One Shot Mechanical Properties of Fluids 26 Sept

ONE SHOT - CLASS 11 - PHYSICS - MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

ONE SHOT
Physics, Grade- 11
Chapter flow
Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4

Statics Dynamics Viscosity Surface
Tension
Chapter flow

Statics Dynamics Viscosity Surface
Tension

Statics Dynamics Viscosity Surface Tension
Session flow
PART 1 STATICS
STATICS
1. PRESSURE
1. What are fluids?
2. What is pressure
3. Pascal’s law
4. Variation of Pressure with Depth
5. Atmospheric Pressure & Gauge Pressure
6. Hydraulic Pressure
2. BUOYANCY
1. What is Buoyancy
2. Archimedes Principle
PRESSURE 1. What are fluids?
↳ i
PRESSURE 2. What is pressure?
-
-
--
E P F1
=
E
Pressure:
It is defined as normal force per unit area.
-
⑧
PRESSURE 1. What are fluids?

Fluid:
Fluid is a substance which can flow even under small
application of force. Both liquid and gases are known as
fluid.

There are several examples

which show the importance of
Pressure.
● Cutting of vegetables
● Sleepers under railway

tracks
Why camel can easily walk in the

desert but we can not?
A Because he is heavier in weight
B Because he has larger surface

area of the feet
C Both

A Because he is heavier in weight
B Because he has larger surface

area of the feet
C Both

Solution:
A camel which is much heavier can easily
walk on sand because camel has broad
feet. The weight of the camel is spread
over the large area covered by its feet.

Solution:
Thus, the pressure exerted by its body on
the sand is less.
Density(𝝆):
It is defined as mass per unit volume.
- 13600kg/m3
Specific Gravity: 13 6
.
8/cm3 cys
↳ sparity-- [x1000
⑭
MKS
↳ 13 6
.
=
Sux/
In= 1g/cm3 CgS
↳ wooky (m3 MKS
A wooden block of mass m floats on the water surface

but a steel needle of same mass sinks why?
Density of wooden block is less than the water and

A
Density of steel needle is more than of water
Density of wooden block is more than the water
B
and Density of steel needle is less than of water
C Both

Density of wooden block is less than the water and

A
Density of steel needle is more than of water
Density of wooden block is more than the water
B
and Density of steel needle is less than of water
C Both

Solution:
Density is the reason for this because a matter of high
density will sink in the matter of lesser density.
0
If area of wall of a dam is 20 m2 and a normal
-
force of
1500 N is applied by the water on it, then calculate the
-
pressure applied by the water on the wall.
~ A 75 N/m2
E=
73 N/m2
P =
1506 B
C 76 N/m2
75N/m2 71 N/m2
=
D
A block of mass of a 2kg with dimensions 5 cm × =

20 X
cm =>
× 10 cm
-
respectively is kept on floor. The ratio of minimum to maximum

pressure it can exert on the floor is:
A 1:1
q
/107
Pinin 2204
-- -
P
man-g = om) B 1:2
-
-
mg C 1:4
man -
(5x10) 1:8
Prin= = D
Amon (20x10)
= =
1
20x4
Yu
20 =
A block of mass of a 2kg with dimensions 5 cm × 20 cm × 10 cm

A 1:1
B 1:2
C 1:4
D 1:8

Solution:
For Pmax bottom area should be minimum. So,
For Pmin bottom area should be maximum. So,


Solution:
Using (1) and (2)

PRESSURE 3. Pascal’s Law


Pascal also said that, pressure exerted at a point is same in
-
all directions in a fluid at rest.

