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Objectives:
Introduction of flexibility and stiffness methods
Analyze continuous beams with and without support settlement upto two unknowns
Development of flexibility and stiffness matrices
Analysis of beams using flexibility and stiffness methods
Compute support reactions; draw shear force and bending moment diagrams
Now a day’s stiffness method is being extensively used. Several software’s and
programs are developed based on this powerful stiffness method.
Static Indeterminacy: The number of equations required over and above the equations
of static equilibrium for the analysis of structure is known as static indeterminacy.
1. Basics
Structure Slope Deflection
= ∆ =
2
= ∆ = (2 − )
2
= ∆ =
2 3
= ∆ = (3 − )
2 6
= ∆ =
6 8
=
3
=
6
= = ∆ =
2 8
= = ∆ =
16 48
(2 − )
=
6
( − ) ∆ =
= 3
6
5
= = ∆ =
24 384
Number of Displacements = 4
No. of unknown reactions=4 (1,2,3, 4)
No. of equilibrium equations = 3 (∑X=0,∑Y=0, ∑M=0)
/ 1125/
∆ = (15 ) =
3
1125/ 1125
Deflection at B due to unit reaction at B,
∆ = =
∆
0=
/
Where
f Flexibility/ flexibility coefficient
Δ Deflection
R Reaction
∆ + 0/ = 0
534.38 1125/
− + =0
/ = 0.47523 = 4753
Let us assume the indeterminate degrees freedoms are 1 (marked at support B) and 2 (marked at
support C)
1 48 3 ∗ 4 15 1 40 2 ∗ 4
∆ = 78 ∗ 4 ∗ 9 ∗ : + 84 ∗ ∗ 29 + 8 ∗ 4 ∗ ∗ 9
3 4 2 3
1 48 3∗4 1 55 2 ∗ 5.5
∆ = 78 ∗ 4 ∗ 9 ∗ 83 + 9: + < ∗ 5.5 ∗ ∗ 81.5 + 9=
3 4 2 3
Let us assume joint B and C are marked as redundancy 1 and 2 as shown in Figs. above.
1 4 2∗4 21.3
0>> = 78 ∗ 4 ∗ 9 ∗ 8 9: =
2 3
1 4 2∗4 3 45.3
0> = 78 ∗ 4 ∗ 9 ∗ 8 9: + 84 ∗ ∗ 29 =
2 3
1 7 2∗7 114.3
0 = 78 ∗ 7 ∗ 9 ∗ 8 9: =
2 3
21.3 45.3
? = @ A
45.3 114.3
∆C ∆ 0 0> /
−B E + B E = 7 >> :B E
∆CD ∆ 0> 0 /
∆C
where
B E
∆CD
Displacement Vector due to sinking
∆
B E
∆
Displacement vector due to external loads
0>> 0>
7 :
0> 0
Flexibility Matrix
/
B E
/
Reaction Vector
As there is no support sinking, displacement vector due to sinking becomes null. The
reaction vector,
/ 0 0> >
∆
B E = 7 >> : B E
/ 0> 0 ∆
N = / N N = / N − O(N − )
(when 0<x<a) (when a<x<L)
RS N RS N O(N − )
Integrating
= −/M + T = −/M + +T
RN 2 RN 2 2
N N O(N − )
Integrating again
S = −/M + TN + U S = −/M + + TN + U
6 6 6
Boundary Conditions At x=0, y=0
At x=0, y=0, At x=L, y=0
B=0 B=0
O( − ) O( − )
The deflection equation becomes,
0=− + + T
6 6
O( − ) O( − )
T = −
6 6
O( − ) O( − )
T= −
6 6
O( − ) ( − )
T= V − W
6
O( − ) O( − ) O( − ) ( − )
