13304

PRODUCTION ENGINEERING I
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
YEAR 2021/2022
Previous Meeting
• Flow regimes
• Transient flow
• Pseudo-steady state flow
• Steady state flow
• Well draining pattern → shape factor
• Skin factor
Well Performance Analysis
Well Performance
Analysis
Pr, Ps, Qp

IPR
Well
deliverability
VLP

Yes, but … Natural no

Flow well ?
Artificial Lift
Artificial
(start/restart, optimize) yes
lift

Qp
Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)
Near Wellbore Condition

• Representing the flow rate from

Porous Media Open hole, Perforation,
(porosity, permeability, Damage Zone, Fracturing

the reservoir to the bottom of the

rock compressibility, and Azidizing
etc)

well
• The production performance
shows the relationship between
flow rate to the bottom hole Pr Pwf Pr

pressure
• Its is assumed that the reservoir Reservoir Fluids:

fluid flow follows single well Gas, Oil and Water Number of Phases

radial model Wellbore

Reservoir
Boundary Flow
direction
Fluid Flow Modelling in a Single Well
Porous Media
(porosity, permeability,
rock compressibility,
etc)
Pr
Pwf
Reservoir Fluids:
Gas, Oil and Water
Near Wellbore Condition
Open hole, Perforation,
Damage Zone, Fracturing
and Azidizing
Pr
Number of Phases
Inflow Performance
Relationship
SINGLE PHASE
Inflow Performance Relationship
Condition Steady State Flow Pseudo-steady state Flow
In terms of 𝑝𝑒 at the external 𝑘ℎ (𝑝𝑒 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 ) 𝑘ℎ (𝑝𝑒 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 )
𝑞= 𝑞=
radius 𝑟𝑒 of the drainage 141.2 𝜇𝐵 log
𝑟𝑒
+𝑆 𝑟𝑒 1
𝑟𝑤 141.2 𝜇𝐵 log − +𝑆
volume 𝑟𝑤 2
In terms of 𝑝ҧ in the interior of 𝑘ℎ (𝑝ҧ − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 ) 𝑘ℎ (𝑝ҧ − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 )
𝑞= 𝑞=
the drainage volume 𝑟𝑒 1 𝑟𝑒 3
141.2 𝜇𝐵 log − +𝑆 141.2 𝜇𝐵 log − +𝑆
𝑟𝑤 2 𝑟𝑤 4

Transient Flow:
𝑘ℎ ∅𝜇𝑜 𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
𝑞= 𝑡𝑝𝑠𝑠 = 1200
𝑘 𝑘
162.6𝐵𝑜𝜇𝑜(log 𝑡 + log − 3.23 + 0.87𝑆)
∅𝜇𝑜 𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
Productivity Index (PI) 𝑞 = 𝐽(𝑝ҧ − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 )

Condition Steady State Flow Pseudo-steady state Flow

In terms of 𝑝𝑒 at the external 𝑘ℎ (𝑝𝑒 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 ) 𝑘ℎ (𝑝𝑒 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 )
𝑞= 𝑞=
radius 𝑟𝑒 of the drainage 141.2 𝜇𝐵 ln
𝑟𝑒
+𝑆 𝑟𝑒 1
𝑟𝑤 141.2 𝜇𝐵 ln − +𝑆
volume 𝑟𝑤 2
Productivity Index 𝑘ℎ 𝑘ℎ
𝐽= 𝑟𝑒 𝐽=
141.2 𝜇𝐵 ln +𝑆 𝑟𝑒 1
𝑟𝑤 141.2 𝜇𝐵 ln − +𝑆
𝑟𝑤 2

In terms of 𝑝ҧ in the interior of 𝑘ℎ (𝑝ҧ − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 ) 𝑘ℎ (𝑝ҧ − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 )

𝑞= 𝑞=
the drainage volume 𝑟𝑒 1 𝑟𝑒 3
141.2 𝜇𝐵 ln − +𝑆 141.2 𝜇𝐵 ln − +𝑆
𝑟𝑤 2 𝑟𝑤 4

Productivity Index 𝑘ℎ 𝑘ℎ
𝐽= 𝐽=
𝑟𝑒 1 𝑟𝑒 3
141.2 𝜇𝐵 ln − +𝑆 141.2 𝜇𝐵 ln − +𝑆
𝑟𝑤 2 𝑟𝑤 4
Productivity Index (PI)
Productivity Index = indicator of the ability of the reservoir to produce.

