MECHANICALPRINCIPLES H2

TUTORIAL 3

SAE 1

1. A cantilever beam is 6 m long and has a point load of 20 kN at the free end. The flexural stiffness is
110 MNm2. Calculate the slope and deflection at the free end.

y = FL3/3EI = - (20 000 x 63)/ (3 x 110 x 106) = - 0.013 m or 13 mm down.

dy/dx = FL2/2EI = (20 000 x 62)/(2 x 110 x 106) = 0.00327

2. A cantilever beam is 5 m long and has a point load of 50 kN at the free end. The deflection at the free
end is 3 mm downwards. The modulus of elasticity is 205 GPa. The beam has a solid rectangular
section with a depth 3 times the width. (D= 3B). Determine

i. the flexural stiffness.

ii. the dimensions of the section.

y = -FL3/3EI = -0.003 = - (50 000 x 53)/ (3 EI)

EI = (0.003 x 3)/ (50 000 x 53) = 694.4 x 106 Nm2
I = 694.4 x 106 /E = 694.4 x 106 /205 x 109 = 0.003387 m4
I = BD3/12 and substitute D = 3B
I = 0.003387 = 27B4/12 B4 = 0.001505 B = 0.197 m D = 0.591 m

BEAMS TUTORIAL 3 SAE 2

1. A cantilever is 6 m long with a u.d.l. of 1 kN/m. The flexural stiffness is 100 MNm2. Calculate the
slope and deflection at the free end.

y = -wL4/8EI = (-1000 x 64)/(8 x 100 x 106) = -0.00162 m or 1.62 mm down

dy/dx = wL3/6EI = (20 000 x 63)/(6 x 110 x 106) = 360 x 10-6

2. A cantilever beam is 5 m long and carries a u.d.l. of 8 kN/m. The modulus of elasticity is 205 GPa and
beam is a solid circular section. Calculate

i. the flexural stiffness which limits the deflection to 3 mm at the free end.
ii. the diameter of the beam. (379 mm).

EI = wL4/8y = 8000 x 54/(8 x 0.003) = 208.3 x 106 Nm2

I = 208.3 x 106/ 205 x 109 = 0.0010161 m4
I = 0.0010161 = πD4/64 D4 = (0.0010161x 64)/π = 0.0207 D = 0.379 m

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 BEAMS TUTORIAL 3 SAE 3

1. A simply supported beam is 4 m long and has a load of 200 kN at the middle. The flexural stiffness is
300 MNm2. Calculate the slope at the ends and the deflection at the middle.

y = -FL3/48EI = - (200 x 103 x 43)/ (48 x 300 x 106) = -0.00089 m or 0.89 mm down
dy/dx = FL2/16EI = (200 x 103 x 42)/(16 x 300 x 106) = 0.000667

2. A simply supported beam is made from a hollow tube 80 mm outer diameter and 40 mm inner
diameter. It is simply supported over a span of 6 m. A point load of 900 N is placed at the middle.
Find the deflection at the middle if E=200 GPa.

I = π(0.084 – 0.044) /64 = 1.885 x 10-6 m4

y = -FL3/48EI = - (900 x 63)/ (48 x 200 x 109 x 1.885 x 10-6) = -0.0107 m or 10.7 mm down

3. Find the flexural stiffness of a simply supported beam which limits the deflection to 1 mm at the
middle. The span is 2 m and the point load is 200 kN at the middle.

EI = FL3/48y = (200x 103 x 23)/(48 x 0.001) = 33.3 x 106 Nm2

BEAMS TUTORIAL 3 SAE 4

1. A simply supported beam is 4 m long with a u.d.l. of 200 N/m. The flexural stiffness is 100 MNm2.
Calculate the slope at the ends and the deflection at the middle.

y = -5wL4/384 EI = -(5 x 200 x 44)/(384 x 100 x 106) = -6.67 x 10-6 m

dy/dx = wL3/24 EI =(200 x 43)/(24 x 100 x 106) = 5.33 x 10-6

2. A simply supported beam is made from a hollow tube 80 mm outer diameter and 40 mm inner
diameter. It is simply supported over a span of 6 m. The density of the metal is 7300 kg/m3. E=200
GPa. Calculate the deflection at the middle due to the weight of the beam.

I = π(0.084 – 0.044) /64 = 1.885 x 10-6 m4

A = π(0.082 – 0.042) /4 = 3.77 x 10-3 m2
Volume/length = 3.77 x 10-3 m3/m
Mass/length = 3.77 x 10-3 x 7300 = 27.52 kg/m
w = 27.52x 9.81 = 269.97 N/m

y = -5wL4/384EI = - (5 x 269.97 x 64)/ (384 x 200 x 109 x 1.885 x 10-6) = -0.012 m or 12 mm down

3. Find the flexural stiffness of a simply supported beam which limits the deflection to 1 mm at the
middle. The span is 2 m and the u.d.l. is 400 N/m.