Deflection under Load, (x=a)
S = − + +X V − WY
6 6 6
O( − ) − ( − )
S = − X WY − V
6
O( − ) 2 − ( + − 2 )
S = − X − V WY
6
O( − )
2 −
S = − X − V WY
6
O( − )
S = − Z
−2 2
+ [
6
O( − )
S = − Z2
−2 2
[
6
O( − ) 2
S=
3
The Deflection equations are,
S = − +] ^ − _` N
\(' M) & ( \(' M) (' M)"
' * * '
(0<x<a)
S = − + +] ^ − _` N
\(' M) & ( \(& M)( \(' M) (' M)"
' * * * '
(a<x<L)
Simply supported beam with UDL at some part of one of the support
& = /M N −
a(& M)"
(when a<x<L)
N = / N −
2
"
P" Q
= −/M N R S b(N − )
= −/M N +
RN 2
P&
RS N RS N b(N − )3
Integrating
= −/M + T = −/M + +T
RN 2 RN 2 6
N N b(N − )4
Integrating again
S = −/M + TN + U S = −/M + + TN + U
6 6 24
Boundary Conditions At x=0, y=0
At x=0, y=0, At x=L, y=0
B=0 B=0
b( − )
The deflection equation becomes,
0 = −/M + + T
6 24
b( − ) b( − )
T = −
12 24
b( − ) b( − )
T= −
12 24
b( − )
T= (2 − ( − ) )
24
b( − )
T= ( − + 2 )
24
S = − +V ( − + 2 )W N
a(' M)" & ( a(' M)"
> ' '
(0<x<a)
S = − + +V ( − + 2 )W N
a(' M)" & ( a(& M)# a(' M)"
> ' '
(a<x<L)
20736
L=36m, a=24m, x=24m, w=4t/m
∆ =
Dr. S. Madhuri, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Jamshedpur.
Email: smadhuri.ce@nitjsr.ac.in
b( − ) N b( − )
Deflection at C
17280
L=36m, a=24m, x=12m, w=4t/m
∆ =
10026.67
∆ =
For Deflection at C,
X=24m, a=16m, L-a=20m, W=12t
9557.33
∆ =
Deflection at B
b( − ) N b( − )
S = − +< ( − + 2 )= N
12 24
8640
L=36m, a=24m, x=12m, w=2t/m
∆ =
10368
L=36m, a=24m, x=24m, w=2t/m
∆ =
∆c ∆d
20736 17280
Load
4t/m
10026.67 9557.33
12t
8640 10368
2t/m
efghi. jk ekihn. ee
lm lm
Total Deflection
Redundancy 1
768
∆ = 0>> =
672
∆ = 0 > =
Redundancy 2
672
∆ = 0> =
768
∆ = 0 =
The flexibility matrix is,
768 672
? = @ A
672 768
Compatibility equation is,
∆C
where
B E
∆CD
Displacement Vector due to sinking
∆
B E
∆
Displacement vector due to external loads
0>> 0>
7 :
0> 0
Flexibility Matrix
/
B E
/
Reaction Vector
/ 0 0> >
∆
B E = 7 >> : B E
/ 0> 0 ∆
Hence
/R = 10.55K
/ + / + /o + /R = (4 ∗ 12) + 12 + (2 ∗ 12)
Applying sum of forces in vertical direction is zero,
/ = 20.26K
Internal Moment at B
E=2*1011 N/m2
I=1.35*10-3 m4
EI=270*106 Nm2=27000tm2
∆C ∆ 0 0> /
−B E = − B E + 7 >> :B E
∆CD ∆ 0> 0 /
∆C
where
B E
∆CD
Displacement Vector due to sinking
∆
B E
∆
Displacement vector due to external loads
0>> 0>
7 :
0> 0
Flexibility Matrix
/
B E
/
Reaction Vector
/ 0 0> >
∆ ∆C
B E = 7 >> : B E−B E
/ 0> 0 ∆ ∆CD
780 672
/ () −
B E = @ A I1.457J
/ 138240 672 780 1.377
−
/ 193.63 37.82
B E= I J=I Jt
pq
/ >r 78.43 15.32