IK]HSKN ]BNOKLRIRKN

]SBEK_RSB JHN_SKJQD
K. Jhnsbp
Jhnsbp tbhrdtds
tbhrdtds
;. ]b
]bn`
n`br
brtd
tdkn
kn
]rbektur
]rbektur Jhntrkjsd
Jhntrkjsd ktku ]brskidnkn ]kisu kokikl
kokikl jhntrkjsd ykn` od
kiked
kiked okpkt
okpkt skn`kt
skn`kt tdokj
tdokj nykekn
nykekn ktku
ktku cbrour
cbrourksd
ksd ibcdl
ibcdl ikek,
ikek, sbldn`
sbldn``k
`k
ebecbrd jbskn cklwk pbrskidnkn tbikl od euikd. Okn ikdn pdlkj cbruikn`nyk
bpdshob pbrskidnkn pkisu okpkt ebnknokjkn `kn``ukn gkndn okn pbriunyk
pbikldrkn odnd untuj ebn`ldnokrd jbektdkn gkndn (Quikdekn, 3==<).

Jhntrk
Jhntrkjsd
jsd pkisu
pkisu ktku
ktku jhntrkj
jhntrkjsd
sd Crkxth
Crkxthn
n Ldajs
Ldajs ebrupk
ebrupkjkn
jkn jhnods
jhnodsdd
ebnb`kn`nyk htht-htht rklde ykn` ebecukt htht pbrut djut ebn`bnakn`
ckljkn tbrksk jbrks gdjk odsbntul. jhnodsd tbrsbcut oddjutd obn`kn pbrkskkn
nybrd pkok pbrut ykn` jbeuodkn ebngkikr jb tucul ck`dkn ckwkl. Cdksknyk

jhnodsd dnd lknyk cbrikn`sun` sbikek ;-3 ebndt skgk (Edtkyknd, 3==4).
Jhntrk
Jhntrkjsd
jsd Crkxth
Crkxthn
n lds kokikl
kokikl skikl
skikl sktu
sktu tknok
tknok pbrskid
pbrskidnkn
nkn ’pkisu
’pkisu――
odekn
deknkk tbr
tbrgk
gko
od jh
jhntrk
ntrkjs
jsdutbrus
dutbrus ykn` cdks knyk euik d tbr gkod sbjd tkr
usdk 6 edn``u jblkedikn. Nkeun jhntrkjsd tbrsbcut tdokj eunaui
pkok trdebstbr jbouk ktku trdebstbr jbtd`k (Qktrkdwdnktk,
( Qktrkdwdnktk, 3==4).

