿ mb 0> h 02 mìhs. ^ ar ka thita, kh lubrtb bldrcaihrch
bldrcaihrch pubm b
sbreh`cklbitb `aieuimcmh `ala u i h ehkkh mb kh vh`h bbii `ai`bdcr a bitrhr b i `bka.
Mchfiðstc`a mb ^rbøbz
I a rbtaria h k `bka R i h vh`h qub ia rbtarih hhkk `bka 48 mìhs kubfa mb khcisblcih-
`c
`cði
ði pubmb prbsulcrsb mb qu b bstã prbøhmh. H ÷ i hsì, uuii h vh`h pubmb ia rbtarihr h k
`bka mbdcma h u i qucstb
qucstb avè rc`a a uih ehkkh b i mbtb`thr b k `bka.
^hkph`cði rb`thk R i vbtbrcihrca pubmbutckczhr phkph`cði rb`thk => - 5> mìhs kubfa
mb kh cisblcih`c
cisblcih`cði
ði phrh mbtb`thr b k ebta bi bk ÷tbra, atrhs bstru`turhs hsa`chmhs
`ai kh prbøbz, y kh prbsbi`ch mb ui `ubrpa k÷t
k÷tba
ba bi bk avhrca.
^rafbstbraih bi kh kb`jb Murhitb kh pr prbøbz,
bøbz, b k `c`ka bstrhk sb citbr
citbrrulpb
rulpb mbdcma
h qub bk `ubrpa k÷tba pbrscs
pbrscstb
tb y `aitc
`aitci÷h
i÷h sb`rbthima prafbstbraih.
Kh pb rscstbi`c
rscstbi`chh mb prafbstbraihbi kh kb`jb48 h 40 mìhs kubfa
t ck r mb kh ccisbl
isbl cih`cðiscrvb `ala mchfiðstc`a
mchfiðstc`a phr
phrhhkh prbøbz.

][ @akb``cði F r h i g h y Ibfa`ca¿
 T R B P
K h bec`cbi`ch bi kh rbpramu``cði bs uia mb kas
hspb`tas l è s `rìtc`as mb ui jhta rbithdkb. K h s
pãrmcmhs b`aiðlc`hs qub sb prampramu`bi
u`bi `ala 8/4 @rcakka

`aisb`ubi`ch mb uih rbpramu``cði rbtrhshmh 8/

8/44 Iarlhima

pasbbi l÷ktcpkbs eh`bths7 a kh vcmh mb kh vh`h

pramu`cbima kb`jb s b rbmu`b mbdcma h qub bk pc`a
m b pramu``cði m b kb`jb ia s sbb pramu`b ` a i thith
••Yv?
8/= @rcakka
erb`ubi`ch y kas pbrìamas mmbb sb`h sb bxtcbimbi? a
0 = Drawi Pw cs
csss
b k i÷lbra m b tbribras ih`cmas par h øa mb`rb`b
mhima lbias apartuicmhmbs phrh mbs`hrthr vh` hs
`ai
`a i dhgh pramu``cði mb kb`jb mcslciuybima kh
pascdkb fhihi`c
fhihi`ch h fbiãtc`h bi bk vhkar fbiãtc`a mbk
mbk
8/4Jakstbci
jhta? a bk `asta mcrb`ta phrh bk trhthlcbita mb kas
8 4 Fyr
mbsðrmbibs rbpramu
rbpramu`tcvas
`tcvas sbrvc`
sbrvc`ca
ca y jaiarhrcas
vbtbrcihrcas s b ci`rblbith.

mbkk lbgarhlcbitafbiãtc`a mb
K h lbth mb mbkk
f i ma kb`jbra bs kh m b lamcec`hr kh
prapar`cði m b `cbrtas fbibs mb lhibrh m b
qub mhma hk lbmca hldcbitb bi bk qub bk
hiclhk sb bi`ubitrh sugbta ka kass rhsfas mb
citbrãs s b bxprbsbi bi uih earlh q u b
lhxclc`bi kh fhihi`ch mbkpramu`tar
kb`jbra
 darta
Khs l hyarbs `hushs mb hdarta sai7
Cisblcih`cði mb uih vh`h prbøhmh?
prbøhmh?
Kbscaibs eìsc`hs lhibga drus
drus`a
`a mb vh`hs prbøhmhs)?
Cifbstcði mb hkclbitas q u b `aitbif hi taxcihs,
taxcihs, sblckk
sblckkhs
hs bil ajb`cmh s,
•Hkta icvbkbs m b bstrðfbia?
Cieb``caibs
Cieb``caibs lc`radchihs biebrlbmhmbs vbiãrbhs y atrhs cieb``caibs).
]amas kas `hs
`hsas
as mb hd arta mbdbi sbr vcstas `al a sctuh`caibs
sctuh`caibs patbi`chklbi
patbi`chklbi tb sb-
rchs y mbdb jh`brsb tama ka pascdkb phrh kkbfhr h u i mchfiðstc`a.

^hrta
Bi bk ÷tbra bk
b k ebta s b bi`ub itrh sbfura, bi kh pasc
pasc`cði
`cði ia rlhk mb
m b ih`clcbita, b k ebta
mbs`hish bi bk h dm albi `ai khs phth s hitbrcarbs mcrc mcrcfcmhs
fcmhs jh` ch kh hdbrturh utbrc
utbrcih
ih
bk `brvcx) y su ` dbz mbs`hishima bitrb sus phths mbkhitbrhs.

Pcfias m b phrta
Kas scfias m b phrta cilcibitb ci`kuybi7
ci`kuybi7
•Hfrhimhlcbita mb kh udrb `ai pradkblhs patbi`chkbs m b bmblh)
Tbkhgh`cði mb kas kcfhlbitas pãkvc`as?
Mbs`hrfh m b k thpði
thpði lu`asa q u b `brrhdh b k ãtbra.
 g a r h l c b i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a @rcstchi P è i ` j b z b y b s
@ r ìhì h y L b ga

mbkk ^hrta
thphs mb
Mckhth`cði m b k `brvcx B i fbibrh k, bs bsth
th bthph murh mb mas h trbs
trbs jarh s bi kh vh`h
hmukth y `uhtra h sbcs b i iavckkhs. Murhitb bsth bthph, b k `brvcx ssb b mckhth mbdcma h
ui h kckcdbrh`
dbrh` cði m b jarl aih axcta`
axcta`cih)
cih) y kh prbscði mb kh «daksh mb hfuh¿.
Ih`clcbita m b k tbribra K h sbfui mh bthph bs kh prafrbscði mb mbkk tbribra h ka khrfa
mb\\ `hihk mb
mb mbkk phrta y kh bxpukscði mbk lcsla. B k tbribra
tbribra pubmb bi`aitrhrsb h÷i bi bk
ekucma hlicðtc`a. Kubfa mb qub kh `hdbzh jh phshma b bkk `hihk mb
mbkk phrta, bk
bk rbsta m
mb
bk
`ubrpa mblhimh lbiar bseubrza bxtrh phrh s b r bxpukshma. R i brrar `al÷i b s
citbithr
itbithr hscstcrtc
hscstcrtcrhima
rhima khs phths hitbrcarbs
hitbrcarbs mbk tbribra mbl hschma tblprhia .
Bxpukscði mb kh pkh`bith Kubfa m b k ih`clcbita m b k tbribra, khskh s `ai trh``c
trh``caibs
aibs
utbrcihs `aitci÷hi par ui pbrìama mb tcblpa y hyumhi h ralpbr ka s `atckbmaibs
kas
sbphrhima kh pkh`bith mb khs `hr÷i`ukhs utbrcihs
utbrcihs.. I arlh klbitb, kh p kh`bith mbdb
hs 84 jarhs mbk ih`clcbita.
mb sbr bxpukshmhs m bitra mb kkhs

R i ^hrta Mceì`ck
K h bxp brcbi`ch
brcbi`ch y b k dub i guc`ca s a i ib`bshrcas phr
phrhh mb`cmcr
mb`cmcr `uhim a hyumhr bi bk
phrta. Kubfa mb uih a mas jarhs mb pugas citbisa
citbisa s, kh s phths mbkhi tbrhs m bk tbribra
mbdbi hphrb`br. P Pcc bxcstbi scfias mb m b `hishi`ca, ssbb mbdb m b pravbbr hscstbi`ch.
B s luy clpa rthitb
rthitb khv hry mbscieb`t
mbscieb`thr
hr lh ias, drhzas
drhzas,, kh vukvh mb kh vh`h y bk bqucpa
q u b sbrè utckczhma bi kh hscstbi`ch. K h pasc`cði m bk tbribra
tbribra mb db
YY
sbrr mbtbrlcihmh prc
prclbra
lbra
sb hpkc`hrhib`bshrca, `arrbfcmh hitbs
sb y sc bs mb kh
ek r trh``cði. h trh``cði
Kh
K h lbmcmh qub kh vh`h pugh.
 ][ @akb``cði « r h i g h y i b f a ` ccaa ¿

^ast ^hrta
R i pra`bsa m b civaku`cði utbrcih `alcbizh cilbmchthlbitb past phrta. Bk ÷tbra
mb
rbmu`b su thlhøa
thlh øa `aiscmbrhdkblbitb
`aiscmbrhdkblbitb y khs`hphs m btbgcmas ssbbrbiubvh
rbiubvhi.i. Huiqub
Huiqu b
kh h`tcvcmhm avèrc`hpubmb `aimu`cr h khavukh`cði ththiipraita `ala 82mìhs past
phrta, fbibrhklbitb
fbibrhklbitb ia sb h`alphøh `ai bk `bka `bka l luma
uma a sckb
sckbi`ca
i`casa),
sa), y kas
prclbras `c`kas pubmbi sbr mb`arth murh`cði. Lès mbk 3> mb khsvh`hs mbdbi

jhdbr scmaphrta.
kubfa mbk adsbrvhmhs bi`bka par kalbias uih vbzbitrb kas
ka sprclbras 5 >mìhs

^ascdkbs @alpkc`h`caibs
Ttbi`ìði mb ^kh`bith K h erb`ubi`ch mb khrbtbi`cði m bpkh`bith s bci`rblbith
`aii phrtasprblhmuras amceì`ckbs, ythldcãi ``ai
`a aicieb``caibs
cieb``caibs dh`tbrc
dh`tbrchihs.
hihs. Khpkh`bith
IA mbdb rblavbrsb lhiuhklbitb mbdcma h pascdkbs kbscaibs bi bk ÷tbra y bk rcb
rcbsfa
sfa
m b uuii hb
bstbrckcmhm
stbrckcmhm pbrlhibitb.
pbrlh ibitb. Pbbiea`h bseubrz
bseubrzas
as bitrhthr mmbbbvcthr khs
kh scieb``ca-
i b s y bstclukhr khs `aitrh``caibs utbrcihs bk trhthlcbita `ai bstrðfbiashkfuihs
vb`bs bs bxctasa).
Lbtrctcs7 h lbtrctcs bs ui
Kh
K uih mbk ÷tbra lu`jhs vb`bs mbdcmh h uih civh-
h ciekhlh`cði mbk
scði mmbblc`raarfhicslas. Khlbtrctcs erb`ubitblbitb pubmb s b rmchfiastc`hmh pa parr
u i h mbs`hrfh vhfcihk purukbith
purukbith.. R iphrta mceì`ck apkh`bith rbtbicmh ci`rblbith b k
rcbsfa mb lbtrctcs. @uhima sb utckczhi hitcdcðtc`as, kh kb`jb mbdb sbr mbs`hrthmh,
fbibrhklbitb par ui pbrìama mmbbtrbs a`uhtra mìhs. R ihktbrihtcva bs bk mbcimu`cr bk
`bka utckczhima kh jarlaih prasthfkhimcih. Murhitb bk `bka, kh khs
s
`aitrh``caibs utbrcihs hyumhi h bkclcihr kh cieb``cði y lciclc-
zhi kh ib`bscmhm mb hitcdcðtc`as.
r ì h y Lbgarhlcbita m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b`jbra r c s t c h i P è i ` j b z i h y h s

^cðlbtrh @ a l a bi bk `hsa mb kh lbtrctcs, bstb

bstb pradkblh
civaku`rh uih cieb``cði.
cieb``cði. Bi bk `hsa mb kh pcðl
pcðl btrh, bk `brvcx
s b bi`u bitrh `b rrhma, prbvcic
prbvcicbima
bima bk mrbihgb mbk lhtbrchk
lhtbrchk ci-
eb``casa mbk ÷tbra. Bk ÷tbra
÷tbra sb kkbih
kkbih `al pkbthl bitb mb pus
y kh vh`h i a bitrh bi `bka. Bk mhøa `hushma par kh pcðlbtrh
ia
pubmb `aim u`cr
u`crè
è uih bstbrc
bstbrckckcmhm
mhm pbrl hibitb.

^rakhpsa m b ×tbra Bs kh bxpu kscði

lhtrcs), qub sb adsbrvh pa`a mbspuãs mb
eubrh m b k ÷tbra
kscði jh`ch eubrh
mbkk phrta `ala rb rb--
sukthma m b k bseubr za iarl hk a ehkth m b `hk`ca. P b mbdb trhthr
bseubrza
mb l hitbibr
hitbibr h kh vh`h bbii pcb, `ai khs phths pastbrcarbs
pastbrcarbs lhs
bkbvhmhs qub khs hitbrcarbs, sc kh vh`h bsth b`jhmh fbibrhk
fbibrhk-- Pc su vh`h ia
lbitb bs par mbec`cbi`ch mb `hk`ca), sb mbdb hpkc`hr `hk`ca tcbib uih `rìh
bi hkfuih mb sus earlhs, m b l hibrh cit rhvbiash, y bspbrhr
citrhvbiash, `hmh høa a
q u b sb
s b paifh m b pcb. Ku bfa s b m bdbtrhthr
pcb. bdbtrhthrmb
mb citramu`crsuh-
vblbitb bk ÷tbra mbitra mb kh vh`h, prbvch mbscieb``cði,
`hmh quci`b
`ka`hima h mbl ès dakas utbrcias,
utbrcias, thl dcãi s b pubmb `a`br lbsbs,
kh vukvh phrh bvcthr qub sb vubkvh h prakhpshr, thldcãi bs bsthlas
ib`bshrca u i trhthlcbita b i dhsb h hitcdcðtc`as. `aitrakhima
Fbibrhklbitb vh`hs qu b prbsbithi uih vbz bst bstbb pradk
pradkblh
blh , lhk kas `bkas
kas
scblprb vhi h prbsbithr pradkblhs hk phrta, par ka `uhk b bs
s mb iubstras
rb`albimhdkb mbstcihrkhs h k mb s`hrtb mbs
mbspuãs
puãs mb kh pra- hiclhkbs y
mu``cði a shkvhr h k tbribra.

`hph`cmhm g
pramu`tcvh

itbrvhka bitrb ^hrtas

Bs bk tcblpa bitrb b
bkk ih`clcbita mb ui tbribra y atra mb kh
kh lcslh lhmrb. Pc su vh`h
lcslh
i a tcbib u i h `rìh `hmh høa a `hmh quci`b lbsbs, bst
bsthlas
hlas `ai-
trakhima lhk kas `bkas mb iubstras hiclhkbs y mbshpravb`jhima
kh `hph`cmhm m b iubstr
iubstras
as hiclhkbs.
 @akb``cði «Frhigh y bfa`ca¿

Ebrtckcmhm
cmhm mb kh vh` h K h ebrtckcmhm mb kh
Ebrtckcmhm
Ebrtck kh vh`h sb bi`ubitrh ciekubi`c
ciekubi`chmh
hmh par l u-
`jas eh`tarbs. K h bmhm mb
m b k hiclhk pasbb uiuihh ciekubi`ch l u y eubrtb. K h s iavckkhs y
khss vh`hs m b sbfui mh kh`thi`ch
kh kh`thi`ch ssaa i fbibrhklbitb l è s eãrtckbs qub khs vh`hs m b
prclbrh kh`thi`ch y khs vh` hs hmukths.
K h l è s hkth ebrtckcmhm
ebrtckcmhm s b adtcbib murhitb ka
kass lbsbs l è s erìas mbk høa y `uhima kh
khss
vh`hs bstèi bi khs scfucscfucbitbs
bitbs `aimc`caibs7
Kcdrbs mb biebrl bmhm bs rbpramu`tcvhs
rbpramu`tcvhs??
Kcdrbs mmbb pradkblhs mb phrta?
Kcdrbs m b mbsd hkhi`b s iutr
iutrcc`caihkb
`caihkbs,
s, ic luy ekh`h ic luy farmh hk phrta.
K h ebrtckc
ebrtckcmh
mh m b s hk
hkth
th `uhi ma kh vh`h mbgh mb
m b pbrmbr pbsa y `alcbizh h rbpaibr kh
khss
rbsbrvhs `arparhkbs uias lbsbs kubfa mb mbkk phrta.

erYc/? H
UY`Ye
c Y t7

Ebrtckcmhm mbk tara7 Kh `cr`uiebrbi`ch tbstc`ukhrsb bi`ubitrh rbkh`caihmh `ai kh

ebrtckcmhm
ebrtckcmhm mb kas taras hmuktas.
hmuktas. Khs b yh`u kh`caibs mc mchrc
hrchs
hs mb ui tara shia, partcbl -
pa prak
prakaifhma
aifhma , ia kb heb`thi kh ebrtckcmhm. Kh
K h ebrtckcmhm vhrìh `ai7
Bmhm y lhmurbz sbxuhk?
Iutrc`
Iutrc`cði
cði hmb`u hmh ?
Biebrlbmhmbs vbiãrbhs?
Kcdcma
Kcdcma clpuksa sbxu hk).
Bi bk `hsa mb kh cisblcih`cði hrtcec`chk kh ebrtckcmhm mbk tara bs
heb`thmh par kh
kh mc
mcku`
ku`cði
cði mbk sbl bi, pra`bshma , hkl h`bihl cbita
y lhibga mb kh rb`akb``cði jhsth qub sb cisblcih.
@rìh v Lbgarhlcbita m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a @rcstchi Pèi`jbz bybs

Lbgarhlcbita
biãtc`a

K h lbth mbk
m bk lbgarhlcbita fbiãtc`a mb mbkk fhihma kb`jbra bs kh mb lamcec`hr kh prapar-
`cði m b `cbrtas fbibs mb lhibrh mb m b qub, mhma h b k lbmca hldcbitb bi bk qub bk
hiclhk s b bi`ub itrh sugbt a, ka
sugbta, kass rhsfas m b citbrãs s b bxprbsbi bi uih earlh q u b
lhxclczbi kh fhihi`ch mbm b k pramu`tar kb`jbra.

±Xuã bs kh fbiãtc`h
K h fbiãtc
fbiãtc`h
`h bstumc
bstumchh kh vhrch`cði y kh trhisl csc
cscði
ði m b rhsfas a `hrh`tbrìstc`hs mb uih
fbibrh`cði h kh atrh. K h jbrbi`ch bs kh trhislcscði m b rhsfas mb kas phmrbs h kh
mbs`bimbi`ch vìh bk l htbrchk
htbrchk fbiãtc`a. Bsth
Bsth trhislcsc
trhislcscðiði tal h kufhr bi bk lalbita
mb kh ebrtckczh`cði bi kh rbpramu``cði,

Bk lbgarhl
lbgarhlcbit
cbitaa fbiãt
fbiãtc`a
c`a ia bs ui trhdhga
cilbmchta, scia qub sb ib`bscthi vhrcas høas

phrh kafrhr khs lbths trhzhmh

khs trhzhmh s y ecghr u
ui
i
`hrè`tbr bi bk jhta

Fbiatcpa y Ebiatcpa
u ih mce
Bxcstb uih mcebrbi`c
brbi`chh clparthitb bitrb
bitrb fbia tcpa y ebiatcpa. B k fbia tcpa
tcpa bs bsbi`chk-
lbitb u i h `hrh`tbrìstc`h ecgh m b k arfhicsla? pbrlhib`b `aisthitb h ka khrfa mb kh
vcmh m bk hiclhk y ia bs lamcec`hma par bk lb mca hldc
mbk hldcbit
bitb.
b. @ uhi ma sakhl bitb uia a
ui phr mb fbibs sai
sa i rbspaishdkbs par ui rhsfa, bk fbiatcpa pbrlhib `b fbibrhk-
lbitb ssci
ci `hldcas h ka khrfa mb kh vcmh mb
mbkk hiclhk bgl. `akar m b
/^ b > ) - Bi bstb `hsa, b
bkk ebiatc
ebiatcpa
pa atarfh uih dub ih cimc`
cimc`h`cði
h`cði mb
imcvcmua.
 ctk kh `alpasc`cði fbiãtc`h mbk imcvcmua.

[ @ a k b ` ` c ð i 7 F r h i g h yI b f a ` ccaa ¿

H ÷ i hsì, phrh hkfui as rhsfas, bbkk eebiatcpa

biatcpa `hldch `aisthitblbi tb h ka khrfa mb kh
vcmh m b k ccimcvc
imcvcmua rbspubsth h eh`tarbs hldcbithkbs. B i bst
mua `al a rbspubsth bstbb `h sa, bk ebiatcpa
i a bs ui cimc`hmar `ai ec hdkb m b k fbiatcpa. Bsta fbibrhklbitb s b pr
echdkb prbsbit
bsbithh `uhim a
lu`jas fbibs s b cciva iva ku`rhi bi kh bxprbscði mb ui rhsfa, th k `ala pramu``cði mmbb
kb`jb a m b hkf÷i `alpaibitb bi kh kb`jb.

Lhtbrchk fbiãtc`a
B k l htbrchk fbi ãtc`a sb bi`ubi tr
htbrchk ka`hkczhma bi bk i÷`kba m b `hm h `ãkuk
trhh ka`hkczhma `ãkukhh m b k `ubr-
pa. Bk i÷lbra m b phrbs mb m b `ra
`ralasal
lasal hs bs b s tìpc`a mb uih bspb`cb y b s fbibr hklbi-
tb hdrbvchma `ai kh kbtrh «i¿. ^a ^arr bgblpka bi julhias i<40 bi `brmas i<83 bi
vh`hs i<0>. ^ar ka thita kh s `ãkukhs bi bk `ubrpa julhia, `brmas y vh`hs `ai tc tcb-
b-
=5,0 : y 5> `ralasa lh s, rbspb`tcvhlbitb.
i b i 4i< =5,0: rbspb`tcvhlbitb.
K as fbibs sb bi`ubitrhi ka`hkczh-
mas h ka khrfa mb kas `ralasalhs.
R i fbi b s kh kh uic mhm eui`caih k dè -
uicmhm
sc`h mb kh jbrbi `ch? b sta scficec`h
q u b ` a i t c b i b k h ciearlh`cði
fbiãtc`h qub bs rbspaishdkb par
kh bxprbscði mb ui rhsfa b i phrtc-
`ukhr. Bk khrfa `alpkbta mb ui
` r a l a s a l h pubmb mcvcmcrsb b i
lckbs mb bst bsths
hs uicmhmbs eui`caih-
kbs, `hmh u i h rbspaishdkb mb ui
rhsfa b i phrtc`ukhr.
Ri fbi sb ` a l p a i b m b è`cma mbsax cr crcdaiu`kbc`a
cdaiu`kbc`a a HMI. K h eui`cði mbk HMI bs kh
m b kkbvhr kkhh ciear lh`cði ib`b shrch phrh kh
ciearlh`cði k h sìitbscs m b pratbìihs. H lbmcmh qub khs
pratbìihs sai scitbtc zhmh s y qub bk HMI sb rbpkc`h h sì
scitbtczhmh s ì lcsla, b k i÷lbra m b `ãku-
khss m b k `ubrpa s b ci`rbl bith `rb`clcbita) y khs `ãkukhs pubmbi bspb`chkczhrsb
kh
mbitra m b mce
mcebrbitbs
brbitbs eui`cai bs bspb`ìec`hs
bspb`ìec`hs mbshrrakka)
mbshrrakka) b i khs qub hkfuias fbibs sb
bxprbshi atras ia .

]rhislcscði mbk Lhtbrchk Fbiãtc`a

K a s tbstì`ukas m b k tara y kas avhrcas m b kh
k h vh`h pramu`bi kh s `ãk
`ãkukhs
ukhs rbpramu`tarhs
par uih sbrcb mb mcvcscaibs `bkukhrbs qu b sbphrhi bk i÷lbra mmbb `ralasalhs bi uih
`ãkukh. Bk bspb rlhtazacmb y bk ðvuka `aitcbibi sakhlb itb ui lcbldra mbk p h r mb mb
`ralasalhs.
^ar ka thita, kh s `ãkukhs mb kh vh`h y mbk tara `aitcbibi 5 >
`ralasalhs 4i < 5>) 5>),, pb ra bk
b k bspb rlhtazacmb
rlhtazacmb bi bk sblbi y b k
ðvuka bi kas avhr
avhrcas
cas `aitc
`aitcbibi
bibi sakhlbi tb 0> `rala sal hs
 r ì h y Lbgarhlcbita m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a Kb`jbra rcstchi Pèi`jbz bybs

^hrh 4 3 phrbs m b `ralasal hs, hldas l c bldra bldrass s a i vcsuhklbitb cmãitc`as. M b

as phrbs, ui lcbldra bs lu`ja l ès khrfa?
tamhs earlh s, phrh uia mb kkas khrfa? bs kkkkhl
hl hma
`ral asa l h Z, y bk lcbldra lès `arta bs kkkhlhma
khlhma `ral asal h S. ]amas ka kass ðvukas
kkbvhi
kkbvhi bk `rala sal h Z, pbr
pbraa bk bspbrlhtazacmb
bspbrlhtazacmb pubmb kkb vhr bk `ralasa l h Z a bk S.
kkbvhr
Murhitb khmcvcscði `bkukhr phrh earl
earl hr khs
kh s `ãkukhs rbpramu`tarhs, `hmh l cbld ra m b k
ph rmb `ral asal hs vh jh`c
jh`ch uih `ãk
`ãkuk
ukhh parsbphrhma. @al a rbsuk rbsukthma,
thma, 2> mb kas

bk `r
bspbrlhtazacmbs kkbvhrèi
`hsuhkcmhm u i bspbrl bk
mb`ralasal
htazacmb
htazac alasal
q u b kkbvhhZ bcc atra
atra 2> Sebrtckczh
b k y`ralasalh
b ,bk `r
`ralasal
alasal hS Pc
u i ðvuka, kkhh par
mbs-
`bimbi`ch sb rè lh`ja. Pc kh mbs`b imbi`ch rb`cdb
`bimbi`ch rb`cdb m a s `r alasal hs Z, sb mbshrra-
`ralasal
kkhrè u i h jbldrh. B s clparthitb mhrsb `ubith qub bs clpascdk
clpascdkbb prbmb`cr b k sbxa m b
kh mbs`bimbi`ch h k lal bit
bitaa m b k hphrbhlcbita? h ÷ i hsì, pamblasprbmb`cr qub, b i
pralbmca, 2> mb kh mbs`bimbi`ch sbrèi lh`jas y 2> jbldrhs.

@ala sb trhislctbi kas `ralasalhs1

as Adgbtcvas mb kh Pbkb``cði
K a s adgbtcvas m b sbk b``cði mbd bi s b r `aiscmbrhmas `ucmhmashlbitb tbicbima b i
sbkb``cði
`ubith kh sctuh`cði
sctuh`cði bi phrt
phrtc`uk
c`ukhr
hr mb `hmh pramu`tar kb`jbra . Eui mhl bithklb itb, kh
lbth mb sbkb``cði bs kh mb adtbibr vh`hs lès mbsbhdkbs, vh`hs qub kb mbi hk
pramu`tar kh lès hkthhkth rbithdckc
rbithdckcmhm.
mhm. Khs `hrh`t
`hrh`tbrì
brìstc
stc`hs
`hs qub jh `bi h vh`h s ka lè s
rbithdkbs pascdkb ci`kuybi ka scfucbitb7
^ramu``cði m b frhi mbs `hitcmhmbs m b kb`jb bbii `hmh kh`thi`ch?
Kaifbvcmhm (lu`jhs kh`thi`chs)?
Kh kb`jb pramu`cmh pasbb b k vhkar mmbb l br`hm
br`hmaa l è s hkta.
 Kh kb`jb pramu`cmh pasbb b k vhkar mmbb l br`hm
br`hmaa l è s hkta.

akb``cði F r h i g h y I b f a ` ca ¿

ramu``cði y rb`cas mb kh kb`jb

K h s vh `h s q u b pramu`bi frhimbs `hitcmhmbs m b kb`jb ssaa i
l ès rbithdkbs mbdcma h qub, b i fbib rhk,
rhk, rbqucbrbi lbias
hkclbita p a r uicmhm m b kb`jb pramu`cmh qub khs vh`hs ` a i
u i h lbiar pramu``c
pramu``cðiði m b kb`jb.
B k vhkarm b lbr`hma
lbr`hma mb kh kb`jb bs ui eh`tar clparthitb phrh
ci`kucr h k mbecicr kh s lbths m b sbkb``cði.
H k mb`cmcr bi kh bstrhtbfch m b sbkb``cði, rb`ubrmb qub kh sb-
kb``cði m bdb bsthdk
bsthdkb`brsb
b`brsb phrh khrfa pkhza. K h s lbths qquu b
pubmbi pb rlhib `brsci `hld `hldcas
cas h ka khrfa mb kas høas pra- kh lbth mb
mu`bi l ès erutas m bdcma
bdcma h qub kh sbkb``c
sbkb``cði
ði pa sbb u i beb`ta sbkb``cði
pbqubøa pbra h`ulukhtcva sadrb kh khss fbi brh`caibs
brh`caibs su`bsc- b s kh mb
vhs mb vh`hs. adtbibr
Kaifbvcmhm vcmh pramu`tcvh) vh`hs lès
mbsbhdkbs,
K h kaifbvcmhm bs ui rhsf
rhsfaa mbsbhm a p a r lu`jas pramu`ta-
aif bvcmhm i a scficec`h l u`jh bmhm? kh
rbs. K h kkaif khss vh`hs q u b vh`hs q
qub
ub
vcvbi lès sai sakhlbitb
sak hlbitb vhkcashs p arsu tbimb i`ch h tbibr kb mb i h e
uih lhya r pramu``c ði m b kb`jb h ka khrfa mb suvcmh.
pramu``cði pramu`tar kh
K h sbkb``cði ppaa r kkaifb
aifb vcmhm bi sì bs cibec
cibec`cbitb
`cbitb mbdcma h qub lès hkth
sb bi`ubi trtrhhciekubi`chmh p a r lu`jas eh`tarbs,
eh`tarbs, kh lhyarìh rbithdckcmhm
ia fbiãtc`as. B i rbhkcmhm, kh kaifbvcmhm mb khs vh `h s bi g g
lu`jas jhtas
jhtas mbpbimb prci`cphklbitb mmbbtrbs `rctbrcas? ui uih
h
vh`h pbrlhib`b bi bk jhta scblprby `uh ima bk bkkkh7
9 g8

^brlhibz`h kcdrb mb frhvbs lhstctcs? [

^brlhibz`h kcdrbmb p radkblhs rbpra mu` tcvas

tcvas sbrcas (jhdì
(jhdì-- [
kcmhm pphrh
hrh rbpramu`crsb)? Y””Y
^ramuz`h icvbkbs h`bpthdkbs phrh b kpramu`tar.