EI = -5wL4/384 y = (5x 400x 24)/(384 x 0.001) = 83300 Nm2

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 BEAMS TUTORIAL 3 SAE 5

1. Find the deflection at the centre of the beam shown. The flexural stiffness is 20 MNm2.

This is a symmetrical load so R1 = R2 = (100 + 100 + 6x6)/2 = 118 N

Measure x from the left.

Mx = EI d2y/dx2 = R1(x) – 100[x – 2] – 100[x-5] – wx2/2

Mx = EI d2y/dx2 = 118(x) – 100[x – 2] – 100[x-5] – 6x2/2

Integrate
EI dy/dx = 118(x2)/2 – 100[x – 2]2/2 – 100[x-5] 2/2 – 6x3/6 + A

Integrate
EI y = 118(x3)/6 – 100[x – 2]3/6 – 100[x - 5] 3/6 – 6x4/24 + Ax + B

Boundary Conditions are x =0, y = 0 and x = 7, y = 0

EI(0)y = 118(03)/6 – 100[0 – 2]3/6 – 100[0 - 5] 3/6 – 6 (04)/24 + A0 + B

Ignore negative results for square brackets so B = 0

EI (0) = 118(73)/6 – 100[7 – 2]3/6 – 100[7 - 5] 3/6 – 6(74)/24 + 7A + 0

0 = 6745.7 – 2083.3 – 133.3 – 600.25 + 7A

0 = 6745.7 – 2083.3 – 133.3 – 600.25 + 7A
-3928.75 = 7A A = -561.25

EI y = 118(x3)/6 – 100[x – 2]3/6 – 100[x - 5] 3/6 – 6x4/24 -561.25x

Put x = 3.5
EI y = 118(3.53)/6 – 100[3.5 – 2]3/6 – 100[3.5 – 5] 3/6 – 6(3.5)4/24 -561.25(3.5)
EI y = 118(3.53)/6 – 100[1.5]3/6 – 0 – 6(3.5)4/24 - 561.25(3.5)
EI y = 843.2 – 56.25 – 0 – 37.51 – 1963.5 = -1214
y = -1214/20 x 106 = -60.7 x 10-6 or 0.0607 mm down

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2. Find the deflection of the beam shown at the centre position. The flexural stiffness is 18 MNm2.

Moments about the left end.

5R1 = 2000 x 3.5 + 5000 x 2.5 + 1500 x 52/2 = 38250 N
R1 = 7650 N
5R2 = 2000 x 1.5 + 5000 x 2.5 + 1500 x 52/2 = 34250 N
R2 = 6850 N
Check R1 + R2 = 145000 2000 + 5000 + 5(1500) = 145000 so it is correct

Measure x from the left.

Mx = EI d2y/dx2 = R1(x) – 2000[x – 1.5] – 5000[x - 2.5] – 1500x2/2
Mx = EI d2y/dx2 = 7650(x) – 2000[x – 1.5] – 5000[x - 2.5] – 1500x2/2

Integrate
EI dy/dx = 7650( (x2)/2 – 2000[x – 1.5]2/2 – 5000[x – 2.5] 2/2 – 1500x3/6 + A

Integrate
EI y = 7650( (x3)/6 – 2000[x – 1.5]3/6 – 5000[x – 2.5] 3/6 – 1500x4/24 + Ax + B

Boundary Conditions are x =0, y = 0 and x = 5, y = 0

As in the last question B = 0

Put x = 5
EI y = 7650(53)/6 – 2000[5 – 1.5]3/6 – 5000[5 – 2.5] 3/6 – 1500(5)4/24 + 5A

0 = 159375 – 14291.7 – 13020.8 – 39062.5 + 5A

0 = 93000 + 5A A = -18600

Put x = 2.5
EI dy/dx = 7650 (2.53)/6 – 2000[2.5 – 1.5]3/6 – 5000[2.5 – 2.5] 3/6 – 1500(2.5)4/24 - 2.5(18600)
EI dy/dx = 19921.87 – 333.3 – 0 – 2441.4 – 46500 = - 29352.8

y = -29352.8/18 x 106 = -0.0016 or 1.6 mm down

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3. Find value of E I which limits the deflection of the beam shown at the end to 2 mm.

Measure x from the left end.