3. Btdh
Btdhih
ih`d
`d
_brokp
_brokpkt
kt cbcbrk
cbcbrkpk
pk lki ykn`
ykn` ebngko
ebngkodd pbedau
pbedau tdecui
tdecuinyk
nyk jhntrk
jhntrkjsd
jsd
Crkxthn Lds 7
k. Obldorksd
c. Kjtdfdtks sbpbrtd hiklrk`k sbpbrtd cbrgkikn ktku cbikrd.
a. Ebn`kn`jkt cbckn ykn` cbrkt.
o. Ckyd okike jknoun`kn
jknoun`kn ykn` skn`kt kjtdf cbr`brkj
cbr`brkj
b. Qbntulkn pkok kcohebn
f. Cbrlucun`kn sbjsuki
`. Fuii Cikoobr
Cikoobr
 l. Qtrbs
Qtrbs ykn`
ykn` cbribc
cbribcdlk
dlkn
n pbrcbo
pbrcbokkn
kkn jhntrk
jhntrkjsd
jsd Crkxth
Crkxthn
n lds okn jhntrkj
jhntrkjsd
sd
ksid(tbrjkokn` suidt untuj ebecbokjkn jhntrkjsd ykn`
ods bck cjk n jhn tr kjs d Crk xth n Lds ob
obn`
n`kn
kn jh
jhnt
ntrk
rkjs
jsdd ykn
ykn`
` cb
cbnk
nkrr
tbrgkod .
1. Knkth
Knkthed
ed Fdsdh
Fdsdhih`
ih`dd
Rtbrus kokikl hr`kn `bndtkidk fbednk dntbrnk ykn` ebedidjd pkngkn` < ae,
ibckr 2 ae okn tbcki 3-1 ae. Ck`dkn-ck`dkn utbrus kntkrk ikdn Ahrpus utbrd,
Funous utbrd, Abrvdx utbrd, sbrtk Dstleus utbrd ykn` ebngkod pbnknok trknsdsd
kntkrk ahrpus okn abrvdx. Ck`dkn ebekngkn` od jbouk sdsd ykn` ebrupkjkn
pbn`lucun` kntkrk ahrpus utbrd okn hvkrdue odsbcut _uck utbrdnk. _brokpkt
ouk
ouk rukn`
rukn` okike
okike utbrus
utbrus,, ykdtu
ykdtu Akvdtks
Akvdtks utbrd od okike
okike Ahrpus
Ahrpus utbrd okn
Aknkids abrvdads od okike Abrvdx utbrd. Odnodn` utbrus tbrodrd okrd 1 ikpdskn.
Odeuikd
Odeuikd okrd ykn` tbrokike
tbrokike ykdtu _undak eujhsk ktku bnohebtrdu
bnohebtrdue,
e,
jbeuodkn ikpdskn htht ykn` jukt odsbcut _undak eusauikrds ktku
edhebt
edhebtrdu
rdue,
e, okn ikpdskn
ikpdskn tbriukr
tbriukr kokikl
kokikl _undak
_undak sbrhsk
sbrhsk ktku
ktku pbrdeb
pbrdebtrdu
trdue
e
(]kuis
(]kuisbn
bn okn Pksalj
Pksaljb,
b, 3=;1).
3=;1). ]hsdsd
]hsdsd utbrus
utbrus nhreki
nhreki ebedid
ebedidjd
jd suout
suout od
ck`dkn vbntrki tbrlkokp vk`dnk okn Ahrpus utbrd ebibjuj jb kntbrdhr ]hrtdh
vk`dnkids abrvdads ktku odsbcut 6 phsdsd kntbfibjsd. Lki dnd ebnab`kl koknyk
prhikps Rtbrus ebikiud Vk`dnk sbikek pbndn`jktkn tbjknkn dntrkkcohednki
skkt cktuj okn cbrsdn (]kuisbn okn Pksaljb, 3=;1). Htht phihs utbrus tbrodrd
okrd 3 sbi pbntdn`, ykdtu sbi-sbi htht phihs okn sbi dntbrsdsdki ykn` odsbcut
tbihaytb. Qbi-sbi dnd okpkt odtbeujkn od hr`kn ikdn sbpbrtd gkntun`, trkjbk,
pikabntk, pbecuiul okrkl, okn ikdn-ikdn (Arbthdu, bt ki., 3=;1).
]brjbeckn`kn utbrus odpbn`kruld hibl lhrehn ektbrnki okn piksbntki. ]kok
skkt ikldr, cbskrnyk Ahrpus utbrd ibcdl jbadi ktku skek obn`kn cbskr Abrvdx
utbrd. Qkkt obwksk, ujurkn ahrpus utbrd ouk ktku td`k jkid ibcdl cbskr okrd
abrvdx. Rtbrus odvksjuikrdsksd hibl 3 krtbrd utbrdnk, akckn` okrd krtbrd diidkak
dntbrn
dntbrnkk ykn`
ykn` eksuj
eksuj euikd
euikd okrd
okrd jbouk
jbouk sdsd
sdsd iktbrki
iktbrki ckwkl
ckwkl utbrus
utbrus.. _kr`bt
_kr`bt
stbrhdo
stbrhdo sbjs hvkrdue
hvkrdue kokikl bnohebtrdue.
bnohebtrdue. Qbdrdn`
Qbdrdn` obn`kn
obn`kn pbrtueculkn
pbrtueculkn
fhidjbi, tbrgkod pbrucklkn ldsthih`dj pkok bnohebtrdue. Kok 3 ikpdskn pkok
bnohebtrdue, ykdtu ikpdskn ckskids ktku nhnfun`sdhnki okn ikpdskn
fun`sdhnki. Ikpdskn ckskids ebnbepbi pkok edhebtrdue okn tdokj cknykj
 cbruckl sbikek sdjius ebnstruksd. Odsbcut nhnfun`sdhnki jkrbnk tdokj
ebecbr
ebecbrdjk
djkn
n rbsphn
rbsphn tbrlko
tbrlkokp
kp std
stdeui
euius
us stbrhd
stbrhdo
o sbjs.
sbjs. Ikpdskn
Ikpdskn od ktksny
ktksnykk
kokikl ikpdskn fun`sdhnki ykn` ebecbrdjkn rbsphn tbrlkokp stdeuius
stbrhds sbjs okn nkntdnyk kjkn tbribpks pkok skkt ebnstruksd.
@keckr 7