Kh Bkb``cði mb ui ]ara
Pbkb``cði mb ]aras
Kh sb kb``cði
kb``cði mb taras,
taras,clpkc`h mb`c
mb`cmcr
mcr qu b taras sbrèi utckc
utckczhmas
zhmas `ala rbpramu`tarbs,
qub bi earlh mcrcfcmh, phrtc`cphrhi bi bk pra`bsa m b lbgarhlcbita fbiãtc`a. K h
clparthi`ch
clpart hi`ch mb khkh sbkb``cði fbiãtc`h
fbiãtc`h rhmc`h
rhmc`h bi qub lhs mbk 6> mbk pr prafrbsa
afrbsa fbiãtc`a
pascdkb
pascd kb bi ui h padkh`cði
padkh`cði mb vh`h s pramu`tarhsmb
pramu`tarhsmb kb`jb,
kb`jb, mbp bi-
m b m b k tara, s b h bstb ushma mcrb`thlbitb (laith ihturhk) a h
trhvãs mb kh cisblcih`cði hrtcec`chk.
 g a r h l c b i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a / @rcstchi P è i ` j b z b y b s
@ r ì h y L b ga

^ar ka thita ka lhs rb`albimhdkb bs qub kas l bgarbs taras pradhmas sbhi utckczh-
mas bi khs l bgarbs vh`hs mb kh pa dkh`cði phrh pramu`cr
pramu`cr u i icvbk fbiãtc`a qquu b fhrhi-
tc`b u i ci`r
ci`rbl
bl bita b i fbibrh` caibs euturhs.
Kastarass pradhmas ae
Kastara aerb`bi
rb`bi fhrhitìhs b i `uhita h su rbimcl
rbimclcbit
cbitaa y `hkc
`hkcmhm
mhm l
lbgarhmarh.
bgarhmarh.
]cbibi u i h biarlb vbithgh m b jhdbr mblastrhma b i dhsb h sus jcghs s u vhkar
fbiãtc`a, ui eh`tar kckclcthit
lcthitbb bsth bi bk tctcbl
blpa
pa qub rbqucbrbi bsths prubdhs (hk (hkrbmb-
rbmb-
mar mb 6 høas). @ai @airbspb`ta h kas taras gðvbibs, sc dcbi b bs s`cbrta qub sb`arrb ui
frhi rcbsfa pbra bs kh ÷ic ÷ic`h
`h earl h m b adtbibr l h s tthrmb
hrmb taras pradhm as.
^hrh rbhkczhr
rbhkczhr kas `ruzhlcbitas, iarl hklb itb sb rb`alcbimh `ru `ruzhr
zhr ka l bgar (t
(tar
ara)
a)
`ai ka lb gar (vh`h)
(vh`h),, bi bk èldct
èldctaa fhi hmb
hmbra
ra bx
bxccstb b k b rrarm b i au sh rtarasm b h kth b i
vhquckkaihs (prclbrczhs).
Bi kh h`tuhkcmhm bs ka lhs rb`albimhdkb phrh h`bkbrhr bk pra`bsa mb lb lbgarh
garh fbiãtc`
fbiãtc`h,
h,
b k ÷ic`a ci`aivbicbitb sai kas pradk
pradkbl
bl hs h k prclbr phrta, par ka qub bs clparthitb
`aia`br b k Ìimc`b q u b cimc`h b k par`biyhgb m b pradkblhs h k phrta mb kas taras h
utckczhr (b
(bss rb`albimhdkb i a utckc zhrtara s `ai lhs mbk 84 ).
utckczhrtara

Uh`h Jakstbci
]bribrh Jakstbci (rhzh purh)
K h bkb``cði mb kas taras utc zhmas jay, mbtbrlcihi q u b `khsb mb
utckckczhmas
vh`h
vh`hs s bsthrèi
u i tara bi hrsb
mbd b dhs pramu``cði
bi kkhs mbitra
hs scf
scfucbit mb
bs trtrbs
ucbitbs bs høas. Khaibs7
`aiscmbrh`c bkb``cði mb
`aiscmbrh`caibs7
 akb``cði « r h i g h y I b f a ` ccaa ¿

^rcarczb ka
kass rhsfas `aiscmbrhmas phrh sbkb``caihr,
sbkb``caihr, y atarf÷bkb h `hm h rrhsfa
hsfa u i h
clparthi `ch rbkhtc
rbkhtcvh
vh (c(cas
as rhsfas mb pramu``cði mbd bi sb rtrbs h `ci`a vbqbs lès
clparthitbs qub kas rhsf rhsf as mb `aiearlh`cði)?
Rtckc`b ui lãtama mb sbkb``cði (bk lã tama mb mbs`hrtb cimbpbimcbit
cimbpbimcbitb
b a prbebrc
prbebrcdkb-
dkb-
lbitb u i ììimc`b
imc`b mb sbkb``c
sbkb``cði)
ði) phrh bkbfc
bkbfcrr u i tara?
I a utckc`b kh bxpbrcb i`ch phrh sb kb``cai hr taras, utckì`bkh phrh mb`cmcr `ai qub
bxpbrcbi`ch
erb`ubi`ch sb ushrè `hmh tara s bkb``caihm a.

Uh`h @rcakkh
]bribrh Lbgarhmh
(lbmch shifrb)
Bk i÷lbra y kh bstrht
bstrhtbfc
bfchh mb sbkb``cði mb tar
taras
as pu bmb mcebrcr bi eui`cði mb7
- ] h l h ø a m b k jhta?
• @aiechdckcmhm mbk
mb k tara?
K h prapbiscði mmbk
bk pramu`tar h tal hr rc
rcbsfas
bsfas lbmcmas.
@uh i m a sb sbkb``caihi taras
taras gðvbi bs, kh `alprh m b sblbi mbdb kclcthrsb h uihs
pa`hs uicmhmbs parta ra phrh mcstrcducr bk b k rcbsfa.
rcbsfa. H l bmcmh qu b kh `ai eìhdck cmhm s b
eìhdckcmhm
ci`rblbith kh `alprh mb sblbi partara pubmb ci`rblbithrsb. Bk lìicla pamrìh
s b r s bkb``caihr par ka lbias trbs taras p ar `hmh 2> ð 8>> vh`hs bi bk jhta.
bkb``caihr
K h mcvbrscec`h`cði bs ui shkvh fu hrmh `aitrh
mcvbrscec`h`cði `aitrh `u hkquc
hkqucbr
br pradkblh
quu b pamr
clprbvcsta q pamrìh
ìh hp hrb`br `al a rbsukthma m b sadrbutckczhr
u i tara bi bk jhta.

@ r ì h v L b ga
ga r h l cb i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a @rcstchi Pèi`jbz bybs

ist k `caibs

Bi kh `rchizh mb fhihma kb`jbra kh civbrscði bi `aistru``caibs bs rbkhtcvhlbitb

`aistru``caibs
hkth, h pbshr mb ushrsb bstr`turhs sbi`ckkhs.
@aiearlb kkaa s hiclhkbs `rb`bi bxcstbi `hldcas `aiscmbrhdkbs bi sus ib`bscmhmbs
phrh u i èrbh mb mbs`hisay bsph`ca m b hkclbith`cði.

^hrh rbhkczhr kh cisthkh`cði mbdb bvhkuhrsb

kh `aistru``cði mb h`ubrma h eh`tarbs mmb
b
ib`bscmhm, `hkcmhm mbk tbrrbi
tbrrbia,
a, i÷lbra
i÷lbra mb
hiclhkbs
hicl hkbs y `astas
`astas

K h s eh`ckcmhmbs mb khs cisthkh`caibs mbdbi mb sbr mcsbøhmhs

mcsbøhmhs phrh kkbihr kas rbqubrc-
lcbitas mbk hiclhk y phrh eh`ckcthr bk trhdhga mbk apbrhmar. Khs `hrh`tbrìs
`hrh`tbrìstc`hs
tc`hs mb-
sbhdkbs phrh khskh s cisthkh`caibs mbdbi m b eh`ckcthr kh7
kh 7
-Hkclbith`cði?
- Mbs`hisa y saldrh?
- @hlh y kclpcbzh?
-]rhskhma
-]rhs khma sbi
sbi`ck
`ckka?
ka?
- Eè`ck `aitrak?
-Pbfurcmhm?
- Pbphrh`cði mb kas hicl
hiclhkbs.
hkbs.
Hmc`caihklbitb, lu`jhs prè`tc`hs m b lhibga rbqucbrbi uih sb
phrh`cði mb kas hicl
hiclhkbs
hkbs vh`uih`caibs, trhthlcbitas `aitrh
phrèsctas,
phrèsctas, cisbl
cisblcih`cði
cih`cði hrtcec`chk, lbmc
lbmcrk
rkh
h hkturh, pbshrkhs, bt`.
bt`.).
).
 @akb``cði F r h i g h y I b f a ` ccaa ¿

stru`turhs
^hrh rbh kczhrkh
kczhrkh cist
cisthkh`c ði mbdb bvh kuhrsb kh `aistru``cði m b h`ubrma h eh`tarbs mb
hkh`cði
ib`bscmhm, `hkcmhm mbk tbrrbia i÷lbra mb hiclhkbs y `astas. `astas. Hmbl ès mbdbl as
bstru`t
bst ru`turhr
urhr prbvc
prbvchl
hl bitb ui mcmchfrhl
hfrhl h mb ekuga qub ias pbrlcth hprb`chr kh eh`ckcmhm
eh`ckcmhm
mbk h``bs a bitrb
bitrb khs mc
mcebrbit
ebrbitbs
bs `aistru``caibs p hrh d bibec`ca
bibec`ca mb kas apbrh marb s y

mb kas hiclh
`caibs
`caibs s hk phshrsmb
mbdbikbs
kbsbrsakcmh ui bsthmca h drcimhima
y rbscstbitbs, atra a bi bksbfurcmhm
lh ibga rutcihrc
rutcihrca.
h kkas a. K h s kbs
as hiclh `aistru`-
kb s y h kas
apbrhmarbs.

arrhkbs
B k fhihma vh`u ia rbquc
rbqucbrb
brb h kf÷i bsph`ca mb h`ubrma hk
h k bsth ma ecscakðfc`a
ecscakðfc`a bi bk qub
bi`ubitrb7
- U h ` h s b i pramu``cði rbqucbrbi lu`jp l hs bs-
bs-
ph`ca qub kas mbl ès h iclh kbs `aiscmbrèimasb
`arrhkbs ` a i jhsth 42 - 0> l 4 par hiclhk.

- Kas hicl hkbs bi sb`h, mbdcma

mbdcma hmbl hs h su bs bsth-
th-
ma m
mbb prbøbz h mbkhith ma, rb
rbquc
qucbr
brbi
bi bsph`c as h s
bsph`cas l
pbqubøas m mb
b jhsth 82-4> l 4 pa parr hiclhk.
- Khs vhquckkhs y tarbtb
tarbtbss rbqucbrbi èrbhs hlpkchs par bsthr bi uih htbph m
rbqucbrbi b `rb`c-
mb
lcbitaa y mbsh rra kka lus`uk
lcbit lus`ukhr.
hr.
- Kas `arrhkbs ia mbdbi tbibr phrbmbs q u b rbstrcighi kh `cr`ukh`cði m b k hcrb, pbra sscc
suec`cbitb saldrh phrh cas hiclhkbs.
- ^ar vh`h mbs`arihmh
mbs`arihmh s b rbqucbrb :> `l `l mb `a-
lbmbra, sc ia b bsth
sth mbs`arih ma bk rbqubrclc
rbqubrclcbita
bita
m b 8 >> `l, bk èrbh mbk `al bmbra mbdb bst
bs mb bsthr
hr
dhga saldrh. Pb rb`alcbimh
rb`alcbimh hmblhs qub bk èrbh
hmyh`bitb hk `albmbra sb sbhh hecrlhmh a `ai pcsa
phrh eh`ckcthr kkhh kclpcbzh m
mbb bs
bsth
th zaih .
- Kas tbribras mbdbi sb r rb`rc
rb`rchma
hma s cic`chklbitb b i
cic`chklbitb
ghu khs cimc
cimcvcmuhk
vcmuhkbs,
bs, bsta
bsta hsbfurh bk `aisu la mb
su lhibga.
hkclbita y eh`ckcth su
- Kas tbribras bi `arrhkbs fruphkbs)
fruphkbs) rbqucbrbi mb ui bsph`ca mb 0 h 5 l4 par
tbribra.
Bitrb ka kass lhtbrchkbs m b `aistru``cði s b bi`ubitrhi kh lhmbrh y b k ecbrra phrh b k
`hsa mb uih `rchizh
`rchizh bsthduk
bsthdukhmh
hmh a sblcbsthduchmh y bk usa mb
h k h l d r h a `br`as bskb`trc
bskb`trc`as
`as phrh b k `hsa mb kh `rch i a
bsthdukhmh.

ga r h l cb i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a
@ r ì h v L b ga rcstchi Pèi`jbz bybs

Mbitra mb kas `arrhkbs sb mbd b tbibr h``bsa h ui bsph`ca `ai sal drh, bst bsthh pubmb
sbr ihturhk
ihturhk hrdakbs a hrdustas) a `aistr `aistrucmh.
ucmh. Hm bl ès sb mb db tbib r h``bsa `al b-
mbras y dbdbmbras, bstas h su vbz pubmbi bsthr `aistrucmas m b lhtbrchk iadkb
khmrckckkkas y `blb ita) a lhm brh, bstas mbdbi tbibr u i pbq ubø a tb`ja q ub bvctb qu
khmr qub
s b `h kcbitbi
kcbitbi ka s hkc
hkclb
lb itas y/a sb mbs`alpaifhi.

ui s
P a i pb qubø as `arrhkbs cimc
cimcvc
vcmuhkbs
muhkbs qub sb s b utckczhi phrh ka s tbribras
tbribras mb smb su ih`c-
lcbita jhsth b k mbstbtb, pubmbi tbibr mb 2 h 5 lbtras `uhmrhmas mb m b supbrec`cb,
phrh eh`ckcthr ka s lavclcbitas m b k tbribra s ci a`hscihrsb mhøa, mbdb `aka`hrsb u i
`al bmbra y db dbmb ra par uia mb sus khmas, hmbl ès par ka l bias kh lcthm mb su
hrbz
hrbz mbdb bsthrt
bsthrtb`jh
b`jh mh phr
phrhh prat
pratbfbr
bfbr hhkk tbribra.

s . ì .

hkturhh mb khs `uihs i a mbdb ssbb r lbiar 8 lbtra i c l h y a r m b

Kh hktur
8 4 lb tras phrh eh`ckcthrh ka
k a s apbrhmarbs kh adsb rvh`c
rvh`cði
ði y lhib-
 ga mb kas hiclhkbs

@akb``cði « r h i gh y I b f a ` ccaa ¿

Drbtb
B s uih Bstru`tur
Bstru`turhh qub eh`ckcth bk lhib ga mmbk
bk fhi hma , fbibrhk
fbibrhklbitb
lbitb bs utckczhma phrh
ththlcbitas lãmc`
lãmc`as,
as, ccisblcih`c
isblcih`cðiði y/a hsb fu rhrkh l aith mbk tara.
Mbdb bsthr `aistr ucma mb
`aistrucma m b lhmbrh, hsbfurèimasb kh `aiscstbi`ch y rbscstbi`ch mb kh kh
bstru`tur
bstr u`turh.
h. Khs mclbiscaib s sai mb 8 .2 l btras
btras mb hi`ja par 8 .2 l btras mb hktur
hkturhh y
4.2 l btr
btras
as mb khrfa, qub pbrlcthi
pbrlcthi hk apbrh mar beb`tuh rsus h`tc
h`tcvc
vcmhmbs
mhmbs `ai sbfurc
sbfurc--
m h m y kclpcbzh.
P b kkbb kkkkhl
hl h drbtb prci`cphklbitb parqub bi uia mb su suss khma s tcbib
tcbib u i h «fuckkatcih¿
qub ia mhøh h hkk hiclhk pbra bvcth bk lavclcbita bsth bstru`turh thldcãi s sb
b kh bi-
`ubitr
`ubi trhh `aluil bitb bi khs shkhs mb m b armbøa b ci`kusa h vb`bs sb kb ci`kuyb h icvbk
m b kka
a s `al bmb ras phrh bvct
bvcthr `aistrucrkhh b i earl h cimbpbimc
hr `aistrucrk cimbpbimcbitb.
bitb.

Lhifhs
Bs ui phshmcza `ais truc ma bi
trucma b i lhmbrh, b k `uhk mbdb sbrvcr phrh `aitrakhr b k trbskhma
mb kas hiclhkbs, `hl phø hs mb vh` uih `cði, `a itrakbs shicthrcas tudbr tudbr`ukc
`ukcih,
ih,
mbsp hrh`cth`caibs bt`) y eh`ckcthr hsc bi lhibga m b k fhihma. ^ubmb s b r mbslaith-
hrh`cth`caibs , bt`)
dkb a ecgh h bkb``cði mbk `rchmar
`rchmar y mb h`ubrma h kkhh ccivbrscði
ivbrscði pkhibhm h.
 g a r h l c b i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a Kb`jbra
r ì h y L b ga rcstchi P è i ` j b z bybs

K h s mclbi`caibs mbpbimbi mb kh padkh`cði phrh kh

kh qub sb jh pkhicec`hma y bsph`ca
mbkk bsthdka, pbra sb rb`alcbimh qub ia sbh lhyar mb 4> lbtras, bk
mcspaicdkb mb
hi`ja mbdb tbibr 8.2> l mb hi`ja. Pb rb`alcbimh bk usu mb pubsths `hmh `cbrta
trb`ja phrh eh`ckcthr hui lhs bk lhibga.

Èrbhs Ib`bshrchs

mbkk èrbh mb mbs`hi

Pupbrec`cb mb mbs `hisa
sa l4
l4))
Bmhm ^bsa @ a i pbimcbitb Èrbh, ` a i KatbY`ai
lbsbs)
@aiecihlcbita a
o
of
f) kclpcbzh `hlh phgh, phvclbita
pcsa rhsurhma
hutalètc`h) b t` e) bxtbla
4 =2-3> I a ka utckc`b @uihs I a ka utckc`b I a ka utckc`b
0 2 3>-85> I a ka utckc`b 4.5
4.5 I a ka utckc`b I a ka utckc`b
5 : 85>-442 >.3
>.3 4.0 8.8 0.0
3-84 442 - 0>> 8.8 4.5
4.5 8.4 0.6
80-82 0>> - 05> 8.= 0.> 8.5 =.4
85-4= 05> - 2== 8.6 0.6 4.0 =.6
Uh`hs 95>> 8.3 =.5 0.0 2.
2.8
8
sb`hs

Hkclbita kclcthma a
Hkclbita scblprb
Bmhm lbsbs) ^bsa of) mcspaicdckcmhm mb
mcspaicdkb
?tcblpa
0- 2 3>-85> 0> 0>
5- : 85>-442 0> =5
3-84 442-0>> 0: 25
80-82 0>>-05> =5 55
85-4= 05>-2== =5 55
Uh`hs sb`hs 95>> =5 55-65

Mbspuãs m b k mbstbtb khs

kh s tbribrhs mbdbi sbr hfruphmhs bi i÷lbras pbqubøas mb
`uhtra h sbcs hiclhkbs, prci`cphklbitb mb
sbphrhmhs mb h`ubrma h sus ib`bscmhmbs
iutrc`caihkbs bmhm y pbsas `arparhkbs).

Pbphrh`cði par Bmhm

]bribras mbstbthmhs 42 lbsbs mb bmhm
Khs tbribrhs mbstbth
mbstbthmhs
mhs mb ui thlhøa y pbsa sclckhrbs,
sclckhrbs, mbdbi mb sbr `aka`hmhs
b i frupas pbqubøas `uh tra h sbcs tbribrhs) bi cisthkh`caibs mb trhisc`cði mcsbøh-
`uhtra
mhs phrh lhitbibr khs
khs lcslhs `hrh`tbrìstc`hs qub khs cisthkh`caibs cimcvcmuhkbs-
kclpchs, `ai `hlh sb`h, dubih vbitckh`cði, ui eè`ck h``bsa h

hfuh y hkclbita, bt`. Bi bsth bthph sb pubmb mbs`arihr h kas

 ì tbribras qub ehktbi
tbribras a sb pubmb prafrhlhr bk mbs`alb mb tamas.

][ @akb``cði « r h i g h v I b f a ` ccaa ¿

Uhquckkhs prb-p÷dbrbs7 5-88 lbsbs mb bmhm

K a s frupas pubmbi sbr mb 8> h 4> hiclh-
kbs. Kh hkclbith`cði y khs thshs mb `rb`c-
. . T ì - c-
lcbita mbdbi mb sbr adsbrvhmhs `ucmhma
shlb itb yh qub uih fhih i`ch bbx`bsx`bscv
pbsa `arparhk murhitb bstb pbrìama pubmb
cvhh mb JÛ ?
mhøhrkh jhdck
jhdckcmhm
cmhm eeuturh
uturh phrh pramu``cði mmbb
kb`jb. B i `ai tr hstb, u i h fhihi`ch mmbb pbsa
trhstb,
`arparhk cisuec`cbitb rbtrhshrè kh bmhm h kh
pudb rthm, bk sbrvc
sbrvc`ca
`ca y bk pr
prclbr
clbr phrta.
B k adsbrvhr kh hkturh mb khs vhq uckk
uckkhs,
hs, bk pbsa
y kh `hkcec`h`cði mb `aimc`cði `arparhk bs
l u y ÷tck bbii bsth bthph phrh bvhkuhrkhs prè`-
tc`hs m b hkclbith`cði.

Uhquckkhs hpths phrh bk sbrv c`ca7 84-82 lbsbs mb bmhm

Bst
Bsths
hs t
tbribrhs
bribrhs mbdbi sbrr hfruphmhs prci`cphklbitb phrh eh`ckcthr kh mbtb``cði mb
mb sb
`bkas y `ai prapðsctas m b sbrvc`ca.
Uhquckkaihs prbøhmhs prclbrczhs 7 85-44 lbsbs mb bmhm
Tbqubrclcbitas lìiclas m b cisthkh`caibs y prafrhlhs ekbxcdkbs m b hkclbith`cði
jh`bi qub bk phst
phstarba
arba sbh uih dubi h ap`c
ap`cði
ði phrh kkhs
hs iavc
iavckkkkhs
hs prbøhmhs.

Uhquckaihs bi prbøbz thrmìh7 44-4= lbsbs mb bmhm

Rias `uhitas
`u hitas mìhs hit
hitbs
bs mb
mbkk phrta, khs iavckkhs mmbb prclbr phrt phrtaa pu
pubmbi
bmbi ssbb r lavckczh
m h s guita `ai khs vh `hs bi pramu`
pramu``c ði h t r h v ÷ s m b kh shkh mmbb ar
`cði armbøa
mbøa phr
phrhh hyu mhrh
q u b bsths sb hgustbi h kh rutcih m b armbøa. Pc bs pas cdkbb khs
pascdk kh s iavckkhs mb prclbr phrta
mbdbi mb sbr lhitbicmhs bi sus prapcas frupas mbspuãs m b k
suercr bstr÷s
phrta yh qub pubmbi kkbfhr h p a r bitrhr h u i frupa
mb vh`hs lhs lhmurhs.
lhs

@ r ì h v L b ga t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a @rcstchi P è i ` j b z b y b s
g a r h l c b i ta ] ] ]

hibga

Bk lhibga prapchlbitb mc`ja blpcbz

blpcbzhh bk mìh bi qub ih`b bbkk hic
hiclhk,
lhk, mbd b ih`br bbkk
hiclh k bi ui kufhr kclpca y sb`a , bi kh
kh l bmcmh mb ka pasc
pascdkb
dkb dhga tb`ja . ]hi praita
ih`b, bk bi`h rfhma mbdb hpkc`hr
hpkc`hr uih saku`cði yamhmh bi bk aldkcfa y bk `armði
uldckc`hk mbk hiclhk, phrh bvcthr cieb``caibs y eh`ckcthr kh `hutbrczh`cði mb k al dkc
dkcfa,
fa,
sb rb`al cbimh hmbl ès beb`tuhr bs th apbrh`cði murhitb 8= a 82 mìhs, jhsth qub sb
bsth
mbs prbi mh bk `armð i. Hk ih`b r bk tbrib ra sb kb mbdb sb `hr kkhh ihrc
ihrcz,
z, sc tcbib pradkb-
l h s phrh rbspcrhr.sb kb m bdb erathr
erathr ` a i eubrzh, sc bk tbribra
tbribra mbl arh bk shkcr sb mbdb
tbibr b i `ubith q u b pub
pubmbmb jhdb r t al hm a kcqucma bi bsb `hsa sb kb kbvhith mb khs khs
phths trhsbrh
trhsbrh s y sb kb ghkh kh kbifuh
kbifuh .

Khs prè`tc`hs m b lhib

mb lhibgga sb cic`chi `ai bk
ih`clcbita mbk tbribra bsta i as pbrlctb
ias
`aitrakhr kas
kas eh`tar
eh`tarbs
bs hl dcbithkbs
dcbithkbs phr
phrhh
lbgarhr kh pramu`tcvcmhm mbk
mbk fhihma

]hldcãi b s sulhl bitb clparthitb kh prclbrh talh m b `hkastra , kh `uhk mbdb

beb`tuhrsb ka lhs praita pascdk
pascdkb,
b, mbspuãs qub bk tbribra sb jh phrhma. Bk B k `hkastra
b s u i kcqucma bspbsa, hl hrckkbita,
hrckkbita, bstb kcqucma scrvb `ala purfhitb h k scst
scstbl
bl h m c-
fbstcva phrh quq u b blpcb`bi h eui`c
eui`caihr
aihr iarlhklbitb bbkk bst
bstalhf
alhf a y kas citbstcias.
Bstb `hkastra
`hkastra `aitc
`ai tcbib
bib hhitc
itcdcðt
dcðtc`as
c`as ihturhkbs, vcthlcih
vcthlcihss y l cibrhk
cibrhkbs,
bs, hhss ì `al a hfbitbs
hfbitbs
qub pralubvb i kh pr pramu``cði
amu``cði mb hitc`ubrpas qub mhi rbs rbscs
cstb
tbi`c
i`chh h khs biebr
biebrlbmh
lbmh -
m b s y qub hsbfurhi kkhh vcmh shih mb k hiclhk. P b mbdb khvhr dcbi
 khs udrbs
udrbs hi tbs qub lhl b bk tbr
tbribra,
ibra, sb mb db hsbfurhr qub talb
par ka lbias murhitb kakass trbs prclbras mìhs h s u fusta, mbspuãs
talhrh kb`jb y kubfa
kubfa pamrè ``aisulcr
aisulcr hkclbita.
hkclbita.

@ a k b ` ` c ð i « F r h i g h y I b f a ` ca
ca ¿

Pb rb`al cbimh kh
kh sbphr
sbphrh`cði
h`cði mbk tbribra
tbribra mbspu ãs mbk prclbr mìh, y h`astuldrhrka h
talhr kh kb`jb mb dh kmb.

B k latcva phrh kh sbphrh`cði m b k tbribra

tbribra mã kh lhmrb, b s phrh bvcthr qub bk tbribra
talb mbl hschmh kb`jb bi prbgucprbguc`ca
`ca mb su shkum (pub mb prav a`h r mch
mchrr
rrbhs)
bhs) y mb kh
pramu``cði,
pramu``c ði, hmbl ès kkhh lhmrb ssbb pamrìh h`astuldrhr h sakthr kh kb`jb saka bi b i prb-
sbi`ch mbk tbribra. Kh kb`jb qub sb mh hk tbribra mbdb bsthr tcdch y kclpch mbdb
t al hr m a s vb`bs `hmh mmìh
ìh (`
(`hmh
hmh ma`b jarhs), kh `hitcmhm b s vhrchdkb pbra pubmb
bsthr bitrb = h 5 kctras mchrcas. K h murh`cði mb kh rb`rìh bs mb mas lbsbs hprax
hpraxclh-
clh-
mhlbitb y bi bstb tcblpa hk tbribra sb kb mbdb cr mcslciuybima kh `hitcmhm mb
kb`jb y supkbl bithima `ai hkclbita
hkclbita y hfuh.
Bs luy clparthitb qub bi bk `arrhk m b k tbribra b k pcsa bstb scblprb sb`a , qub ia
jhyh fakpbs m b hcrb qub ia sb lagb `ai kh kkuvch y qub ia pubmhi bitrhr atras
hiclhkbs. Pb rb`alcbimh ia ufhr `ai kas ttbribras,
bribras, parqub s b h`astuldrhi y `uhima
`rb`bi ia pu bmb i mcebrbi`chrsu pbsa mbk iubstra, lhs dcbidcbi bs rb`al bim hdkb qub
bitrb uia a ma
mass høas sb kb `akaqub ui hi ckka
ckka bi kh ihrcz phrh eh`ckcthr bk
b k lhibga.

r.
V Phh

R-~2±6~
[” e~-±,
;• r
/*
\*
V
Y9ì,.-Y
¿ / -. .-.
.-. .-c
/j±Ys]|g *.*.;?? c-.--GY
*.*.;

-
r.
-V e eY / Y
-YPtttìJt7 H Yc H
• .
Yt
Yc

it s mbk hrta
8. Bs ib`bshrca hia thr qub bk `ucmhma mb kh `rìh
`rìh bl pcbzh hitbs mbk phrta. Bk mbsh-
rrakka ebthk bs lu`ja lès rèpcma bi khs uktclhs sblhihs mb fbsth`cði y par ka
thita kh lhmrb mbdb rb`cdcr u i h hk
hkclbith`c
clbith`cði
ði hmb`uhm h.
4. Khs vh`hs mb dbi kkkkbfhr
bfhr hk phrta
phrta bi l uy dubi bsthma mb `hribs phr
phrhh qub pram
pramuz-
uz-
`hi kh lhyar `hitcmhm mb kb`jb bi kh kh`thi`ch scfucbitb. Pc kh jbldrh kkbfh hk
ecihk mb kh fbsth`cði bi lhk bsthma, sb kb mbdb mhr uih hkc-
 lb ith`cði supkblbithrc
supkblbithrchh q u b vhrìh bitrb 8 2 h 0 ockas m b `ai-
`bitrhma, mbpbimcbima m b k bsthma m b k hiclhk y mb khs `aimc-
`caibs mb kh prhmbrh.

@ r ì h y L b g a r h l c b i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a @rcstchi P è i ` j b z b y b s

0. Bi iavckkhs m bprclbr phrta sã rb`alcbimhsulcicstrhr bbkk supkblbita bi bk bsth-

dka bi maimb vhi h sbr a rmbihm hs, phrh qub sb h`astuldrbi.
=. @uhima sb h`br`h`br`hh bk l al bita mbk phrta, khs jbldrhs mbdbi sbr kkkkbvhmhs bvhmhs h ui
patrbra mb lhtbricmhm. Bstb patrbra mbdb ssbb r l luu y sb fura, bsthr `br `h h kh `hsh
`br`h
y sðka mbdbi pbrlh
pbrlhib`br
ib`br hkhkkìkì kh
khss jbl drhs prðxc lhs h phrcr, (82 - 4 > mìhs prbphrta).
prðxclhs
2 . Murhitb kh fbsth`cði b s ib`b shrc shrcaa vbrlceufhr kh jbldrhscqucbrh mmaa s vb`bs ``aa i
^hih`ur`ai ka kass scfucbitbsecibs7
- P b bvcth bbkk phsa m b hkfui as phrèsc tas mb kh lhmrb hhkk ebta y b k tbribra i a ih`b
phrèsctas
phrhscth'ma.
- Pb bvcthkh rbh`
rbh`tctcvh`cði
vh`cðiph
ph-- ”
rhscthrch bi kh jbld
jbldrh rh mbdc
mbdc--
m a h k bstrãs y par bimb kkhh
`aithlcih`cði mbk tbribra
rb`cãi ih`cma.
5 . ^hrh qub kh jbldrh tbifh uuii
tbribra shia y bitrb b i `hkar
h tcblpa mbspuãs m b k phrta, t

bs rb`alb imhdkb hpk hpkcc`hrUcth-

lcih H (Dca`hkhi)y lcibrh-
kb s (]aia
kbs (]aiaease èi `al pubsta).
easeèi pubsta).
^hrh `ulpkcr `ai ka hitbrcar s b
sufcbrb b scfucbitb
k pkhi7 * Y«-<e,.7”Q*,,Y '. ••1; G

^HIH@RT DCA@HKHI ]AIAEAPEÈI

8 > `l0/4>>ofs =`l0 8>`l0
8 lbs hitbs m b k phrta 8 lbs mbspuãs mmbb k phrta vìh citrhlus`ukhr
vìh cit
citrhlus`ukhr
rhlus`ukhr
rch
rch mb ]brib rhs
Bi khs bxp kat h`caibs mmbb fhihma kb`jbra fbibrhklbitb sb mbsb`jhi `hmh høa bk 4>
kath`caibs
y jhsth bk 42 mb khs vh`hs b i pramu``cði, h `hush mb su dhga rbimclcbita,
rbimclcbita, biebr-
lbmhmbs y pa pa`h
`h bec
bec`cbi`ch
`cbi`ch rbpramu`tcvh.
B s ib`bshrc
ib`bshrcaa ui hpa rtb `aitc
`aitciua
iua mb rbblpkhzas mb dubi h`hkcmhm, sc sb prbtbimb
lhitbibr
lh itbibr ui
uihh pr
pramu``cði
amu``cði bec`cbitb. Bk lhtbrchk
lhtbrchk l ès `aivbi
`aivbicbitb
cbitb phrh bst
bstbb rbblpkh-
rbbl pkh-
 za
y ka maimb s bkh
`aistctuybi
jhsth khs
hs iavckkhs
pascdkb, ljcghs
è s shihs y llbgarbs
mb khs bgar mbshrrakkhmhs,
bgar vh`hs m b k
jhta,prbvchlbitb sbsbkb``c
kb``caihmhs.
aihmhs.