-
0
Aim
A block of wood is floating in water in a closed
-
vessel as shown in the figure. The vessel is
X connected to an air pump. When more air is

-
pushed into the vessel, the block of wood floats

with (Neglect compressibility of water)
S
A Larger part in the water
B Smaller part in the water
C Same part in the water


connected to an air pump. When more air is
A Larger part in the water
B Smaller part in the water
C Same part in the water

-

connected to an air pump. When more air is
Solution:
From Pascal's law, pressure is changing at
every point by the same amount. Hence,
buoyancy remains the same. So, the part of
the block inside water remains the same.
The pressure at depth h below the

surface of a liquid of density ρ open to
the atmosphere is
Greater than the atmospheric
A
pressure by ρgh
Less than the atmospheric
B
pressure by ρgh
Equal to the atmospheric
C
pressure
The pressure at depth h below the

surface of a liquid of density ρ open to
the atmosphere is
Greater than the atmospheric
A
pressure by ρgh
Less than the atmospheric
B
pressure by ρgh
Equal to the atmospheric
C
pressure

level
↳ ot Same
Horizontal
-
s
-
IA ↳B ↳
, 4D
PA =
BB
=
Pc =
PD
↳
-S
Find out the relation of pressure among A, B, C.

(Pressure at the top has to be compared)
A PA > PB > PC
A
g
B PA < PB < PC
no B
0
C PA > PB = PC
- -
-P D A
= PB = PC

A PA > PB > PC
B PA < PB < PC
C PA > PB = PC
D PA = PB = PC

Solution:
Due to Pascal’s Law pressure at same level will be same
irrespective of shape.
C A B
↳ N Paxt
Jerom
F, =
10
L
↳
I/
e
-
E ⑧
/A
I
im2 B
&↑F
S
Ar -
- /
p E! 10
= 10
=
=
PA PB
=
=
I =
I
Hydraulic Machines :
These are the machines which works on the principle of
-O
Pascal’s law. There are many examples of hydraulic machines.
Hydraulic Press Hydraulic jack or lift Hydraulic Brakes

Hydraulic Lift :
In this machine, a small force is applied as input
and a large force is received as output.
-
0
O P
Pi a
⑧
PRESSURE 4. Variation of Pressure with Depth
In
I &
-
-
-
↳A
W
My
=
CAxh)xg
⑧
ex
dVg
=
p Ig h
=
pF =
Y xg
=
=
-
Ei
↑
2/2 ya-
- &
i
↳ Pressure dusto
Water
sqk =
PA =
Paep= Sgh
B
At equilibrium, Force balancing in vertical

direction.
In static fluid, the pressure at same

vertical height is______.
A different throughout the fluid
B same throughout the fluid

PRESSURE 5. Atmospheric Pressure & Gauge Pressure
In-P=S9h
in
- Sh
⑧
S
/
S
S ↳syh
upramme
Atmospheric Pressure:
The Pressure of the atmosphere at any point is equal
to the weight of column of air of unit cross sectional
area extending from that point to the top of the
atmosphere.
What will happen with a bottle if we

suck all the air out of it?
A It will expand
B It will collapse
C No change will occur


A It will expand
B It will collapse
C No change will occur


Solution:
We know atmosphere apply a constant 1
bar pressure on each and every thing in
the atmosphere, if we suck all the air from
inside the bottle then it will collapse there
will be no restoring force from inside the
bottle.
I
Barometer:
-
P = 0
PA=PAtm=40-Vaccue
=
4
S
-
A
I
- ---
-
B PA
Po=
=
Sgh
PB
Long ⑭
-
Po-Ing
P =
0 +
3gh AA

Po 1 01xIuSPa
Barometer:
= .
Po= Sngxgxh
h
[
=
76 am
=>
760m
=0 .
76m
Barometer:
-Gauge Pressure:
↳
D
-P Sgh
Spotul
=
Potigh
⑭ ->
Gauge Pressure:

Gauge Pressure:
Pressure which is measured with respect to atmospheric
pressure.
From diagram
By definition of gauge pressure

What is the difference between Gauge

Pressure and Absolute Pressure?
-
3
↳ -
-
Po-
59 ↳
What is the difference between Gauge

Pressure and Absolute Pressure?
The simplest way to explain the difference between

the two is that absolute pressure uses absolute zero
as its zero point, while gauge pressure uses
atmospheric pressure as its zero point.
Due to varying atmospheric pressure, gauge
pressure measurement is not precise, while absolute
pressure is always definite.
In standard barometer calculate the height of the tube

if water is used in place of mercury?
(If ρmercury = 13.6 × 103 kg/m3 , ρwater = 1000 kg/m3)
-
-
A 5.14 m
Po= Sngxgxh
E
-B 10.29 m
-
-
PA =
PB C 20.58 m
Po =
Twxgx4 D 0.760 m
XS
/
1 , 01x10 =
14 xoxh
⑰/m .