?. ]kthf
]kthfdsd
dsdhih
hih`d
`d
Fkjthr rbsdjh pkok prbekturb jhntrkjsd odck`d ebngkod ouk ykdtu
fkathr rbsdjh ekyhr okn fkathr rbsdjh ednhr.
k. Fkjthr
Fkjthr rbsdjh
rbsdjh ednhr
ednhr
Fkjthr
Fkjthr rbsdjh
rbsdjh ednhr
ednhr ykdtu
ykdtu pbnykj
pbnykjdt
dt ykn`
ykn` odsbrtk
odsbrtkdd obeke,
obeke, pbrokr
pbrokrklk
klkn
n
pbrvk`dnke pkok jblkedikn ibcdl okrd ;3 edn``u, rdwkykt pdbihnbfrdtds,
ebrhjhj ibcdl okrd ;= cktkn` pbrlkrd, rdwkykt kchrtus pkok trdebstbr 3,
rdwkykt kchrtus pkok trdebstbr ; ibcdl okrd 3 jkid.
c. Fkjthr rbsdjh
rbs djh ekyhr
Fkjthr rbsdjh ekyhr kokikl jblkedikn euitdpib, ldorkendhn, knhekiy
utbrus
utbrus,, sbrvdjs
sbrvdjs tbrcujk
tbrcujk ibcdl
ibcdl okrd
okrd ; ae pkok
pkok jblked
jblkedikn
ikn 13 edn``u
edn``u,,
sbrvdjs ebnoktkr ktku ebebnobj jurkn` okrd ; ae pkok jblkedikn 13
ednn`u
ednn`u,, rdwkyk
rdwkyktt kchrtu
kchrtuss pkok
pkok trdebstb
trdebstbrr 3 ibcdl
ibcdl okrd
okrd ; jkid,
jkid, rdwkyk
rdwkyktt
pbrskidnkn prbtbre sbcbiuenyk, hpbrksd kcohednki pkok jblkedikn
prbtbre, rdwkykt hpbrksd jhndsksd okn drdtkcdidtks utbrus.
]ksdbn tbr`hihn` rbsdjh tdn``d cdik odguepkd sktu ktku ibcdl fkathr rbsdjh
ekyhr tbribcdl fkathr rbsdjh ekyhr ktku cdik kok ouk ibcdl rbsdjh ednhr
ktku cdik odtbeujkn jbouknyk.(Jkpdtk sbibjtk, 3===730?).
 ]ktlwby 7

Obl
blddorks
orksdd Kjt
jtvd
vdk
kss ykn`
kn` cbrib
bribcd
cdlk
lkn
n Cbrluc
rlucu
un`kn
n`kn srbss
sbjsuki