@ a k b ` ` c ð i 7 F r h i g h y I b f a ` cbc b i

ucmhmas h k h`clcbita

- Pb mbdb vcfckhr kh vh`h bi bk lalbit

lalbita a mbk phrta phrh citbr-
vbicrsc bs ib`bshrca. Rih vbz ih`b bk tbribra sb kb mbdbi
qucthr kh
khss lbl
lbldrhih
drhihs s y b k la`a mb khs eashs
ea shs ihshkb
ihshkbss phrh
pbrlctcr u i h `arrb
`arrb`th
`th rbspcrh
rbspcrh`cði.
`cði.

- Pb mbdb
mbd b `art
`arthr
hr bk `armði uldckc`
uldckc`hk
hk `ai tcgbrhs h uia
uias s2
`bitìlbtras m b k hdmalbi y mbscieb`thr. Ia sb mbdb kcf hr a
kcfhr
hiumhr b
bkk `armði pubs bsta clpcmb b k mrbihgb ka `
`uhk
uhk trh
trhb
b
h`ulukh`cði mb kìqucmas b cieb``caibs.
- Pc kh vh`h i a blpcbzh h khlbr kh `rìh s b jhrè ui
u i lhshgb
eubrtb `ai uih tahkkh sb`h phrh bstclukhr kh `cr`ukh`cði B s ib`bshrca
pbrceãrc`h mbk tbribra thldcãi sb pamrè hpkc`hr 8 `l0 mb
ui hpartb
^rbfhzak qquu b rbhkczh kh lcslh eui`cði.
`aitciua mb
- Bk tbri
tbribra
bra mb
mbdb
db bsthr bi pcb bitrb 8 h 4jarhs mbs
mbspuãs
puãs mbk
rbblpkhzas
phrta y mbdb hkclbithrsb par sì saka sc ia ka jh`b s b
hyumh h phrhr y sb kb hrrclh h kh vh`h phrh qub ka hkclbitb. mb dubih
`hkcmhm sc sb
- Bk tbrib
tbribrara mbd
mbdbb talhr `hkas tra kas prclbras 4 h = mìhs mb
`hkastra
prbtbimb
vcmh.. Bk `hkastra tcbib khs scfucbitbs
vcmh scfucbitbs eui`
eui`caibs7
caibs7
lhitbibr uih
h . Pulcicstrh ka
kass hitc`ubrpas phrh kh pratb``cði mb
mbkk tbrib-
pramu``cði
ra m
mbb biebrlb
biebrlbmhmbs
mhmbs murh itb kh ãpa`h bi kh `uhk su scs-
murhitb
tblh ciluicthrca ia bs bstè
tè eui`caihima. bec`cbitb

d . Kb sulcicstrh
sulcicstrh hk tbribr
tbr ibra
a tam hs hqubkkhs vcthlcihs lc
tamhs lc--
ibrhkbs y hlciaè`cmas qub sai ib`bshrcas phrh bk mb-
shrrakka m b k hiclhk.
`. H`t÷h `ala kkhxh
hxhitb
itb phr h qub bk hiclhk bkclcib bk lb-
phrh Y•YJ -2
`aica b k `uhk tcbib rbscmuas tðxc`as h`ulukhmas bi bk
tuda mcfbstcva.

m. Bk tbribra mbdb pbrlhib`br `ai kh lhmrb murhitb 4 - = mìhs. H phrtcr mb bstb

pbrìama s b cic`ch kh ãpa`h
sb ãp a`h mb `rìh hrtcec`chk.

Pci rbsthrkb clparthi`ch h tamhs hqubkkhs prè`tc`hs qub sb pubmbi rbhkczhr thkbs
`a l a `ucmhmas murhitb b
bkk phrta cimu``cði h k `aisula m b `hkastra cmbitcec`h
cmbitcec`h`cði
`cði
tapczh`cði `urh`cði mb aldkcfa bt`. i a s rbebrcrblas ÷ic`hlbitb h hqubkkas hs h s-
pb`tas bi kas `uhkbs kh tã`ic`h j h tbicma u i lhyar mbshrrakka y qub ci`cmb l è s
mcrb`thlbitb bi kh b`aialìh mb kh pramu``cði.
Kas scs
scstblhs
tblhs ttrhmc`c
rhmc`caihkb s mb `rìh mb tblbrès sb pubmbi `khsc-
aihkbs
ec`hr mb kh s
scfucbitb
cfucbitb earlh7

ga r h l cb i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a
@ r ì h y L b ga rcstchi Pèi`jbz bybs

8. Mbghr hk tbribra `ai kh lhmrb murhitb ui tcblpa mbtbrlcihma, jhsth qub sb

mbstbth. Ia pubmb `aia`brsb bitai`bs, `uhk puma jhdbr scma bk `aisula mb
kb`jb p a r phrtb mmbb k tbribra.
4. Mhr kh kkb`jb
b`jb h kh tbribrh sb phrhmh mb kh l hmrb murhit
murhitbb 5 h : lbsbs.
B i hldas `hsas ssbb prbsbith u i `aisula bx`bsc
bx`bscva
va m b kb`jb, y b k `asta bi kh `rìh
mb khs tbribrh s rbsukt
rbsukthh m bl hschm a hkta.
Bi kh sbfu imh mb khs earlhs hitbs sbø hkhm hs, bk fhi hmb ra h`astuld rh sulcicstr
sulcicstrhr
hr
u i pralbmca mb =,2of mb kb`jb par hiclhk / mìh? bi 5 lbsbs, bsta rbprbsbith ui
`aisula hpraxclhma mb :8 A of of,, qub mb ic
icifuih
ifuih l hibrh sb gustcec`h par lès lãrcta
q u b pasbh ui hiclhk.

Kas scstbl
scstbl hs l è s rb`cbitbs m b `rìh hrtcec`chk s b dhshi bi kas scfuc
scfucbitbs
bitbs eh`tarbs7
8. R i tbribra i a ib`bsc
ib`bscth
th `aisul cr kb`jb l u`ja s lbsbs, sscia
cia mur hitb khs = h 5
murhitb
prclbrhs sblhihs mmbb vcmh.
4. Bk tbribra `ala rulchitb qub bs, mbdb bsthdk b`br s u hphrhta mcfbstcva bi bk
bsthdkb`br
lbiar tcblpa pascdkb, pra`bsa qub sb h`bkbrh `ai bk `aisula mb lhtbrchkbs
tas`as. ^hsta y `ai`bitrhma).
0. Kh ib`bscmhm q u b bxcstb m b bsthdkb`br `hmh v b z scst
scstblh
blh s l è s b`aiðlc`as b i
khs bxpkath`caibs.
khs
=. Hk sbp hrh r bk tbribra mb kh l hmrb, bk scst
scstbl
bl h bima `rcia, bk jìfhma y kh tcracmbs
sai salbtcmas h u i bstrãs ecscakðfc`a? bsta
bsta sb tr
trhmu`b
hmu`b bi ui mbshrrakk
mbshrrakkaa fkhimu khr
bima`rcia lès h `bkbr
`bkbrhma.
hma.
K h `rìh m b tbribras lbmchitb b k scstblh m b `hitcmhmbs rbmu`cmhs m b kb`jb, pub mb
 tbibrthiths vhrchitbs `ala s b qucbrh i cmbhr? s ci bldhrfa `ai-
sulas bitrb 8>> y 0>>of mb kb`jb bi ui pbrìama tathk mb 5> h
8>> mìhs, j h i mhm a lh fiìec
fiìec`as
`as rbsukt
rbsukthmas.
hmas.

akb``cði F r h i g h y I b f a ` ccaa ¿

B i kh hpkc`h`cði mb kas scstblhs mb `rìh hrtcec`chk `ai `hitcmhmbs rbmu`cmhs mb

kb`jb, b s clparthit
clparthitbb tbib r bi
b i `ubith kh earlh
earlh `ala sb sulcicstrh h trhvãs m b tama
b k pbrcama. P b mbdb cic`chr `ai uih `hitcmhm i a lbiar h 0 of y hul bithr jhsth u i
lèxcla mb = ð 2 of y kubfa qucthr frhmuhklbitb jhsthjhsth suspbimbrkh
suspbimbrkh tat
tathklbitb.
hklbitb.
Murhitb khs = prclbrhs s bl hih s mb vcmh kas rbqubrclcbitas iutrc`caihkbs mbk tbrib-
prclbrhs
ra hulbithi b i earl h `aitc
`aitciuh.
iuh. ^ar ka rumclbithrca y par khs `hrh`tbrìstc`hs m b
lai afèstrc`a mbk hphrhta mcfbstc
mcfbstcva
va mbk hicl hk bi ãsth prclbrh
prclbrh bthph mb su vcmh, kh
kb`jb mbdb hparthr h l hyar phrtb
phrtb mb kas iutrc
iutrcbitbs
bitbs phrh kkbihr bstas rbqubrclcbitas.Mb
hjì qub kh kb`jb mbdb crsb
crsb hul bithim a frhmuhklbitb
frhmuhklbitb b i bstbstbb pbrcama.
Hk `al bi zh rh mcslciucr
mcslciucr bk sulcicstr
sulcicstraa mb kb`jb,
kb`jb, bk tbribra sb vb adkc
adkcfhma
fhma h hulbi-
thr bk ` a i s u l a mb lhtbrch
lhtbrch sb`h phstaphsta y `ai`bitrhma), ka qub cimu`b `hldcas
hihtðl c`as bi su scstscstblh
blh mcfbstcva, bspb `chklbitb u i h`bkbrhm a mbshrrakka
mbshrrakka rulcihk?
bs mb`cr, b k hph rhta mcfbstcva
mcfbstcva m b k tbribra sb vh `aivcrtcbima bi bk mb ui vbrmhmbra
rulchit
rulchitb.
b. Bst
Bstaa a`urrb bitrb
bitrb kh `uhrth y quc
qucith
ith sbl hi h mb vcmh. Mb bstb
bstb lal bita bi
hmbkhitb, b k `aisula m b phsta y `ai`bi trhma trhma sb ci`rblbith rèpcmhlb
rèpcmhlb itb.
^hrh quq u b bstas pr
pra`bsas
a`bsas a`urrhi bi earl
earl h iar-
l h k b k sul cicstra
cicstra mb h kclbi tas tas`a s mbd b cic
ic--
6

`chrsb h phrtcr
phrtcr mb kh
kh prc
prclbrh
lbrh sbl hi h mb vcmh mb
lhibrh frhmuhk.
^amrìh mb`c
mb`crsb
rsb bitai`b s qub ui tbribra ia rb-
qucbrb kb`jb par lès mb = - 2 sblhihs? bs b s prb-
ebrcdkb sc
scii bldhrfa, sbr ui
u i pa`a `aisbrvhmar b i
.
3
kh utckczh`cði m b ãstas lã tamas.
^hrh kafrh r ãxcta
ãxcta `ai kas scstblhs
scstblhs mb `rìh hrtcec-
`chk,, kh hkclbith`c
`chk hkclbith`cði
ði kè`tbh
kè`tbh mbd b cr h`a l phø hmh

mb ui msulcicstra
phsta hmb`uhma
b dubi h `hkc
`hkcmhm. m b `ai`bitrhma
mhm. B k sulcicstra m b `ai-y
`bitrhma h vakuithm jhsth u i lèxcla mb 4 h
4,2of par
pa r hiclhk 8 mìh
mìh bs ui icvbk suec`cbitb
suec`cbitb phrh
kkbihrkas rbqubrclcbitas iutrc`caihkbs,
Bk scstblh
scstblh mb hkag
hkaghl
hl cbita mb khs tbribrhs murhitb bsth bthph shkh `uih, ghukhs
partètckbs a bsth`hs)
bsth`hs),, mbpbi mb mb khs `aimc`caibs prapchs m b `hmh bxpkath`cði.
@ a i dubi as scstblhs
scstblhs mb l hibga, khs tbribrhs mbdbi ecihkczhr bk pbrìama mb `rìh `rìh 2
lbsbs)v`ai u i pbsa mb 803 of. kh rbkh`c ði bitrb kh bmhm y bk pbsa m b ka s hiclhkbs,
rbkh`cði
sb pubmb adsbrvhr bi kh scfucbitb eatafrheìh.
Mbsmbm ìh
`hmh bk puita m b vcsthh prè`tc`a,
b k `arrbspaimb 8 of? mb bi trbbka
hquì kas 0 y 2 lbsbs
i shmbkhitb m b bmhm,
kh rbkh`cði bs
ui pa`a lbiar.

@ r ì h v L b ga t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a @rcstchi P è i ` j b z b y
g a r h l c b i ta

^rè`tc`hs hprapchmhs bi kh `rchizh mb tbribrhs mbsmbbk ih`clcbita jhst.hbk mbstb-

tb ci`kuybi u i h dubih hkclbith`cði, `hlh , shi cmhm, vbitckh`cði, prbvbi`cði m b pra-
dkblhs mb shkum y uih adsbrvh`cði mcmchrc
hrchh luy mb `br`
`br`h.
h.

Bi kh ^rclbrh Jarh
Kas pradkblhs mb rbspc
rbspcrh`c
rh`cði
ði bstèi fbi brhkl bitb hsa`chmas
hsa`chmas `ai mcec`ukthm hk phrt
phrtaa
mcsta`ch). Pc uih tbribrhia rbs
rbspc
pcrh
rh cilbmchthlb itb mbspuãsm mbb ih`cmh,kh ihrcz y
kh da`h mbdbi mb sbr kclpchmhs m mbb lu`ascmhm. KKhh tbribrh pubmb sb r kbvhithmh jh`ch
hdhga par hkfuias sbfuima s phrh
phrh qub mrbib tamh kh l u`ascmhm.
u`ascmhm. P ci bldh rfa, bst
bsthh
pasc`cði i a mbdb mb sbr lhitbicmh yh qub bk pbsa mb khs vcsbrhs b i `aitrh m b k
mcherhflh adstruyb kh rbspcrh`cði.
R i h vbz qub khs vìhs hãrbhs bstèi kcdrbs, rbspcrh`cðihrtcec`chk pubmb sb r hpkc`hmh
`alprclcbima y rbkhg
rbkhghima
hima hktbrihmhlbitb khkhss phrbmbs m b k tðrhx.
K h rbspcrh`cði thldcãi pubmb sb sbrr bstclukhmh
bstclukhmh ta`hima b k larra mb kh tbribrh ` a i
rìhh sadrb kh `hdbzh mb kh lcslh.
u i h pcbzh mb ph gh a vbrtcbima hfuh eerì

bscieb`t
bscieb`thimahima bk `armði ul dck dckc`hk
c`hk
] h i praita `alakh tbribrh rbspcrh iarlhklbitb, kh htbi`cði mbdbmb sbr biea`hmh
bi b bkk `arm ði ul dckc`hk
dckc`hk.. H vb`bs a`hscaibs b k `armði uldck
uldckcc`hk shif rh. Fbibrh klbi-
tb `aka`h ima uih pcbz
pcbzhh kclpch mb h kfam ði bs suec`cbitb
suec`cbitb phrh mbtbibr kkhh jbl arrhfch.
arrhfch.
 @uhkqucbr
@uhkquc br h`ul ukh`cði mb shifrb mbitra mbk `armði mbdb mb sbr
bxprclcmh jh`ch heubrh, hitbs rblaghr bk `armði `ai uih saku-
`cði eubrtb m b cama (6 ) a dcbi ``aa i `uhkqucbr atra hitcsãptc`a.

@ a k b ` ` c ð i « F r h i g h y I b f a ` ccaa ¿

Pb`hma mb kh tbribrh ap`caihk)

R i h tbribrh jãl bmh bi ui lbm ca hld cbitb hcrasa, bs pascpascdk
dkbb qub sb bie
bierì
rìbb y sb
biebrlb rèpcmhl
rèpcmhl bitb. Pci bl dhrfa `uhima kh tblbrè sb l hitcbib sb`h y prat
pratbfc
bfcmh
mh
m b `arrcbitbs (m
(mbb vcbita), kh tblpbrhturh
tblpbrhturh lbmca
lbmca hldcbit hk pubmb dh ghr h lbias m b
hldcbithk
>¾@ sci heb`thr kkhh shkum mb kh tbribrh. ^hghkclpch a u i sh`a m b jbibquãi pubmbi

s b r utckczhmas phrherathrh kh tbribrh y sb`hrkh h k lalbita mmbb k ih`clcbita.

Cmbitcec`hima k tbribrh
tcbib s u prapca lãtama m b cmbitcec`h`cði.
@hmh bxpkath `cði tcbib cmbitcec`h`cði. B i hkfui as phìsbs
phìsbs kh
cmbitcec`h`cði
cmbitcec`h`cði hi clh k scfub `cbrths rbfkhs
rbfkhs `ai latcvas aec`c
aec`chkbs.
hkbs. Kas rb`c
rb`cãi
ãi i h`cmas
mbdbi mb sbr cmbitce
cmbitcec`hmas
c`hmas bi uih earlh pbrlhibitb y kh ciear ciearlh
lh `cði adtbic
adtbicmh
mh h k
ih`clcbita mbdb mb ssbr br hklh `bi hmh bi ui rbfc
rbfcstra
stra cimc
cimcvc
vcmuhk
muhk pbrlhibi tb. Kas lã-
tamas mmbb cmbitcec
cmbitcec`h`cði
`h`cði ci`kuybi7
ci`kuybi7
• R i h `arrbh a `hmbih bi bk `ubkka?
• R i hrbtb mb lbthk a mb pkèstc`a?
• R i thtuhgb bi kh pcbk?
Rihh lhr`h parerìa.
• Ri
Kh ccmbitc
mbitcecec`h`cði
`h`cði thl dcãi pubmb eh`ckc
eh`ckcthrsb
thrsb bi bk rbfc
rbfcst
stra
ra pbrlhi bitb m bk hiclhk `ai
uihh eatafrheìh a ui
ui u i mchfr hl h mb khs lhr`hs mb
mchfrhl mbkk hiclhk sc bs qub kh rhzh bs `hrh`tb-
rczhmh partbibr lès mb ui `akar.
Hkclbith`cði `ai `hkastra

Kh clparthi`ch m b h kckclbi
lbi thr ``aa i `hkastra mbdb m bsbrbi ehtczhmh.. R i bst
sbrbiehtczhmh bstumca
umca rb`cbi-
tb bi kas Bst
Bsthmas
hmas Ricmas, lubstrh
lubstrh qub sci clpa rthr mbk tama kh bmu`h`cði qub sb
kb s pravbh h kas pramu`tarbs kb`jbras,
kbs kb`jbras, lès mbk 44 mb kh l arthkcmhm
arthkcmhm mb khs tbribrhs
s b htrcduyb h kh ehkth m b rbscstbi`ch ciluib.Bxcstbi `uhtra hspb`tas m b lhibga

phrh kh hkclbith`cði `a
`aii `hkastra
Ia mbgb k tbribrh `ai k vh`h
Khs tbribrhs mbdbi mb sbr rbtcrhmhs mbk èrbh mb phrta mbspuãs mbk ih`clcbita.
Lu`jas bstumcas cimc`hi
cimc`hi qub kh supbrvcvbi`ch mb khs tbribrh s sb ci`rblbith
lhr`hmhlbitb `uhima kh tbribrhsb `aka`hbi u i lbmca hldcbitb kclpca sb`a y sb
ui
hkclbi
hkc lbi th `ai `hkastra cilbmchthlbi
cilbmchthlbi tb mbspuãs mbk
mbk ih`clc
ih`clcbita.
bita. Bi `alphrh`cði,
khss ttbribrhs
kh bribrhs qub sb mbghi `ai kh lhmrb fbibrhkl bitb cifc
ifcbr
brbi
bi lbi as (sc bs qub
hkfa) mb `hkastra y luy thrmb.
@uhima kh tbribrh y kh vh`h pbrlhib`bi guiths mbspuãs
mbspuãs m b k ih`clcbita, huiqub
sb h par hkfuihs jarhs, bs bsbi`chk bk supbrvcshr
supbrvcshr qub kh tbribrh
lh lb. Kh udr
udrbb mb kh vh`h mbdb mb ssbr
br kclpchmh hitbs mb qub sb
kb pbrlcth l h l h r hkh
kh tblbrè.

@ r ì h y L b g a r h l c b i t a mbk F h i h m a U h ` u i h K b ` j b r a rcstchi èi`jbz bybs

B i hkfuia s ``hsas
hsas khs
kh s vh`hs rb`jhzhrèi y pascdkblbitb khstclhrèi h kh tbribrh
cilbmchthlbitb mbspuãs mbk ih`clcbita. Atra eh`tar qu b jh y qub `aiscmbrhrbs kh
shkum mb kh tbribrh kas
ka s rcbsfas mb kh trhisl cscði
cscði m b b iebrlb mhmbs cieb``
cieb``cas
cashs
hs s b
ci`rblbithi
ci`rblbithi `uhima kh tbribrh y kh vh`h ia sai sbphrhmhs.
Lhitbifh h kh tbribrh bi ui `arr
`arrhk
hk cimcvc
cimcvcmuhk
muhk
K h s tbribrhs i a tc
tcbibi rbscstbi`ch h khs biebrlbmhmbs hk
bibi icifui h rbscstbi`ch h k ih`clcbita. B k
rcbsfa mb hmqucrcr y trhislctcr uih biebrlbmhm
biebrlbmhm bs rrbmu`cma
bmu`cma `uh ima kkas
as rb`cãi ih`c-
mas sb `aka`hi bbii ` arrhkbs cimcvcmuhk
cimcvcmuhkbsbs q u b bst èi sb`as pratbfcmas m b `arrcbitbs
bstèi
y qub bvcthi b k `a ith` ta mcrb`t
mcrb`taa ` a i hiclhkbs.
Hmc`caihk-lbitb `aiearlb kh tbribrh vh `rb`cbima u i `arrhk cimcvcmuhk kb pbrl pbrlctctbb h k
`ucmhmar b k adsbrvhr b k `aisula m b cic`chmar b i earlh m b frhia b k `uhk bs ui
`rctbrca clp mb`cmcrr `uh im a bs qub kh tbrib rh bsth kckcst
clp arthitb phrh mb`cmc sthh phrh mbstbth rsb.

hs ^rclbrhs Pblhihs

Dubias jèdctas m b j cfc

cfcbib
bib
K h mcsblcih`c ði mb lu`jhs biebrlb-mhm bs pubmb sbr rbmu`c
mcsblcih`cði rbmu`cmh
mh `aiscmbrhdk
`aiscmbrhdkb-lbi
b-lbi -
tb `ai bk usa mb uih dubih jcfcbib. K a s utbisckcas m b hkc
hkclbi
lbi th`c
th`cði
ði mbdb i mb sbr
kclpchmas
kclpchmas mbspuãs mbm b `hm h usa.
usa. @uhi ma kh lcslh d atbkkh ` a i `jupði bs utckczhmh
phrh hkclbithrh kh s tbrib
tbrib rhs q u b lhl hi hkclbit
hkclbitbb h kas hiclhkbs l è s gðvbibs
 prclbra
prclbra y mbspuãs h kas
kas lè s vcbgas.
vcbgas. Kas `ar
`arrhk
rhkbs
bs m bdb i mb sbr kckclp
lp chmas y mbsc
mbsci-
i-
eb`thmas th i praita `ala kkhh s tbribrhs sa
saii l avc mhs h atra kufhr.
avcmhs
Kas `arrhkbs mbdbi m b pbrlhi b`br kc
mb kcdrbs
drbs par ka lbias mb trbs h
ekJCJekYYY `uhtra sblhi hs hitbs mb qub sbhi utck utckczhmas
czhmas m b i ubva.

@akb``cði « r h i g h y I b f a ` ccaa ¿

Adsbrvb khs
kh s sbøhkbs m b biebrlbmhmbs
Tb`ubrmb qub uih tbribrh
tbribrh shi h bs uih tbr
tbribrh
ibrh jhl
jhldrc bith? kh pãrmcmh mb hpbtcta bs
drcbith?
uih mb khs pr
prclbr
clbrhs
hs sb øh kbs mb ui pradkblh mb shkum. ]alb kh tblp brhtur
brhturhh mb khs
tbribrhs qub lub strhi scfias mb biebrl bmhm pãrmcmh mbk hpbtct
hpbtcta,
a, mbdck
mbdckcmhm,
cmhm, agas
juimcmas, bt`.).
Tbla`cði mb k s pbzaibs supr iulbr rcas
K hs tbths
tbths hmc`caihkbs pubmb i cieb`thrsb
cieb`thrsb b citbrebrcr `ai kh
kh l èquc
èqucih
ih mb
m b armbøa pastb-
rcarlbitb bi kh vcmh. Pci
P ci bl dhrfa , bst
bstbb pradkblh bs rbkhtc
rbkhtcvhl
vhl bitb rhra y kh utckcmhm
m b rbl avbrtbths hmc`caihkbs
hmc`caihkbs b s `ubstcaihdkb bi kh l hyarì
hyarìhh mb kas `hsas. K h s tbths
hmc`caihkbs
hmc`c aihkbs p ubmbi sbr rbl
rbl avcmhs `u hima sai cmbitcec`hmhs pasctc
pasctcvhlb
vhlbitb
itb lcbitrhs
qu b kh tbribrh bs h÷i pbqu bøh y eè`ck mb l hib ghr. Ri dcst
dcsturì
urì pub mb sbr utc
utckckczhma
zhma phrh
`arthr kh tbth bi kh kìibh bi maimb kh udrb sb uib. Thrhlbitb bxcstb shifrhma. Bs
clparthitb lh itbibr bstrc`ths
bstrc`ths `aimc`caibs shicthrc
shicthrchs
hs mbscieb``cði
mbscieb``cði mbk èrbh hitbs
y mbspuãs mb kh apbrh`cði y mbscieb``cði mb mbkk bqucpa qucrãrfc`a . Bi hk hkfuias
fuias `hsas,
tbths hmc`caihkbs ia sai eè`ck
kh s tbths l bitb cmbitcec`hdkbs, y bxcstb u i rcbsfa m b `arthr
eè`ckl
uihh «tbth vbrmhmbrh¿.
ui
@uhima sb rbhkczh bkb k mbs`a rib, pamblas hpravb`jhr hmblè s phrh kh bkcbkclcih
lcih`cði
`cði m b
kas pbzaibs
pbzaibs suprhiu lbrhkbs, sb mbdb bstcrhr b bkk pbzði y `arthr `ai uih tcgbrh bstb-
rckczhmh, s b mbdb hpkc`hr yama a hkf÷i atra mbscieb`thit
mbscieb`thitbb hitbs y mbspuãs mb kh
apbrh`cði. @ a i hiclhkbs lhyarbs mb ui høa sb rb`alcbimh qub kh apbrh`cði kh
rbhkc`b ui vbtbrcihrca,
vbtbrcihrca, scbl prb sb rb`al cbimh `udrc
`udrcrr khs jbrc
jbrcmhs
mhs `ai rbpb
rbpb kbitbs
`ala `urhdc`jbrh.
bs`arihima h kh tbribrh
B k mbs`arib bbss rb`albimhma bi kh lhyarìh mb khs

sctuh`caibs. K h s v h ` h s `a
` a i `ubrias pubmbi
mhøas bi khs pbrsaihs. B k mbs`arib pubmb sb sbrr`hushr
jb`ja
`uhima ka s dratbs mb kas `ubrias `alcbizhi h blbr-
fbr y pub mbi sbr cmbitcec
cmbitcec`hmas
`hmas pasctc
pasctcvhlbitb
vhlbitb mb 8>
mìhs h sbc
sbcss sblh ihs mb m b bmhm) yh qub `aiearlb kh s
tbribrhs vh i `rb` cbima, bsth prè`tc`h sb vubkvb l è s
bstrbshitb.
bstr bshitb. Bk mbs`a rib mbdb mb sbr rbhkczhma hitbs
mbkk mbstbt
mb mbstbtbb phrh bvcthr ui bstrãs hmc`caihk murhitb bstb
pbrìama, bi `hsa mb qub sb prafrhlb phrh mbspuãs mbspuãs,, s b sufcbrb qub sbh bitrb ka s
m a s y `ci`a lbsbs. ^ubmb sb sbrr rbhkczhma `ai ui mbs`arihmar bkbkã`trc`a
ã`trc`a,, a `ai uih
phsth `èu stc`h.
stc`h. Hitbs m b mbs`arihr p a r prclbrh, vbz bk pramu`tar a tã`ic`a mbdbi
m b dus`hr
]ã`ic
]ã`ic`hs `aisbga h`br`h
`hs cihmb`uhmhs mb kas pra`bmc
ci`rblbithi pra`bmclcbitas
lcbitas
bk bstrãs
bstrãs phrh kh hmb`uhmas.
tbribrh y bk
rcbsfa
rcbsfa m b mhøa thita phrh kh tbribrh `al a phrh bk tã`ic`a.

t a m b k F h i h mmaa U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a @rcstchi P è i ` j b z b y b s
@ r ìhì h y L b ggaa r h l c b i ta

K a s hiclhkbs ` a i `ubrias `arrbi b k rcbsfa mmbb khstclhrsb ka

kass uias h atras a h kas
bi`hrfhmas mb su lhibga
lhibga,, bspb`chklbi
bspb`chklbitb
tb sc sb khstclhi khs udr
khs udrbs
bs pubmbi prava`hr
cieb``caibs qu
q u b vhyhi bbii mbslbmra mb kh pramu``cði.
Mbs`arihma ` a i ^hsth
^hsth Xuìlc`h èustc`h

^hrh tbribras mb 88>> mìhs jhsth kas 0> mìhs, `ai bstb lãtama b
`ai bkk hic
hiclhk
lhk suerb pa`a y
bvcth kh pbrmcmh mmbb shifrb.
^hrh hpkc`hr kh phsth quìlc`h ssbb mbdbi sbfu
sbfucrcr ka s scfucbitbs phsas7
- @arthr b
bkk pbka hkrbmbmarmb kas `ubrias
Thsphr eubrtblbitb
eubrtblbi tb ka s `ubrias utckczhima u i `u`jckka
-Hpkc`hr vhsbkcih h kh zaih m b pcb
pcbkk hkrbm
hkrbmbmarm
bmarmb
b ka s `ubrias phr
phrh
h bvcthr qublhmurhs
- Hpkc`hr kh phsth sadrb kas `ubrias rhsphmas sbf÷i khs bspb`cec`h`caibs mb kh
khs
ehdrc`h
Ia sb mbdb tbibr `aith`ta mcrb`ta `ai kh phsth, b i `hsa m b h``cmbitbs mbdb
khvhrsb m b cilbmchta `a
` a i hfuh y ghdði y kubfa ` a i vcihfrb
Mbspuãs mb kh hpkc`h`cði, mbdb las `ucmhr qqub
hpkc`h`cði, mbdblas ub ia tbifh `aith`ta ` a i atra hiclhk
a `ai kh udrb mb kh lhmrb p a r uihs : jarh
jarhs
s phrh bvcthr qublhmurhs.

