PARALLEL

OPERATION OF
TRANSFORMERS
NOVEAS U. EROISA
 PARALLEL OPERATION OF TRANSFORMERS

For supplying a load in

excess of the rating of an
existing transformer, a
second transformer may
be connected in parallel.

Transformers are
sometimes paralleled in
order to meet the
increased kVA demands
of a particular load.
The primary windings are connected to the
supply bus bars and secondary windings are
connected to the load bus-bars.
 1. Primary windings of the transformers should be suitable for
the supply system voltage and frequency.
2. The transformers should be properly connected with regard
to polarity.
REQUIREMENT 3. The voltage ratings of both primaries and secondaries
should be identical. In other words, the transformers should
FOR have the same turn ratio i.e. transformation ratio.
PARALLEL 4. The percentage impedances should be equal in magnitude
OPERATION and have the same X/R ratio in order to avoid circulating
currents and operation at different power factors.
5. With transformers having different kVA ratings, the
equivalent impedances should be inversely proportional to
the individual kVA rating if circulating currents are to be
avoided.
FOOD FOR THE
BRAIN: S1, S2
and St in the
above formulas 𝑍1= equivalent impedance of 𝑇1 referred to
secondary
are conjugate 𝑍2 = equivalent impedance of 𝑇2 referred to
secondary
values, + for
Using CDT,
leading pf, and - 𝑰𝑡 𝒁2 𝑰𝑡 𝒁1
I1 = 𝑍 +𝑍 ; I2 = 𝑍 +𝑍 ; I1 = I1 + I2
for lagging pf. 1 2

𝒁2
1 2

𝒁1
S1 = St( ); S2 = St( )
𝑍1 + 𝑍2 𝑍1 + 𝑍2

St = S1 + S2
 A 100-kVA transformer is operated in
parallel with a 75-kVA transformer. Both
transformers have the same secondary
voltage. The respective impedances
referred to the secondary are (0.5+j4)
PROBLEM 1 and (0.8+j6) ohms. The total load on the
transformers is 120 kVA at 0.8 pf lagging
power factor. Calculate the kW load on
the 100 kVA transformer.
 The various components of a power system like
Alternators, Transformers, Induction Motors
etc., have their voltage, power, current and
impedance ratings in KV, KVA, KA and KΩ
respectively
It will be convenient for analysis of power
Base value system networks if the voltage, power, current
and impedance ratings of components of power
system are expressed with reference to a
common value called base value
For analysis purpose, a base value is chosen for
voltage, power, current and impedance
 Hence, All the Voltage, Power, Current and
Impedance ratings of the components are
expressed as a percentage or per unit of the base
value
Per unit value Per unit value of any quantity is defined as the
ratio of actual value to the chosen base value in
the same unit.

𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕

𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 =
𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕
 Normally, the impedances are specified on the
rating of the equipment. Hence, there is a need
to change the p.u values from the base of the
equipment rating (old value) to that of the
chosen system base (new value)
When MVA base is changed from (MVA)b,old to
(MVA)b,new and KV base is changed from
Change of (KV)b,old to (KV)b,new the per unit impedance from the
base above equation is
 𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑍𝑝𝑢 =
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙(𝑛𝑒𝑤)
𝑍𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑛𝑒𝑤)
=
𝑍𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙(𝑜𝑙𝑑)
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑜𝑙𝑑)

𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑜𝑙𝑑) 2
Change of 𝑍𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑜𝑙𝑑) 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑜𝑙𝑑) 2 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑛𝑒𝑤)
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑜𝑙𝑑)
= = = ∙
base formula 𝑍𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑛𝑒𝑤) 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑛𝑒𝑤) 2 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑜𝑙𝑑) 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑛𝑒𝑤) 2
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑛𝑒𝑤)

2
𝑍𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑛𝑒𝑤) 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑜𝑙𝑑)
=
𝑍𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑜𝑙𝑑) 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑛𝑒𝑤)

𝒁𝒑𝒖𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝑺𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆(𝒏𝒆𝒘)
=
𝒁𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒅 𝑺𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆(𝒐𝒍𝒅)
 A load of 800 kW at 0.8 pf lagging is
supplied by two transformers A and
B connected in parallel. Transformer
A is rated 400 kVA with a per unit
PROBLEM 2 impedance of (0.02+j0.04).
Transformer B is rated 600 kVA with
a per unit impedance of
(0.01+j0.04). Determine the kVA
load shared by transformer A.
 Two single-phase transformers with
equal ratings and turns ratio are
operated in parallel to supply a load
of 300 kVA, 0.8 pf lagging.
PROBLEM 3 Transformer A has a resistance of
2.5% and reactance of 5.5%.
Transformer B has a resistance of 2%
and reactance of 5.5%. Find the kVA
load on transformer B.