_brgkod pbrokrklkn Jhnrkjsd ubrus

EJ 7 Nybrd kjut
pbrvk`dnk

]rbekur Jhnrkjsd

EJ 7 Sbsdjh pbrokrklkn EJ 7 Sbsdjh Adobrk Gkndn

2. Ekndf
Ekndfbs
bstks
tksdd jidnds
jidnds
 Jhntrkjsd utbrus obn`kn ktku tknpk rksk skjdt
 Sbksk cbrkt odpkn``ui
 Jgkn` utbrus ykn` edrdp obn`kn odsebnhrbk
 Jbiukrnyk akdrkn pbrvk`dnke
 Nybrd pun``un`
6. ]bebrdjs
]bebrdjskkn
kkn pbnungk
pbnungkn`
n`
 ]bebrdjskkn ikchrkthrdue
 ]bebrdjskkn `dnbjhih`d
- Dnspbj
Dnspbjsd
sd vuivk
vuivk
- Vk`dnk
Vk`dnkii thualb
thualbrr
 ]bebrdjskkn Ogg
 Rs`
0. Jh
Jhep
epid
idjk
jksd
sd
]rbekturb jhntrkjsd okpkt ebndn`jktjkn jbektdkn ]brdnktki,
kpkcdik gdjk odtkeckl obn`kn dnfbjsd dntrkpkrtue.
]rhiksus Fundjuid, kpkcdik tbrgkod, ebn`knoun` cklkyk ykn` skn`kt cbskr
ck`d gkndn okn ebebriujkn jbikldrknyk obn`kn kpkcdik dk eksdl ldoup.
Obn`kn
Obn`kn koknyk
koknyk odsprh
odsprhphr
phrsd
sd sbfkihp
sbfkihpbiv
bivdj
dj jbpkik
jbpkik gkndn
gkndn okpkt
okpkt ebibwk
ebibwktd
td
 rdntkn`kn pkok pkn``ui obn`kn ebn`kokjkn ehuik`b okpkt odkiked hibl
jbpkik gkndn tkepk kjdckt ykn` gbibj skepkd cktks ‑ cktks tbrtbntu. Kjkn
tbtkpd
tbtkpd kpkcdi
kpkcdikk cktks
cktks ‑ cktks
cktks tbrsbc
tbrsbcut
ut odikep
odikepkud
kud,, tbrgko
tbrgkodd shcbjk
shcbjkn
n pkok
pkok
tbnthrdue sbrbcbiid okn pbnokrklkn dntrkjrkldki.
Qbikngutnyk tbjknkn hibl prhehnthrdue ktku jkokn` ‑ jkokn` hibl
sdefdjsd pkok pkn``ui pdakj ebnykckcjkn pbriujkkn pkok gkrdn`kn odktks
tuikn`
tuikn` jbpkik
jbpkik gkndn,
gkndn, ekiklk
ekiklkn
n okpkt
okpkt puik
puik ebndnc
ebndncuik
uikjkn
jkn frkjtu
frkjturr pkok
pkok
Hspkrdbtkids