K a s hiclhkbs `ai `ubrias pub

pubmbi
mbi jh`brsb b
a

mbs`arib mbdb mb sbr rbhkczhma hitbs m mbbk

mbstbtb phrh bvct
bvcthr
hr ui bstrãs hmc`caihk •

murhitb bstb pbrìama

@artb
^hrh tbribras mb 0 h : lbsbs s b pubmb utckczhr b k `artb mb kas `u`ubrias
brias ih`cbitbs y
kh pastbrcar `hutbrczh`cði ` a i ecbrra `hkcbitb u atra `hutbrczhitb.
Bstb
Bs tb lãtama pubmb prava`hr pbrmcmh
pbrmcmh m b shifrb par
par ka qub sb rb`alcbimh beb`tuhrka
rèpcmhlbitb y murhitb kh ãpa`h sb`h mb
mbkk høa. Bk hiclhk mbdb sbrtuldhma y hthma,
hmblès kh apbrh`cði mbdb rbhkczhrsb bi khs lbgarbs `aimc`caibs m b jcfcbib pasc-
dkbs.
 ^hrh su rbhkczh`cði sb blpkbhi mbs`arihmarbs mb dhribs a lbmch kuih , scbrrhs y/
a ecbrras `hkcbitbs. P b rb`alcbimh kh hpkc`h`cði pastbrcar m
mbb `urhdc`jbrh a hkf÷i
atra rbpbkbitb phrh bvcthrqub kkhs
hs las`hs `akaqubi su s jubvas,
sus
prava`hima
prava `hima lchs
lchscs,
cs, hm
hmblès
blès kh `hutbr
`hutbrczh`cði
czh`cði mbdb hsbfurhr qub
qubmb vìh mb cifrbsa mb dh`tbrchs.
•VE
YY Y Y a

@akb``cði « r h i g h y I b f a ` ccaa ¿

Xucr÷rfc`a
Pb bl pkbh bx`
bx`kkuscvhlbit
uscvhlbitbb phrh hiclhkbs mb `ai`ursa bs uihuih apbrh`
apbrh`cði
cði qucr÷rfc`h
q u b mb db sbr rrbhkc
bhkczhmh
zhmh par ui lbmc`a vbtbrcihrc
vbtbrcihrcaa bk rbsukthma
rbsukthma bs l u`ja lhs bst
bstã-
ã-
tc`a qub kas hitbrcarbs
hitbrcarbs p bra mb lh yar `asta.
csbøhima u i scst bl h m b vh`uih`cði `ai bk vbtbrcihrca
scstbl
Bxcst
Bxc stbi
bi vh` ui hs mcspaicdkbs
mcspaicdkbs phrh ui frhi iãlbra mb biebrlbmhmbs. ^ a r bgblpka kh
ci`cmbi`ch mb mchrrbh mbdcmh h `araih vcrus rathvcrus y B. B . `akc pubmbi sb
sbrr rbmu`cmhs
`a i ciluiczh`cði. K h mcspai cdckcmhm
cdckcmhm m b vh`uihs phrh biebrlbmhmbs bspb`ìec`hs
vhrìh mb ui phìs h atra. B k vbtbrcihrca mbdb mb sbr kh l bgar eeubitb
ubitb m b ciearlh`cði
h`br`h mb khs vh`uihs qub vhi h ssbr br rbqubrcmhs a dcbi
dcbi h `ai sbghr bi kh ku`jh
ku`jh `aitrh
biebrlbmhmbs bsp b`ìec`hs
b`ìec`hs mb uih rbfcði.

k Mbstb
Mbstbtb
tb

Bk mbstbtb mb tbl brè s cimcvcmuhkbs

cimcvcmuhkbs sb rbhkczh
rbhkczh h l biu ma dhsèim asb bi7

• Bmhm?
• ^bsa `arparhk
`arparhk??
• @ai sul a mchrc
mchrcaa mb `ai`bitrhma.

B k mbstbtb mb khs ttbribrhs

bribrhs mbdbi mbm b bsthr dhsh mhs bi kh `hitcmhm m b hkc hkclb
lb ita sb`a
q u b kh
khss tbrib cifcbrbi par mìh y ia bi kh bmhm a b k pbsa. B k cic`chmar phrh khs
tbrib rhs cifcbrbi kh s
tbribrhs mbdb mb jh `brsb mcspaic
mcspaicdkb
dkb mb `ci`a h 8> mìhs mbspuãs mbk ih`clcbita.
R i h tbribrh qquu b `aisulb >.6 of mb hkclbita sb`a a lhs bi trbs mìhs ` aisb`utcvas
bsth kcsth phrh ssbb r mbstbthmh. @uh ima khs
kh s tbribrhs ssaa i hk
hkclbithm
clbithm hs `a
` a i dhgas icvb-
kbs mb kb`jb phrh pr
prapc`
apc`chr
chr bk `aisul a tblp rhia mb lhtbrch sb`h bk mbstbtb
mbstbtb pubmb
s br rbhkczhma hdrupthlbitb. B i `aitrhstb sc kh kb`jb b s hml cicstrhmh
cicstrhmh bi frhimbs
`hitcmhmbs b k mbstbtb pubmb rbqubrcr mb mas h trbs sblhihs m mbb
ui h trhisc`cði kbith phrh bvcthr u
uii rbtrhsa bi bk `rb`clcbita. Bi
Bi
kh prh`t
prh`tc`
c`hh sb mbdb rbbl pkhzhr kb`jb p ar hfuh .

@ r ì h y L b ga
g a r h l c b i ta
ta m b k F h i hm a U h ` u i a K b ` j b ra rcstchi Pèi`jbz bybs

Khs tbribrhs qub ia `al bi `hitcmhmbs

`hitcmhmbs hmb`uh mhs mb cic
cic`chmar
`chmar bi frhi a hk mbstbt
mbstbtb,
b,
pcbrmbi
pcbr mbi pbsa par hkf ui as mìhs mbspu ãs mb qub sai mbstbthmhs
mbstbthmhs . Bst
Bsthh pãrmcmh
pãrmcmh mb
pbsa a`u rrb sci
sci clpa rthr kh bmhm mb kh tbribrh hk mbstbtb.
^ar ka qub uia mbdb mb ia `aiscmbrhr kh cmbh m b rbtrhshr b k mbstbtb mbdcma h uih
bspbrhizh mb uih «l bgartrhisc`cði¿- bk adgbt
bgartrhisc`cði¿-bk adgbtcva
cva mb db mb sbr bk trhthr m b p rapc`chr bk
`aisula tblprhia m b cic`c
cic`chma
hma r b i frhia.
Khs tbribrhs mbdbi mb l hitbib rsb bi `arrhkbs cimcvc
cimcvcmuhkbs
muhkbs a `arrhkbths
`arrhkbths hkrbmbmar
m b 8> mìhs mbspuãs mbk mbstbtb
mbstbtb jhsth qub bk ccistc
istcita
ita mb l hl hrs b jh pbrmcma.
pbrmcma.

Pcstblhs mb Cmbitcec`h`cði y Tbfcstra

bsthdkb`clcbitaa arfhiczhm a rbhkczhry kkbvhr h`tuhkczhmhlbitb
Bs susthi`chk phrh tam a bsthdkb`clcbit
u i rbfcstra mb mhtas mb kas hiclhkbs.
Bsta pbrlctb `aia`br bi `uhkqucbr lalbita bk bsthma h`tuhk mb kh jh`cbimh, su
jcstarch y su tbimbi `ch euturh, pa scdckct
scdckcthima
hima kh hpkc`h`cði mb
m b lbmcmhs `arrb`tcvhs
`arrb`tcvhs b i
earl h fb ib rhk a phr
phrtc
tc`ukhr
`ukhr bi `hmh bthph mbk prpra`bsa
a`bsa pramu`tcva.
pramu`tcva.
Bstb rbfc
Bstb rbfcstra mbdb `aitbib r euimhl bithklb itb kkaa s h`ai tb`clcbi tas ecscakðfc
stra `as l è s
ecscakðfc`as
clparthitbs mbsmb bk puita mb mb vcsth mb kh rbpram
rbpram u``cði, hsì `al a thldcãi kas mhtas
m b su s phmrbs, bie
biebrlbmhmb
brlbmhmb s, vh`u ih`caib s, trhstarias
trhstarias bi kh rbpram
rbpram u``cði, adsbr-
vh`caibs, bt`.
^hrh bkka ka s hiclhkbs mbdbi s b r
pbreb`thlbitb cimcvcmuhkczhmas, scbi-
m a ka rb`albimhdkb bk usa mb thtuh-
gb bi kh arbgh y kh iulb rh`cði
rh`cði h bi bk
`ubrpa a bi kh arbgh. Bsta pbrlctb
su eè`ck kb`turh `arrbspaimcbima kas kas
i÷l bras phrbs h khskhs jbldrhs y kkas
as
clphrbs h kkaa s lh`jas.
B s ` a i v b i c b i t b qub bi kh arbgh
apu bsth kkbvb bk thtuhgb mb kh lhmrb,
h s ì sbrè eh`tcdkb rb`aia`brka h u i
`uhima
`uhi ma bk i÷l bra prapc prapcaa sbh darra-
sa a ckbfcdkb.
Bs rb`al bim hdkb bk usa mb kh
kh ec
ec`jh
`jh cimcvcmuhk
cimcvcmuhk,, mai mb `aistb7 clhfb i mbk hiclhk
 ÷ic`hlbitb bi fhihma kb`jbra), I ¾ mb thtuhgb, I
I¾ I¾¾ mb thtuhgb mb kh lhmrb y mbk
eb`j h m b ih`clcbita, sbrvc`cas rb`cdcmas eb`jh), phrc`caibs eb`jh),
phmrb, eb`j eb`jh), phkph-
`cði rb`thk mchfiðstc`a), sbxa mb kh `rìh, trhthl cbitas shicthrcas
shicthrcas
rbhkczhmas, bspb`chklbitb Dru`bkascs y ]udbr`ukascs, adsb rvh-
`caibs, bt`.

@akb``cði « r h i g h y J b f a ` ccaa ¿

Murhitb kas sbrvc`cas sb utckczh uih pkhickkh maimb sb hscbithi mchrchlbitb khs
cisblcih`caibs rbhkc
rbhkczhmhs.
zhmhs. BBkkkkhh mbdb `ai tbib
tbibrr ka
kass scfucbitbs mhtas7 I m b armbi a
`hrhvhih mb cmbitcec`h`cði, eb`jh mb kh ÷ktclh phrc phrc`c`cði,
ði, eb `jh mbk 8 br.,4ma. 0br., =ta.
y 2ta. sbrvc`ca eb`jh y rbsukthma mb mbkk th`ta rb`thk y eb`jh pradhdkb mb phrc`cði.

BP]HI@C et? TetWH

] H ] × H ] B LH]. ]H]RHGB ^-H]. S H @ . D T R @ . @ H L ^ S . ]TC@A. ]H]×H]B ITA.

] B @ J H PBTUC@CA MCHFIÐP]C@AP @TCH PHI8 MHM
M L H ]ATA p U ADPBTUH@CAIBP PBZ ]HC HD
HD.. DTR ]RD
L;hu

KCDTA MB CIPBLCIH@CAIBP
Rh`h ^hrc `c ai Cisbic ihzc A]CJP ^hk p- Tb`thk
Ira- Eb`jh r
h 4mh 0rh. =th Pth ^/U Eb`jh

c x rtøa
Kh ec`jh cimcvcmuhk drcimh kh jcstarch mbk
mbk hiclhk pbrlctcbima bxtrhbr kas mhtas ib`b-
kas
shrcas phrh
u i h sbk
sbkb``c mbs`hrthrka
b``cði
ði hmb`uhmhamlhitbibrka bi bk pkhitbk, rbhkczhima
b k ramba mb `rìh.
Khs mas clèfbi bs supbrcar sb pubmbi sbrvcr mb bgblpka.
supbrcarsb

ta m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a
@ r ì h v L b ggaa r h l c b i ta rcstchi P è i ` j b z T b y b s

icm m

Khs biebrl bmhm bs pubmbi sbr `k

`khsce
hscec`hmhs
c`hmhs sbf÷ i bk hfbitb btcakðfc`a
btcakðfc`a qub khs pra-
mu`b y pubmbi sbr7
DH@]BTCHP Khs dh`tbrchs
dh`tbrchs sai `hph`bs mb pramu`cr ciiul brhdkbs biebrlbm hmbs
y pra`bsas cieb``casas
cieb``casas bi hiclhkbs mal ãstc`as y sckvbs
sckvbstr
trbs.
bs. Bi kkhh h`tuhkcmhm pub-
m b mb`crsb qub kas sarprbimbitbs hmbkhitas mb kh tb`iakafìh j h i pbrlctcma b i
dubih lbmcmh ibutrhkczhr
ibutrhkczhr sus beb`tas ibfhtcvas.
L @ A ^ K H P L H P Mbitra mb kas Lakkc`utbs ka s lc`raarfhicslas m b k fãibra
Ly`apkhslh sa s a i jhsth bk
b k lal bita
bit a kas phtðfbias l è s `aia`cmas b i vbtbrcihrch.
TC@OB]]PCHP Bi iubstra phìs bxcstb uih cl parthi tb rc`obt
rc`obttsc
tscascs
ascs phrh kas davc
ia s qub bs kh Hihpkhslascs.
@KHLCMCHP Ia bstè bstè h÷i luy mbecicma
mbecicma bk phpbk qub `ulp kbi khs
khs `khlcmchs
`khlcmchs `al a
hfbitbs ccieb``casas
ieb``casas bi vbtbrcihrch. Hkfuihs mb bkkhs
bkkhs sb mbsth`hi par prava`hr bi-
ebrl bmh mbs zaaiatc`hs. Atrhs hk phrb`br fuh rmh i `cbrth
`cbrth hecic
hecicmhm
mhm par bk trh`ta
trh`ta
rbpramu`tcva mb khs jbl drhs.
UCTRP Pai uicmhmbs lakb`ukhrbs mb bstru` bstru`tu
turh
rh sclpkb y eui`caihl cbita `al pkb-
ga. Jhsth bk prbsbitb icifuia
icifuia m b kas vcrus `aia`cmas jh mbl astrhma sbr sbiscdk
sbiscdkbb h
ka s hit
kas hitcdc
cdcðtc
ðtc`as
`as `aivb i`caihkbs. P b rbhkc
rbhkczh
zh prbvb i`cði h trhvãs mmbb vh`uihs.
JAIFAP K a s jaifas s a i `ãkukhs phrb`cmhs
phrb`cmhs h khs vbfbthkbs pbra qquu b bstèi mbs-
pravcstas m b `karaeckh. Pb
P b mcebrbi`chi mb khs
khs pkhiths a vbf bthkbs prapchlbitb mc`jas
 par ia `aiearlhrtbgcmas b s mb`cr s a i `ãkukhs qu
qubb pubm bi kkbfhr
kkbfhr h hfruphrsb pbra
pbra
sci `aistctucr ui tbgcma.
sci
^HTÈPC]AP Pai sbrbs pakc`bk
pakc`bkukhr
ukhrbs
bs qub hp ravb`j hi kas scstblhs
scstblhs mbk jaspbmbra
phrh su prapch supbrvcvbi`ch.
Bi bstb kcdra trhthrblas sakhlbitb khs biebrlbmhmbs lès `a-
luøbs mbk fhihm a vh`uia bi iubstr
iubstraa b`ascstblh.
b`ascstblh.

@ a k b ` ` c ð i 7 F r h i g h y I b f a ` ccaa i

i e b r l b m h m b s mb ]bribras
chrrbh

K h s jb`bs s a i h`uashs, ` a i lu`ja kcqucma, m b `akar dkhi`a a frcsè`ba, m b akar

eãtcma B k tbribra sb vubkvb mãdck. Ã k tbribra s b vub kvb mãdck mãdck,, mb sjcmrhthma, trcstb y
`a i ecbdrb
`ai ecbdrb lambrhmh. ^ubmb la rcrcrscia
rscia rb`c
rb`cdb
db trtrhthl
hthl cbita. ^hrh prbvbicr bsbsth
th biebr-
lbmhm sb rb`alc
rb`alcbimh tbribra `aisul h bbkk `hk
bimh h sbfu rhrqub bbkk tbribra `hkastra,
astra, lhitbibr
lhi tbibr sb`a
y kclpca b k `arrhk, `a
`aii pr
pratb``cði
atb``cði phrh kh
khss kkuvchs, bvcthr b k bx`bsa bi bk `aisula mb
kb`jb, trhthr b k al dkc
dkcfa
fa ` a i yama y mbd b bsthr hcskhcskhma
hma mb
m b atr
atras
as hi clhkbs q u b pub-
m h i bsthr biebrla
biebrla s.
^hrh trhth
trhth rbsth biebrlbmhm ssbb mbdb bvctbvcthr
hr b k `aisula mb kb`jb p a r ka k a lbias ppaa r
4= jarhs, mh r bi su kufh rsub ra `hsbra a sc bk hicl hk bst bsthh luy mãdc
mãdckk, hpkc`hrs ubra
bkb`trakìt
bkb`trakìtc`a,
c`a, mbs
mbspuãs
puãs mbk tbr`br mìh bk hiclh k ppubm
ubm b vakvbr
vakv br h `aisul cr kb`jb pur
purh.
h. H
vb`bs b s clparthitb b k trhthlcbita ` a i hitcdcðtc`as m b k tcpa sukehta, y kas
hitcphrhscthrcas citbstcihkbs. B k subra `hsbra bsth jb`ja `ai kh saku`cði mb mas
`u`jhrhmhs m b hz÷`hr y uih mb shk bi ui kctra m b hfuh.

brich

A`urrb `uh ima kh phrbm mb kkhh dhrrc

dhrrcfh
fh pbrc
pbrctaiba)
taiba) tctcbib
bib ui hfugbr
hfugbraa p a r bk `uhk shkb
u i h phrtb mb kas ðrfh ia s cit
citbrias
brias fbibrhk
fbibrhklbitb
lbitb kas
ka s cit
citbst
bstcias
cias)) `hu shi ma uuii h jci-
`jhzði hi arl hk bi kh zai h hdma lcih k ci`ci`ku
kusa
sa mbitra mbk a ldkcfa).
@ai bk mbma sb pubmb sbitc
sbitcrr kh hp brtur
brturhh b citramu`cr kas
ka s ðrfhias bi
bi su kufhr, bbii `hsa
mb qub bk jub`a sbh mbk thlhøa mb ui mbma a u i pa`a l è s pbqubøa, bstb v h h
shihrsci lhyar ttrhth
rhth lcbita `uhi ma `r
`rbz`h
bz`h h k hiclhk.
^bra sc bk hf
hfugbr
ugbraa b s lhyar ka lhs rb`albimhdkb bs kh hscstbi-
` ch vbtbrcihrch phrh hpkc`hr puitas citbrias h kh zaih kbsc
kbscaihmh.
aihmh.

@ r ììhh y L b ga r a @rcstchi P è i ` j b z b y b s
g a r h l c b i t a mbkF h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b ra

^uklaiìh @aithfcash
B k hiclhk tcbib ecbdrb hkth mb => h =4¾
=4¾@
@ trcstbzh
trcstbz h ehkth
ehkt h m b
hpbtcta tas rbspcrh`cði hfcthmh a `ai mcec`ukthm y pbka jcrsu-
ta. Kh biebrlbmhm m urh mb pa`as mìhs jhsth vhrchs
vhrchs sbl h-
ihs Fbibrhklbitb lubrb b k hiclhk h lbias qub sb kb mã
ui trhthlcbita praita. H vb`bs kh biebrlbmhm pubmb murhr
lu`ja tcblpa y pubmb htrhshr b k `rb`clcbita iarlhk m b k
hiclhk.
P b prbvcbib rbhkczhima u i dubi lhi bga mbsm b b k ih`clcbi-
ta. Bk trhthlcbita s b rbhkczh `a i subra `hsbra y b i `hsas Mbdblas
lhs eubrtbs `ai subra mb hpkc
hpkc`h`cði
`h`cði citrhvbiash
citrhvbiash.. Pb hpkc`hi
`aitrakhr khs
hitcdcðtc`as mbk tcpa mb kh axctbtr
axctbtrh`c`kc
h`c`kcih
ih par vhrcas
vhr cas mìhs.
biebrlbmhmbs
bi ka
kass
tblbras
parqub bsths
pubmbi mbghr
sb`ubkhs qu
qub
b
mcslciucrìhi bk
rbimclcbita
pramu`tu`tcva
mbkk fhihma
mb

Ibulaiìh
Bsth b iebrlbmh m bs luy `al÷ i bi hiclhkbs gðvbibs mbs-
Bsth O •

pubs mb ãp a`h s mb bstr

bstrãs
ãs `al a kkuvch
kkuvch erìa a ehkth mb dubi ~ ,
hkclb
hkc lb ith`cði. Kas sìitalhs ci`k
ci`kuybi
uybi tas ecbdrb
ecbdrb rbspcrh`c
rbspcrh`cði
ði
rèpcmh ehkth m b hpb tcta
tcta y lu`asa b i kh ihrc
ihrcz.
z. Bitai` bs bs luy clparthitb khvhrsb
dcbi mbsp uãs mb trhthr
trhthr ui hiclhk `ai bsth
bsth biebrl bmh m.
P b trhth `ai pratb``cði cilbmchth `aitrh kas bkblbitas y kh hmlcicstrh`cði mb
hitcdcðtc`as a sukehs. ^hrh kbvhithr kh
k h tblpbrhturh m b k hiclhk s b pubmb paib rkb
 `br`h h uih eubitb mb `hka
`hkarr `ala uuiih khl
khlphrh
phrh `hk cbitb a ui jaria. Ri bstðlhfa
`hkcbitb
kkbia mb kb`jb tcdch `hkbithrè tam a bk `ubrpa.
Bi bk eutura phrh prbvbicr kh ibulaiìh bs clparthitb mhr h kas hiclhkbs
hicl hkbs pratb``cði
pratb``cði
`aitrh kas bkblbitas `al a kckcimbras
imbras mb èrdak
èrdakbs
bs hrdustas
hrdustas frhi-
mbs bmcec`cas `ai ui khma hdcbrta a h``bsa h tcbrrh dhgh bspb-
`chklbi tb murhitb kh ãpa`h mb ph rc
rc`cði.
`cði.

@akb``cði { F r h i gghh y I b f a ` ccaa ¿

Cieb``cði mbk Aldkcfa

Bi kh lhyarìh mb `hsas, bsth rbsukth mb uih ehkth mb
bsth cieb``cði rbsukth mb mbscieb`thr bk aldkc-
fa. @uhima ui tbribra ih`b, bk aldkcfa bstè tcbria, y kh dh`tbrch pubmb bitrhr
eè`cklbitb. Kh jci`jhzði mbk aldkcfa scfub `ai hrtc`ukh`caibs jci`jhmhs,
jci`jhmhs, ecbdrb, y
ehkth mb hpbtcta. Pb trhth `ai hitcdcðtc`as a sukehs.
Da`ca @ata)
Bsth biebrlbmhm `hush u i `ubkka jci`jhma, `ala qub jhy uih dakh hdhga mb kh
pcbk. B s `hushmh par uih mbec`cbi`ch mmbb y
yama.
ama. Hitbs, b k da`ca brh luy `al÷i bi kas
jul hias pbra hjarh `ai bk `aisula mb shk yamhmh ia jhy thitas `hsas. K a
lcsla
lcsl a su`bmb
su`bm b `ai khs vh`hs. B k `aisula mb shk lcibrhk, a sakhlbitb s h k yamhmh,
pratbfb kh khss vh`hs `aitrh bsth biebrlbmhm. K h lhmrb phsh bk b k yama h kh `rìh par kh
kb`jb. Pb trhth bk da`ca `ai uih ciyb``cði mb Kcvhihk a atra pramu`ta qub qub `aitcbib
yama 4 l lcc bi earlh citrhlus`ukhr
citrhlus`ukhr `hmh trbs a `uhtra mìhs.

i e b rl
rl b m m b s
Cieb``cashs
Pai khs biebrlbmhmbs qu b pubmbi phshr mb ui hiclhk h atra, iarlhklbitb s a i
`hushmhs par dh`tbrchs, vcrus a phrèsctas. Bstas
Bstas pubmbi ciebsthrh atras hiclhkbs
mcrb`thlbitb h trhvãs mb sus jubvãbikas.
]rhislcscði mb Biebrlbmhmbs
@HRPHI]BP MB KHP BIEBTLBMHMBP
LC@TADCAP ^HTÈPC]AP
UCTRP DH@]BTCH ^TA]AWAA BZ]BTIAP CI]BTIAP
Hetash Fhifrbih @a``cmch Fhrrhphths Bstalh`hkbs
Mchrrbh Kbifûbth Hihpkhslascs Phrih Citbstcihkbs
Thdch ]ãthia ^crapkhslasks Fushibrh ^uklaihrbs
^uklaiìh Lhstctcs Dhdbscascs Da ra Jbpètc`as
Ubrrufhs Hds`bsas bt`. ^cagas bt`.
t` Lbtrctcs H`hras
Dru`bkascs bt`.
 ]udbr`ukascs
Mchrrbhs

Bt`.
Bstb `uhmra lubstrh kh
Bstb khs
s biebrlbmhmbs lès `al
`aluibs
uibs phrh iubs-
iubs-
tra lbmca, bi `aimc`caibs mcebrbitbs `asth scbrrh y sbkvh).
`asth

g a r h l c b i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a @rcstchi P è i ` j b z b y b s
@ r ì h y L b ga

^hrèsctas Bxtbrias
Pai kas qub vcvbi bi kh pc pcbk
bk y bk pbka mbc hiclhk, `hushima
crrcth`cði, pbrmcmh m b k pbka, hib l ch par pbrmcmh
pbrmcmh mmbb shifrb),
cieb``caibs, hds`bsas, y pubmb s b r `hush m b trhislc`cai
m b atrhs biebrlbmhmbs.
Fhrrhphths
^ubmbi `j uph rthith
rthith shifrb `al a phrhphrh hk`hiz hr4> > vvb`bs
b`bs
su pbsa cic`chk. Pai pbqu bøhs pbra pubmbi vbrkhs
vbrkhs h sclpkb
vcsth. ^ubmbi s b r hfbi tbs trhis
trhis l csarbs m b pcrapkhsl ascs y
pcrapkhsl Ka s
hihpkhslascs. pradkblhs
^cagas phrhscthrcas
mcslciuybi kh
@juphi
i b pc agasshifrb
pcagas y pramu`b
sb rhs`h l u`j a yprurct a h pbka.
p rurcta
pcbrmb
pcbrmb k hiclh k, `u
Pai lhim a bstb tcb-
tcb-
uy pbqubøas rbspubsth
phra pubmbi vbrsb h sclpkb vcsth. ciluib mb kaskas
hiclhkbs ka
`hras
`uhk eh`ckcth kh
Bstas phrèsctas sakhlbitb pubmbi ssbb r vcstas ` a i kbitbs mmbb civhscði mb
hul bita a lc`ras`apca,
lc`ras`apca, sai l hs pbq ubø as qub kas kas pcag
pcagas.
as. atras hfbitbs
Bstas sai kas `hushitbs mb kh PHT IH shr`aptc shr`apt c `h a
phtðfbias
mblamb`tc`h), `ala ka s pc pcagas,
agas, bstas `ju phi shi frb, pra-
mu`bi prurcta y pas tbrcar
tbrcar `hìmh m b pbka.

Lchscs a Fushibrh
B s kh earlh khrvhrch mb kh l as`h,
as`h , kh `uhk hpravb`jh phrh
hrsus jubvas `uhima j h y jbrcmhs a kbsc
mbpascthrsus
mbpasct aib s q u b ka
kbscaib ka * 7
pbrlcthi. M b bstas j ubvas shkbi
shkbi khrvhs,
khrvhs, h kkhs
hs 84 jarhs, q u b hpravb`jhi khs kh s `aim c-
`caibs
`caibs mb kh pcb\
pcb\ mbk hiclh k, pramu`cbima
pramu`cbima `hvb rihs y mbstruybima bk tbg tbgccma sud`utè-
iba . Ka lbgar ph rh prbvbicr
prbvbicr bstb tcpa
tcpa mb p hrhsctc
hrhsctcsl a bi `udr
`udrccr khs jbrcmhs
jbrcmhs y kbscaibs
` a i rbpbkbitbs, tcpa `urhdc`jbrh.
 ^hrèsctas Citbrias
Jhy lu `jas ttccpas mb phrèsc
phrèsctas, f bi brhkl bi tb kas mhøas qub `h ushi sai kh pbrmcmh
pbrmcmh

c-r
m b shifrb, pbrmcmhlmhbs iutrcbitbs y kh mb stru``
`aluibs sai7 cði m b hkfuias ðrfhia
stru`` cði ðrfhia s. K a s scfias
- H i b l c h dhgh mb jbl afkad cih mbdcma
mbdcma h kh kh pãrmc
pãrmcmh
mh m b shi frb
pèkcmhs y u i hic
`hushim a lbl drhihs pèkcmhs hiclh
lh k mãdck .

@akb``cði F r h i g h y I b f a ` ccaa ¿

Dhrrcfði
Ehkth mb hpbtcta
- Jci`jhzði mb kh
kh fhrf hith
Mchrrbh
^brmcmh mbpbsa
Ehkth mb kb`jb
Ehkth mb `rb`clcbita
mb
^radkblhs `ai kh ebrtckcmhm

^hrèsctas mbk cstblhMcfbstcva

k h prbvbi`cði mb bstas p hrèsctas sb rb`alcbimh7

^hrh kh
- Rsh r pramu `tas hitcphrhsct
hitcphrhscthrcas
hrcas `hmh trbs
trbs a sb
sbcs
cs l bsbs y bspb`chklbitb hitbs mb
paibr hicl hkbs mbitra mb uih `hi`jh m b phstar
phstarba
ba iubv h a uih qub jhyh mbs`hi-
shma par trbs lbsbs a sc sb citramu`bi hiclhkbs iubvas hk jhta phrh bkkas sb
rb`alcbimh rbhkc
rbhkczhr
zhr `u hrbitbih hitbs mb citbfrhrs h k frupa
-]bibr ui dubi prafrhl
prafrhl h m b hkclbith`cði
hkclbith`cði `aitrakhr q u b `udrh ka s rbqubrclbitas
ib`bshrcas phrh `hmh tcpa m b hiclhk sbf÷i s u bsthmca pramu`tcva
kh rath`cði mb phstas mbghima mbs`hishr par ka lbias trbs lbsbs
^rh`tc`hr kh

-]bibr`arrhkbs `a
`aii dubi mrbihgb maimb ia sb bsthiqub b k hfuh
Pbphrhr bk fhihma hmukta
hmukta mb kas tbribras
tbribras mb l bias mb ui høa
`aka`hrkas bi `arrhkbs mcebrbitbs h mcsthi`chs hkbghmhs.

g a r h l c b i t a m bk F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b`j bra
r ì h y L b ga bra rcstchi P è i ` j b z bybs

^hrèsctas
^hrèsct as mbk Jìfhma
srbebrclas h kh hkc`uyh a ehs`cakh jbpètc`h, q u b `hush lu`ja mh øa h k jìfhma,
bstb phrèscta sb
sb m bshrrakkh
bshrrakkh cic`chklbitb bi bk `hrh`ak, bk `uhk sb bi`ubitrh bi kas
phstas q u b `aisulb bk b k fhi hm a, cit
citramu`c
ramu`cãimasb
ãimasb bi bk hiclhk y hkagèimasb bi bk
jìfhma. K a s `arrhkbs y `hi`jhs ` a i bsthi`hl cbita
cbita m b hfuh sai sus kufhrbs prbe
prbeb-
b-
rcmas phrh vcvcr pubmb murhr lu`ja tc tcblpa
blpa mbit
mbitra
ra mb ui `hrh`ak y bi bk phsta.
R i dubi lhibga mb phstas, `ai ui dubi pkhi mb rath`cði, bs luy clparthitb bi kh
ku`jh `aitrh kh ehs`cakh.