PI = J =
q
=
q
(bbl / day / psi )
Pr − Pwf  P1

ratio of the rate of production per pressure drawdown

q = PI * P1 (bbl / day )
q = Total Production Rate (in bbls/day for an oil well) at surface conditions
Pr = Reservoir Pressure at drainage radius (psi)
Pwf = Flowing Bottom Hole Pressure (psi)
INFLOW EXERCISE 1 – Productivity Index
DATA
• RESERVOIR 1: RESERVOIR 2:
• PI1 • PI2
• Drawdown1 • Drawdown2
• Pr1 • Pr2
• Hyp: PI1 > PI2 and Pr1 = Pr2

Questions:
1. If Drawdown1 = Drawdown2, which reservoir produces the most ?
2. If qp1 = qp2, which drawdown is the highest ? Which downhole flowing
pressure is the highest ?
INFLOW EXERCISE 1 – Productivity Index
Question:
3. Which curve represents the IPR2 ? Choose between the curve 1 and the
curve 2.
Pwf

IPR1

1 2

q
Productivity Index
• The PI represents the ability of the reservoir to allow the effluent to flow
through the grains of the matrix up to the well. This parameter depends on
the characteristics of both reservoir and effluent. For example, for a given
reservoir, if the viscosity of the fluid in place increases, the other parameters
remaining constant, the PI decreases.
𝑘ℎ 𝑞
• 𝐽= 𝑟𝑒 3 or 𝐽 =
141.2 𝜇𝐵 ln𝑟𝑤−4+𝑆 (𝑝𝑟−𝑝𝑤𝑓)

• A good reservoir is a reservoir where the flow is easy : for a given

production rate, the pressure drawdown is low.
• The IPR links the drawdown and the related production rate ; it allows to
determine which flowing bottom hole pressure to regulate in order to reach
the objective of production.
Inflow Performance Relationship
Generalised IPR
Pwf
1 Part of single phase flow
Pwf = Pr − q Pr Straight line → PI = J = cte
J Physically, the transition from one phase
Pb to two phase flow is continuous
IPR = a relationship between the
production rate and the flowing
Part of two phase flow
bottom hole pressure for a given curve
reservoir pressure. P
p

Absolute open flow (AOF): rate at

qmax qb qp qmax q
rate at bubble
point pressure production rate
Exercise 2 – Construct IPR
• Construct IPR curve for vertical
oil well with:
• Steady state flow
• Pseudo-steady state flow
• Calculate PI for each flow regime
 Graphical Representation of IPR
for Single Phase (Oil) Flow
3000
• The relationship of Pwf vs q, based on the solution of
PDE is linear, as shown on the graph
Tekanan Alir dasar Sumur, psi

2500

2000
• The average reservoir pressure is always or should
1500 be known, therefore for constructing the IPR at
least one pair of (q, Pwf) is required
1000
• The black dot represent average reservoir pressure
500
• The pink dot represent the (q, Pwf)
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
• By connecting the black dot and the pink dot, the
graph of IPR could be constraucted
Laju produksi, stb/d
 The Well Productivity Using IPR
3000
• The slope of graph represent the productivity
Pr index (PI)
Tekanan Alir dasar Sumur, psi