A 5.14 m
B 10.29 m
C 20.58 m
D 0.760 m

Solution:
We know atmospheric pressure is equal to 1.01 × 105 N/m2.

Solution:
From both the calculation it can be said that it is not feasible
to use water because it requires Large tube of length 10.29 m.
BUOYANCY 1. What Is Buoyancy?
* g
Fi
↑
-
I
BUOYANCY 2. Buoyant Force
=
-
-
-
-
- -
FB Wflai= Wax 3xVag

=
=
displaced
xYxy

The reason is very simple.
A force is acting on the block in the upward
direction when submerged in water.
It’s the buoyant force (FB) that acts in the upward
direction which is responsible for the reduction in
weight of the block.

Session flow
PART 2 DYNAMICS
DYNAMICS
1. When will liquid flow?

2. How liquid Flows?
3. Streamline flow
4. Continuity Equation
5. Bernoulli’s Principle
1. Torricelli's Equation (Speed of efflux)
6. How Dynamic Lift works
DYNAMICS 1. When will liquid flow?

DYNAMICS 2. How will liquid Flow?
X
DYNAMICS 2. How will liquid Flow?

DYNAMICS 3. Streamline flow
Streamlines are the imaginary curves, tangent on which

will give us the instantaneous velocity of fluid particle.
Streamlines do not cross each other’s path.
Do two streamlines cross each other?
A Yes
B No
C May be
A Yes
B No
C May be
Solution:
Two streamlines do not cross each other
because tangent at any streamline
represents the velocity (magnitude +
direction) at that particular instant of time,
and velocity of particle at one instant can’t
be in two directions.
DYNAMICS 3. Turbulent Flow
Turbulent Flow: When fluid particles does not flow in

form of layers i.e. during the fluid flow there is
intermixing of fluid layers, flow is said to be Turbulent
Flow.
DYNAMICS 4. Continuity Equation:
i
"s
↓V
OAY
dV
=
No
q -
If
=
Gent
dr , A2x &42
Al
=
-
-
dt di
A, V
,
=
AzV2
Why? (S2 > S1)

The continuity equation states that for a laminar

flow, the rate at which mass enters a system is equal
to the rate at which mass leaves a system.
𝝆1 A1 V1 t = 𝝆2 A2 V2 t
If it is an incompressible fluid (𝝆1 = 𝝆2)
A1V1 = A2V2
This is the Continuity Equation.

The continuity equation is based on

the principle of
A Conservation of mass
B Conservation of momentum
C Conservation of energy

the principle of
A Conservation of mass
B Conservation of momentum
C Conservation of energy

the principle of
Solution:
The equation based on the principle of
conservation of mass is called the
continuity equation. Thus, for a fluid
flowing through the pipe at all the
cross-section, the quantity of fluid flowing
per second is constant.
Calculate velocity of liquid from pipe 3.

D2 A 2.5 m/s
d
~
-
B 2.8 m/s
C 2.9 m/s
q
=
E Yas D 3.1 m/s
SX
SXV
I
50
=
36 +
03
a 9 92
= +
14 = SxV ,
3x12
(4/s 10xS = +
r
=
Calculate velocity of liquid from pipe 3.
A 2.5 m/s
B 2.8 m/s
C 2.9 m/s
D 3.1 m/s
DYNAMICS 5. Bernoulli’s Equation
Pet Ighz
+
34R
+
P
Exs2
-
+
I
194) -
I
It =
P2 Sghz+ V
+
Bernoulli's principle is based on the

principle of ____.
X
A conservation of mass.
~
B conservation of energy.

principle of ____.
A conservation of mass.
B conservation of energy.