^hrèsctas ^uklaihrbs
Jhy ui tcpa m b phrèsctas qub sb hkaghi bi kas puklaibs y qub `hushi tas sb`h,
hmbkfhzhlcbita m b k hiclhk, hiblch y h vb`bs mbs`hrfhs ihshk
ihshkbs
bs m b lu`ascmhm.
]hldcãi bstas fushia s pubmbi `hushr qub bk hiclhk sbh lhs sus` bptcdkb
bptcdkb h atrhs
cieb``caibs mb kas puklaibs `ala kkhh puklaiìh. R i dubi lhibga mmbb phstas y kh
mbsphrh`cth`cai `hmh trbs
trbs l bsbs pubmbi hyum hr h prbvbicr
prbvbicr bstb phrèscta.

Khs earlh
earlh s prclhrchs (pratazaas y
`a``cmcas) h`t÷hi `ala phrèsctas
citrh`bukhrbs y sai trhisl
trhislctcmas
ctcmas
utckczhima `ðl a hfbit
hfbitbsbs vb`tar
vb`tarbs
bs
cisb`tas y ph rèsc
rèsctas
tas bxtbrias

^ratazaas
Bstas thldcãi s a i phrèsctas, pbra mbitra mb khs `ãkukhs. P ai thi thi pbqubøas qu b
phrh vbrkas sb rbqucbrb lc`ras`apcas. Pa i phshmas mb ui hiclhk h atra y par hkfu-
Pai
ia s cisb`t
cisb`tas
as `al a kh s fhrrhphths y kas lasquctas, jh y trbs tcpas
tcpas clpa rthitbs hquì7
a``cmcascs
Bsth bs uih cieb``cði sclckhr h kas phrèsctas. Heb `th lès h kas tbribras m bsmb u i
 l b s jhsth ui høa mb bmhm. Ka K a s hiclhkbs `a
` a i `a``cmch tc tcbib
bib i mchrrb h, eecbdrb,
cbdrb, ehkth
m b h pbtcta,
pbtcta, pbrmcmh m b pbsa, hm bkfhzhl cbita y h vb`bs l ubrbi ubrbi.. KKhh mchrrbh h vb`bs
bs shif uciakbith. Bstb
Bstb pratazaa hth`h h icvbk mb m b k sc
scstblh
stblh mcfbstcva y b k jìfhma. Ri
dubi l hibga hyumh h kh prbvbi`cði p a r q u b kh `a``cmch phsh mb ui hiclhk h atra h
trhvãs mb khs jb`bs y kas phstas. B Bss cclparthitb
lparthitb h mbl ès hsbfu-
rhr bk `aisula mbk `hkastra
`hkastra bi kas prclbras
prclbras mìhs mb vcmh. Bk trhth-
l c itas rbhkczh ` `ai
ai hitcdcðtc`as mbk tcpa mb khs khs sukehs.

@ a k b ` ` c ð i « F r h i g h y I b f a ` ca
ca ¿

]bribra Ibw Gbrsby

`ai D. Pwcss

Bxcstbi vh`uihs mcspaicdkbs phrh u i frhi B k pbrcama mb pramu``cði mb kb`jb bi

i÷lbra mb biebrlbmhmbs.^ a r bgblpka kh
ci`cmbi`ch m b mchrrbh mbdcmh h `araih
vcrus, rathvcrus y B . `akc pubmbi sb r
rbmu`cmhs `a i ciluiczh`cði. K h
mcspaicdckcmhm m b vh` ui hs phrh
biebrlbmhmbs bspb`cec`hs vhrìh mb ui phìs
h atra. B k vbtbrcihrca mbdb mb sbr kh lbgar
eubitb mb ciearlh`cði h`br`h mb khs
vh`hs Jakstbci bs mb 8> lbsbs blpbzhima
trbs mìhs mbspuãs mb mbkk phrta,
phrta , pubs
pubs murhitb
bstas trbs prclbras mìhs kh v h ` h pramu`b b k
`hkastra q u b sbrè `aisulcma par su `rìh.
M b bstas 8> lbsbs fbibrhklbitb sb
blpkbhi : ð 3 pubs bs kh ãpa`h bi kh qub
kh v h ` h mbdb bitrhr h k pbrcama m b sb`h
hpraxclhmhlbitb h k 6la lbs m mbb prbøbz).

i s b g h r biqub
kh vhi h sbr rbqubrcmhs a dcbi
h ` avh`uihs ku`jh `aitrh biebrlbmhmbs
bspb`ìec`hs mb uih rbfcði.
pubmb prbøhrsb h k sbfuima a
Kh v h ` h pubmb
tbr`br `bka mbspuãs mbk phrta, bi
`aimc`caibs iarlhkbs, `aiscmbrhima q u b
ia jh tbicma pradkblhs cieb``casas ic bsth
bi trhthlcbita. Kh pramu``cði mb `hmh
hiclhk, mbpbimb mbm b eh`tarbs m b
jbrbmhdckcmhm m
mbb sus phmrbs mb su prapca
`hrè`tbr kb`jbra y mb khs `aimc`caibs mb
 lh ib ga y hkclbith`cði mbk jhta.

^crapkhslascs
Bsth biebrlbmhm b s `hushmh par ui pratazaa qub sb m bshrrakkh mbitr
mbitraa mb kh shifrb
ka s hfb itbs tr
trhisl
hisl csarbs mcr
mcrb`tas
b`tas m b bstas pratazaa s sai khs fhrrhphths.
Rsuhklbitb hth`h hhkk fhihma mbspuãs mb m b 82 a 4 > mìhs mbspuãs mb kh trhislcscði
m b k prataza a kas sìitalhs sai hibl ch ec ecbdrb
bdrb hkth
hkth jhsth =8
=8.6¾@ bk hiclhk bsth
.6¾
trcstb y sci hpbt
hpbtcta `akarr as`ura mb kh arcih pubmb prbsbithr mchrr
cta `aka mchrrbh
bh usuhklb itb
lubrb mbspuãs mb 0 h : mìhs.
ihpkhslascs
B s thldcãi u i h biebrlbmhm bi kh shifrb l u y phrb`cmh h kh pcr pcrapkhslascs
apkhslascs thl-
dc
dcãi
ãi pubmb sbr trtrhisl
hisl ct
ctcmh
cmh par fhrrhphths y l asquctas.
asquctas. Hth`h lhs h kas hiclhkbs
mb 4 h 0 høas hphrb`b mb => h 3> mìhs mb kh kkbfhmh m b k fhihma h kh zaih cie
cieb`thmh
b`thmh
prbsbith kas scfucbitbs sìitalhs7 prbsbith ecbdrb Hkth pbra ia lhs mb =>.2¾@
pubmb rbpbtcrsb vhrchs vb`bs mbspuãs mb mbkk trhthlcbita pramu`b hiblch frhvb kh
arcih bs mb `akar iarlhk jh y pbrmcmh mb
mbkk hpbtcta kh pcbk y khs lbidrhihs sb vubkvbi
hlhrckkbiths kh lu brtb a`urrb mb 8 h 0 mìhs mbspuãs mb kas prclbras sìitalhs.

Biebrlbmhmbs Cieb``cashs Ucrhkbs y h`tbrchihs

etash
Bs uih ccieb``cði
ieb``cði f rhvb qu
q u b `hush hl pa kkkkhs
hs bi kh da`h udr
udrbb y phths. B s hkt
hkthl
hl bitb
`aithfcash y `husmh ececbdrb
bdrb mb =8 h =4 ¾@. Bk hiclhk scbitb makar bstbisa bi kh da`h
y mbgh m b `albr.

bBst
Bsth
h biebrlbmh
k fhihma ia sbm bs ci`ur
ci`urhdk
pubmb hdkb.
b. Bk pradkbl
rb`upbrhr dcbi y hkh`ai kh
kh hetash
pbrmcmh m b bs kh pbrmcmh
kb`jb.pbrmcmh mb pbsa q ub
@al a ia sb pubmb `urhr mbdb prbvbicrsb
prbvbicrsb `ai Uh`uih `aitrh
hetash. ]ama bk fhihma l hyar mb mas lbsbs mbdb sbr vh`uihma.

@ r ì h y L b ga
g a r h l c b i ta
ta m b k F h i hm a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a rcstchi Pèi`jbz bybs

hdch

Bs uih biebrlbmhm qub hth`h h tamas kas lhl ìebras

ìebras
bs sulhlbitb frhvb y bk hiclhk scblprb lubrb. B Bkk
hicl hk `aiscfub kh cieb``
cieb``cð
cðii par larmbmurh mb mb ui
hiclhk cieb`thma yh sbh pbrra fhta a lur`cãkhfa.
P b iath kh
k h rhdch par mas tcpas m b sìit
sìitalh
alh s uia bs kh
kh
earlh bi qub sus pcbrihs trhsbrhs mb mbkk hiclhk sa
saii
mãdckkbs y bkkas
mãdc bkkas sb `hbi. Bk hiclhk ia pubmb `a l br y
kh shkcdb `hb bi e ar l h m b bspul h par kh da`h.
Bi kh atrh earlh bk hiclhk pubmb bikaqub`br bsth
hkbrth y tcbib ui drhlcma bspb`chk bs pbkcfrasa
pbkcfrasa pa
parr
qub bk hiclhk bl dcst
dcstbb h `uhkqucbr adgbta qub sb lubvb.
Ubrrufhs
Bs uih biebrlbmhm
biebrlbmhm vcvcrhk
rhk sb prbsbit
prbsbithh bbii ear
earlh
lh mb pbqubøa s ttul
ul arbs qub hth`hi kh
kh
udrb `ubkka y hkrbmbmar mb kh `hdbzh prci`cphklbitb bi fhihma lbiar h trbs høs
mb bmhm. Bs luy `aithfcash.
Pu `aitrak bs h trhvãs mbk `artb mb mb kh axcfbih`cði mb kh zaih cieb`thmh `ai
mbscieb``cði m a i yam a murhit
murhitbb b k pra`bsa m b mbsprbimclcbita.
ru`bkascs

Bsth biebrlbmhm bbss `hushmh par uih dh`tbrch y p ubmb `aithfchr okokhh biebr
biebrlhmh
lhmh m h
kass jul hias . Kh biebrlbmh m pubmb pra
ka pramu`c
mu`crr hdarta sadrbtama bi bk sbfui ma tbr`ca
tbr`ca
mb khkh prbøbz rbtbi`cði mb pkh`bith a lbtrctcs.
Bi bk jaldrb ka kass sìit
sìital s a i ec
al hs sa ecbdrb
bdrb mbdckcmhm ma kar mb kas l÷s`ukas y kh `hdb-
zh. Kas jald rbs pubmbi `afbrv bst bsthh biebrlbmhm talh ima kb`jb `r `rumh
umh m b vh`hs
cieb`thmhs y trhdhghima `ai khs vh`sh qub bstãi cieb`thmhs.. Bsth biebrlbmhm pub-
mb sbr `aithfchmh h k `ai th`ta mcr b`ta a cimcrb`ta ` a i h iclhkbs cieb`t
mcrb`ta cieb`thmas
hmas a hdartas
`hushmas p a r kh biebrlbmh
biebrlbmh m.
 ]udbr`ukascs
Bs uih biebrlbmhm q u b earlh
earlh tularbs bi kas fhi fkcas
fkcas mb ui hiclhk y pubm
pubmbb `hushr
kh biebr
biebrlbmh
lbmh m bi julhias. Bi kh lh yarìh mb khs vh`hs bsth
bsth bie
biebrlhmhm
brlhmhm sb lubs-
trh bi pradkblhs bi kas pukla ibs pbra pubmb hth`br atras atras ðrfhias ci`kusa bk
scstblh rbpramu`tcva?
ekh`a.b kMhiclhk i bsth jh
b vbz bi` a`uhima biebrlhmhm
jhyy lu`ascmhm bi khta
tcbib tass sb`h
ihrc
ih mãdck y
rczz y kasb sfhifkcas
sb hfrhimhi ui hiclhkhiclhk pubmb bsthr ccieb`thma
ieb`thma pbra shi a y iasb
kgkgkk t vbiscfias qub cimcqubi qub bst bsthh bi ebrla.

][ @akb``cði F r h i g h y I b f a ` ca
ca ¿

Bsth biebrlbmhm pubmb ph sh rh at

Bst ras hiclhkbs p a r vì
atras vìhh h brbh `uhima h vh`h biebr
biebr--
l h ttasb
asb , thldcãi pubmb phshr h kas tbribras p a r kh kb`jb mb uih vh`h cieb`thmh,
cieb`thmh, ka s
`aithfchmas y pubmbi `aithfchrh kas hiclhkbs.
julhias pubmbi sbr `aithfchmas hiclhkbs. Kas hiclh kbk
kbkbs
bs
` a i tudbr`ukasc
tudbr`ukascss `a l pradh mh mbdbi sb r bkclcihmas, b i bstas hiclhkbs b s pascdkb
vbr kas fhi fkcas ciekhlhma
ciekhlhma s mbi tra mbk tðrhx y bi bk `uhkka.
`uhkka.
Kh ÷ic`h earlh mb mchfiastc`hr kh tudbr`ukascs bi hiclhkbs vcvas bs uih prubdh
kkhlhmh ]RDBT @RKCIH, bi bsth bsth prubdh sb ciyb`th hk hicl hk, par vch sud`u tèibh
bi kh dhsb mb kh `akh, `ai ui rbh`tcva qquu b p ubmb prav
prava`hr
a`hr u i h rbh``cði cie
ciekhlhtarch
khlhtarch
kass hiclhkbs cieb`thmas a biebrlas, b i bstb `hsa b s ib`bshrc
b i ka ib`bshrcaa j h`br uih sb-
fuimh prubdh h khs 4= jarhs , sc `aitciuh scbima pasctcva
pasctcva ka lhs rb`albimhdkb b s
bkclcihr h k hiclhk.
Mchrrbh

Bi hiclhkbs frhimbs sb pubmb lhicebsthr mchrrbhs par `hush mb dhgh iutrc`cði,

vhrch`cði m b hkcl bi tas , hkclbitas
hkclbitas l hkafrhma s, cie
cieb``cði
b``cði mb phrèsc
phrèsctas,
tas, hkfui
hkfui hs dh`
dh`--
tbrchs a pkhiths taxc`hs.
^hrh prbvbicr y trhthr jhy qub mbtbrlcihr kh `hush bxh`th mb kh mchrrbh sc bs bk
hkclbita, jhy qub lbgarhr kh `hitcmhm y `hkcmhm mb kas h kclb kclb itas? mbsph rh`c
rh`cthr
thr
pbrcðmc`hlbitb phrèsctas citbstcihkbs)? sc bs part
partaxc`cmhm mbdb khvhrsb b k bstalhfa
axc`cmhm
utckczhdima h`bctb lcibrhk? sc bs par `a``kmcascs mbdb jh` br`b ui trht
trhthl
hl cbita bi
dhsb h sukehs. Pc bk hiclhk bsth mbsjcmrhthma, mbdb hp kc`hrsb
kc`hrsb subra p hrh bvcthr kh
kh
pbrmcmh
pbrmc mh mbk hiclhk.

Bs lluu y clparthitb l lhit bibr kh vh`uih

hitbibr
bi ui kkufhr
ufhr erbs` a y as`ura. B k `hkar
mhøh h kh vh`uih. Kh tblpbrhturh
ðptclh phrh kh lh yarìhh m b vh`uihs b s
lhyarì
bitrb `uhtra y a`ja frhmas `bitìfrhmas.
Uh`uihs
Bstbb tc
Bst tcpa
pa mb bi ebrlbm hmbs sb pu bmb i prbvbicr h tr
trhvãs
hvãs mb khs vh` uih s, qub tc
tcbibi
bibi
`hrh`tbrcstc`hs mcebrbitbs phrh `hmh tcpa mb vcrus. Khs biebrlbmhmbs vcrhkbs lh lhs
s
`aluibs phrh kh s `uhkbs sbs b vh`uih h k fhihma sai7
K h Ecbdr
Ecbdrbb etash
Kh ecbdrb hetash, kkhlhmh bi cifk bs «jaae him lautj mcsbhsb¿ kh
cifkbs
biebrlbmhm mb `hs`a y da`h, mbdcma h khs uk`brhs bi bsths
rbfcaibs), bs uih biebrlbmhm hkthlbitb
hkthlbitb `aithfc
`aithfcash.
ash.

@ r ìhì h v L b ggaa r h l c b i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a rcstchi P è i ` j b z T b y b s

Earlh hlpakkhs bi kas `hs`as y bi kh da`h m b k hiclhk y phsh bitrb bspb`cbs.

^ubmb heb`thr vh`hs `hdrhs avbghs y `jhi`
`jhi`jas.
jas. Ia jhy uih sakh vh`uih qub
pubmb prbvbicrtamhs
prbvbicrtamhs khs vhrcbmhmbs mb hetash.
Ia sb utckczh kh vh`uih phrh kkhh ecbdrb
ecbdrb hetash bi lu`j as phìsbs
phìsbs parqub `uhima sb
jh`bi khs prubdhs phrh kh
k h prbsbi`ch m b kh heash ia sb pubmb mcstcifucr uuii hiclhk
vh`uihma mb ui hiclhk `ai kh biebrlbmhm.
@hush7 ui vcrus
]rhislcscði7 par bk hcr
hcrbb kb`jb sh ifrb shkcvh arcih y jb`bs.
Kas bstariumas
bstariumas mb ui h iclhk cie
cieb`t
b`thma
hma pubmbi ccieb`thr
ieb`thr atr
atraa hiclh k =: ock
ockðl
ðl btras mb
mcsthi`ch.
Lãtamas mb Lhthr bk Ucrus bi bk Hldcbitb7 sak `kara

Pìitalhs7 phtaga praeush shkcvh`cði ecbdrb

ecbdrb ehkth m b hpbtcta y hlpakkhs bi kas
khdcas bi`ìhs phkhmhr ihrc ihrczz udrb y kh pcbk bitr
bitrbb kas `hs` as y bi`clh mb kas
`hs`a s. R i hiclh k p rbøhma pubm b hdarthr. Bk ekuga
ekuga mb kb`jb bi ui hiclh k kh`thima
pubmb rbdhghrsb a sb`hr.
 ]rhthlcbita7 @ a l a b s vcrus ia sb pubmb `urhr bsth biebrlbmhm. Pakhl bitb sb
pubmb trhthr ka s sìit
sìital
al hs y mbghr b k hiclhk `urhrsb ã k lcsla.
877 Pbphrhr bk
^hsa 8 b k hic lhk heb`thma mb kas mblès.
hiclhk
^hsa 4 7 ]rhthr kh s hlpakkhs `ai uih lbz`kh m b gufa m b kclði y dc`hrdaihta m b
samca a ui pramu`ta `al a @urbtak Kcvhihk a Btbrak.
^hsa 0 7 ]rhthr khs
kh s cieb``caibs sb`uimhrchs ` a i hitcdcðtc`as a
sukehs a `aldcih`caibs mb hldhs.

akb``cði « r h i g h y I b f a ` ccaa ¿

^hsa 7 Bk hiclhk pbrmbrè

pbrmbrè l u`ja pbsa parqub khs
khs hl pakkhs `hushi mcec`ukthm bi
`albr. Mhrkb ui
u i subra arhk.
ru`bkascs

Bsthh biebrlbmhm tc
Bst tcbib
bib h kfuias ialdrbs `al a hdarta `aithfcasa
`aithfcasa ec ecbdrb
bdrb aimukhi-
tb y biebrlbmh m mb dhif.
dhif. Bs luy pbkcfrash
pbkcfrash parqub kh dru`b
dru`bka kasc
scss mhøh hk sc
scstblh
stblh
rbpramu`tcva m b k hiclhk pbrlhibitblbitb. Bs luy `aithfcash bitrb hiclhkbs y
thl dcãi pubmb phshr h kas julh ias par kh kkb`jb.
b`jb. Kh pbrmcmh
pbrmcmh mb pramu``cði `hush-
m h p a r bsth biebrlbm
biebrlbm hm b s biarlb. ^ a r tama bsta u i ` brtcec`hma
brtcec`hma m b vh`uih`cði
phrh dru`bkascs bs rbqubrcma bi b i lu`jas phì
phìsbs
sbs hitbs mb vbimbr u i h vh`h.
@hush7 kh dh`tbrch dr÷`bkh hdartus

paa r cifbstcði m b phstas a atras hkc

]rhislcscði7 p hkclbi
lbi tas `aithl cihmas p a r cifbs-
tcði mb kas lc`r
lc`raarfhicsla
aarfhicsla s qub sb bi`ubitrhi bi bk ebta hda rthma a kh pkh`bith y
p a r `aith`ta `ai kas ðrfhias fbicthkbs mb ui hiclhk cieb`thma.
R i tara cieb`thma phsh kh biebrlbmhm h khs vh`hs par su sblbi. K h dru`bkascs
pubmb phshr h kas j u lh i a s par kh kb`jb a par bk `aith`ta `ai kh udrb murhitb b k
armbøa. Bi bk julhia kh drdru`bkasc
u`bkascss `hush ecbdrb
ecbdrb aim ukhitb ciek
ciekhl
hl h`caibs hrtc`ukh-
hrtc`ukh-
rbs clpatbi`ch sbxuhk draiquc
draiquctc tcss drai`a ibul aiìh y kh lubrtb.
Lãtamas mb L hthr
hthr kh D h`tbrch7
h`tbrch7 jbrvcr
Pcblprb bbss rb`al bimh dkb jbr
jbrvc
vcrr kh kb`jb `rumh mb hiclhkbs mbs`ai a`cmas a hiclh-
kbs `ai kh pascdckcmhm
pascdckcmhm mb tbibr bst
bsthh biebrlbmhm hitbs mb talhr.
Pìitalhs7 hdarta bi kh ÷ktclh tbr`brh p hrtb mb prbøbz h vb` bs rbtbi`cði mb kh
pkh`bith cieb``cði utbrcih a tbst
tbstc`uk
c`ukhr
hr l bia s pramu``cði mb kb`jb ebrtckcmhm dhgh a
bstbrckcmhm. R ih vh`h pubmb tbibr kh biebrlbmhm y i a lastrhr scfias.
]rhthlcbita7 Ia sb pub mb `urhr ic trhthr.trhthr. Kh vh `h `ai dru`bkascs pubm b phshr kh
biebrl bmhm h su `rì
`rìhh b ccieb`thr
ieb`thr atras h iclhkbs.
@hrdui`ka Pcitalètc`a
]hldcãi sb kkkkhl
hl h ^cbrih Ibfrh bsth
bsth biebrlbm hm sb `ai a`b pap a r su beb`ta bi kas
l÷s`ukas. Kh lhyarìh mbk tcbl
tcbl pa lhth hk hiclhk y `hu
`hush
sh l u`jh l arthkc
arthkcmhm
mhm bi
tbribras. Heb`th prclhrchlbi tb h davcias pbra pubmb heb`thrh khs avbghs `hdrhs
y `jhi`jas. K h biebr
biebrlbm
lbm hm sb qubmh l u`ja tcblpa
tcblpa bi bk hl dc
dcbitb
bitb y bk hcskhlcbi
ta mbk hiclhk cieb`thma bs luy clparthitb. Mb tamhs l hibrhs bs bsbi`chkbsbi`chk h `tuhr
cilbmchthl bitb h kh prbsbi`c
prbsbi`chh mb kas sìital hs bi ui hiclhk.
@hush7 kh dh`tbrch `kastrcmcul `jhuvabc
kh dh`tbrch sb
]rhislcscði7 kh bi kas phstas y phsh p
sb ka`hkczh bi par
ar bk
scstblh mb mcfbstcði
mcfbstcði h kas l÷s`ukas.

@ r ì h y Lbgar
Lbgarhl
hl cb
cbii ta m b k Fhihma Uh`uiaK b ` j b r a rcstchi Pèi`jbz Tbybs

ìitalhs phtaga mb`hclcbita ecbdrb y l÷s`ukas `hkcbitbs y ciekhlhmas `ai ui

f s K a s l÷s`ukas pramu`bi u i saicma `uhima sb kas ta`hi. K a s sìitalhs s b
mbshrrakkhi rèpcmhlbitb y bspaitèibhlbitb y b k hiclhk sb lubrb mbsmbsmb
mb khs 84
jhsth = : jarhs mb kh cieb``cði.

]rhthlcbita pbic`ckcih bi uih masc

mascss frhim b. ^hrh vh`hs s b paibi m a s ciyb``ca-
ib s m b 82`` b i earlh citrhlus`ukhr y khs rbpctbi mchrchlbitb. Pc bk hiclhk i a
pubmb paibrsb m b pcb b s pradhdkb qub sb vhyh h l larcr
arcr..

Bmblh lhkcfia
Bsth biebrlbmhm bs phrb`cmh h kh ^ cbrih
cbrih Ibfrh. KKhh mcebrbi`ch bs qub kh dh`tbrch
bitrh par uih jbrcmh praeuimh y `hush ui h jbl arrhfch
jbrcmh arrhfch hkkì. B
Bkk hcskhlcbita m bk hiclhk
bkk trhthlcbita cilbmchta sai clparthitbs.
yb
@hush kh dh`tbrch `kastrcmc
`kastrcmcul
ul sbptc`ul
]rhislcscði kh dh`tbrch sb qubmh bi bk subka y bitrh par uih jbrcmh praeuimh
Lãtamas m b Lhthr kh Dh`tbrch I a jhy. P
Pbb q ubm h cimbec
cimbecicmhlbitb
icmhlbitb bi bk subka y
bi khs jb`bs.
Pìitalhs ececbdrb
bdrb mb`h clcbita ehkth mb hpb
hpbtc
tcta
ta y uih ciek
ciekhlh
hlh `cði mb kh jbrcmh `ai
uih
ui h jblarrhfch q ub pramu`b ui kcqucma bspbsa ` a i l h k akar
]rhthlcbita Ka lcsla phrh kh ^ cbr
cbrih
ih Ib frh. ^bic`ckc
^bic`ckcih
ih bi uih masc
mascss frhimb phrh
vh`hs ma
m a s ciyb``caibs m
mbb 82`` citrhlus`ukhr sb rbpctbi mchrchl
mchrchl bitb. Pc bk hiclhk
ia pubmb paibrsb mb pcb b s pradhdkb qub sb vhyh h l larcr
arcr..
^rbvbi`cði Bvctb paibr ui hiclhk `ai uih jbrcmh praeuimh bi
ui kuf hr su`c
su`ca
a a `ai bstcãr`ak.

@akb``cði u r h i gghh y I b f a ` ccaa ¿

Pbptc`blch jblarrèfc`h
B k ia ldrb `al÷i m b bsth biebr
biebrlbmh
lbmh m b s Ecbdrb m b Bldhr-
q u b parqub ka s sìitalh s hph rb`rb`bi
bi mbspuãs
mbspuãs mb ui bstrãs
`ala ka mb trhispartb. Pcblprb b s rb`albimhdkb hsbfurhr
qub kas h ic lhkbs tbifhi kh vh`uih phrh sbptc`blch
iclhkbs sbptc`blch hitbs
mb ttrhis
rhis parthrkbs. (Kh
(K h vh`u ih phrh sbptc`
sbptc`blch
blch bs ci`kucmh b i
kh vh`uih ]rcpkb.)
@hush7 kh dh`tbrch phstburbkkh jblakytc`h y kh dh`tbrch
phstburbkkh l ukta`c
ukta`cmh
mh
Jh y
Jhy
]rhislcscði `hushmh par
par bk b
bstr
strãs,
ãs, ` al a bk
bk `hish i`ca,
i`ca, kh
trhthlcbitas
bxpasc`cði h tblpbrhturhs bxtbxtrb
rblhs,
lhs, kh l hkh iutrc`c
iutrc`cði,
ði, b k
`hldca mb hkc
hkclbitas
lbitas , y bk bierchlcbita. qub
qub
ib`bscthi kh
Pìitalhs7 K a s sìitalhs sai luy phrb`cmhs h kas mb kh
h``cði mb ui
ibul aiìh7 tas, l u`ash ihsh k, rbspcrh`c
rbspcrh`cði
ði rèpc
rèpcmh,
mh, ehkth
ehkth mb vbtbrcihrca, y
hpbtcta. B i vh`hs pubmb `hushr kkhh lubrtb bi 5 h 4= jarhs.
h``caibs
]rhthlcbita7 Pbph rhr rhrbb hiclhk h eb`thma cilbmc
cilbmchthl
hthl bitb y
hpkc`hr
hpkc`hr hitc
hitcdc
dcðtc`as, `al a uih su keh
ðtc`as, keh a Axctbtrc`c`kcih 4>> K.H.
K.H.,, cilbmchths
par `uhtra mìhs. qub bk
`rchmar '
Lbmc`cih Dèsc`h pubmb
Ciyb`thdkbs lhibghr,
^hsas phrh bxtrhbr `arrb`thl
`arrb`thl bitb bk l bmc`hlbita
bmc`hlbita m bsta
bk erhs`a7 [k erhs
mbk erhs `a bs kh
«lbmc`cih
dèsc`h¿ /
uhscuh¿
-Xucthr bk sbkka mb sbfu rcmhm
rcmhm . , /

- @ afbr bk erhs
erhs `a "da`h h dhga" -”--•
- Kkbihr hcrb bi kh brcifh, b citramu`cr kh hfugh bi earlh vbrtc`hk
- Blpu ghr bk Hcrb
Hcrb y kkbihr kkhh `hitc
`hitcmhm
mhm mb sb h mh
- Xucthr kh brcifh mbk
mbk erhs
erhs `a
- Bxpukshr b k hcrb mb kh gbrcifh
Pud`utèibh
Fbibrhklbitb ushma phrh vh`uihs, hitcphrhscthrcas y kh prubdh mb tudbr`ukcih
hitcphrhscthrcas
- ^ re
rebitblbitb
bitblbitb sb ush uih hfu gh `arth iul bra 85
Pb `agb kkh
- Pb h pcbk
pcbk ghkèi ma kb kckcfbrhlbith
fbrhlbith
- Citramu`crkh hfugh bvcthima
bvcthima `aith`ta `ai bk l÷s`uka.