2500

• At Pwf = Pr, the production rate is zero

2000 Slope is PI
• At Pwf = 0, the production rate is maximum
1500
• Based on the equation of IPR for single phase
1000 (oil) flow:
500 • Qmax = PI(Pr)
qmax
0
• Using the IPR curve, for certain flowing bottom
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 hole pressure the corresponding rate could be
Laju produksi, stb/d obtained, vise versa
• The IPR is very important to determine the
ability of well to produce
Exercise 3 - IPR
• The average pressure in a reservoir is 6000 psi. If the well drainage area in
another reservoir is half that of the first reservoir, what should be its average
reservoir pressure to produce the same well flow rate? Use zero skin and 3000-
psi bottomhole flowing pressure for both wells. Assume well radius is 0.328 ft.
Exercise 4 - IPR
• The pressure build up test data obtained the following data:
• The average reservoir pressure is 1542 psi
• The corresponding production rate to the flowing bottom hole pressure is
255 bbl/d to 1109 psi
• The bubble point pressure is low, about 50 psi
• Water cut is considered very low
Construct the IPR Curve
Determine the maximum flow rate
Calculate the flow rate at Pwf = 980 psi
The Limitations of Oil IPR
• In real conditions, most of the well produced two or three phase of reservoir fluid.
• Two phase IPR represents gas and oil flow in the reservoir
• Three phase IPR represents gas, oil, and water flow in the reservoir
• In multiphase flow in reservoir, the following phenomenons are occurred:
• When the pressures at the reservoir fall below the bubble point pressure, then
the gas coming out from the solution, and flows in the porous medium
• Gas and oil flow is determined by the relative permeability of gas and oil
At this condition the single phase (oil) IPR does not valid
 Dimensionless IPR
1.0

• Dimensionless IPR is a curve

between qo/qomax vs Pwf/Pr

qo/qo,max = 1-(Pwf/Pr)
Pwf/Pr

0.0
0.0 qo/Qo,max 1.0
Inflow Performance
Relationship
MULTIPHASE
 Oil – no free gas
Pb  Pwf  Pr
undersaturated
reservoir
Pr

Pwf
Pb

Pb

Pwf
Pr
Temperature
Pb = bubble point pressure
 LIQUID FOLLOWED BY LIQUID AND
LIBERATED GAS Pwf  Pb  Pr

Pressure
2500
oil
reservoir
2000

Tekanan Alir Dasar Sumur, psi

Pr oil flow
Pb 1500

gas/oil flow 1000

Pwf
500

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Pr Pb Pwf Temperature Laju Produksi, stb/d

Pb = bubble point pressure

Two Phase (gas & oil) IPR
• Above the bubble point pressure, the productivity index is
constant. It depends on the rock and fluid properties.
• Below the bubble point pressure, two phases are flowing
simultaneously in the reservoir: a part of the pressure drawdown
is used for frictions between both phases. The efficiency of the
production is decreased.
• Different models are available to estimate the IPR of an oil well.
The well test results can help to determine for each case the
adequate one.
Factors Affecting Productivity Index
Behavious of The Poductivity Index
Example of an oil well
with Pr > Pb and Pwf < Pb

Pressure
two phase flow (oil+gas)

Pr
friction between phases
Pb

drawdown less "efficient" Pwf

J decreases
Temperature
Two Phase (gas & oil) IPR
• In an oil system , the gas is dissolved in oil phase,
when the reservoir pressure above the bubble point
pressure.
• When the pressure below the bubble point pressure,
gas will out from the solution, become free gas. This
situation will cause the oil viscosity increases.
• The free gas fill rock pores, it will increase the gas
saturation and decreasing the oil saturation
• If gas saturation increases, the value of gas relative
permeability increases. On the other hands, the oil
relative permeability decreases due to oil saturation
decreases.
• Therefore, the relationship between production rate
to the bottom hole flowing pressure is not linear.
30
Factors Affecting Productivity Index
Factors Affecting Productivity Index
Two-Phase Flow Equation
• Two-Phase Flow (Oil + Gas) in Porous Medium
Factors affecting IPR:
1. A decrease in Kro as gas saturation increases
2. An increase in oil viscosity as pressure
decreases and gas is evolved
3. Shrinkage of the oil as gas is evolved when
pressure on the oil decreases
4. Formation or stimulation around the
wellbore (S=0)
5. An increase in the turbulent (Dqo) as qo
increases
GENERALISED IPR
Pwf
Part of single phase flow
Pr Straight line → PI = J = cte