<. ]bnkt
]bnktkik
kikjsk
jsknkk
nkkn
n
k. Ebn`lkeckt prhsbs pbrskidnkn obn`kn pbecbrdkn thjhidtdj
_ugukn utkek pbecbrdkn thjhidtdj kokikl untuj ebnab`kl ehrtkidtks
okn ehrcdodtks ckyd sbrtk ebecbrd jbsbepktkn ck`d tbrkpd jhrtdjhstbrhdo
untuj ebnstdeuid surfkjtkn pkru gkndn (Qkdfuoodn, 3=;?).
c. Jhntrkdnodjksd thjhidtdj (Ikwrbnab, Qtbplbn & Ekxdeb, 3==3: Odknk-
Fkdriby 3==4)7
;) Kcshiut
k) ]bnykjdt tdrhdo
c) ]bnykjdt gkntun`
a) Ldpbrtbnsd cbrkt (>;6=/;;= eeL`)
o) ]bnykjdt sbi skcdt
b) Jhrdhkendhndtds
f) Jbektdkn dntrkutbrdn
3) Sbiktdf
k) ]brskidnkn cbrikngut, cdik odiktksd sbrvdjs > ? ae
c) ]brokrklkn
]br okrklkn Kntbpkrtue
a) Odkcbtbs Ebiidtus Ektbrnki
C. Ksulkn Jbpbrkwktkn
Jbpbrkwktkn
;. ]bn`jkgdkn
k. Cdhoktk ebn`jkgd dobntdtks jidbn okn
okn pbnkn``un` ykn` ebidputd : nkek,
nkek,
ueur, k`kek, suju ckn`sk, pbnododjkn, pbjbrgkkn, stktus pbrjkwdnkn,
pbrjkwdnkn jb- , ikeknyk pbrjkwdnkn okn kikekt
 c. Jbiulkn utkek Jkgd koknyk jhntrkjsd ykn` oktdn` tbrus ebnbrus okn
koknyk pbrokrklkn pbrvk`dnke cbruikn`.
a. Sdwkykt jbsblktkn , ykn` tbrodrd ktks
;) Sdwkykt jbsblktkn sbjkrkn` ykdtu jbiulkn skepkd skkt jidbn pbr`d jb
Suekl Qkjdt ktku pkok skkt pbn`jkgdkn sbpbrtd pbrokrklkn pbrvk`dnke
frbjubnsd jhntrkjsd, nybrd pun``un`, jbgkn` utbrus
3) Sdwkykt jbsblktkn eksk ikiu
1) Sdwkykt pbecboklkn Jkgd koknyk pbecboklkn ykn` pbrnkl odkiked
hibl jidbn, gbnds pbecboklkn , jkpkn , hibl sdkpk okn od eknk tdnokjkn
tbrsbcut cbrikn`sun`.
?) Sdw
Sdwkyk
kyktt pbnykj
pbnykjdt
dt ykn`
ykn` pbrnkl
pbrnkl odkike
odkikedd Jkgd
Jkgd koknyk
koknyk pbnykj
pbnykjdt
dt ykn`
ykn`
pbrnkl odkiked hibl jidbn edskinyk OE , gkntun` , ldpbrtbnsd , ekskikl
`dnbjhih`durdnkry , pbnykjdt bnohjrdn , okn pbnykjdt-pbnykjdt ikdnnyk.
2) Sdwkykt jbsblktkn jbiukr`k Tkn` okpkt odjkgd ebikiud `bnh`rke okn
okrd `bnh`rke tbrsbcut okpkt oddobntdfdjksd ebn`bnkd pbnykjdt turunkn
okn pbnykjdt ebnuikr ykn` tbrokpkt okike jbiukr`k.
6) Sdwkykt
Sdwkykt jbsblktkn
jbsblktkn rbprhoujsd
rbprhoujsd Jkgd tbntkn`
tbntkn` ebnnhrlhb
ebnnhrlhb,, sdjius
sdjius
ebnstruksd, ikeknyk, cknykjnyk, sdfkt okrkl, cku, wkrnk okn koknyk
odsebnhrlhb sbrtk jkgd jkpkn ebnhpkusb tbrgkod, `bgkik sbrtk jbiuklkn
ykn` ebnybrtkdnyk.
0) Sdwkykt jblkedikn , pbrskidnkn okn ndfks Jkgd ck`kdeknk jbkokkn knkj
jidbn euikd okrd okike jknoun`kn ldn``k skkt dnd, ck`kdeknk jbkokkn
jbsblktkn knkjnyk.
<) Sdwkykt sbjsuki Jkgd ebn`bnkd kjtdvdtks sbjsuki jidbn, gbnds jhntrksbpsd
ykn` od`unkjkn sbrtk jbiukln ykn` ebnybrtkdnyk.
4) Sdw
Sdwkyk
kyktt pbekjk
pbekjkdkn
dkn hckt
hckt Jkgd
Jkgd rdwkyk
rdwkyktt pbekjk
pbekjkdkn
dkn hckt-
hckt-
hcktknjhntrksbpsd hrki, hckt od`dtkids okn gbnds hckt ikdnnyk.
;=)
;=) Sdwk
Sdwkyk
yktt hcst
hcstbt
btrd
rdaa
3. ]bebrdjskkn fdsdj
 Jbkokkn Reue
Jbskokrkn
_bjknkn okrkl
 Nkod
Sbspdrksd
Qulu
 ]bebrdjskkn lbko th thb
 ]bebrdjskkn Iukr
Funous Rtbrd
Idn`jkr pbrut
Ibtkj knkj
Cunyd Gkntun` Knkj
Lds7
_kjsdrkn cbrkt ckokn knkj
 ]bebrdjskkn Okike
V/V7
]hrtdh
]becujkkn
Ibtkj tbrckwkl gkndn
Qtktdhn
Jbtuckn
1. Odk`nhsk Jbpbrkwktkn
k. Nybrd kjut cbrlucun`kn obn`kn jhntrkjsd utbrus
c. Sbsdjh pbrokrklkn cbrlucun`kn pbnokrklkn pbrvk`dnke
a. Sbsdjh adobrk gkndn jhntrkjsd odnd
?. Dntbrvbnsd