@ r ìhì h y L b ggaa r h l c b i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a @rcstchi P è i ` j b z b y b s

Citrhlus`ukhr
Bs bk lãtama lès ushma bi tama trhthlcbita `ai
ciyb`thdkbs.
- ^rbebrbitblbitb
^rbebrbitblbitb sb ush kh hfugh 8 : a 85
hfugh iul bra 8:
- Citramu`cr kh hfugh mb ui saka fakpb y `ai eubrzh
- Ricr kkhh gbrcifh h kh hfugh y hpkc`hr b k lbmc`hlbita
Citrhlhlhrch
Rshma bx`kuscvhlbitb phrh bk
b k trhtblcbita m b lhstctcs
- Kclpchr l u y dcbi b k pbzði y kh zaih hmyh`bitb
hmyh`bitb
- P b utckczh u i h saimh a `èiuk
`èiukhh bspb`chk `aib` thmh h
uihgbrcifh
- @ a k a ` h r bbkk l bmc`hlbita
bmc`hlbita y lhshgbhr kh zaih

Citrhvbiash
s b r hpkc`hmh ` a i lu`ja `ucmhma kh z a i h l h s rb`albimhdkb bs bi `ubkka kh
Mbdb sb
hpkc`h`cði mb db sbr rèpcmh pbra `ai suhvcmhm. Bi kkaa pascdk
pascdkbb m bd b sbr hpkc`hma
hpkc`hma par

^hrh bi`hrfhrias mb kh hpkc`h`cði mb

ciyb`thdkbs mbdblas tbibr ui
bitrbihlcbita prbvca y `aia`br kh s
rbfcaibs hihtðlc`hs hprapchmhs
hprapchmhs

u i h pbrsaih q u b tbifh u i `aia `clcbita bxh` ta m b k lãtama.

Tb`albimh`caibs

^hrh ui lb gar lhibga shicthrc

shicthrcaa sb rb`al
rb`al cbimh7
 - Bstbrckczhr kh s hfughs murbitb 4 > lciutas b i hfuh jcrvcbima s c bsth utckczhima
hfughs m bs` hrthdkbs bsths mbdbi sbr ut
utcckcz hmhs uih sa kh vbz y mbdbi sb r h dcbr
czhmhs dcbrths
ths
saka `uhima sb kbs vh h ushr.
- P b mbdb utckczhr u i h hfug
hfughh phrh `hmh hiclh k y ph rh `hmh kkkkbihma
bihma mb kh gbrc
gbrcifh
ifh .
- P b mbdb kbbr kh s cistru``caibs m b `hmh pramu`ta
pramu`ta hitbs mb su usa.
- P b mbdb tbibr b i `ubith hkfuihs uicmhmbs
uicmhmbs m b lbmcmh7
8 ` b < 8 lc
8 of
of < 4 Cd

akb``cði F r h i g h y I b f a ` c a ¿

@artbs y Jbrcmhs
8. @ai uih jbrc
jbrcmh
mh h fumh y praeuimh, y `uhima j h y dhsthitb
shifrb, bs clparthi tb phrhr kh shifrb `a i prbscði (prb-
scaihr uuii trhpa a hkfamði
hkfa mði bstãrc
bstãrckk jhsth
jhs th q u b phrh ttathklbi-
athklbi-
tb bk shi frhma).
4. Kclpchr kh jbrcmh bs luy dubia bk usa mb mbscieb`thitbs)
praeuimhlbitb.
0. Khvhr y mbscieb`thrsb khs
khs lhias y drhzas.

= . Kclpchr kh jhrc
jhrcmh
mh jh sth qub sb p ubmh hprb`c
hprb`chr
hr bk tthlh
hlh øa y
earlh mb kh kbscði. g B k trhthlcbita
m b `artbs,
2. Dus `hr y bk
bkclcihr
clcihr adgbtas bxtrhøas y su `cbmhm.
jbrcmhs y
5. Khvhrkh jbrcmh
jbrcmh `aisthitblbitb.
`aisthi tblbitb. kbscaibs mbdb
6 . @ak a`hr ui hitcdcata`a ka`hk y bvhkuhr kh ib`bscmhm m b sbrr
sb
`asbr kh
kh jbrcmh.- cilbmchth,
:. Hp
Hpkc`hrth
kc`hrthl
l dcbi `c
`c`htr
`htrcczhitb y rbpbokbitb (tc
(tcpa `urhdc`j
`urhdc`jbrh)
brh) parqub bi bk
phrh bvcthr kh lchscs a fushibrh. hldcbitb
3 . Tbvcshr `aisthitblbitb y `aitciuhr `ai hk trhthlcbita bxcstbi
jhsth adsbrvhr qub kh pcbk sb
sb jh rbfbibrhma. hfbitbs
phtðfbias •
qubhfrhvhri
k pradkblh
 d`bsas
P a i jci`jhzaibs kkbihs mb pus a l htbrchhtbrch q u b pubmb sb r `hush-
mh p a r lu`jhs dh `tbrc hs, bbkk hic
`tbrchs, hiclhk
lhk pu bmb jhdbrtbicma hkofuih
jbrcmh
jbrc mh a fakpb hi tbs mbk mbshrra kka mbk hds`bsa.

g a r h l c b i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a @rcstchi P è i ` j b z b y b s
@ r ì h v L b ga

8. Pb mbdb hyumhr h kh lhmurh`cði mbk hd`sbsa, phrh bsa hpkc`hr `alprbshs mb

hfuh `hkcbitb bi kh zaih a yam a supbrec`c
supbrec`chklbitb).
hklbitb).
4. ^hrh pradbr su lhm
lhmurbz
urbz s b utckczh ui
sb h hfugh, kh `uhk mbdb sbr
uih sbr citramu`cmh y

bvhkuhr bk tcpa
`aiscstbitb mb l htbr
htbrch
ch mbk hds`bsa, `uhima bst
y hlhrckkbith. bsthh lhmu ra kh lhtbrc
lhtbrchh bs luy
0. Jh`b r ui `artb b i kh phrt
phrtbb l hs dhgh phrh ehvarb` br kh shkc
shkcmb
mb mb kh lhtbrch.
= . Kclpchr y trhthr citbrih y bxt brihlbitb `al a s c eubrh u i h jbrcmh, `ucmhima mb s-
bxtbrihlbitb
cieb`thr y kclpchr `al pkbthlbitb, parqub sc sb mbgh hkfa m b lhtbr
lhtbrch
ch bstb hds`b-
s a sb
s b pubmb rbpbtcr.
2. @uhima hk hdsbsa bs luy frhimb, a jhy lu`jas hds`bsas, sb pubmb hyumhr
`ai kh hpkc`h` cði ccitrhlus`ukhr
itrhlus`ukhr m b tbrrhlc`cihs a pbic`ckcihs.

Cie b``caibs bi khs ^hths

Bs kh `hush prci`cphk mb kh `agbrh m b k fhih ma, thldcãi sb kb kkhlh ^BMBTÈ. B \
hiclhk `aiscfub kh biebrlbmhm mbspuãs m b hkfui h jbr jbrcm
cmhh bi khs phths a par kas
subkas j÷lbmas a laghmas. K h dh`tbrch bsth bi bk subka y hfuh.
Pc bk hiclhk ia bs trhthma h tcblpa
tcblpa pubmb kkkkbfh
bfh r h kas jubsas y hrtc`ukh`caibs, kas
ka s
scfias s a i phth jci`jhmh a ciekhlhmh, ` a i lu`ja `hkar y makar. Bs lhs prh`tc`a
rbkczhr bk
b k trtrhthl
hthl cbita bi ui drbtb.
Tbvcshr kh phth, kclpchr y mbscieb`ths mbs`hs`hr sc bs ib`bsh
ib`bshrcrcaa y `hytbrczhr `ai
`ai
u i pramu
pramu`ta
`ta l uy eeubrtb
ubrtb `al a sukehta mb `adrb. Rshr hi hitctcdcðtc
dcðtc`as
`as
ka`hkbs y par vch citrhlus`ukhr sc sb `aiscmbrh ib`bshrca. K a s
hicl hkbs m bdbi b sthr bi ui kkufh
ufh r kclpc
kclpcaa y sb`a .

@ akb`
akb``cð i « r h i gh
`cð g h y I b f a ` ccaa ¿
 h Rdrb

stru`turh
K h udrb mb kh vh `h bstè `aistctuc mh p a r `uhtra fkèimukhs lhlhrchs a «`uhrtas¿.
`aistctucmh
@hmh `uhrta bs uih uicmhm eui`caihk bi ssìì lcslh q u b apb rh cimbpbimcbitblbitb y
mrbih kh kb`jb p a r lbmca mb su prapca `hihk.
as `uhrtas pastbrc
Fbi brhklbitb, kkas pastbrcarbs
arbs ssaa i kcfbrhlbitb l
lèè s mbshrrakk
mbshrrakkhma
hma s y pramu-
`b i l è s kb`jb (5
(5>> ) qub kas `uhrtas hitbrcarbs (=> ). K a s prci
prci`c
`cphkbs
phkbs `al paib i-
tbs mb kh udrbsb kcsthi hquì`ai uih `arthbxpkc`h`cði mb su clparthi`ch y eui`cði.

K h udrb bsth mcsbøh mh phrh pramu `cry aerb`br hhkk tbribra rb`c
bsth mcsbøh ãi ih`cma uuii eè`ck h ``b-
rb`cãi
sa h kh kb`jb. P b bi `ubitrh suspbimcmh pa reubrh mb kh phrbm m b k hd mal bi pastbrc
pastbrcar
ar
y ia sb bi`ubitr
bi`ubitrhh ec
ecghmh,
ghmh, sa pa rthm h a pratbfcmh p a r icifu ih bstr
bstru`t
u`turh
urh ðsbh .
 rrcfh`cði q
qub
ub rb`cd sXpartb.m ã _0 @ìprb9 ’
ãY sXpartb.m

Papartb

B i kkhh s vh`hs kb`jbrhs

kb`jbrhs h`tuhkbs, kh udr
udrbb pu bmb kkbfhr h pbshr lès mb 2> of mbdcma
h kh frhi `hitc mhm m b tbgcma
`h itcmhm tbgcma sb` rbtary m b kh
kh kb`jb qub sb h`ulukh bitrb
bitrb kkaa s armbøas.
Khs prci`cphkbs bstru`turhs qub sai khs qub saparthi tamh kh
udrb sai bk kcfhlbita suspbisarca lbmca y b k kcfhlbita sus-
pbisarca khtbrhk.

ì h y Lbgarhlcbita m b kF h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a @rc stc hi P è i ` j b z

@ r ìh bybs

B k kcfhlbita suspbisarca lbmca bs ui tbgcma bkèstc`a q u b ecgh kh udrb h kh phrbm

hdmalcihk.. @uh ima kh vh`h sb adsb rvh mbsmb ht
hdmalcihk htrès,
rès, ui sur`a lbmchk mcstcitcva,
lhr`h kh pasc`cði m b k kcfhlbita suspbisarca lbmca. K h bkhstc`cmhm m b k kcfhlbita
lbmca kb pbrlctb
pbrlctb h`tuhr `al a u i hl artc
artcfuhm
fuhm ar `uhima kh vh`h ssbb lubvb y hmhpthr-

sb h kas `hldcas m b thlhøa y pbsa m ã kh udr udrbb `ai kh pramu``cði m b kb`jb y kh bmhm.
B i `aitrhstb `ai bk kcfhlb
kcfhlb ita suspbi sarca lbmca, b k kcfhlbita
kcfhlbita suspb isarca kht khtbrhk
brhk
b s u i tbgcma
tbgcma ecdrasa pa `a ekbxcdkb.
ekbxcdkb. H k`hi zh ka
kass khmas mb kh udr
udrbb mbs mb kkaa s tbimaibs
hkrbmbmarmb ka s jubsas p÷dc`as phrh earlhr ui bstru`turh m
kas mb
b sapartb.

Lbldrhihs-`aib`tcvhs tcihs
sbphrh k s `uhrtas hitbrcarbs
mb kas pastbrcarbs}
Czqucbrmh Hitbrcar

Kcfhlbita
suspbisarca khtbrh)
^a t rear Xhrbbjh
Kcfhlbita suspbisarca
l mca (sbphrh C K P `uhrths mb kh mbrb`jh y
ka s mh kh ebqucbrmh)
kas

P cs t b l h P b ` rb t a r m b K b ` j b
K h kb`jb mbgh bk kulbi
kulbi par lbmc
lbmcaa mb ui tuda ` akb`tar
akb`tar.. Ri kðduka bs ui frupa mb 8>

h 8 > > hkvãakas qub mrbihi par lbmca

lbmca mb ui `aimu`ta bi `al÷i.
 @akb``cði « r h i g h y I b f a ` ccaa ¿

K a s kðdukas bi sì sb bi`ubitrhi arfhiczhmas bi b i uicmhmbs mb l h y a r t h l h ø a q u b

mbs`hrfhi kh kb`jb mbi trtraa mb ui `aimu`t a `akb`t ar mb lhya r thlh
t hlh øa q u b `aimu`b
h kh `cstbrih mb kkh
h fkèi mukh qub mbs`hish mcrb`thlbitb bi`clh m b k pbzði mb kh
fkèimukh.
B c hkvãaka bs kh uic
uicmhm
mhm eui`cai hk mb pramu``cði bi kh qub uih sakh `hph mb
m b `ãkukhs
sb`rbtarhs mmbb kb`jb ssbb b i`ubitrhi
i`ubitrhi hfruphmhs bi uih bsebrh `ai uih mbprbscði bi
bk `bitra. KKhh s eui`caibs m b k hkv ã aka
ak a sai7
• T b l a v b r kas iutrcbitbs mb kh shifrb?
•] rh i searlh rb stas iutrcbitbs bi kb`jb?
• Mbs`hrfhr kh kb`jb mbitra mb k kulbi.
K h udrb sb bi`ubi tr
trhh `al pubsth m b lckkaibs m b hkvãa kas maimb sb sb`rbth kh kb`jb.
K a s `aimu`t
`aimu`tas earlhi `hihkbs m b mrbihgb bi kas qub kh kb`jb s b h`ulu kh bitrb ka s
as earlhi
armbøas.
Hkubad

>.8 h. 0 rrit

Phifrh hrtbrch.

Ka lcihma
@b tu h sb`rbtarh
sapartb

Bsphma

@catblhmb kh
fkèimukh ;_ >> lc
 Pecifrs vbiðas

B k pbzði earlh u i phshmcza p a r lbmca m b k `uhk kh kb`jb pubmb s b r bxtrhìmh mb kh

fkèimukh ^asbb u ih pcbk suhvb qub ka rb`udrb y ui scstblh luy rc`a mb cibrvh`cði
uih

b crr
crrcfh`c
cfh`cði
ði shi fuìi bh.
K h puith mb kh tbth s b `cbrrh `ai ui hi ckkckkaa m b l÷ s`uka kcsa a bseìitbr
bseìitbr kkhl hma `hi hk
mbk pbzði. Kh prbsbrvh`cði mb khs bstru`tur
bstru`turhs hs ia rlhkbs mbk pb-
zði b s bsbi`chk phrh lhitbibrkas lb`hicslas mb mbebish iar-
lhkbs `ai tr trhh khs
kh s dh`t
dh`tbrc hs pramu`tarhs m b lhstctcs
brchs

@ r ì h v L b g a r h l c b i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b rraa rcstchi Pèi`jbz bybs

Crrcfh`cði Phifuìibh
K h pramu``cði m b kb`jb mblh imh mb frhi `hitcmhm m b iutrcbitbs, trhìmas h kh udrb
pramu`crr 8 of mb kb`jb, ssbb `hk`ukh qub =>> h 2>> of mb shifrb
par kh shifrb. ^h rh pramu`c

mbdbi phshr p a r kkhh udrb.

Hmblès, kh shifrb kkbv kkbvhh jarlaih s q u b `aitrakhi bk
b k mbsh rrakka
rrakka mb kh udrb, kh sìitbscs
mb kb`jb, y kh rbf bi brh `cði mb `ãkukh s sb`rbtarhs bitrb kh`thi`chs
kh`thi`chs (murhitb bk pbrì
pbrìa-
a-
ma m b s b ` h ) .

Pcstblh kcieètc`a
K h kcieh bs uuii ekucma `khra qub
q ub
pravcbib m b tbgtbgcmas
cmas hkthl bi-
tb crrcfhmas par kh shifrb.
K h kcieh hyumh h dhkhi`bhr b k
ekucma `cr
`cr`ukhima
`ukhima jh`ch hmbi-
tra
tra y jh `ch heubrh mb kh udr
udrbb
y hyumh bi kh prbvbi`cði m b
cieb``caibs.
Hkfuihs vb`bs, bk ci`rblb
ci`rblb i-
ta mb ekuga shifuìiba bi bk `a-
lcbiza mb kh kh`thi`ch `ai-
mu`b h uih h `ulukh`c
`ulukh`cði ði mb
ekucmas bi kh udrb jhsth q u b
b k scstblh kcieètc`a bs `hphz
mb rblavbr bstbstbb ek
ekucma
ucma hmc`caihk.
Bsth `aimc
Bsth `aimc`c
`cði,
ði, kkkkhl
hl hmh bmbl h mb udrb, bs lès
prbvhkbitb bi iavckkhs mb prclbrh
prclbrh phrc
phrc`c
`cði
ði y vh-
 `hs lès vcbghs ` a i udrbs pbimcbitbs.

Cibrvh`cði mb kh udrb
K a s rb`bptarbs ibrvcasas bi kh supb rec
rec`cb
`cb mb kh
udrb s a i sbiscdkbs h `aith`ta y h kh tblpbrh-
turh. Mu rhitb
rhitb kh prbphrh`cði mb kh udrb phrh bk
armbøa, bstas rb`bptarbs sas a i bstc lu khmas y s b
bstclu
cic`ch kh «dhghmh mb kh kb`jb¿, rbekbga q u b pbr-
lctb kh kcdbrh`cði
kcdbrh`cði mb kb`jb. Kh s jarl aih s y bk
scstblh ibrvcasa thldcãi
bstèi civaku`rhma s bi kh rb
eeek
k ì e fukh`cðimbshifrbhkh udrb.

@akb``cði F r h i g h y I bfa`ca¿
bfa`ca¿

K h kb`jb bs bk pramu`ta iarlhk mb sb`rb`cði

kh fkèimukh lhlhrch. Kh kb`jb bs ui
pramu`ta iutrctcva `al pkbg
pkbgaa q u b pasbb lès mb
8> > sudsthi`chs qub sb bi`ubitrhi yh sbh bi
saku`cði, s uspbis cði a bluk
blukscði
scði bi hfuh.
`alpasc`cði mb kh kb`jb vhrìh
`aiscmbrhdkblbitb `ai kh rhzh mb kh vh`h, bk
bsthma m b kh`thi`ch, hkclbita, ãpa`h mbk høa
y l u`jas atras eh`tarbs. H÷i hsì,hkfuihs mb
khss rbkh`caibs bitrb ka
kh kass `alpaibitbs sai luy
bsthdkbs y pubmbi sb
sbr utckczhmas phrh cimc`hr sc
sc
jh a`urrcma hkfuih hmuktbrh`cði bi kh
`alpasc`cði mb kh kb`jb.
 A]THP @ AI P R K ] H P

^hkkbtb 8 3 3 : ) . Lbgarhlcbita mbk Fhihma

Uh`uia mb Kb`jb. ^rayb`ta ]]H. Kh Lakcih - ^br÷
Lbro h @a, Ci Ci`
` 4>>>). Lhiuhk Lbro mb
Ubtbrcihrch. DhktclarbLm. - R.P.H.
Talhfash Uckh 83 :4). Lhiu Lhiuhk
hk mb @rchizh mb
Uh`uias. Bm. Hbkmas - Dhr`bkaih, Bsphøh
Dhybr Xuìlc`hs Ricmhs P.H. Lhiuhk ^rè`tc`a mb
mbkk
Jh`bimhma, Bm. Mbphrthlbita Ubtbrcihrca Dhybr
P.H.-R.P.H.
Dhtthfkch, Lhyrasb 83:6). Lhiuhk mb Lhibga mb

Fhihma y Hvbs mb @arrhk. B m. @cbi`ch y ]ã`ic`h -

Lãxc`a
Wbl ghics Tbpramu``cði Hiclhk. B m.
83 55). Tbpramu``cði
K c l u sh V c k k b y P.H. - Lãx c ` a
Taghs 836=). Iu trc trc`cði
`cði Hiclhk Hpkc`hmh. Kh
Lakcih - ^br÷
Lcscði @rcstchih Ubtbrcihrch 833> ). @rchizh m mbb
Fhihma Uh`uia. Varkm @ai`bri - Phith @ruz,
Dakcvch ;ft¿
.a`ch`cði mb Fhihmbras mb kh Pcbrrh y k

Arcbitb, Hsa`ch`cði Jakstbcrr Ercbschi 83:6).

Lbgarhs bi bk Lhibga mb ]bribrhs. Xucta, B `uhmar `uhmar
cvhi`a. Lhiuhk mb Cisblcih`cði Hrtcec`chk. Bm.
? rh rc h R I H K L- ^ br÷

@alpasc`cði
m b kh Kb`jb

±Xuã bs kh Kb`jb
K h kb`jb bs bk pramu`ta iarl hk.mb sb`rb`cði
sb`rb`cði mb kh fk
fkèimukh
èimukh lhl hrch.
hrch. K h kb`jb bs ui
pramu`ta iutrctcva `alp kbg
kbgaa qub pasbb lès mb 8>8 > > sudsthi`chs qub sb bi`ubitr
bi`ubitrhi
hi
yh sbh bi saku`cði , suspbiscði a bl uksc
ukscði
ði b i hfuh. ^ a r bgblpka7
- @h sbìih, kh prci`cphk p rat ratbìih
bìih mb kh kb`jb, sb bi `ubitrh mcspbrsh
mcspbrsh `al a ui frhi
i÷lbra mb phrtì`uk
phrtì`ukhs
hs sðkc
sðkcmhs
mhs thi pbqubøhs qub ia sbmc
sbmcl
l bithi, y pbrlh ib`bi
b i suspbiscði. Bsths phrtì`ukhs sb kkhlhi lc`bkhs y kh mcspbrscði mb khs lcs-
lh s bi kkhh kkb`jb
b`jb sb kkkkhl
hl h suspbis cði `akacmhk?
- Kh fr
frhsh
hsh y khs vcthlcihs sak
sakudkbs
udkbs bi frhsh bi kh kb`jb sb b i`ubitrhi
i`ubitrhi bi earlh
m b blu kscði? bsta
bsta bs uih suspbiscði m b pbqu bøas fkðd ukas kkìquc
ìqucmas
mas qub ia sb
lbz`khi `ai bk hfuh mb kh kb`jb?
- K h kh`tash hz÷`hr mb kh kb`jb), hkfu ih s pratbìihs pratbìihs sãrc`
sãrc`hs),
hs), shkbs
 lcibrhkbs y atrhs sudsthi`chs s a i sakudkbs? bsta scficec`h qub sb bi`ubitrhi
tathklbitb mcsubkths bi bk hfuh mb kh kb`jb.

@alpaibitb Uh`h Julhia

Hfuh f ::,> :6,2

Bibrfìh o`hk 58,> 6>,>

^ratbìih f 04 8>

Frhsh f 0= ==

Kh`tash f =6 53

Lcibrhkbs f >6 >,4>

@ r ì h v L b ga
ga r h l cb i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a rcstchi è i ` j b z T h yb s

K h s lc`bkhs m b `hsbìih y kas fkðduk

fkðdukasas frhsas kb mhi h kh
kb`jb kh lhyarìh mb sus `hrh`tbrì
`hrh`tbrìstc
stc`hs
`hs eìsc `hs, hm bl ès kb
eìsc`hs,
mhi bk shdary akar h kas pramu`tas
pramu`tas kè`tbas
kè`tbas thkbs `a la l hi-
tbquckkh, qubsa, yafjurt, bt
bt``.
K h `alpa sc`cði
sc`cði mb kh kkb`jb
b`jb vhrìh `aiscmbrhdkbl bitb `ai kh
rhzh mb kh vh`h, b k bsthma mb kh`thi`ch, hkclbita,
hkclbita, ãp a`h m b k
h ø a y l u`jas atras eh`tarbs. H ÷ i hsì, hkfuihs mb khs rbkh-
`caibs bitrb ka s `alpaibitbs ssai ai l uy bsthdkbs y pubmbi
sbr utckc
utckczhmas
zhmas phrh cim
cim c`hrsc jh a`urrcma hkf÷ i hmu ktbrh`cði K h kb
kb`
`jb bs
bi kh `alpasc`cði mb kh kb`jb. ui pramu
pramu`
`ta
K h kb`jb bs ui pramu`ta hkthl
hkthl bitb pbrb`bmbra qu b mbdb s b r u tr t v a
bierchma h =¾@
=¾@ ka l ès rèpcmhlbitb pascdkb kubfa mb su `a- `alpkbga qub
qub
kb``cði. K h s tblpbrhturhs bxtrblhs,
bxtrblhs, kh h`cmbz (pJ) a kh `ai- pasbb l lès
ès
thlcih`cði p a r l c`raarfhicslas pubmbi m btbrcarhrsu
c`raarfhicslas btbrcarhrsu `hkc-
mhm rèpcmhlbitb. mb 8>>
sudsthi`chs
Kb`jb `ala kclbita
clbita Julhia
Julhia qub
qu b ssb
b
fuh
fuh bi`ubitrhi yh
sbh bi
B k vhkar iutrc`caihk mb kh kkb`jb
b`jb `al a u i tama bbss lhyar qu b
bk vhkar cimcvcmuhk mb kas iutrcbitbs qub kh `alpa ibi mbdcmbdcma
ma saku`cði,
h s u dhkhi`b iutrc`caihk ÷ic`a. K h `hitcmhm m b hfuh bi kh suspbiscði a
rbekbgh b s b dhkhi`b. B i tamas kas
kb`jb rbekbgh ka s hiclhkbs, b k hfuh b s blukscði bi
bk iutrcbitb rbqubrcma b i l hyar `hitcmhm
`hitcmhm y kh kb`jb sul cic
cics-
s- [h
trh uih frhi `hitcmhm
`hitcmhm m b h fuh, `aitbicbima
`aitbicbima hpraxc
hpraxclhmhl bi-
tb 3> mb kh lcslh.
Kh pramu``cði mb kb`jb bsheb`thmh rèpcmhlbitb par uih '”
mcslciu`cði m b hfuh y `hb bk lcsla mìh qub su sulcicstra b s kclcthma a ia sb
bi`ub itrh mcspaicdk
mcspaicdkb.
b. Bst
Bsthh bs ui
uihh mb khs rhzaibs par khs qub kh vh`h mbdb mb tbibr
kcdrb h``bsa h uih eubitb m b hfuh hduimh itb tama b k tc
tcblpa
blpa .
Jcmrhtas mb`hrdaia
Bk prci`cphk jcmrhta m b `hrdaia bi kh kb`jb bs kh kh`tash. H pbshr mb qub bs ui
hz÷`hr, kh kh`tash ia sb pbr`cdb par bk shd ar muk `b. K h `ai`b itrh`cði
muk`b. itrh`cði m b kh`tash b i
kh kb`jb bs rbkhtc
rbkhtcvhlb
vhlb itb `aisthitb y pralbm ch hkrbmbm ar mb 2 (=.: -2.4 ). H
mcebrbi`ch mb kh `ai`bitrh`cði mmbb frhsh bi kh kb`jb, kkhh `ai`bitrh-
`cði m b kh`tash b s s
sclck hr b i tamhs kh
clckhr khss rhzhs kb`jbrhs y i a pub-
rhzhs
m b hktbrhrsb eè `cklbitb ``a
eè` a i prè`tc`hs m b hkclbith`cði.

@akb``cði7 Frhigh Ibfa`cacc

B i uuii h prapar`cði scficec`htcvh mb kh padkh`c

padkh`cði
ði julhi h, kh mb ec`cbi`ch
ec`cbi`ch mb kh bizclh
kh`thsh bi bk trh`ta
trh`ta mcfbstcva rbsukth bi kh ci`hph`cmhm phrh mcfbrcr kh kh`tash. Kh
lhyarìh mb kas cimcvcmuas `ai dhgh h`tcvcmhm mb kh`thsh mbshrrakkhi sìitalhs mb
citakbrhi`ch h frhimbs mascs
mascs m b kh`tash, pbra kh lhy arìh pubmb `aisul cr `hit `hitccmh-
mbs l ambrhmhs mb kb`jb sci sci phmb`b r lhk
lhkbsth
bsthrbs.
rbs. Ia tamas
tamas kas pramu`tas kè`tkè`tbas
bas
pasbbi prapar`caib s sclck
sclckhrbs
hrbs m b kh`tash.

ratbìihs
phrtbb mb k ictrðfbia mb kh kb`jb ssbb bi`ubi tr
K h l hyar phrt trhh bi kh earlh m b pratbìih. K h
`ai`bitrh`cði mb pratbìih bi kh kb`jb vhrìh mb 0.> h=.> . Bk par`bithgb vhrìh `ai kh
rhzh mb kh v h ` h y b i rbkh`cði `ai kh `hitcmhm m b frhsh bi kh kb`jb. Bxcstb u i h
bstrb`jh rbkh` cði bitrb kh `hitcmhm m b frhsh y kh `hitcmhm m b pratbìih bi kh kb`jb?
ita lh yarb s kkhh `hitcmhm m b fr
`uhita
`uh frhsh,
hsh, l hy arbs kkhh `hitcmhm m b pratbìih.
K h s pratbìihs sb `khscec
`khscec`hi
`hi bi mas frhim bs frupas7
frupas7 `hs bìihs (:> ) y pratbì
pratbìihs
ihs
sãrc`hs (4> ). Bk `alparthlcbita
`alparthlcbita mb kas mcebrbitbs tcpas mb`hsbìih (h , d y o) bi
kh kb`jb hk sbrtrhthmh `a i `hkar, mcebrbitb p J (h`cmbz) y mc mcebr
ebrbitbs
bitbs `ai`b itrh`caibs
m b shk, pravbbi kkhh s `hrh`tbrìstc`hs mb kkas
as qubsas, kkaa s pramu`tas mb kb`jb ebrlbith-
m h y khs
khs mce
mcebrbitbs (`aimbis hmh, bi pakva, bt`.).
brbitbs earlh s mb kb`jb (`aimbis
rhsh

Iarlhklbitb, kh frhsh (a kìpcma) `aistctuyb

`aistctuyb mbs mb bk 0,2 jhsth bk 5,> mb kh
kb`jb, vhrchim
vhrchim a bitrb rhzhs, bmhm, i÷lbra m bphrc`c ði y `ai khs
bphrc`cði khs prè`tc`hs m b hkclbi-
th`cði.
th`cði. Rih rh`cði
rh`cði mblhschma rc`h
rc`h bi `ai`bitr
`ai`bitrhmas
hmas qub ia bstc-
lukhi kh rulch bi kh vh`h, pubmb rbsukthr bi uih `hìmh bi bk
par`bithgb m b frhsh (4,>
mb (4,> h 4,2 ).

@ r ì h y L b ga
g a r h l c b i ta r a @rcstchi P è i ` j b z b y b s
t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b ra

Lcibrhkbs y vcthlcihs
Kb`jb bs uih dubih eubitb
eubitb m b 7

Ucthlcih H ^ratbfb `aitrh biebrlbmhmbs y lhitcbib kh pcbk.

Ucthlcih M Hyum h h hdsardbr bk `hk`ca.

K h s vcthlcihs H y M bstèi ka`hkczhmh s bi kh

kh frhsh.
frhsh. @u him a sb sh`h kh frhsh phrh
phrh
jh`br kb`jb mbs`rblhm h a sblcmbs`rblhmh b s clparthitb eartcec`hr kkhh kb`jb ` a i
khss vcthlcihs qub bstè pbrmcbima.
kh
@hk`ca Tbfukh b k `arhzði hyumh h kas ibrvcas y jh`b jubsas y mcbitbs eubrtbs.
@hk`ca bs bsbi`chk phrh icøas y lugbrbs bspb `chklbitb. Rih thzh mb kb`jb `aitc
`aitcb-
b-
ib 0>> lckcfrhlas m b `hk`ca. R i icøa bitrb 3 y 8: høas m b bmhm i b`bscth
b`bscth 8 =>>
lckcfrhlas mchrchlbitb.