Physically, the transition from one phase

Pb to two phase flow is continuous

Part of two phase flow

curve
Pp

qb qp qmax q
rate at bubble
point pressure production rate
 Graphical Representation of Two Phase IPR
2500
• Non-linear relationship of oil production
rate vs flowing bottom hole is shown on the
2000 figure.
Tekanan Alir Dasar Sumur, psi

• Compare to the linear oil IPR, the decreasing

1500 oil permeability and reducing gas in solution
will cause decreasing of the oil production
1000
• Many researchers investigate the IPR for two
phase flow condition.
500
• Vogel was the first researcher who
conduct research on IPR in wells
0 producing from solution gas drive
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Laju Produksi, stb/d
2500 3000
reservoir. Vogel investigated various
reservoir models to produce IPR curves
35
Two Phase (Oil & Gas) IPR
• Refer to reservoir condition,
Linear section where Pr > Pb,
• This makes the IPR curve
deviating from the linear trend
below bubble-point pressure
Pb • The lower the pressure, the
larger the deviation. If the
Non-Linear section reservoir pressure is below the
initial bubble-point pressure, oil
and gas two phase flow exists in
the whole reservoir domain and
the reservoir is referred as a
‘‘two-phase reservoir.’’
Two-Phase IPR
• Empirical methods that are designed to generate the current and
future IPR:
• Vogel Methods
• Fetkovitch’s Method
• Sukarno’s Method
• Wiggin’s Method
Two Phase IPR Modeling
• Vogel (1968) used a computer model to generate IPRs for several
hypothetical saturated-oil reservoirs that are production range of
conditions
• Vogel normalized the calculated IPRs and expressed the
relationships in dimensionless form
𝑃𝑤𝑓
• Dimensionless pressure =
𝑃𝑟
𝑄𝑜
• Dimensionless flow rate =
𝑄𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑥

• Where (qo)max is the flow rate at zero wellbore pressure, i.e. AOF
(absolute open flow)
Vogel’s Dimensionless IPR (no-skin factor)
2
qo  Pwf   Pwf 
= 1 .0 − 0 .2   − 0 .8  
Q max  r 
P  r 
P

Two-Phase IPR Curve could be constructed by applying pressure build

up test data, that are reservoir pressure, and oil production with
corresponding flowing bottom hole pressure. Assume zero skin factor.

qo (test ) IPR curve Equation:

Qmax =
 Pwf (test )   Pwf (test ) 
2   Pwf   wf  
P
2

1.0 − 0.2  − 0.8  qo = Qmax 1.0 − 0.2  − 0.8  

 Pr (test )   Pr (test )    Pr   Pr  

This equation only valid at and below bubble point pressure

Vogel’s Dimensionless IPR (no-skin
factor) • Vogel’s equation:
2
𝑝𝑤𝑓 𝑝𝑤𝑓
𝑞𝑜 = 𝑞𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 − 0.2 − 0.8
𝑝𝑟ҧ 𝑝𝑟ҧ
• Take differential:
𝑑𝑞 −0.2 𝑝𝑤𝑓
− = 𝑞𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 1.6 2
𝑑𝑝𝑤𝑓 𝑝𝑟ҧ 𝑝𝑟ҧ
• If 𝑝𝑤𝑓 = 𝑝𝑏
0.2𝑝𝑟ҧ + 1.6𝑝𝑤𝑓
𝐽 = 𝑞𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑝𝑟ҧ 2

1.8 𝐽𝑝𝑏
• 𝐽 = 𝑞𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑥 or 𝑞𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑝𝑏 1.8
Case 1: Pr and Pwf > Pb
Undersaturated Oil Reservoir
• In this case, well producing from undersaturated oil reservoir

