FluidM-I Basim UTQ Ch4-FluidStatics-Flotation

Fall
semester
Fluid Mechanics
Chapter 4: Fluid Statics-
Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability
University of Thi-Qar
Civil Engineering
Second stage
By:
Dr. Basim M. N. Al-Zaidi

Fall Semester
Fluid Mechanics-I Chapter Four: Fluid Static-Flotation/Buoyancy
2nd Stage/Civil Eng. Dept. Prepared by: Dr. Basim M. N. Al- Zaidi
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
Chapter Four
Fluid Statics
Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability
1. Submerged body
The body DHCK immersed in the fluid is acted upon by gravity and the pressure of the surrounding fluid.
On the upper surface, the vertical component of the force is Fz and is equal to the weight of the volume of
fluid ABCHD.
Fz = weight of the volume of fluid ABCHD

Fz = L * Vol. (ABCHD)
In similar manner, the vertical component of force on the under surface is FZ` and is equal to the weight
of volume of fluid ABCKD.
FZ` = weight of the volume of fluid ABCKD

FZ` = L * Vol. (ABCKD)
The difference between these two volumes is the volume of the body DHCK.
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
Fluid Mechanics-I Fluid Statics – Buoyancy, Floating, & Stability
1
Vol. (DHCK) = Vol. (ABCKD) - Vol.(ABCHD)
The buoyant force of a fluid is denoted by FB, and vertically upward and equal to F Z` - FZ which is equal
to the weight of the volume of fluid DHCK that is, the buoyant force on anybody is equal to the weight of
fluid displaced.
Buoyant Force FB = FZ` - FZ

FB = weight of the volume of the fluid (DHCK)
FB = f * Vol. of object
FB = weight of fluid displaced
Note:
If the body is in equilibrium, W is equal and opposite to FB, which means that the densities of the body
and the fluid are equal.
If W is greater than FB, the body will sink.
If W is less than FB, the body will rise until its density and that the fluid are equal.
2
Archimedes’ principle states that the buoyant force has amagnitude equal to the weight of the
fluid displaced by the body and is diverted vertically upward.
Weight of the body in the air – the weight of the body in liquid = weight of displaced liquid (FB)
2. Floating body
For a body in liquid with a free surface, if its weight W is less than that of the same volume of liquid, it
will rise and float on the surface as in the figure, so that
W = FB
The body AHBK is then acted upon by gravity and the pressure of the fluid in contact with it.
The vertical component of the force on the undersurface is FZ` and is equal to the weight of the volume of
liquid AKB. This volume is the volume of liquid displaced by the body.
FZ` = weight of the volume of liquid ABK

FZ` = L * Vol. (ABK)
3
The buoyant force (FB) is vertically upward and equal to FZ`, so, just as for a fully submerged body is
equal to the weight of liquid displaced.
Thus a floating body displaced a volume of liquid equivalent to its weight, for equilibrium, the two force
W and FB must be equal and opposite and must lie in the same vertical line.
The buoyant force FB = FZ`  ΣFy = 0; FB = W
Weight of flowat body = weight of displaced fluid

W = FB ( buoyant force FB)
Example problem 1:
A stone weight 90 N, and when immersed in water it weights 50N. Compute the volume of the stone and
its specific gravity.
Solution:
4
‫‪Fluid Mechanics-I‬‬ ‫‪Chapter Four: Fluid Static-Flotation/Buoyancy‬‬
‫‪2nd Stage/Civil Eng. Dept.‬‬ ‫‪Prepared by: Dr. Basim M. N. Al- Zaidi‬‬
‫‪Fluid Mechanics-I‬‬ ‫‪Fluid Statics – Buoyancy, Floating, & Stability‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪Example problem 2:‬‬
‫‪What fraction of the volume of a solid piece of metal of S.G 7.25 floats above the surface of a container‬‬
‫?‪of mercury of S.G = 13.57‬‬
‫‪Solution:‬‬
‫‪Hydrometry and Hydrometer‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
Precise measurement of the specific weight of a liquid is done by utilizing the principle of buoyancy.
Hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity of liquids. It is a class bulb that is
weighted on one end to make the hydrometer float in a vertical postion and has a stem of constant diameter
etending from the other end. The hydrometer is so designed that only the stem end etends above the liquid
surface.
The submerged volume in pure water is V, then in the denser liquid it is (V-A ∆ h) and then the
hydrometer weight ( float body).
W = w V
w V = liq Vsub
w V = S.G w (V-A ∆h)
V = S.G w (V-A ∆h)
V = S.G V- S.G A ∆h
S.G A ∆h = S.G V-V
S. G V − V
∆h =
S. G A
V 1
∆h = (1 − S.G )
A
V S.G−1
∆h = (1 − )
A S.G
7
3. Stability of submerged and floating bodies
Stability
The stability of a body can be determined by considering what happens when it is displaced from its
equilibrium position. A body is said to be in a stable equilibrium position if, when displaced, it returns
to its equilibrium position. Conversely, it is in an unstable equilibrium position if, when displaced
(even slightly), it moves to a new equilibrium position.
3.1. Stability of Submerged body