`aitcbib pathsca lhfibsca y vcthlcihs B O :4 y @. Kh

]hldcãi kh kb`jb `aitcbib
vcthlcih @ mb shphrb`b rèpcmhl
rèpcmhl bitb `uhima kh kb`jb shk
shkbb mb kh udrb y bstè bxpub s-
th hk hcrb. Ia jhy lu`jh vct
vcthlcih
hlcih @ bi bk tc
tcbl
bl pa qub kh kb`jb
kb`jb kkkkbfh
bfh h kh `hsh.

u bs luy clp
Kh kb`jb clparthit
Q± « .,Y?
arthitbb ia s.ptac.phrh ?§
v1 :£* r

bk mbs hrrakk
hrrakkaa eìsc`a
eìsc`a mbk
mbk tbribra sìrcAìqûb 7g|K
hmblès bs uih eubitb m b `alpaibitbs
¡iluiakafc`as qubhsbfurhi su dgbg|b|eèrek|e |eY

Y '
 Kb`jb `ala Hkclbita mb ]bribras
@alpaibitbs ciluibs
Kh kb`jb pasb b pratbìihs
pratbìihs kkhlh mhs ¡iluiafkaduklhs
¡iluiafkaduklhs qub sai uih mb khs khs prc
prci`c
i`cph-
ph-
kbs mbebi shs `aitrh kas arfh icsl as cieb``casas vcrus, dh `tbrc
`tbrchh bt`.). Khs `ai`bi-
trh`caibs mmbb ciluiafkadukcihs sa i bspb `chklbitb hkt
hkths
hs bi bk `hkastra.
K h s cil uiafkadukcihs
uiafkadukcihs ia sb pramu`bi bi bk tbgc
tbgcma
ma lh lh rca
rca pbra sb trhisecbrbi m c-

rb`thlbitb
cilui mihs
afkadukc b k slb
afkadukcihs u b rgar s h i f u ì i b a hitb
a cilbmchthlb kh mb spuãsBmbk
kb`jb. k tbribra
ih`c pubmb
ih`clcbit a `aihdsardbr
lcbita kh s
kh `hph`cmhm
m b hdsar`cði mb`rb`cbima h `hsc `bra h khs 05 jarhs m b bmhm. Bsta s b mbdb h qub
b k tbribra ia pramu`b `hitcmhmbs clp arthitbs mb è`cma è`cma `karjìmrc-
`a bisu lu `ash fèstrc` fèstrc`hh bi khs prclbrhs 84 jarhs mb vcmh, mb
lhibrh qub khs ciluiaf kadukcihs kadukcihs ia sb mhøhi.

@ a k b ` ` c ð i « F r h i g h y I b f a ` ccaa ¿

Bk `hkastra bs mb vcthk clparthi`ch phrh bk tbribra rb`cãi ih`cma, pbra `hrb`b mb

vhkar `albr`chk y ia bs h`bp thma mbitr
mbitraa mb kh `akb``cði m b kb`jb phrh `aisula
jul hia, sc
scii bldhrfa bs `aisul cma
cma b i pad kh`cabs rurhkbs?
rurhkbs? kh kb`jb pramu`cmh p a r
kh vh`h kubfa m mbb phrcr iiaa mbd b ci`k
ci`kucr
ucrsb mbitraa mb kh kb`jb phrh vbith mmbb trbs h `uhtra
sb mbitr
mìhs. Bk `hkastra pubmb hklh`b ihrsb `aif bkhma phrh mèrsbk
mìhs. mèrsbkaa h atras tbribras

Eh`tarbs qub e b`thi kh

kh @a l pas c`cði
c`cði mb k h Kb`jb
B k par`bithgb m b frhsh, pratbìih, y kh`tash b i kh kb`jb vhrch `ai kh bspb`cb m b
hiclh k y rhzh, kh iu
iutrc
trc`cði
`cði m b k hiclhk, bk lbs mb kh`thi`ch, y kh prbsbi`ch m b biebr-
lbmhmbs, hmblhs m b hk
mb hkfuias
fuias eh`tarbshldcbithkbs qub heb`thihk cimcvcmua

/-`
Bspb`cb y hz
hzh
h
Bspb`cb m b frhsh m b pratbìih m b kh`tash
Uh`h 03 0.
0.== =5

Sbfuh 82 48 26

@hdrh =2 43 =.8
Avbgh 6= 22 =:

Ea`h mb lhr 20.0 :3 >8

K h kb`jb mbmcstcitas hic
hiclh
lh kbs pravbb iutr
iutrcb
cbitbs
itbs qub uih `rìh
`rìh mb su bspb`cb i b`b-
scth ^ a r bgblpka, kh ea`h y atras hiclhkbs mbk lhr ib`bscthi
lèshcskh`cði bi bk `ubrpapa parr kaserìas lhrbs. Bitai`bs, kh `rì
`rìhh
rb`cdb
rb`cdb ui par`bithg
par`bithgbb dc
dcbi
bi hkta mb frhsh bi kh kb`jb mb kh lhmrb.

@ r ì h v L b ga
g a r h l c b i ta
ta m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a rcstchi Pèi`jbz bybs

K h kb`jb mmbb av bgh tc

tcbib
bib l è s frhsh qub kh kb`jb mb
m b vh`h, lcbitrhs qub kh kb`jb mbmb
u i h ybfu h tc
tcbib
bib pa`h kb`jb y lès hz÷`hz÷`hr.
hr. Iasa tr
tras
as tbibl as l è s citbrãs bi khs
`uhkcmhmbs mb kh kh kb`jb
kb`jb mb vh`h . Jhy vhrch`cði bitr
bitrbb khs
khs rhzhs.
rhzhs.

Hdh ga sb pubmb vbr khs `hrh`tbrìstc`hs

`hrh`tbrìstc`hs m b kh kb`jb mb trbs rhzhs. Bitrb
Bitrb bsths rhzhs,
kh Jakst
Jakstbc
bcii pramu`b l ès `hitcmhm
`hitcmhm mb kb`jb. Kh Gbrsby pramu `b lbi as kb`jb pbra
m b lbgar `hkcmhm, parqub tcbib 8.2%
8.2% lè s mb m b frhsh qub kh Jakstbci.
Thzh % mb frhsh % mb pratbìih% mb kh`tash

Jakstbci 0.2= 0.43 =.5:

Drawi Pwìss 0.33 0.5= =.3=

Gbrsby 2.80 0.3: =.:0

Iutrc`cði
Bs uih sarprbsh phrh lu`jhs pbrsaihs qub 2>> kctras m b sh ifrb tcbibi
tcbibi q u b phshr
par kh udrb phrh pramu`cr uuii kctra m b kb`jb.
^arqub khshi frb bstè kkbvhim
kkbvhim a iutrcbitbs h khudrb. Kas
Kas iutrcbitbs s
sai as cifrb-
ai kkas
mcbitbs bi kh pramu``cði mb kh kb`jb. Bs kh rhzði mb kh prbsbi`ch mb khs vbihs
frhimbs bi kh udrb.

B i ka
kass ÷ktclass lbsbs mb
÷ktcla m b kh`thi`ch,bk
bk
par`bithgb mbfrhshfrhsh bstè bi bk icvbk
 l è s hkta mb kh kh`thi`ch,`hsc ka
lcsla qub kh kh`t
kh`tash
ash

R i h mcbth h kt
kthh bi dhkhi`bhma ddhg
hghh bk par`bithgb m b frhsh bi kh kb`jb. Pc kh vh`h bstè
`alcbima lès qub 52 mb su mcbth bi dhkhi`bhma ylbias qub 02 biearrhg earrhgbs
bs,,
kh kb`jb qub pramu `b tbimrè l bias frhsh par kas k as beb`t
beb`tas as bi bk scstblh
scstblh
mcfbstc
mcf bstcva.
va.]hl
]hl dcdcãi,
ãi, hkfuihs `alcmhs pu bmbi `hl dchrbdchrb s h d a r m b kh kb`
kb`jb,
jb, `al a bk
ihda y kh `bd akkh sckvbstrb.
sckvbstrb.

Lbsbs m b Kh`thi`ch
K h kh`thi`ch sb
s b mbec
mbecib
ib `al a kh
k h bt
bthph
hph `uh ima ui
u i h jbl drh bstè pramu`cbima kb`jb
bi kh udrb. Iarlhklbitb bi vh`hs kh kh`thi`ch murh iubvb lb-
sbs, mbsmã b phrta
bk
k jhsth bbkmbstbtb.
k

@akb``cði Frhigh Ibfa`cbi

@ a l a pambl as vbr kh `al pasc`c

pasc`cði
ði `hl dch
dch ` a i
bk lbs mb kh`thi`ch. Bi bk prclbr lbs jhy uih
frhi mcebrbi`ch bitrb kkaa s vhkarbs m b kh`t
kh`tash
ash frh-
s h y pratbìih. Mbspuãs mmbb k prclbr lbs b k par-
`bithgb mb frhsh y pratbìih
pratbìih sudb l cbitrhs
cbitrhs qu b bk
par`bithgb mb kh`tash dhgh.
dhgh. Bi kas ÷ktc
÷ktcl
l as l bsbs
m b kh`thi`ch b k par`bithgb m b frhsh bstè bi bk
icvbk l ès hkta mb kh kh`thi`ch `hsc ka
lès ka lcsla q qub
ub
kass icvbkbs mb
ka m b kh`tash.
Pc sb ib`bsct
ib`bscthh jh `br uuii h prubdh mmbb k pa r`bithg
r`bithgbb m b frhsh mb kh kkb`j
b`j b phr
phrhh mbtbrlc-
ihr kh `hkcmhm b s l bgar jh`br kh prubdh ` a i kb`jb m b vh`hs l è s hvhizhmhs bi kh
kh`thi`ch h ph rtcrr m b k qucita lbs.
phrtc
K h ^rbsbi`ch mb iebrlbmhm

K h pr
prbsbi`c
bsbi`chh mb hkfuihs biebrlb mhmbs `al a kh kh lhstctcs pubmb heb`thrkh `alpa-
sc`cði mb kh kb`jb. ^ a r bgblpka kh lhstctcs dhgh kh `hitcmhm m b frhsh y kh`tash bi
bi
kh kb`jb pbra sudb kkhh `hitcmhm m b samca y khs pratbìihs m b subra.

ãkuk
ãkukhs
hs bi kh Kb`jb
K h s `ãkukhs ètc`hs bi kh kb`jb ia
`ãkukhs sal ètc`hs i a heb`thi kh `hk
`hkcmhm iutrc`caih k bi sì. Bkkhs s a i
cmhm iutrc`caih
sakhlbitb clparthitbs `ala cimc`hmarbs mb atr atras
as pra`bsas qub pubmb bsthr su`b-
mcbima bi bk tbgcma
tbgcma l hl hrca
hrca ci`kuybima
ci`kuybima ciekhl
ciekhl h`cði.
@u h i m a kh s `ãkukhs s b bi`ubitrhi prbsbitbs b i `hitcmhmbs lhyarbs m b lbmca
lckkði p a r l ckckct ra bxcstb u i h rhzði phrh saspb`jhr mb
ckckctra m b lhstctcs
 al paib itbs Cimbsbhdkbs bi kh Kb`jb
^rbsb ithl as hquì uih kckcsth
sth phr`c
phr`chk
hk mb khs sudsthi`chs
sudsthi`chs cimbsbhdkbs l ès `al uib s
qub sb bi `ubitr
`ubitrhi
hi bi ch kb`jb7
- H f u h hm c`caih
c`caih k?
- Mbtbrfbitbs y mbscieb`thitbs?
- Hitcdcð
Hitcdcðtc`as
tc`as??
- ^bstc`cmhs a cisb`tc`cmhs?
- Pu`cbmhm.
K h vcfckhi`ch mb kas pramu`tarbs bi sbfucr kh s cistru``caibs bi bk usa mb pramu`tas
khs
`as `al a thldcãi u i dubi armbøa kclpcbzh y hklh`bih-
quìlc`as
quìlc
lcbita mb kas bstas ia sai saka bsbi`chkbs phrh su ãxcta prapca
scia thldcãi phrh bk b k ãxcta mb kh cimustrch kb`jbrh b i fbibrhk.

ga r h l cb i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a
@ r ìhìh y L b ga rc s t c h i P è i ` j b z bybs

B k Armbøa

Jb`jas Citbrbshitbs
J h i bxcstcma lhqucihs mb armbøa p a r `c
`cbi
bi h øas, pbra tamhvìh kh lhyarìh mmbb vh`hs
m b k luima ssbb armbøh h lhia. B
Bii rbhkcmhm kh shkum mb kh udrb bbss lbgar `ai ui dubi
armbøa h lhia qub `ai ui lhk armbøa m b lhqucih.
Kh s vh`hs mhi lès kb`jb `ai lès erb`ubi`ch mb armbøas (`
Khs (`ai
ai u uii tcblpa cfuhk bitrb
armbøas). @ a i vh`hs m b hkth pramu``cði, ssbb pubmb lbgarhr kkhh `hitcmhm m b kb`jb
82 h 4> `ai trbs armbøas p a r mìhmìh (`hmh a`ja jarhs).

Kh Lhstctcs bs kh biebrlbmhm l è s `al÷i y lès `hrh b i vh`hs kb`jbrhs. Bi kas

icvbkbs sud`k
sud`kìic
ìic`as,
`as, `uhim a kh lhstc
lhstctcs ia lu bstrh sìitalh s vc
vcscdk
scdkbs,
bs, pubmb d hgh rkh
pramu``cði mmbb kb`jb bi ui 00>> .
 B k armbøa s b pubmb rbhk
rbhkcz
czhr
hr mas a
trb vb`bs h
trb hkk mìh, mbpbimcbima mbk?
pramu`tcvcmhm mb kas hiclhkbsY
kh lhia mb adrh 7-

^ h s a s bi bk A r m b ø a
Bk armbøa bs bk lalb ita bi qub kh `hk
`hkcmhm
cmhm mb kh kkb`jb
b`jb p hrh kh
kh vbith y kh shkum mb kh
kh
udrb mb kh vh `h tcbibi
tcbibi lès rcbsfa. Kas `c `ci`a
i`a phsas bi ui armbøa
praebscaihk ci`kuybi kh prbphrh`cði phrh b bkk armbøa, kh subkth mb kh
kb`jb, b k armbøa, G h kckclp
lp cbzh mb khs tbths y kh vbith.

@akb``cði u r h i g h y I b f a ` ccaa ¿

rbp r `cði
B k prclbr phsa bs bs`afbr ui rb`cpcbitb b stbrckc
stbrckczhma
zhma phrh kh kb`jb mbdbi `aiscmb-
rhrsbb eh`ta rbs mb `asta murh`cði y shkudrcmhm.
rhrs shkudrcmhm.
Hitbs m b blpbzhr b k armbøa b s clparthitb khvhrsb dcbi kh s lhias ` a i ghdði.
Lhias su`chs pubmbi kkbvhr lu`jh dh`tbrch h kh udrb `hushima kh lhstctcs.

h P u b k t h mb kh b`jb
hdb ia bs pasc
@ a l a `hmh fhihmbra sshdb dkb armb øhr uuii h vh`h sci su pbrlcsa. R i h
pascdkb
vh`h subkth kh kb`jb phrh b k armbøa `uhima qucbrb
qucbrb y h vb`bs i a quc
qucbrb.
brb. ^hrh bitbi-
mkhb psc`akafìh
r p a rq uã khmb
vh`h
davcias. Kkhh kb`jb
subkth Kh subkthhkfuihs
mb kh kb`jb bs yuih
vb`bs i a mbebish
ia atrhs u iihturhk
a tcbib qphrh
u b bitbimbr
kh vh`h.
Makar a lcbma cijcdbcijcdb kh subkth y uih vh`h i a sakthrè ssuu kb`jb phrh ui uihh `rìh qub ia
b s suyh. M b bsth lh ibrh pratbfb kh kb`jb phrh bk b k `aisula mb su `r `rìh
ìh sakhl bitb.
Bi kh ihturhkbzh b k tbribra bs ãk qub armbøh kh vh`
vh`h.
h. @ uhima kh vh`h sc
scbitb
bitb qub su
`rìh bstè h su
s u khma y dus`hima kh tbth subkth kh kb`jb hutalètc`hlbitb
hutalètc`hlbitb `ala uuii h
rbh``cði h su prbsbi`ch. Bitai`bs bi kh ihturhkbzh kh subkth mb kh kb`jb bs uih
rbh``cði h kh bstclukh`cði mb kh `rìh.
P ci bldhrfa kh l hyarìh
hyarìh m b rhzhs m b vh`h s p ubmb hprbimbr iubvh bstcluk
bstclukh`c
h`cði
ði
phrh rbblpkhzhr kh bstclukh`cði mb kh `rìh. R i h vh`h dcbi bitrbihmh sakthrè s u

khvhima khrbpubsta
kb`jb bikhs hk k saicma
s tbths ahhk tc blp a mb
tcblp khs lhqucihs
y kufhr armbøa
m b rb
mai mb scblp
scblp h k sbitcma mb kh lhia
sb kh armbøh.
I a sb ib`bs
ib`bsctcthh kh prbsbi`ch mb kh `rì
`rìhh phrh bstclukhrkb
b stclukhrkb h sakthr kh
kb`jb parqub jh hprbimcma par jèdcta atras sbøhkbs qub thl-
dcãi scficec`hi qub bk pra`bsa m b armbøa bl pbzhrè.pbzhrè.

@ r ì h y L b g a r h l c b i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a @rcstchi P è i ` j b z b y b s

M b bsth lhibrh, b k pra`bsa ihturhk m b k armbøa (b k tbribra

tbribra l hlhim a mbspuãs m b
bstclukhr kkh
hvh`h) sb rbblpkhzh `ai ui pra`bsahrtcec`chk jb`ja `ai khs lh ias mb
jaldrb. Bitai`bs, kh lbth m b k fhihmbra b s bisbøhrkb h kh vh`h h h`bpthr iubvh
bstclukh`cði.phrh sakthr mb kh kb`jb.
kb`jb. M bdb bl pbzhr h`astuld rhima kh tbribrh gavbi
h kh rutcih m b k a rmbøa phr
phrhh qquu b bkch i a tbifh lcbma mb kas rucmas ic mbk hldcbitb. K h
tbribrh pubmb b sthr `ai khs vh`hs , `alb r kh kh lc
lcslh
slh sa drbhkclb ith`cði, y shkcr `a i
bkkhs hk patrbra. Bitbimbrè qub kh sctuh`cði mmbb k armbøa ia bs ihmh makarash. M Mbb hkkì,
sbrè l è seè`ck b isbø hrkb h`bpthr b k armbøa `uhima kkbfh kkbfh h su
s u prclbrh kh`thi`ch.

wyYℤY 0
Û / Yr- /'-r[@
`Yb9 , • ss[Y.
-/
c
88
 R i h rutcih prbsbith khs lcslhs bstclukh`caibs
bstclukh`caibs `hmh mì mìhh hitbs mbk armbø a, y bs kh
l bgar lhib rh phrh
phrh bisbøh rk
rkbb h khvh`h. R i h vh`h qquu b shdb qub kb phshrè iiaa tbimrè
thitaa lcbma. Kh `ala mcmhm y kh sbfurc
thit sbfurcmhm
mhm mb kh vh`h murhitb bk armbøa sai luy
clparthitbs,
clpart hitbs, parqub `uhima kh vh`h tcbib
tcbib lcbma a makar, i a sakthrè su
s u kb`jb.
Hkfu ihs sufb rbi`chs phrh uih rut
rutcih
cih mbk armb øa sai khs scfucbitbs7
- P b mbdb armbøhr bi ui kufhr
kufhr ehlckchr y trhiq ucka tam as kas mìhs, sci rucma ic kh
prbsbi`ch m b pbrras.
- Bvctb fakpbhr a frcthr h kh
k h vh`h.
- B s rb`albimhdkb m h r ci`
ci`bitc
bitcvas
vas `al a lb khzh, lhì z, frhias, a sshk
lhìz, hk l cibrhk
cibrhk m u -
rhitb bk armbø a, parqub uih vh`h qub qucbrb `al br vbimrè trhiquc
trhiquckhlbitb.
khlbitb.
- Bsthrè
Bsthrè a`u phmh `ai kh `al cmh, ia bi pbishr bi jh`br lhkhs `ashs hk fhih mbra.
-]hldcãi, kh sadrbhkclbith`cði eui`caihrè `ala ui mbshyuia
bibrfãtc`a
bibrfãtc`a `ai`b itrhma phrh kkhh vh`h , y pubmb l bgarhr bk rbimc-
lcbita m b pramu``cði mmbb kb`jb, bi ka pasc
pascdkb
dkb utckb`bl
utckb`bl as `ai`bi-
trhma bi bst
bstbb la lb ita.

@ a k b ` ` c ð i « F r h i gghh y I b f a ` ccaa ¿

B k Armbøa
Rih civbrscði
civbrscði mb ttcblpa
cblpa y bseubrza bi bk armb øa phfhrè hk fhi hmb ra `ai
`ai ui lbgar

rbimclcbita m b kb`jb
kb`jb kh prbsbi`ch m by lhstctcs
l bias kb`jb pbrmc
pbrmcmh
mh pamrbkh
a u i rbsukthma khdhgh
ehkth`hkcmhm.
mb uih sub kth bi tbrh mb kh

Pc kh shkum mb kh vh` h y su hkth

hkth p ramu``cði bs clparthitb
clparthitb hk fhi hmb ra sb mbmc`hrè
h jh`br ui armbøa dcbi
dcbi jb`ja y praebscaihk.
B k prclbr phsa b s ` jbqubhr kh udrb phrh bi`aitrhr
hiarlhkcmhmbs. B k armbøa bs bk tcblpa lbgar phrh bk
fhihmbra `jbqubhr biebrlbmhmbs hitbs mb qub sbhsbhi
i
pradkblhs.
Mbspuãs adsbrvh par kh prbsbi`ch m b lhstctcs. R i
trhthlcbita tblprhia bvcthrè kh pãrmcmh mb pramu`-
`cði m b kb`jb. Ph`hima kh prclbrh kb`jb m b `hmh
`uhrta b s cclparthitb
lparthitb thl
thl dcãi phrh kh shicmhm mb kh
kb`jb parqub kh prcprclbrh
lbrh kb`jb `aitcbib kh
kh lhy arìh
m b dh `tbrc
`tbrch.
h.
]br`bra khvb khs l hl hs `a` a i hfuh tcdch lbz`khma `a `aii
Ri mbsc
mbscieb`t
ieb`thitb
hitb suhvb. Hf uh tcdch i a crrcthrè kkhh udrb
`ala hfuh erìh. Crrcth`cði mb kh udrb bs uih `hush mb mb
lhstctcs parqub tbt hs crrcthmhs civcthi h dh`tbrchs.
tbths
Rih lhibrh dhrhth phrh mbscieb`thr bs paibr mas
thphs m b `kara bi ui dhkmb m b hfuh kclpca.
Bvctb mbscieb`thitbs eubrtbs. Mbspuãs sbqub `ai ui phøa kclpca. Pcblprb utckc`b
u i phøa kckclpca
lpca parqub sc sb sb`h kkhh udrb mb uih vh` h ` a i lhstctcs `ai ui phøa y
mbspuãs sb sb`h kh udrb mb uih vh`h shkumhdkb `ai bk lcsla phøa sb pubmb
trhisebrcrkh bi ebrlb mhm mb kh pr
prcclbrh vh`h h kh at
atrh.
rh.
Ecihklbitb sb pubmb armbøhr.
armbøhr. Hkfui hs p brsaihs sh` hi kh kb`jb mb khs lhl hs mb
htrès prclbra
prclbra parqu b kh phrtb m b htrès tcbib l è s kb`jb. ]bifh `ucmhma h i a ghkhr ka
kas
pbzaibs parqub bsta
bsta pubmb `hush r mhø a.

Kh Kclpcbzh mb khs Lhlhs

Mbspuãs mb armbøhr cilbmchthlbitb paifh ui mbscieb`thitb bi kas pbzaibs. Bs bk
phsa lès clparthitb phrh bvcthr lhstctcs. Kh kb`jb qub sb qubmh bi kh udrb mbs-
puãs m b k armbøa civcth las`hs y dh`tbrch.
R i h lhibrh phrh j h ` b r kh
k h kclpcbzh b s paibrtrbs `u`jhrhmcths
mb `kara bi uuii h thzh mb hfuh kclpch y sulbrfcr
sulbrfcr `hmh pbzði bi kkhh
thzh sci
s ci ta`hrkh. Bvctb yama pura parqub pubmb crrcthrkas.

@ r ì h v L b ga
ga r h l cb i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a rcstchi P è i ` j b z T b y b s ]Gì ]

kfuias
kfuias ^uitas
^uitas Clparthitbs
Clparthitbs
- B k kufhrma imb mubrlb kh vh`
mubrlb vh`hh mbdb sbrsb` a y kclpca m
mbb

lama qub ia sb cieb`tb kh udrb

- H kh vh`h kb`jbrh sb kb mbd b trhthr trhthr dcdcbi,
bi, uih vh`h q ub
bsth lhk trhthmh sb s b vub kvb ib rvcash
rvcash y ia eh`ckcth kh dhghmh
mb su kb`jb
- H khs vh`hs sb kbs mbdb a rmbøhr mas vb`bs hk mìh, `aisc-
mbrhima ui h mcebrbi`ch mb ma `b jarhs jarhs bi bk tcbl
tcbl pa, scbl-
scbl-
prb bi ui kufh r kclpca
- Bs ib`bshrca sbph rhr h kas kas tbribra s mb su l hmrb mbsmb
bk prclbr mìh, parqub sc kh vh`h sb h`astuldrh h su prb- K h kb`jb
sbi`ch, sa ka sakthr
sakthrhh kh kb`jb bi su prbsbi`ch `akb`thmh
- Hitbs mbk a rmbø a khvbikhvbi kas utbisc
utbisckckcas
as mb arm bøa `ai gh- mbdb mb sbr
dði bi pakva mbtbrfbitb), `bp ckka ckka y hfuh `h kckcbitb,
bitb, biguh- trhthmh bi ui
fhr `ai hfuh tcdch, kubfa mbscieb `thr kas utbisckcas
utbisckcas ushi- hldcbitb
m a mbscieb`thitbs `albr`chkbs i a tðxc`as.
- Dhkmbs mb m b hkulcica sai lès jcfcãic`as q ub bk bk pkèstc`a.
kclpca y
- Khvhr kh udrb mb kh vh`h, lh shgbèimakh, hmbl ès mb kcl- hphrthma phrh
pchr bsta scrvb `a l a bstcluka phrh eh`ck eh`ckcthr
cthr kh dhghmh m b bvcthr kh
kb`jb. B k armbøhmarthldcãi mbdb tbibr tbibr kh
khss l hias khvh
khvh-- ciebsth`cði mb
mhs sus lhias y kh udr udrbb thldcãi mbdb sb`h rsb `ai ph- dh`tbrchs y
ø a s m b tbkh.
mbs`alpasc`cði
- Jh`br kkhh prubdh phrh mbtb``cði
mbtb``cði mb m b lhstctcs
 -- Bspbrhr
Armbø hr ui lciuta
rèpcmhl
rèpc phrhmbdbl
mhl bitb, qub khas
vh tbibr
`h subktb kh kb`jbqub kh
bi `ubith ,
vh`h saka subkth kh kb`jb murhitb 2 lciutas. B s rb`a-
lbimhdkb m h r su rh`cði mb hkc
hkclbita
lbita dhkhi`bhma bi bk ambk armbøa phr

l hitbib rtrhiqucka hk hiclhk.

hiclhk.
- Ecktrhr kh kkb`jb
b`jb phsèi makh h trhvãs mb uih tbkh kclpch a par `akhmarbs bspb`chk
bspb`chkbs
bs
phpbk obimhk).
- Ia s b mbdb hsusthrh kh
sb kh vh`h murhitb bk
bk armbøa, bsta heb`th kh dhghmh mb kb`jb.
mb
- Khs vh`hs bbii `bka, biebrlhs, ` a i hkfuih heb``cði a `br`hihs h kh sb`h tbimrèi
mcslciu`cði iathdkb bi su pramu``cði
P b mbd b kkbvhr rbfcstras mb pramu``cði m b pramu``cði mb kh kb`jb hs
hsìì `al a thldcãi
thldcãi
sadrb kas
ka s fhstas. M b bsth lhibrh, s b shdrè mchrchlbitb sc jhy fhihi`chs, kas ka s
rbfcstras m b pramu``c
pramu``cði
ði lubstrhi `uhkbs sai khs l bgarbs vh` vh`hs,
hs,
phrh sbkb``caih rkhs y `ruzhrkhs `ai kas l bgarbs taras. Kas rbfcs
rbfcs--
tras thldcãi sa
s a i clparthitbs phrh shdbr `uhita mb hk
clparthitbs hkclbita
clbita `a i-
`bitrhma mh
mhrr è kh vh`h , sbf÷i su `hph`cmhm pramu`tcv
pramu`tcvh. h.

@akb``cði7 Frhigh y I bfa`cai

bfa`cai

rb`ubi`ch mbk Armbø a

Murhitb kh kh`thi`ch, kh kb`jb sb sb`rbth bi earlh `aisthitb. Pb h`ulukh bi kas
hkvãakas y bi kas `aimu`tas, y bk ci`rblbita bi kh prbscði citbrih mcslciuyb bk
frhma mb sb`rb` cði mb kb`jb. ^ ar kkaa thita, `uhi ma b k armbø a sb rbhkc
rbhkczh
zh mas vb`bs
p a r mìh, ccitbrvhk
itbrvhkas
as rbfukhrbs mb 84 jarhs `hmh u i a atarfhi kh lhyar pramu``cði m b
kb`jb.
kb` jb. ]rbs
]rbs armbø as par mìh
mìh pub mbi ci`r
ci`rbl
bl bithr kh pramu``c
pramu``cði
ði bi 8> h 82 sci sci
hktbrhr kh
kh `alpa sc`cði
sc`cði mb kh kkb`jb.
b`jb. H÷i hsì
hsì,, bsth prè`t
prè`tc`h
c`h bs luy cit
citbish
bish bi su usa
m b l h i a mb adrh.
 Ubith
Kh kb`jb `akb`th mh mbdb mb sbr eutrhmh,
eutrhmh, bier
bierch mh y hklh`bihmh bi ui hldcbitb
chmh
kclpca y hphrthma . Rih rbercfbrh`cði
rbercfbrh`cði rèpc
rèpcmh
mh mb kh kb`jb kubf a mb su rb`akb``cði bs
vct k ph rh bvcthr kh l uktcpkc`h`cði
bvcthr uktcpkc`h`cði mmbb dh` tbrchs
tbrchs y pãrmcmh mb su `hkcmhm.
Pc khs
khs ccisthkh`caibs
isthkh`caibs mb rberc
rbercfbrh`cði
fbrh`cði ia sb bi `ubi trhi mcspaicdk
mcspaicdkbs,
bs, kh kkb`jb
b`jb mbd b
sbr bierc
bierchmh
hmh hkrbmbm ar mb mas frhmas mb kh tblp brhturh mbk hfuh ka`hk
ka`hk.. Kh kb`jb
kb`jb
bie cmbhklbitb h =¾@ jhsth par mas mì
bierrchmh mbdb h klh`b ihrsb cmbhklbitb mìhs
hs `al a l èxc la s ci
èxcla
q u b sue
suerh,
rh, mbspuãs mb bst
bstaa blpcbzh kh mbs`al pasc`cði.
B i bk `hl pa, lu`j h fbitb ia pcbis
pcbishh bi kh clpa rthi`ch mb bvct
bvcthr
hr bk `rb`clcbita mb
dh`tbrchh bi kh kkb`jb,
dh`tbrc b`jb, parqub vbim bi kh kb`jb h `alb r`chitbs qub kkbvh
kkbvh i kh kb`jb bi

thiqubs mb pkèstc
pkèstc`a.
`a. Kh kkb`jb
b`jb pubm b bs threub rh mb bierc
bierchlcbita
hlcbita lu `jhs jarhs.
B i eci, b k pra`bshlcbita m b phstburczh`cði mbdb lhthr tamhs kh khss dh`tbrchs. P ci
bldhrfa, bs clparthitb mhrsb `ubith qub kh kb`jb mbdb bsthr
bierchmh ka lhs tblprhi a pascdk
pascdkbb phrh lhitbibr su `hkc mhm.. R i h
`hkcmhm
lhibrh bs paibr bk rb`cpcbitb bi hfuh `arrcbima
`arrcbima a mbghrka bi ui
thiqub m b hfuh erìa phrh dhghr kh tblpbrhturh.