1
• Since is constant, then:
𝜇𝑜 𝐵𝑜

or 𝑞𝑜 = 𝐽 𝑃ഥ𝑟 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓
Case 2: Pr and Pwf < Pb
Saturated oil reservoir
• If we state the condition in dimensionless (Vogel’s Equation):
2
𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑞𝑜 = 𝑞𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 − 0.2 − 0.8
𝑃𝑟 𝑃𝑟
Or
𝑞
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 0.125 𝑃𝑟 81 − 80 −1
𝑞 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Case 3: Pr> Pb but Pwf < Pb
Saturated oil reservoir
• Case 3 is combination case 1 and case 2
2
𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑞𝑜 = 𝑞𝑏 + 𝑞𝑣 1 − 0.2 − 0.8
𝑃𝑏 𝑃𝑏
𝐽𝑃𝑏
𝑞𝑣 =
1.8 2
𝐽𝑃𝑏 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑞𝑜 = 𝐽 𝑃ഥ𝑟 − 𝑃𝑏 + 1 − 0.2 − 0.8
1.8 𝑃𝑏 𝑃𝑏

This equation only valid at and below bubble point pressure

Exercise 5 - Vogel’s Method
1 A well is producing from a reservoir having an average reservoir pressure of
2085 psi. A stabilized production test on the well resulted in a production
rate of 282 stb/day when the flowing bottom hole pressure was 1765 psi.
The bubble point pressure is 2100 psi.
Using vogel’s method, calculate:
A. the production rate if pwf is reduced to zero
B. the production rate of pwf is reduced to 1485 psi
C. the bottom hole pressure necessary to obtain an inflow rate of 400
stb/day
Exercise 5 - Vogel’s Method
• Pr = 2085 psi
1
• Pb = 2100 psi
• Qo test= 282 stb/d at pwf= 1765 psi (saturated)
• Solution: (use eq at case 3: Pr> pb, Pwf< Pb)
2
𝐽𝑃𝑏 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑞𝑜 = 𝐽 𝑃ഥ𝑟 − 𝑃𝑏 + 1 − 0.2 − 0.8
1.8 𝑃𝑏 𝑃𝑏
Exercise 5 - Vogel’s Method
2 Given data: 3 • Given data:
◦ Pr = 4000 psi • Pr = 4000 psi
◦ Pb = 2000 psi • Pb = 2000 psi
◦ @ Pwf= 1200 psi, Qo=532 bbl/day • @ Pwf= 3000 psi,
Qo=200 bbl/day
Use Vogel’s Method and Find: • Use Vogel’s Method and
◦ Construct IPR curve and what is Find:
bottom hole pressure when the • (Qo)max
well flow in 250 STB/day • (Qo) for Pwf= 1500
psi dan 500 psi
Fetkovitch’s Method
• Muskat and Evinger (1942) attempted to account for the observed
non-linier flow behaviour of wells by calculating a theoretical
productivity index from pseudo-state flow equation.

As a function of pressure

So = f(P)

Kro as function of
Oil saturation
Changing to time
Fetkovitch’s Method
• Fetkovitch (1973) suggest that pressure function f(p) can basically
fall into one of the following two regions
Case 1: Pr and Pwf > Pb
Undersaturated Oil Reservoir
• In this case, well producing from undersaturated oil reservoir