principle of ____.
Solution:
This states that, in a steady flow, the sum
of all forms of energy in a fluid along a
streamline is the same at all points on that
streamline.
- -
According to Bernoulli’s Principle, “If an ideal fluid

moves along a streamline then sum of pressure (P),
kinetic energy per unit volume (𝝆V2/2) and potential
energy per unit volume (𝝆gh) remains constant.”
Why a ping-pong ball doesn’t rise

from a funnel when air is blown at high
speed from small constriction side of
funnel?
Because of low pressure at the bottom
A
and high pressure at top
Because of high pressure at the
B
bottom and low pressure at top
C Same pressure at both the side


PA
.
A
Vat
I Pa /
SghA
+
+ x3V
funnel?
= P 3gh +
+
/ V
·
B -
V Because of low pressure at the bottom
↳ PB
Pat SV = + SVB
A
and high pressure at top
O
PrPA ⑳
15 P +
=
Because of high pressure at the

! i re B
bottom and low pressure at top
C Same pressure at both the side


funnel?
I cant
Solution:
P +
U KEY-Pd When we blow air at high speed from the
VI KEL PM smaller constriction then according to
continuity equation, Being smaller in area
the velocity at that point will be higher.

funnel?
Solution:
According to Bernoulli’s Equation,
When velocity is higher at any place then
pressure will be lower , due to which a high
pressure region is created above the ball
and ball doesn’t rise from the funnel.
According to Bernoulli’s equation
The terms A, B and C are generally called respectively:
A Gravitational head, pressure head and velocity head
B Gravity, Gravitational, head and velocity head
C Pressure head, gravitational head and velocity head
D Gravity, pressure and velocity head

According to Bernoulli’s equation
The terms A, B and C are generally called respectively:
A Gravitational head, pressure head and velocity head
B Gravity, Gravitational, head and velocity head
C Pressure head, gravitational head and velocity head
D Gravity, pressure and velocity head


Torricelli's Equation (Speed of efflux)
Pi
- ?
I
- 2
-
vz
H
=
->
-
=>
-
1344594
+
=
P2+3gh
AU Acz
0p
=
3V2 3sh
,
+ +
,
+
Sgn =
A, Az I -I
, Ve Pr -Pe Ign 1gh 1 Ve

v +
-
=
V = 0
132
,
(P P2)
,
-
+
3g(n -
2) =
2
(P P2) Bg(n 4) 2
x
v
-
= +
-
, S
2)
v2
2y(u
(
-
=
+

2)
2y(u
)
v2 =
+
-
Pi e
panth
=
"
-
P =
P2
ve
x h)
=
-
-

m
=2000gY
- -
↳um->V
- -
-
-
-
v =
xx4
-
ox
=
/ =
V

Velocity of Efflux:
Applying Continuity Equation between (1) and (2)
A1V1 = A2V2
AV1 = aV2
As, A >> a ⇒ V1 << V2
V1 = 0 (Assumed)
Applying Bernoulli’s Equation between (1) and (2)

Outﬂow
This is known as Efflux Velocity
Horizontal Range (R) travelled by liquid:

R = Velocity of efflux x time
For range to be maximum:
n4
-
v
x h)
-
-
=
-
---
-
T
t
= After differentiating and solving,
Vxt
Ranger
=
( h)
-
=
h
-
x
H
=
24
=
x For getting maximum range the hole
I
should be at half of the total height.
⑰ Ram=
-2 ni
-
In the figure shown, v and R will increase if pressure

above the liquid surface inside the chamber is increased.
A False
B True
Discuss among yourselves

The total area of wings of an aeroplane is 10 m2. The

speed of air above and below the wings is 140 m/s and
-
-
110 m/s, then the force on the aeroplane by the air is ?
40x9( A 42000 N
-
PA A VA =
140
F =
- -
· -
44000 N
-
B
o
PB -
VB = 110
C 46000 N
PA + x (140) 2 Pts(118 D 48000 N
↳ S
A (x(k- e
ag-Pa) A = F

A 42000 N
B 44000 N
C 46000 N
D 48000 N

Solution:
Applying Bernoulli’s Principle between (1) and (2),
Potential Energy above and below the wings is

approximately same (h1 = h2) Putting values in Bernoulli’s
equation,

Solution:
P2-P , =
-. 28 [140-1102)

Solution:
Force exerted by air on the aeroplane,

DYNAMICS 5. Dynamic Lift:

Dynamic Lift:
Dynamic lift is the normal force that acts on a
body by virtue of its Motion through the fluid.
Exp: a) Airplane wings (Responsible for providing
Lift).
b) Spinning of ball in air.