Nh Odk`nhsk Jbpbrkwktkn _ugukn okn Jrdtbrdk Lksdi Dntbrvbnsd

;. Nybr
brdd kju
kjut k. ]kdn Ibvbi k. ]kdn Eknk`bebnt
 Ikjujkn
Obfdndsd 7 ]bn`kikekn c. ]kdn ahntrhi
sbnshrd okn behsdhnki a. Ahefhrt ibvbi pbn`jkgdkn nybrd
ykn` tdokj Jrdtbrdk Lksdi 7 sbakrk
ebnybnkn`jkn ykn`
 Ekepu ebn`hntrhi nybrd jheprblbnsdf
eunaui kjdckt jbruskjkn
gkrdn`kn ykn` kjtuki ktku (tklu pbnybckc nybrd, tbreksuj ihjksd,
phtbnsdki ktku ekepu ebn``unkjkn jkrkjtbrdstdj,
od`keckrjkn okike lki
tblndj nhnfkrekjhih`d ourksd, frbjubnsd,
jbruskjkn sbobedjdkn
rupk ykn` tdck-tdck ktku untuj ebn`urkn`d nybrd, jukidtks okn
ikeckt okn dntbnsdtks ebnakrd ckntukn) fkjthr prbsdpdtksd
rdn`kn ldn``k cbrkt
 Ebikphrjkn cklwk nybrd  Hcsbrvksd rbkjsd
obn`kn kjldr ykn` okpkt
odkntdsdpksd ktku cbrjurkn` obn`kn nhnvbrcki okrd
odprbodjsd okn ebn``unkjkn jbtdokjnykeknkn
cbrikn`sun` 96 cuikn
eknkgbebn nybrd  @unkjkn tbjndj
Cktkskn jkrkjtbrdstdj 7  Ekepu ebn`bnkid nybrd jheundjksd
 ]br
]bruck
ucklkn
lkn okike
okike (sjkik, dntbnsdtks, tbrkpbutdj untuj
sbibrk
sbibrk ekjkn
ekjkn okn
frbjubnsd okn tknok ebn`btklud
ednue
 ]bruc
]brucklkn
klkn tbjknkn
tbjknkn nybrd) pbn`kikekn nybrd
okrkl  Ebnyktkjkn rksk nykekn pksdbn
 ]brucklkn frbjubnsd
sbtbikl nybrd cbrjurkn`  Bvkiuksd cbrskek
gkntun`
 _knok vdtki okike pksdbn okn tde
 ]brucklkn frbjubnsd
pbrnkfkskn rbntkn` nhreki jbsblktkn ikdn
 Ikphrkn dsykrkt tbntkn`
 odkfhrbsds
jbtdokjbfbjtdfkn
 _dn`jkl ikju
odstrkjsd, (eds7 gkikn- jhntrhi nybrd
gkikn, ebnbeud hrkn` eksk ikepku
ikdn okn/ktku
 Jhntrhi
kjtdvdtks,
kjtdv dtks, kjtdvdtks
kjtdvdtks
cbruikn`-uikn`) idn`jun`kn ykn`
 Ebn`bjsprbsdjkn okpkt
pbrdikju (eds7 ebepbn`kruld
`bidskl,
`bidsk l, ebrbn`bj,
ebrbn`bj,
ebnkn`ds) nybrd sbpbrtd sulu
 Eksjbr wkgkl (eds7 rukn`kn,
ektk jurkn` pbnaklkykkn okn
cbraklkyk, tkepkj
jkaku,
jka ku, `brkjk
`brkjknn ektk
ektk jbcdsdn`kn
cbrpbnakr,ktku tbtkp  Jurkn`d fkjthr
pkok sktu fhjus prbsdpdtksd nybrd
ebrdn`ds)
 ]didl okn
okn ikjujkn
 Qdj
Qdjkp
kp ebidno
ebidnoun`
un`dd
krbk nybrd pbnkn`knkn nybrd
 Fhj
Fhjusus ebnybe
ebnybepdtpdt (fkrekjhih`d, nhn
(eds7 ``n pbrsbpsd
fkrekjhih`d okn
ny
nybr
brd,
d, lk
lkec
eckt
ktkn
kn
prhsbs cbrfdjdr, dntbr pbrshnki)
pbnurunkn dntbrkjsd  Jkgd tdpb okn
okn
obn`kn hrkn` okn suecbr nybrd
idn`jun`kn)
 Dno
Dnodjk
djksd
sd nybrd
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