If
G : is a point where the weight of the body is act ( center of gravity of the body)
B : is a point of the center of buoyancy
Note :
For stability of a submerged body, the body center of gravity must lie directly below the center of buoyant
of the displaced liquid ( center of buoyancy B).
8
‫‪9‬‬
Note:
i. If the two points coincide (B&G) the submerged body is in neutral equilibrium.
ii. If the (G) is to the right of the line of action of the buoyant force when the body is rotated
slightly counter clockwise, the floating body is stable. if instead the (G) is to the left of the line
of action of the buoyant force, the floating body unstable.
3.2 Stability of Floating body
There is several possibility for stability in floating body depend on point M which is called metacenter.
Where M is the point of intersection of normal axis of the body and the line of action of the upthrust in
the new position.
Meta center : it is defined as the point about which a body strats oscillating when the body is tilted a small
angle. The metacenter may also be defined as the point at which the line of action of the force of buoyancy
will meet the normal axis of the body when the body is given a small angular displacement.
Figure Metacenter
Stability of Floating body examples:
10
‫‪Floating body Unstable configuration‬‬
‫‪Floating body -Unstable configuration‬‬
‫‪The distance MG between the metacenter M and center of gravity G or CG is called the metacenterric‬‬
‫‪height (hm).‬‬
‫‪11‬‬
Note:
If M above G then the body is stable.
If M below G then the body is unstable
If M coincide G then the body is neutral stable.
BM = BG + GM
If GM (+ve) then the body is stable (M above G). [MG or GM is metacenter height].
If GM (-ve) then the body is unstable (M below G)
𝐼
𝐵𝑀 =
𝑉𝑑
I: moment of inertia of horizontal section of the body taken at the surface of the fluid.
𝐿𝑏 3
𝐼=
12
Vd : volume of displaced liquid

BG : the distance between B&M
GM : the distance between G&M
BM : the distance beween B&M
The restoring couple is:

̅̅̅̅̅ 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝑊. 𝑀𝐺.
̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝐺. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑋 in fig
Or
𝐹𝐵. ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝐺. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼  W = FB
Where
𝛼 : angular displacement
W : the gravity force of the body
12
‫‪A uniform rectangular body 2 m long, 1 m wide and 0.8m deep floats in water. The depth of immersion‬‬
‫‪0.6m. a) what is the weight of the body ?. b) find the position of the metacenter , and c) is it equilibrium‬‬
‫?‪stable‬‬
‫‪13‬‬
‫‪A pontoon, 4.57 m long, 2.74 m wide and 1.22m high is built of uniform material m. How much of it is‬‬
‫‪submerged when floating in water?  m = .07 Kn/m3.‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
Example problem 5:
A spherical buoy has a diameter of 1.5m, weights 8.5 KN and is anchored to the sea floor with a cable as
is shown in fig below. Although the buoy normally floats on the surface, a certain times the water depth
increases, so that the buoy is completely immersed and illustrated. For this condition what is the tension
of the cable if the specific weight of sea water is 101.1 KN/m3.
Solution:
15
‫=‪A soild cylinder is 3 m ft in diameter, 6 ft heigh, and weighs 1550 ib, if the cylinder is placed in oil (S‬‬
‫?‪0.9) with its axis vertical, would it be stable‬‬
‫‪Solution :‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫‪A soild block, of specific gravity 0.9, float such that 75 percent of its volume is in water and 25 percent of‬‬
‫?‪its volume is in fluid X as shown in fig below. What is the specific gravity of the fluid X‬‬
‫‪17‬‬
Example problem 8:
A barge with a flat bottom and square ends as shown in fig. has a draft of 1.8m when fully loaded and
floating in an upright position. Is barrage stable? if the barge is stable, what is the righting moment in water
when the angle of heel is 12?
Solution:
Note:
One method of obtaing the magnitude of the righting couple ( which must equal the magnitude of the
external couple for equilibrium) is to find the eccentricity e, the dimension is the distance between the two
parallel, equal forces W and FB that from the righting couple.
18
‫‪Determine the volume of an object that weighs 980 N in water and 112.76 N in oil (S =0.8). What is the‬‬
‫?‪specific weight of the object‬‬
‫‪19‬‬
‫‪Solved problems:‬‬
‫‪SP1 Determine the volume of an object that weighs 5.5 lb in water and 8 lb in oil (S=0.82). what is the‬‬
‫?‪specific weight of the object‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
SP2 Derive the relation between a & b.
SP3 A wooden pole weighing 6.3 N/m3 and length L = 6m has cross sectional area of 0.15 m2 and is
supported as shown in figure below. The hing P is frictionless. Find the weight of the body (=24 ×103)?
Solution:
SP4 A cylindrical bucket 250 mm in diameter and 400 mm high, weighing 20 N contains oil (S=0.8) to a
depth of 150mm.
21
a) When placed to float in water, what will be the immersion depth to the bottom of the bucket?
b) What is the maximum volume of oil the bucket can hold and still float?
Solution
SP5 A pontoon, 4.7 m long, 2.74 m wide, and 1.22 m high, is built of uniform material,  = 7.07 KN/m3.
How much of it is submerged when floating in water?
Solution :
22
‫‪SP 6‬‬
‫‪The homogeneous timber AB of Fig. is 0.15 m by 0.35 m in cross section. Determine the specific weight‬‬
‫‪of the timber and the tension in the rope.‬‬
‫‪Solution :‬‬
‫‪23‬‬
SP 7
A 2-ft-thick block constructed of wood (SG = 0.6) is submerged in oil (SG=0.8) and has a 2-ft-thick
aluminum (specific weight _ 168 lb/ft3) plate attached to the bottom as indicated in Fig. Determine
completely the force required to hold the block in the position shown. Locate the force with respect to point
A.
Solution:
24
‫‪SP 8‬‬
‫‪An iceberg (specific gravity 0.917) floats in the ocean (specific gravity 1.025). What percent of the volume‬‬
‫?‪of the iceberg is under water‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
SP 9
A rectangular pontoon 10 m long, 7 m broad and 2.5 m deep weighs 686.7 KN. It carries on its upper deek
an empty boiler of 5 m diameter weighting 588.6 KN. The center of gravity of the boiler and the pontoon
are at their respective center along a vertical line. Find the meta-center height. Weight density of sea water
is 10.104 KN/m3.
Solution:
26
‫‪27‬‬
‫‪SP 10‬‬
‫‪Derive the expression for the ratio of base diameter to the height of a cone to float in a fluid in a stable‬‬
‫‪condition given the relative density between the solid and the fluid as S.‬‬
‫‪Solution‬‬
‫‪28‬‬

FluidM-I Basim UTQ Ch4-FluidStatics-Flotation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

FluidM-I Basim UTQ Ch4-FluidStatics-Flotation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fall

Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability

Dr. Basim M. N. Al-Zaidi

Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability

Fz = weight of the volume of fluid ABCHD

FZ` = weight of the volume of fluid ABCKD

Buoyant Force FB = FZ` - FZ

If W is greater than FB, the body will sink.

FZ` = weight of the volume of liquid ABK

The buoyant force FB = FZ`  ΣFy = 0; FB = W

Weight of flowat body = weight of displaced fluid

‫‪Hydrometry and Hydrometer‬‬

w V = S.G w (V-A ∆h)

V = S.G w (V-A ∆h)

S.G A ∆h = S.G V-V

3.1. Stability of Submerged body

3.2 Stability of Floating body

Stability of Floating body examples:

‫‪Floating body Unstable configuration‬‬

‫‪Floating body -Unstable configuration‬‬

Vd : volume of displaced liquid

The restoring couple is:

You might also like