Aerodynamic Lift:
Aerodynamic Lift:
The pressure on the upper surface where the flow is moving

faster is lower than the pressure on the lower surface where
it is moving slower. This pressure difference creates a net
aerodynamic force, pointing upward , known as
aerodynamic lift.
Magnus Effect:
Dynamic lift by virtue of spinning is known as Magnus effect.
Spinning of a ball
Case - 1 When the ball is not spinning.
If the ball moves in air but does not spin then velocity of the
ball above and below the ball is same, as a result there is no
pressure difference (ΔP = 0).
Case - 2 When the ball is moving in the air as well as spinning.
When the ball spins it drags the air above it therefore the velocity above the
ball is more as compared to the velocity below the ball, as a result there is a
pressure difference; the pressure is more below the ball. Because of pressure
difference there is an upward force.
Why do bowlers rub the ball?
A To generate reverse swing
B To generate swing
C To generate speed
A To generate reverse swing
B To generate swing
C To generate speed
Solution:
The bowlers and fielders rub the ball to
make the ball smooth and shiny on one
side and leave it rough on the other side to
generate reverse swing.
Let air be at rest at the front edge of a wing

and air passing over the surface of wing at a
fast speed v. If density of air is ⍴, the highest
value of v in streamline flow when
atmospheric pressure is P atmosphere is:
A B
C

A B
C

Solution:
As we know that pressure at some height
h is given by P atmosphere = ⍴gh --(1)
So if air is passing through the wings of
plane, then apply the equation of motion
v2 = u2 + 2gh

Solution:
Air is at rest so u = 0 and highest value of v
is at height
v2 = gh -----(2)

Solution:
Equating equation (1) and (2) we find
What is the most important cause for

the swing (sideward deviation) of a
cricket ball when bowled quickly?
A Negative Magnus effect
B Magnus effect
C Asymmetrical boundary layer

separation because the alignment of
the ball seam
What is the most important cause for

the swing (sideward deviation) of a
cricket ball when bowled quickly?
A Negative Magnus effect
B Magnus effect
C Asymmetrical boundary layer

separation because the alignment of
the ball seam
Magnus effect occurs on
A Spinning objects that are spherical
B Spinning objects that are cylindrical
C Spinning object moving through a fluid
D All of them
Magnus effect occurs on
A Spinning objects that are spherical
B Spinning objects that are cylindrical
C Spinning object moving through a fluid
D All of them
Water is flowing through a pipe under

constant pressure. At some place the
pipe becomes narrow, so the pressure:
A Decreases
B Increases

A Decreases
B Increases

Solution:
Given, That area of cross section at initial
point is more than the final point, From the
equation of continuity, we can say that
velocity at the final point is more than
initial point.

Solution:
Bernoulli theorem states that
At final point, the velocity is more, so the

pressure will be less. Therefore the
pressure decreases.
What is Magnus effect?

What is Magnus effect?
Magnus effect is a phenomena which explains

the spinning of ball. When a ball spins, it drags
along a layer of air with itself. When ball moves
forwards the air ahead rushes backward to fill
the space left vacant by the ball. The velocity of
ball above ball is opposite to the direction of
spin below it.
Water is filled in a tank upto 3 m height. The base of the

-
tank is at height 1 m above the ground. What should be

the height of a hole made in it, so that water can be
sprayed upto maximum horizontal distance on
ground?
A 3 m from ground
B 1.5 m from ground
C 1.5 m from base of tank
D 2 m from ground
Water is filled in a tank upto 3 m height. The base of the

tank is at height 1 m above the ground. What should be
the height of a hole made in it, so that water can be
sprayed upto maximum horizontal distance on
ground?
A 3 m from ground
B 1.5 m from ground
C 1.5 m from base of tank
D 2 m from ground
Session flow
PART 3 VISCOSITY
VISCOSITY
1. What is Viscosity?
2. Stoke’s Law
3. Terminal Velocity
VISCOSITY 1. What is Viscosity?
F *
-
ey -
-
-
E
a = - F
-
-
,je
Visco
+
4>⑦@>
&
Coff" -
, we
=
=
of vis. e
⑰ Fr= YAXk

