MA5158 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I

UNIT III - FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL

VARIABLES /

MA6151 Mathematics-I Modules III & IV

(RUSA)

Faculty
Department of Mathematics
Anna University
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 Section 4
Taylor’s Series for Functions of Two Variables

•Taylor’s Expansion
• Maclaurin’s Expansion
• Examples
• Practice Problems and MCQs

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Taylor’s Theorem for a function of two variables
𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚):
Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ, 𝑦 + 𝑘) . Treat this as a
function of a single variable x, then we have by Taylor's
theorem
𝜕𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑘
𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ, 𝑦 + 𝑘 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑘 + ℎ
𝜕𝑥
ℎ2 𝜕 2 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑘
+ 2
+⋯ (1)
2! 𝜕𝑥

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Now expanding 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑘) as a function of y
only,
𝜕𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑘 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑘
𝜕𝑦
𝑘 2 𝜕 2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
+ 2
+ ⋯ (2)
2! 𝜕𝑦
Substitute (2) in (1),

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𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ, 𝑦 + 𝑘)
𝜕𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑘2 𝜕2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑘 + 2
+⋯
𝜕𝑦 2! 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑘2 𝜕2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
+ℎ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑘 + 2
+⋯
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2! 𝜕𝑦
ℎ2 𝜕2 𝜕𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑘2 𝜕2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
+ 2
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑘 + 2
+⋯ +⋯
2! 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2! 𝜕𝑦

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∴ 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ, 𝑦 + 𝑘)
𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) + ℎ +𝑘 𝑓
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 2 𝜕2 𝜕2 2
𝜕 2
+ ℎ 2
+ 2ℎ𝑘 𝑘 2
𝑓
2! 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
1 3 𝜕3 2
𝜕 3
2
𝜕 3
3
𝜕 3
+ ℎ + 3ℎ 𝑘 + 3ℎ𝑘 + 𝑘 𝑓
3! 𝜕𝑥 3 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 3
+⋯ (3)
Taking 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 𝑏, (3) becomes
𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ, 𝑏 + 𝑘 ) = 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) + ℎ𝑓𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 𝑘𝑓𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) +
1
ℎ2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 2ℎ𝑘𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 𝑘 2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) +
2!
1
ℎ3 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 3ℎ2 𝑘𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 3ℎ𝑘 2 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) +
3!
3
𝑘 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + ⋯
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Taylor’s expansion of 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) in powers of (𝒙 − 𝒂) and
(𝒚 − 𝒃):

Putting 𝑎 + ℎ = 𝑥 and 𝑏 + 𝑘 = 𝑦 so that

ℎ = 𝑥 − 𝑎, 𝑘 = 𝑦 − 𝑏, we get
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑎, 𝑏 + 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑓𝑥 𝑎, 𝑏 + 𝑦 − 𝑏 𝑓𝑦 𝑎, 𝑏
1 𝑥 − 𝑎 2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑎, 𝑏 + 2 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑦 − 𝑏 𝑓𝑥𝑦 𝑎, 𝑏
+
2! + 𝑦 − 𝑏 2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑎, 𝑏
1 𝑥 − 𝑎 3 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑎, 𝑏 + 3 𝑥 − 𝑎 2 𝑦 − 𝑏 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 𝑎, 𝑏
+
3! +3 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑦 − 𝑏 2 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 𝑎, 𝑏 + 𝑦 − 𝑏 3 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑎, 𝑏
+⋯ (4)

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Maclaurin's expansion of 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚):
Putting 𝑎 = 0 and 𝑏 = 0 in (4), we get
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(0,0) + 𝑥𝑓𝑥 (0,0) + 𝑦𝑓𝑦 (0,0)
1 2
+ 𝑥 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (0,0) + 2𝑥𝑦𝑓𝑥𝑦 (0,0) + 𝑦 2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (0,0)
2!
+⋯ (5)

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 Examples
Example 1: Expand exsiny in powers of x and y as far as terms
of 3rd degree.

Solution:
The Taylor series expansion of f(x,y) in powers of x and y is
𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
= 𝑓(0,0) + 𝑥𝑓𝑥 (0,0) + 𝑦𝑓𝑦 (0,0)
1 2
+ 𝑥 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (0,0) + 2𝑥𝑦𝑓𝑥𝑦 (0,0) + 𝑦 2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (0,0)
2!
1 3
+ 𝑥 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (0,0) + 3𝑥 2 𝑦𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 (0,0) + 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (0,0)
3!
+𝑦 3 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (0,0) + ⋯ − − − − − −(1)

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 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 ; 𝑓(0,0) = 0
𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑥 (0,0) = 0
𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑦 (0,0) = 1
𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (0,0) = 0
𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (0,0) = 0
𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (0,0) = 1
𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (0,0) = 0
𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 (0,0) = 1
𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (0,0) = 0
𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (0,0) = −1

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 Substitute these values in (5) we get
𝑥
1 1
𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 + ⋯
2! 3!

2. Expand f (x,y)=sin xy in powers of (𝑥 − 1) and

(𝑦 − 𝜋/2) upto 2nd degree terms.
Soln: f (x,y)=sin xy , (a,b) = (1, 𝜋/2)

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The Taylor series expansion of f(x,y) in powers of (𝑥 − 1) and
(𝑦 − 𝜋/2) is
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓 1, + (𝑥 − 1)𝑓𝑥 1, + 𝑦− 𝑓𝑦 1, +
2 2 2 2
1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(𝑥 − 1)2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 1, + 2(𝑥 − 1) 𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 1, +
2! 2 2 2
𝜋 2 𝜋
𝑦− 𝑓𝑦𝑦 1, +⋯ (6)
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 ; 𝑓 1, = sin =1
2 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑥 1, = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0
2 2 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑦 1, = 1𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0
2 2
2
𝜋 −𝜋
𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑦 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑥𝑥 1, =
2 4
2
𝜋
𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑦𝑦 1, = −1
2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑥𝑦 1, =−
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Substitute these values in (6) we get
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦
2
1 2
−𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋
= 1 + (𝑥 − 1) + 2(𝑥 − 1) 𝑦 −
2 4 2 2
𝜋 2
+ 𝑦− (−1) + ⋯
2
𝜋2 2
𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 = 1 − (𝑥 − 1) − (𝑥 − 1) 𝑦 − − 𝑦−
8 2 2 2 2
+⋯

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 Practice Problems
1. Use Taylor Theorem to expand 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 in
powers of (𝑥 − 1) and (𝑦 − 2) upto 3rd degree terms.

2. Expand 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑦) in powers of x and y upto 3rd

degree terms.

3. Expand 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦 about (1, 𝜋/2)

4. Expand 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦2 + 3𝑦 − 2 in powers of (𝑥 − 1) and

(𝑦 + 2) using Taylor’s theorem.

5. Expand 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑦/𝑥) in powers of (𝑥 − 1)

and (𝑦 − 1) upto 3rd degree terms. Compute 𝑓(0.95, 1.1)
approximately from this expansion.
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 Multiple Choice Questions

1. Linear approximation of the function f ( x, y)  2x3  y 2 at the point (1, 1) is

(𝑎) 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 – 3 (𝑏) 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 – 2 (𝑐) 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 – 3 (𝑑) 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4

2. If f ( x, y)  ex y, compute linear approximation of 𝑓(−0.9, 1.1)

(a) 2.2001 (b) 1.2000 (c) 1.0201 (d) 1.2214

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Answers to MCQs:

1. a
2. b

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