@ r ììhh y L b ggaa r h l c b i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a r cstchi Pèi`jbz bybs

Lhstctcs

--•- ? --. vY

Mbecic`cði
K h lhstctcs, bs kh ciek
ciekhl
hl h`cði mb kh fkèimukh lhlhrch, bs kh biebrlbmhm lhs `a-
l÷i y `astash
`astash mbk fhihm a kkb`jbra
b`jbra bi kh
kh lhyar phrt
phrtbb mbk luima. H pbsh rmb qub bk
bstrãs
bstrãs y khs kkbscaibs
bscaibs pubmbi `hu sh r ciekhl
ciekhl h`cði, kh cieb``cði
cieb``cði par dh`tbrc
dh`tbrchs
hs u atras
lc`ra-arfhicslas (jaifas y vcrus) sai khs prci`cphk
prci`cphkbs
bs `hush s mmbb lhstctcs.

Kh trgèsììtìs bs kh l hyar
hya r `hûeh'aYYYY 'YY..
 pbrmc`kh bi kh pramu``cði m&kã`iY ,Y'Y
-

'YãUc tama b k luima

Lhstctcs kìic`h y Pud`kìic`h

B i kas `hsas mb lhstctcs `kìic`h, bk `uhrta cieb`thma bi fbibrhk sb ciekhlh, bi
hkfuihs vh`hs ssbb bi`ubitrh makarcma h k ta`hrka, kh kb`jb sb bi`ubitrh vcscdkblbitb
vcscdkblbitb
hktbrhmh
hktbr hmh par kh prbsbi`ch mb `aè fukas , mbs `hl h`caib s, a subra mbs`akarcma y hkfu
hkfu--
i h s vb`bs shifrb. Bi `hsas lhs sbvbras (lhstctcs hfumh ), kh vh`h lub strh scfias
fbibrhkczhmas7 ecbdrb, puksa h`bkbrhma, purmcmh mb hpbtcta, rbmu``cði hfumh mb k
pramu``cði m b kb`jb.
Bi `aitrhstb, kh lhstctcs sud`kì
sud`kìic`h
ic`h bs sutck
sutck y lhs m ceì`ckk mb `arrbfcr
mceì`c `arrbfcr.. Kh vh`h phrb `b
shkum hdkb, kh udrb ia lub strh icif÷i sc
scfia
fia mb ciekhlh`cði
ciekhlh`cði y kh kb`jb
kb`jb phrb`b iarl hk.
H pbshr m b bkka, ka s lc`raarfhicslas y `÷kukhs dkhi`hs mb kh
kb`jb (`ãk
(`ãkukhs
ukhs sal ètc
ètc`hs)
`hs) q u b `aldhtbi khs
kh s cieb``caibs s b b i-
`ubitrhi bkbvhmhs bi bi kh kb`jb.

akb``cði F r h i g h y I b f a ` ccaa ¿

K h s pbrmcmhs m b kb`jb y m b f hih i`chs mbdcma h khs lhstctcs `kìic`hs ssa

a i advchs, kh
kh
pramu``cði m b kb`jb `hb bi earlh hdrupth y kh kb`jb mb khs vh`h s trhthmhs trhthmhs ` a i
hitcdcðtc`as mbdb s b r mbs` hrthmh murhitb ttrbs
rbs a `uhtra mìhs. Hmbl ès, l u`ja l è s
kb`jb sb pcbrmb mbdcma h lhstctcs sud`kìic `hs mbdcma h qub7
sud`kìic`hs
K h frhi lh yarì
yarìhh mb kas `hsas sa
saii sud`kìic`as?
K h rbmu``cði bi kh pramu``cði mb kb`jb mbdcma h lhstctcs s ud`kìic`h
ud`kìic`h tcbimb h
pbrscstcr par ui khrfa pbrìama mb tcblpa y heb`th kh pramu``cði mb khs vh`hs
cieb`thmhs.
B k `aitrak mb khs lhstctcs sud`kìic`hs bs lès clparthitb qub bk sc
sclpkb
lpkb trhthlcbita
mb kas `h sas `k`kìic
ìic`as7
`as7
K h s v h ` h s q u b pasbbi `hsas s ud`kìic`as
ud`kìic`as s a i rbsbrvðias m b arfhicslas q u b
`aimu`bi h ccieb``caib
ieb``caib s m b atrhs vh`hs?
K h l hya r phrtb
phrtb mb kas `hsas `kìic
`kìic`as
`as `al cbizhi `a l a sud`kìic`as? par ka thita,
bk `ai tr
trakhr
akhr kkaa s `hsas mmbb lhstctcs sud`kìic`h bs kh lbgar earlh m b rbmu`cr kas
ka s
`hsas `kìic`as.

Arfhicslas hushitbs mb kh Lhstctcs

B i uuii citbita pa r `aitrakhr kakass mcebrbitbs tcpas mb cieb``caibs, bs clpa rthitb `aisc-
mcebrbitbs
mbrhr kh eubitb y earlhs m b trhislcscði mb kh biebrlbmhm. K a s arfhicslas q u b
`hushi kh lh stctc
stctcss vcvbi b i mce
mcebrbit
brbitbs
bs hl dcbitbs lh tbrch
tbrch eb`hk, `hl h, pcbk, bt`. .
K h kclpcbz khs vh`hs y s u h kag
kclpcbzhh fbibrhk mb khs kaghl
hl cbita,
cbita, `ala thl-
dcãi
dcãi dubi as pra`bmclcbitas m b lh ibga bspb`c bspb`chklbit
hklbitbb armbøa)
armbøa)
s a i earlh s beb`tc
beb`tcvhs
vhs mb `aitrakhr kkhh mc
mceuscði
euscði mb kh lhstctcs

ìh y L b g a r h l c b i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a
@ r ìh r cstchi P è i ` j b z bybs

trbpta`a``us hqhkh`tchb
B k Ptrbpta`a``us hfhkh`tchs bs kh `hush lès `al÷i mb cieb``caibs sud`kìic`hs
pbra l u y rhrh vb z pramu`b u uii h sbvbrh biebrlbmhm lhstctcs hfumh).
Bstbb arfhicsl a vcvb bi kkhh udrb mb kh vh`h y sadrbvcv
Bst sadrbvcvbb sakhl bitb ui `arta pbrìama m b
tcblpa par eubrh mb kh fkèimukh lhlhrch. Pb mcsblcih prci`cphklbitb murhitb bk
armbøa par l bmc
bmcaa mb kh lhqucih m b armbøa, khkhss lhi as ``aithlci
aithlcihmhs
hmhs m b k apbrhmar,
l htbrchkbs tbkh)
tbkh) utck
utckczhmas
czhmas ph rh khvhrkh udrb.
Bstb arfhicsla pubmb cieb`thr thldcãi kh udrb mb uih tbribrh gavbi sc jh scma
hkcl
hkc l bithmh `ai kb`jb
kb`jb `aithlcihmh. B K Ptrbpta`a``us hfh/h`eìhb pub mb sbr brrhmc-
`hma mbk jhta `ai lu`jh kckclplp cbzh
cbzh y ui trht
trhthl
hl cbit
cbitaa hprap chma `ald cihma `ai dub-
i h s prè`tc`hs mmbb lhibga.
 Hldcbitb7 Bitrhmh mb hcrb ]rhpa Lhias
-Bstcãr`ak bi bk rh`cla
hlhs
`aithlcihmhs
]cbrrh
fuh

Pthpjyka`a``us hurbus
B k Pthpjyka`a``us hurbus vcvb mbitra a eubrh mb kh udrb, bi ch pcbk mbk pbzði y

pubmb
kh lcs
lcslh`huearlh
lh shrthit
shrthita
quba lhstctcs `kìic
`k ìic`h
`h `alhfhkh`eìhb
bk Ptrbpta`a``us a sud`kìic`h.
sud`kìic`h. Fb ibrhklbi tb sb mcsblcih m b

Kh cieb``cði tcbimb h pramu`cr `c`htrc`bs, qub rbsukthi bi hdsbsas mb cieb``cði

qub
bi`brrhmhs bi kh udrb qub sai mceì`ckbs mb hk`hizhr pa
parr hitcdcðtc`as.
]hkbs hdsbsas pubmbi ralpbrsb y hdrcrsb h atrhs phrtbs mb kh
fkèimu kh lès thrmb, fbib rhklbi tb bi kh phrt
phrtbb pastb
pastbrc
rcar.
ar.

@akb``cði «F rhigh
rhigh y I bfa`ca¿
bfa`ca¿

Ptrbpta`a``us udbrìs y trbpta`a``us mvshhkh`tìhb

Bstas arfhicslas
bi`aitrhrsb s b bibi`ubitrhi
thldcãi kh pcbkmbbikhkh vh`h
`hlh, hfuhs
(pbzði hdmalbi)yy bitcbrrh.
y bsthi`hmhs ^ubmbi
kas ðrfhias
rbpramu`tarbs.
Bstas arfhicslas s a i fbibrhklbi
fbibrhklbitb
tb trhisebrcmas mbsmbbbkk lbmca hldcbitbh\ pb-
armbøa s, pbra hkfuihs trhisebrbi`chs pubmbi tbibr kufhr murhitb bk
zði bitrb kas armbøas,
armbøa. Bstas arfhicslasi a pubmbis b r bkclcihmasm b k jhta mbdcmah qub sai
phrtb iarlhkm b k lbmca hldcbitb.

* * ’-
*%'.-
ggpa mb dh`tbrch
’ pa±Ûg|ieh£b « • 9r *¿
? ’-1«*
1«**1
k/@hcìèhPd'^rìi`ephkbsearlh=emb
*1

kktðrclhrchèK

i % [&& Y0&£0P¡
8 YPe ~e pe

Mb `uhrta h `uhrta?
Ptrbpta`a``us Rdrb
9 =>% vh`h h vh`
vh`hh murhitb
murhitb b
bkk
hfhkh`tchs cieb`thmh
armbøak

Rdrb
Mb `uhrta h `uhrta,
Pthpjyca`a``us cieb`thmh,
0> - =>% vh`h h vh`h murhitb bk
hurbus pbzði
armbøak
kbscaihma
 Ptrbpta`a`a
2 - 8>%
8> %
@hlh, Lbmca hldcbitb mb kh
hldcbithk (4) lhtbrch eb`hk vh`h

@akcearlbs (0
(0)) ;8 Lhtbrch eb`hk Lbmca
vh`h
hldcbitb mb kh

h`tbrchs `akcearlbs
s dh`tbrchs `akcearlbs sai jhdcthitbs iarlhkbs mbk subka b citbstcia mb khs vh-
`hs. P b h`ulukhi y luktcpkc`hibi kh lhtbrch eb`hky bi kh `hlh.K a s `akcearlbs
pubmbi `hush
`hushrr lhs
lhstc
tctc
tcs
s sakhlb
sakhlbitb
itb sc
sc khs phrtì`
phrtì`ukhs
ukhs `aithlc
`aithlcihmhs
ihmhs mb
mbkk lbmca
lbmca hl-
dcbitb bitrhi bbii `aith`ta`ai kh udrb.
H mcebrbi`chm b khs
khs dh`tbrchs mbs`rcths prbvchlbitb,ka
kass `akcearlbsia sb hmjcbrbih
ka
kass `aimu`tasy h k hkv÷akamb kh udrb,s b luktcpkc`hi rèpcmhlbitbbi kh kb`jby
pramu`bi taxcihs qub sai hdsardcmhs
hdsardcmhs mbitra mbk tarrbitb
tarrbit b `cr`ukhtarca. @ala rbsukth-
ma, khs cieb``caibs par `akcearlbs `aimu`bi h lhstctcs `kìic`hs hfumhs.
Khs vh`hs kcdrbs mb atrhs dh`tbrchs `hushitbs mb lhstctcs
hfhkh`tchs y Ptrbpta`a``us hurbus) phrb`bi sbr
(Ptrbpta`a``us hfhkh`tchs
lès sus`bptcdkbs h khs dh`tbrchs `akcearlbs.
`akcearlb s.

ga r h l cb i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a
@ r ì h y L b ga @rcstchi Pèi`jbz bybs

L ã ta m a s mb Mchfiðstc`a

^hrh `aitrakhrkh lhstctcs bi bk jhta, khprbvbi`cði mb khsiubvhs cieb``caibs

cieb``caibs pasbb
u i dbibec`ca lhyar qub bk Citbithr `urhr kas ka s `hsas `kìic`as. H÷i sc bk frhma mb kh
iubvh cieb``cði s b rbmu`b, cieb``caibs bxcstbitbs qub sai trhthmhs pubmbi s b r
`urhmhs ``aa i ãxcta kclcthma. K h ku`jh `aitrh kh llhstctc
hstctcss bs ui bseubrza h khrfa pkhza
q u b mbdb ssbb r pbrscst
pbrscstbitb
bitb mbdcma h qub- bs clpascdkb b k prbvbic
prbvbicrr `alp kbthlbitb kh
trhislcscði m b dh`tbrchs u atras arfhicslas `hushitbs mb kh biebrlbmhm.
@aitba mb@ã kuk
kukhs
hs Palètc`hs

R i hkta
hkta `ai tba mmbb `ãkukhs salètc`hs s b hsa-
`ch `ai kh pãrmcmh mb kh pramu``cði m b kb`jb.
R i `aitba m b `ãkukhs salètc`hs lhyar m b
4>>,>>> `ãkukhs/lc
lhstctcs sud`k
sud`kìic`hs.cimc`h
ìic`hs. kh prbsbi`ch m b
Kas `aitbas pa rmb dh ga
m b =>>,>> > `ãkukhs/lc
`ãkukhs/lc ssaa i tìpc`as mb kas jh-
tas qub p asb bi dubihs prè`tc`hs
prè`tc`hs m b lhibga,
pbra qub ia jh`bi uuii ph rtc`ukhr ãiehscs bi bk
`aitrak mb kh lhstctcs.
K a s jhtas q u b pasbbi u i prafrhlh m b `aitrak beb`tc
beb`tcva
va mb kh lhstctcs pasbbi bbii
earlh `aiscstbitb `aitbas parmbdhga mb khs 8>> ,>>> `÷kukhs/lk.
`÷kukhs/lk. B
Bkk `aitba mb `ãku-
 kh s sal ètc
khs ètc`hs
`hs mb uih lubstr
lubstrhh `al pubsth ia rbvbkh bk tcpa m b cieb``cði, ic kh cmbi-
tcmhm mb khsvh`hs cieb`thmhs.

@aitba
`ãkukhs mb @uhrtas ^ãrmcmh mmbb Lhstctcs
cieb`thmas pramu``cði ( ) sud`kìic`h
salètc`hs
; 4>>,>>> 5 >-2 @br`h mb `bra
4>>,>>> - Rias pa`as
85 5-3
5-3
2>>,>>> `hsas
2>>,>>> -
04 8>-8: Mcsblcihmh
8,>>>,>>>
9 8,>>>,>>> =: 83-43 Bpcm÷lc`h
uktcvas

K a s `uktcvas m b dh `tbrc
`tbrchs
hs bi kh kb`jb pubmbi
pubmbi s b r ÷tck
÷tckbs
bs p hrh `uhitcec`hr kh
khss dh`tbrchs
b cmbitcec`hr ka s arfhicslas `hushitbs m b lhstctcs y hktas `aitbas m b `ãkukhs
salètc`hs. @ai lès erb`ubi`ch, u i h lbz`kh m b mcebrbitbs tcpas m b dh`tbrchs b s
bi`aitrhmh, pbra hkfuihs vb`bs, u i h bspb`cb m b dh`tbrch pubmb prbmalcihr. K h
prbsbi`ch ( a husbi`ch) m b arfhicslas bspb`ìec`as hyumh h ear-
lukhr rb`al bim h`caib s phrh prb
prbvbic
vbicrr kh mceuscði m b arfhicslas
qub sb bi`ubitrhi bi bk jhta.

@akb``cði « r h i g h y I b f a ` c a i

Mbtb``cði Eìsc`h

Bxhlbi mb kh Rdrb
Kas scfias m b lhstctcs hfumh ci`kuybi
ci`kuybi `uhrtas cciekhlhma
iekhlhma s, ` a i tblpb rhturh b kbvh-
mh y makar. Kas `hldcas bi bk thl hø a y kh prbsbi`ch mb tbg
tbgcma
cma `c`htrc
`c`htrczhk
zhk pubmbi sbr
mbtb`thmas l è s eè`ck
eè`cklb
lb itb kubfa mb
m b k armbøa, `uhima kh udrb s b bi`ubitr
bi`ubitrhh vh`ìh.
 spb`ta mb kh Kb`jb
Kh adsbrvh`cði mb kas prclbras `jarras mb kb`jb pbrlctb kh mbtb``cði mb kb`jb
hiarlhk qub mbdb mb sbr rrbtc
btcrh
rhmh
mh mbk `aisul a. Kh kkb`jb
b`jb hi arlh k pubmb lastrhr
lastrhr
mb`akarh`cði hfuhma), mbs`hl h`caibs, a `aèf ukas. Pb mbd b tbibr kh prb`hu`cði,
h k rblavbr bsth kb`jb mb kh udrb, mb ia shkpc`hr bsth kb`jb `aithlcihmh bi khs
phths, `akh a udrb mbk hiclhk. Hmblès, bk apbrhmar ia mbdb mb `akb`thr bstas
prclbras `jarras mb kb`jb bi kh phklh mb su lh ia mbdcma hk rrcbsfa
cbsfa mb trhisebrc
trhisebrcrr
dh`tbrchs mb ui `uhrta h atra y mb uih vh`h h atrh.
Bi kas bsthdkas mai mb kkhh kb`jb s b armbøh bi bk lcsla kufhr maimb s b hkaghi kh
khss
vh`h s, kh prclbrh
prclbrh kb`jb bs va k`hm h bi uih thzh
thzh bspb`c
bspb`chk
hk a pkhta.

Kh ^rubdh mb hkcearich
^hrh bsth prubdh, kh kb`jb mmbb `h mh `uhrta sb
s b l bz`kh
bz`kh `ai ui rbh`tcva mbtbrfbitb.
K h kb`jb mb kas `uhrtas cieb`t hmas earlh u i h fbk? kh `ais cst
cieb`thmas bi`ch mbk fbk bs bvhkuh-
cstbi`ch
mh bi earlh vcsuhk. Bsth rbh``cði sb s b rbkh`caih b i fbibrhk `ai bk
i÷lbra m b `÷kuk
`÷kukhs
hs sa l ètc`hs bi kh
kh kb`jb, y uih rbh``cði pasctc-
vh cimc`h lhstctcs.

g a r h l c b i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a @rcstchi P è i ` j b z b y b s
@ r ì h y L b ga

^rbvbi`cði

Kh
tc prbvbi`c
prbvbi`cði
tcbibi
bibi `al aðiadgbtcva
mb cva
adgbt kh lhstct
lhst ctcs
cs pubm
b k rbmu`cr b `aisbfu
b k frhma crsb scfucbima
y kh murh`cði mb kh phsas luy sclpkbs
cieb``cði. sclpkbs qub

Armbøa kclpca y sb`hma mb m b pbzaibs

h. Bk armbø hmarsbm bdb khvhry sb`hr khs l hias hitbs y mbspuãs m b k armbøa m b
`hmhh vh `h
`hm
d . Kclpchr y mbscieb`thrkas pbzaibs ` a i yama kclpca h k 88% %
` . Pb`hr kh
k h udrb `ai ui trhpa kclp
kclp ca (mbdb jh dbr uiuiaa phrh `hmh vh`h)
m . Ph`hr lubstrhs 4-0 `jarras m b kb`jb) p a r `hmh `uhrta, bkclcihima b k
prclbr
prclbr `ja rra, phrh `j bq ub hrkh lhstctc
lhstctcss `rðic`h
b. Armbøhr
e. Mbscieb`thrkas pbzaibs hk ecihkczhr bk armbøa
 . ]rhthlcbita cilbmchta mb lhstctcs
h. Mbscieb`thr pbzaibs `a i yama bspbrhr ui lciuta)
`ai
d . Kclpchr b k pbzði `a
` a i hk`ajak hitbs mb
m b hpkc`hr hitcdcðtc`as h kh udrb
`. Rtckczhr lbmc`hlbitas qu qubb `aitbif hi pbic`c
pbic`ckckcih
ih
m. M bscieb`thr bk pbz
pbzði
ði hk ecihk mbk trhthl
trhthl cbita

0. Bk uktcla mìh mb
m b sh`hr kh kb`jb mb `hmh vh`h (b (bii vh`hs qub vhi h bitrhr b pbrcama
m b sb`h), s b mbdb hpkc`hr
hpkc`hr u i lbm c`hlbita bspb`cec`a
bspb`cec`a q u b cijcdb kh pramu``cði
m b kb`jb y eh`ckcth b sb`hma
h . Mb scieb`thrkas pbzaibs ((bsp
bsp brhru i lciut
lciuta)a)
kass pbzaibs `a
d . Kclpchr ka ` a i hk`a jak hitbs m b pa ibr hitcdcðtc
hitcdcðtc`as
`as
bi `hm h `uhrt
`uhrtaa

akb``cði ¡ F r h i gghh y I b f a ` ccaa ¿

`. Hpkc`hrb lbmc`hlbita
m. Mbs cieb`thrkas pbzaib
pbzaibss

=. A rmbøhr hk uktcla
rbspaimhi h l÷ktcpkkhs
bs vh`hs
l÷ktcpkbs `ai l hstctc
trhthlcbitashstctcss y bkc
bkclcihr
lcihr a sh`h r h khs
khs vh`h s qub ia

2 . Khvhr bbkk bqucpa mbspuãs m b `hmh armbøa

h. Bi `hsa mb bqucpa
bqucpa mb `hl pa sb mbdb khvhr `ai hfuh `hkcbitb
`hkcbitb y biguhfhr `ai
hfuh tcdch, thl dcãi s b pubmb ushr mbscieb`thitbs
d. Bi `hsa mb sbr armbø a lb`èi c`a, bstas pa sbbi tama ui scst
scstblh
blh mb khvh
khvh ma
hutalètc`a.
5. Mbs`hrtb mb vh` hs cieb`thmhs
cieb`thmhs bi earlh `rðic`h7
`rðic`h7 F bibrhklb itb bstb
bstb l÷tama bs
beb`tcva mbdcmah qub bi kh l hyarìh
hyarìhmb kas jht
jhtas,
as, sakhlbitb5 h :% m b tamhs khs
mb khs
vh`h s sai khs rbspaishdkbs mb => h 2> mb tamas ka s `hsas mmbblhstctcs,
6. Rih dubih iutr
iutrc`c
c`cði
ði l hitcbib kh `hph`cmhm mb kh vh` h phrh mbebimbrsb
mbebimbrsb mb khs cci-
i-
eb``caibs7 Khs mbec`cbi`c
mbec`cbi`chs
hs mb sbkbica y vcthlcih B bi kh mcbth
mcbth jhi scma
scma hsa`ch-
mhs `ai ui ci`rblbita m b k frhma mmbb iubvhscieb``caibs.

Atrhs prè`tc`hs ÷tckbs mb lhibga7 Hkfuihs prè`tc`hs sclpkbs hyumhi h rbmu`cr kh

mcsblcih`cði mb kh lhstctcs.
Hkclbitb h khs vh`hs cilbmchthlbitb mbspu÷s m b k armbøa m b lhibrh mb qub
pubmhi pbrlhib`br mb pcb par ka lbias uih jarh hitbs mb
b`jhrsb.
• Armbøa hk÷ktcla h khs vh`hs cieb`thmhs.
cieb`thmhs.

@ r ììhh v L b ga
ga r h l cb i t a m b k F h i h m a U h ` u i a K b ` j b r a @rcstchi Pèi`jbz bybs

]rhthlcbita

Lhstctcs fumh
K h s lhstctcs hfumhs, thk
thkbs.`ala
bs.`ala khs `hushmhs par khs dh`tbrchs `aiearlbs, paibi
bi pbkcfra khvcmh mã ìhvh`h. Rj vbtbrcihrca mbdb sbsbrr kkhlhma cilbmchthlbitb `uhi-
m a khvh`h lubst
lubstrh
rh scfias mb uuih
ih rbh
rbh``c
``cði
ði fbibrhkczhmh h uih cie
cieb``c
b``cði
ði bi kh udrb
udrb
(ci`hph`cmhm m b phrhrsb, puksa h`bkbrhma,ecbdrb, bt`.). B Bkk armbøa m b k `uhrta heb`th-
ma `hmh trbs a `uh
`uhtr
traa jarhs hyumh h bkclcihrtaxcihs.
 Lhstctcs @kìic`h

Ri trht
trhthlcbita
hlcbita rèpc rèpcma
ma mb kh lhstctcs `kìic`h kkclct
clcthh kh mu
murh`cði
rh`cði y kh pascdkb mb mcsblc-
ih`cði mb khbiebrlbmhm. R Riivbtbrcihrca eehlckchrczh
hlckchrczhmama `ai khjcstarch mb kh biebrlb-
m h m bbii bk jhta mbdmbdbb mb prb
prbs`r
s`rcdc
cdcrr bk lbgartrhthlcbita ttbrhpã
brhpãutc`a.
utc`a. @uhima sb rb`a-
lcbimh b k trht hl cbita `a
trhthl `aii hitcdcðtc`as, b s `rì `a sbf ucr kh
`rìtctc`a khss cistru``c
cistru``caibs,
aibs, bspb`chk-
lbitb `uhima s b trhth mb kh murh`cði mmbb k lcsla. ×ic`hlbitb khs kh s lhstctcs `hush-
mhs par trbpta`a``us hfh kh`tc hb pubmbi trhthrsb bi earl
kh`tchb earlhh bxcbxcta
tash
sh `aihitcdcðtc`as
murhitb
murhi tb kkhh kh`thi`ch (lès mbk 3> sb `urhi).
Lhstctcs Pud`kìic`hs

Kas `hsas mb lhstctcs sud`k sud`kìic`h

ìic`h mu
murhitb h`thi`ch sai l bgar
rhitb kh kkh`thi`ch bgartrht
trhthmas
hmas hk lal bi-
ta mbk sb`hma. Bk trtrhthlcbita
hthlcbita murhitb kh kkh`thi`ch
h`thi`ch bs bi frhi phrtb cibeb`tc
cibeb`tcva.
va. Fbib-
rhklbitb, btrhthlcbita
k hk sb`hma bs kh earlh l è s beb`tcvh m b `urhr khs kh slhstctcs
sud`kìic`hs bxcstbitbs. K h ccieuscði
ieuscði cit
citrhlhl
rhlhlhrc hrchh m b hitcdcðtc`as m b kcdbrh`cði kbith
b i bk lal bita mbk sb`h ma bs ui `al pai bitb bsbi`c bsbi`chkhk mbk prafrhlh mb `ait`aitrak
rak mb
lhstctcs bi bk bsthdkb`clcbita.
B k trht
trhthl cbita m b sb`hma hyumh h `urhr `br`h mbk 2> mb khslhstctcs `hushmhs ppaa r
hlcbita
thpjyka`a``us hurbus y :> mb kas bstrbpta`a`as hldcbith-
bs - i `uhrta cieb`thmaqub bs trhthmay `urhmahk sb`hma, pamrch
kkbfhr h pramu`cr bk 3> mb su patbi`chk bi kh iubvh kh`thi`ch.

@akb``cði F r h i g h y I b f a ` ca
ca ¿

Dcdkcafrheìh
^rci`cphkbs kcdras rbvcshmas7
^hkkbtb ( 8 3 3 : ) . Lbgarhlcbita Kb`jb.. ^rayb`ta ]]H. K h
Lbgarhlcbita mbk Fh ihma Uh`uia mb Kb`jb
Lakcih-^br÷
Lbro @ a , CCi`
i` (4>> >).Lhiuhk Lbro m b Ubtbrcihrch. Dhktclarb Lm. - R.P.H.
Talhfash Uìk
Uìkhh (83:4).Lhiuhk mmbb @rchizh m b Uh`uias. B m . Hbkmas - Dhr`bkaih
Bsphøh
Dhybr Xuìlc`hs Ricmhs P.H. Lhiuhk ^rè`tc`a m b k Jh`bimhma. B m . Mbphrth-
lbita Ubtbr
Ubtbrcihrc
cihrcaa Dhy br P.H.
P.H. R.P.H.
 Dhtthfkch, L hyrasb
hyrasb (83:6).Lhiuhk mb Lhibga mb F hihma y Hvbs mb @arrhk
@arrhk.. Bm.
@cbi`ch y ]ã`ic`h Lãxc`a
Wblghics ( 8 3 5 5 ) .T bpramu``cði Hic
Hiclhk.
lhk. Bm. Kclush Vckkby P.H. Lãxc`a
Taghs (836=).Iutr
Iutrcc`cði
`cði Hi clh k Hpkc `hmh . K h La kcih
Hpkc`hmh kcih - ^br÷
Lcscði @rc
@rcstchih Ubtbrcihrch (833>).@r
stchih @rcchizh
hizh mb F hihma Uh`uia. Varkm @ai`bri
Phith @uz Dakcvch
Hsa`ch`cði mb Fhihmbras mb kh Pcbrrh y bk Arcbitb, Hsa`ch`cði Jakstbci
Ercbschi (83:6).Lb gar
garhs
hs bi bk Lh ibga mb ]br
]bribr
ibrhs.
hs. Xuct
Xuctaa B`uhm ar
Ucvhi`a. Lhiuhk mb cisblcih`cði Hrtcec`chk. Bm. Hfrhrch RIHKL ^br÷

^èfcihs V b d (wbdsctbs rbvcshmhs7

p hrhh b k Mbshrrakka y kh Civbstcfh`cði Citbrih`caihk mb kh
Cistctuta Dhd` a`o phr

Kb`jbrìh. L hiuhk mb ^ ramu``c

ramu``cði
ði Kb`jbrh
www. b x a p a k . ` a l
www.vchrurhk.`al
www.zaatbhfra.`al
www.lcihf.arf.pb

@ r c h y L b ga
ga r h l cb i t a mbk@ h ø h m a U h ` u i h K b ` j b r a @rcstchi P è i ` j b z b y b s
 Bsth adrh sb tbrlcið mb clprclcrbi cas
thkkbrbs frèec`as
frèec`as mb BMC@CAIBP TC^HKLB
bk 82 m b Hfasta m b k 4>>0

±MBPBHP ^RDKC@HT R I KC
KCDTA
DTA 1

Civcthlas h tamas ka s praebscaihkbs m b k èrbh u atra q u b

mbsbhi pudkc` r sus`aia` clcbitas bstumcbstumcas
as a
rb`apckh`caibs h `aith`t
`aith`thrias
hrias phrh
phrh pa mbr hyumhrkas.

]bkbehx7
]bkbe hx7 062 83 :2 B-LHCK7 rcphklbNjatlhck.`al

Hitbs m b sh`hrkb
kb`jb h
c h vh`h. . ì
K
h pramu``cði m b fhihma hkaghlcbita y shicmhm b i fbibrhk.
kb`jbra s b dhsh b i 2 eh`tarbs @al a pubmb vbrsb ãstas
ãstas eh`t
eh`tarbs
arbs
prci`cphkbs7 Lhibga sai mb uih hlpkch rbpbr`uscði
hkclbith`cði rbpramu``cði shicmhm b`aiðlc`h y par ka thita pubm bi