Viscosity: Viscosity is defined as the internal resistance offered by a

layer of fluid to the adjacent layer during the fluid flow.
Fluid film between two Fluid flow in a pipe

glass plate
Coefficient of Viscosity (𝜼) : The coefficient of viscosity for a fluid is

defined as the ratio of shearing stress to strain rate.
Unit and Dimension of Coefficient of Viscosity (𝜼) :

Ns/m2 or Pa s ⇒⑳ M.K. S Unit
- Poiseuille (PI) ⇒ C.G.S Unit
-
I Pas Poiss
!
=
Dimension: [ML-1 T-1]

The viscosities of some fluids
Fluid T(°C) Viscosity (mPl)

Water 20 1.0
100 0.3
Blood 37 2.7
Machine oil 16 113
38 34
Glycerine 20 830
Honey 200
Air 0 0.017
40 0.019
Which of these fluids has the highest

viscosity?
A Water
B Honey
C Blood

viscosity?
A Water
B Honey
C Blood

viscosity?
Solution:
The viscosity of a substance, in simple
words, can be defined as the resistance of
the substance to flowing. and out of the
given options honey has the highest
viscosity
What happens to the viscosity of liquid

with the increase in temperature?
A It increases
B It decreases
C No changes
What happens to the viscosity of liquid

with the increase in temperature?
A It increases
B It decreases
C No changes
Valid for spheres

=> only
VISCOSITY 2. Stoke’s Law:
R
R
E = -
Gryer
VISCOSITY 2. Stoke’s Law:
Stoke’s Law:
When a body falls through a fluid, it drags the layer of the fluid in contact
with it, a motion between the different layers of the fluid is set and, as a
result the body experiences a retarding force, which is known as Viscous
Force.
Where,
VISCOSITY 3. Terminal Velocity
Terminal Velocity:
It is the maximum velocity attainable by an object as it falls through
a fluid .
5, 1
Fr=
GaraSexVxg Se
Yay ,
a
vsVg Al
SineV++SeVg= IsVg
oner-Sig-g -
Derivation of Terminal Velocity:
·
e
At equilibrium
This is known as Terminal velocity

If a sphere is released from the rest then its

velocity varies with time
When a sphere falling in a viscous fluid attains a

terminal velocity, then:
A the net force acting on the sphere is zero
B the drag force balances the buoyant force
C the drag force balances the weight of the sphere


A the net force acting on the sphere is zero
B the drag force balances the buoyant force
C the drag force balances the weight of the sphere


Solution:
Terminal velocity is said to be achieved when the
body has attained equilibrium under gravity,
buoyant and viscous forces, and velocity no more
changes due to any acceleration. Here velocity
is constant, so acceleration of sphere is zero.
A small metal sphere is dropped

through honey and another identical
sphere is dropped into a less viscous
oil, comment on terminal velocity ?
A Terminal Velocity will increase
B Terminal Velocity will decrease
C Terminal Velocity will remain increase


A Terminal Velocity will increase
B Terminal Velocity will decrease
C Terminal Velocity will remain increase


Solution:
We know,
As 𝜂 decreases terminal velocity increases.
Terminal Velocity will increase

if we drop the sphere in the
low viscosity oil.
Two identical spherical drops of water are falling

through air with a steady velocity of 20 cm/s. If the
drops combine to form a single drop, what would be
the terminal velocity of the single drop?
A 20 cm/s
B 32 cm/s
C 10 cm/s
D 40 cm/s

A 20 cm/s
B 32 cm/s
C 10 cm/s
D 40 cm/s

Solution:
Find radius of the combined drop and substitute in terminal
velocity formula
Adhesive Forces
Adhesive forces are attractive forces between
molecules of different materials.
Ex: Your hands get wet when you touch water due to
adhesive forces between water and skin molecules.
Cohesive Forces
Cohesive forces are the intermolecular forces
which cause a tendency in liquids to resist
separation. These attractive forces exist
between molecules of the same substance.
Session flow
PART 4 SURFACE TENSION
SURFACE TENSION
1. What is Surface Tension?