1
• Since is constant, then:
𝜇𝑜 𝐵𝑜

or 𝑞𝑜 = 𝐽 𝑃ഥ𝑟 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓
Case 2: Pr and Pwf < Pb
Saturated oil reservoir
• In the saturated region:
𝑝𝑟
0.00708𝑘ℎ 1 𝑝
𝑞𝑜 = න 𝑑𝑝
𝑟𝑒 3 𝜇 𝑜 𝐵𝑜 𝑝𝑏
[ln − + 𝑆] 𝑝𝑤𝑓 𝑝𝑏
𝑟𝑤 4
1 1
• Since is constant, then:
𝜇𝑜 𝐵𝑜 𝑝𝑏 𝑝𝑏
𝑝𝑟
0.00708𝑘ℎ 1 1
𝑞𝑜 = න 𝑝 𝑑𝑝
𝑟𝑒 3 𝜇 𝑜 𝐵𝑜 𝑝𝑏
[ln − + 𝑆] 𝑝𝑏 𝑝𝑤𝑓
𝑟𝑤 4
Case 2: Pr and Pwf < Pb
Saturated oil reservoir
0.00708𝑘ℎ 1
𝑞𝑜 = (𝑃𝑟 2 −𝑃𝑤𝑓 2 )
𝑟𝑒 3
𝜇𝑜 𝐵𝑜 𝑝𝑏 [ln − + 𝑆] 2𝑝𝑏
𝑟𝑤 4
• In term of productivity index:
1
𝑞𝑜 = 𝐽 (𝑃𝑟 2 −𝑃𝑤𝑓 2 )
2𝑝𝑏
1
• The term 𝐽 is commonly referred to Performance Coefficient (C)
2𝑃𝑏
𝑞𝑜 = 𝐶(𝑃𝑟 2 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 2 )
• To account for possibility of non-Darcy flow in oil wells:
2 2 𝑛
𝑞𝑜 = 𝐶 𝑃𝑟 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 This equation only valid at and below
bubble point pressure
Fetkovitch’s Method
2 2 𝑛
𝑞𝑜 = 𝐶 𝑃𝑟 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓
2 𝑛
𝑞𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶 𝑃𝑟
• Fetkovich IPR Equation is given as the “backpressure” modication form,
which is written as: 𝑛 This eq. requires a multi-rate
2
𝑞𝑜 𝑃𝑤𝑓
test to determine the value of n
𝑞𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1− 𝑃𝑟2 (exponent depending on well
• take differential: characteristics
𝑛
𝑑𝑞𝑜 𝑝𝑤𝑓
− = 𝑞𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑥 −2 2
𝑑𝑝𝑤𝑓 𝑝𝑟
• If drawdown is near zero: Pwf=Pr
2
• 𝐽 = 𝑞𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ( ) or 𝐽𝑝𝑟
𝑝𝑟 𝑞𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2
Case 3: Pr> Pb but Pwf < Pb
Saturated oil reservoir
• Case 3 is combination case 1 and case 2 =C
𝐽 𝑛
ഥ
𝑞𝑜 = 𝐽 𝑃𝑟 − 𝑃𝑏 + 2
𝑃𝑏2 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓
2𝑃𝑏

𝐽𝑃𝑏 𝑛
𝑃𝑤𝑓 2
𝑞𝑜 = 𝐽 𝑃𝑟 − 𝑃𝑏 + 1− 𝑃𝑏
2
= qo max

This equation only valid at and below bubble point pressure

How to determine C and n
• Fetkovitch’s Method:
𝑛
𝑞𝑜 = 𝐶 𝑃𝑟 2 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 2
• Convert to log:
log 𝑞𝑜 = log 𝐶 + 𝑛 log 𝑃𝑟 2 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 2
Construct IPR from Test Point

Flow after flow test Isochronal test Modified isochronal test

Exercise 6 - Fetkovich’s Method
1 • Data are given: 2 A flow-after-flow test was
• reservoir pressure=3000 conducted on a well producing
psi from a reservoir in which Pr =
• Tested flowing bottom- 3600 psi. The test results were:
hole pressure, Pwf1=2000 qo (STB/day) Pwf (Psi)
psi, q1=500 stb/day
• Tested flowing bottom- 263 3170
hole pressure, Pwf2=1000 383 2897
psi, q2=800 stb/day 497 2440
• Construct IPR of well in a 640 2150
saturated oil reservoir using
Fetkovitch’s and determine Construct IPR for this well and
qo max? determine qo max?