2.What is Surface Energy ?
1. Relation of surface energy & Surface Tension
3. Angle of Contact
4. Drops and Bubbles
5. Capillary Rise
SURFACE TENSION 1. What is Surface Tension?

·- -
&
·& -
⑧
I
⑧
Surface tension is net effect of cohesive forces in

downward direction on any surface.
Force of surface tension is perpendicular to the line

considered on the surface and tangential to the surface.
⑧
UP Al
I C
⑧ES =
-F
Surface tension depends upon the
A The force of attraction between the particles
B Attraction of solid, liquid or gas in contact
C Options A and B
Surface tension depends upon the
A The force of attraction between the particles
B Attraction of solid, liquid or gas in contact
C Options A and B
Soap helps in cleaning clothes, because
A It increases the surface tension of the solution
B It absorbs the dirt
C It lowers the surface tension of the solution
-
-
A It increases the surface tension of the solution
B It absorbs the dirt
C It lowers the surface tension of the solution

Solution:
Soap helps to lower the surface tension of
solution, thus soap get stuck to the dust
particles and grease and these are removed by
action of water.
What is the reason for Surface tension?

What is the reason for Surface tension?

The spiders and insects move and run about on the

surface of water without sinking because
A
Elastic membrane is formed on water due to property of
surface tension
B Spiders and insects are lighter
C Spiders and insects swim on water
D Spider and insects experience upthrust


A
Elastic membrane is formed on water due to property of
surface tension
B Spiders and insects are lighter
C Spiders and insects swim on water
D Spider and insects experience upthrust


Solution:
Weight of spiders or insects can be balanced by vertical
component of force due to surface tension.
A thread is tied slightly loose to a wire frame as in figure

and the frame is dipped into a soap solution and taken
out. The frame is completely covered with the film. When
the portion A punctured with a pin, the thread
A Becomes concave towards A
B Becomes convex towards A
C Remains in the initial position
D Either (A) or (B) depending on the size of A w.r.t. B


A Becomes concave towards A
B Becomes convex towards A
C Remains in the initial position
D Either (A) or (B) depending on the size of A w.r.t. B


Solution:
Because film tries to cover minimum surface area.
SURFACE TENSION 2.What is Surface Energy ?
*** *In n
x-e
-> F
W = Fxx =
BE
-
-2
--
(2u)&
S DE
-
=
W =
E AXS
I
ESXA
F
-
----
-
⑧
- F
SR
-
-
- ⑰S
& -
F =
Sx
Surface energy is the potential energy contained by the

molecules of the liquid surface due to which they stay on the
surface against inward force of attraction by other molecules.
External force applied to overcome the surface tension

force
Displacement in the direction of force is x,
This work done is converted into potential energy of the

molecules at the surface,
Surface Energy = S.A.
or
★ Surface tension is also defined as surface energy

per unit area.
★ Surface tension is the characteristic of surface of

liquid due to which it tries to decrease its area and
for this purpose applies a force of attraction
between the molecules at the surface.
3 =
Es
Surface tension of liquid is independent of the
A Temperature of the liquid
B Area of the liquid surface
C Nature of the liquid
D Impurities present in the liquid

Surface tension of liquid is independent of the
A Temperature of the liquid
B Area of the liquid surface
C Nature of the liquid
D Impurities present in the liquid

The rain drops are in spherical shape due to
A Viscosity
B Surface tension
C Thrust on drop
A Viscosity
B Surface tension
C Thrust on drop
Solution:
Surface tension tends to make the area of
rain drop minimum.
Energy needed in breaking a drop of radius R into n

drops of radii r is given by
R A 4𝝅T(nr2 - R2)
-?
B 4/3𝝅(r3n - R2)
<R
L
5
=
n C 4𝝅T(R2 - nr2)
⑳
R ne =
D 4𝝅T(nr2 + R2)
S2
- SGARR
⑲-
W
Es
=
=

~ A 4𝝅T(nr2 - R2)
B 4/3𝝅(r3n - R2)
C 4𝝅T(R2 - nr2)
D 4𝝅T(nr2 + R2)

Solution:
Energy needed = Increment in surface energy
= (surface energy of n small drops)
- (surface energy of one big drop)
= n4𝝅r2T - 4𝝅R2T = 4𝝅T(nr2 - R2)
One thousand small water drops of equal radii

combine to form a big drop. The ratio of final surface
energy to the total initial surface energy is
A 1000 : 1
B 1 : 1000
C 10 : 1
D 1 : 10

A 1000 : 1
B 1 : 1000
C 10 : 1
D 1 : 10

Solution:
As volume remains constant therefore R = n1/3 r
1. Relation of surface energy & Surface Tension
XA
Es =
SURFACE TENSION 3. Angle of Contact

7 0190
i
0790
r
O
--
30


SURFACE TENSION 4. Drops and Bubbles
A A
-
-
P
B
C
PATPB
B
SURFACE TENSION 4. Drops and Bubbles
Bubble
↓
SURFACE TENSION 4. Drops and Bubbles --

/
/ -
0
/
/R B
/
A
B S
/ -S
-
/ ,
/ -
PA PB 2X 1
2
-
=
-
w
..... 2x2
= PA-PB
=
A
/
=
PAC PB
A
~
SURFACE TENSION 5. Capillary Rise
w mxg vx3xg
=
=
SCOx2I OL90 I
-
O sand
- S
I -So
O
· A↑ Sxl
E
-==
F =
, 1
11 P
, 111 ,
F-- Scox2r
-
F =
2πSGO
I I
-
-A
↑
-
- m x 9
-
-
⑭x 9
F= 2aSca N24x3xg
E
=
/scao firthxg
-
d


09044
-so
14

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ONE SHOT - CLASS 11 - PHYSICS - MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4

Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4

Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4

PRESSURE 1. What are fluids?

PRESSURE 2. What is pressure?

PRESSURE 2. What is pressure?

PRESSURE 1. What are fluids?

PRESSURE 2. What is pressure?

PRESSURE 2. What is pressure?

There are several examples

● Sleepers under railway

Why camel can easily walk in the

A Because he is heavier in weight

B Because he has larger surface

Why camel can easily walk in the

A Because he is heavier in weight

B Because he has larger surface

Why camel can easily walk in the

Why camel can easily walk in the

PRESSURE 2. What is pressure?

PRESSURE 2. What is pressure?

A wooden block of mass m floats on the water surface

Density of wooden block is less than the water and

A wooden block of mass m floats on the water surface

Density of wooden block is less than the water and

A wooden block of mass m floats on the water surface

pressure applied by the water on the wall.

A block of mass of a 2kg with dimensions 5 cm × =

respectively is kept on floor. The ratio of minimum to maximum

A block of mass of a 2kg with dimensions 5 cm × 20 cm × 10 cm

A block of mass of a 2kg with dimensions 5 cm × 20 cm × 10 cm

For Pmin bottom area should be maximum. So,

A block of mass of a 2kg with dimensions 5 cm × 20 cm × 10 cm

Using (1) and (2)

PRESSURE 3. Pascal’s Law

PRESSURE 3. Pascal’s Law

all directions in a fluid at rest.

vessel as shown in the figure. The vessel is

X connected to an air pump. When more air is

pushed into the vessel, the block of wood floats

B Smaller part in the water

C Same part in the water

A block of wood is floating in water in a closed

A Larger part in the water

B Smaller part in the water

C Same part in the water

A block of wood is floating in water in a closed

The pressure at depth h below the

The pressure at depth h below the

PRESSURE 3. Pascal’s Law

Find out the relation of pressure among A, B, C.

Find out the relation of pressure among A, B, C.

Find out the relation of pressure among A, B, C.

PRESSURE 3. Pascal’s Law

PRESSURE 3. Pascal’s Law

PRESSURE 3. Pascal’s Law

PRESSURE 4. Variation of Pressure with Depth

PRESSURE 4. Variation of Pressure with Depth

PRESSURE 4. Variation of Pressure with Depth

At equilibrium, Force balancing in vertical

In static fluid, the pressure at same