Mx = EI d2y/dx2 = 1200 [x – 1.8] – 400x2/2

Integrate
EI dy/dx= 1200 [x – 1.8]2/2 – 400x3/6 + A

Integrate
EI y = 1200 [x – 1.8]3/6 – 400x4/24 + Ax + B

Boundary conditions are x = 3, y = 0 and dy/dx = 0 (at the wall)

EI dy/dx = 0 = 1200 [3 – 1.8]2/2 – 400(3)3/6 + A

0 = 864 – 1800 + A A = 936

EI y = 0 = 1200 [3 – 1.8]3/6 – 400(3)4/24 + 936(3) + B

0 = 345.6 – 1350 + 2808 + B B = -1803.6

At the end x = 0, y = - 0.002

EI (-0.002) = 1200 [0 – 1.8]3/6 – 400(0)4/24 + 936(0) -1803.6

EI (-0.002) = 0 – 0 + 0 -1803.6
EI =1803.6 /0.002 = 901800 Nm2

4. A cantilever is 5m long and has a flexural stiffness of 25 MNm2. It carries a point load of 1.5 kN at
the free end and a u.d.l. of 500 N/m along its entire length. Calculate the deflection and slope at the
free end.

This may be solved using standard equations.

y = -FL3/3EI – wL4/8EI = -1500(5)3/ (3 x 25 x 106) – 500(5)4/(8 x 25 x 106) = - 0.0040625 m

dy/dx = FL2/2EI + wL3/6EI = 1500(5)2/(2 x 25 x 106) + 500(5)3/(6 x 25 x 106) = 1.1667 x 10-3

5. A cantilever beam is 6 m long and has a point load of 800 N at the free end and a u.d.l. of 400 N/m
along its entire length. Calculate the flexural stiffness if the deflection is 1.5 mm downwards at the
free end.

This may be solved using standard equations.

y = - 0.0015 = -FL3/3EI – wL4/8EI = -(1/EI)[800(6)3/ 3 + 400(6)4/8

y = - 0.0015 = -122.4 x 103/EI EI = 122.4 x 103/0.0015 = 81.6 x 106 Nm2

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6. A simply supported beam is 6 m long and has a flexural stiffness of 3 MNm2. It carries a point load of
800 N at the middle and a u.d.l. of 400 N/m along its entire length. Calculate the slope at the ends and
the deflection at the middle.

y = -FL3/48EI – 5wL4/384EI = -800(6)3/ (48 x 3 x 106) – 5(400)(6)4/(384 x 3 x 106) = - 0.00345 m

dy/dx = FL2/16EI + wL3/24EI = 800(6)2/(16 x 3 x 106) + 400(6)3/(24 x 3 x 106) = 1.8 x 10-3

7. Calculate the flexural stiffness of a simply supported beam which will limit the deflection to 2 mm at
the middle. The beam is 5 m long and has a point load of 1.2 kN at the middle and a u.d.l. of 600 N/m
along its entire length.

The beam has a solid rectangular section twice as deep as it is wide. Given the modulus of elasticity is
120 GPa, calculate the dimensions of the section.

y = -FL3/48EI – 5wL4/384EI = -1200(5)3/ (48EI) – 5(600)(5)4/(384EI) = - 0.002 m

EI = 8000/0.002 = 4 x 106 Nm2

I = BD3/12 = B(2B)3/12 = 8B4/12 B4 = (12/8)( 4 x 106) = 50 x 10-6

B = 0.085 m D = 0.168 m

BEAMS TUTORIAL 3 SAE 6

1.

d2y x2
EI = M x = R x − 80[ x − 4 ] − 5 + MA
dx 2 A 2
Integrate

dy x2 [x − 4] 2 x3
EI = RA − 80 − 5 + MAx + A
dx 2 2 6
From the boundary condition x = 0, dy/dx = 0 it follows that A = 0
Put in the other boundary condition x = 6, dy/dx = 0
Integrate
x3 [x − 4 ] 3 x4 x2
EIy = R A − 80 − 5 + MA + B
6 6 24 2
From the boundary condition x=0, y = 0 it follows that B = 0
Put in the other boundary condition x = 6, dy/dx = 0 and y = 0
dy 62 [6 − 4] 2 63
EI = 0 = RA − 80 − 5 + MA 6
dx 2 2 6
0 = 18R A − 160 − 180 + 6M A
0 = 18R A − 340 + 6M A ................(1)

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 63 [6 − 4] 3 64 62
EIy = 0 = R A − 80 − 5 + MA
6 6 24 2
0 = 36R A − 106.7 − 270 + 18M A
0 = 36R A − 376.7 + 18M A
Divide by 2
0 = 18RA – 188.33 + 9MA ……………(2)
Subtract (2) – (1)
0 = 0 - 151.7 – 3 MA Hence MA = -50.55 kNm (since working in kN throughout)
Substitute into (2)
0 = 18RA – 188.33 + 9(-50.55)
0 = 18RA – 643.33 Hence RA = 35.74 kN

Now solve at x = 4, y = -0.005 x 10-3 m

43 [4 − 4] 3 44 42
EI(-50 x 10 - 6 ) = R A − 80 − 5 + MA
6 6 24 2
43 4 4
42
EI(-50 x 10 - 6 ) = 35.74 x 103 x − 5x103 x − 50.55x103 x
6 24 2
EI(-50 x 10 - 6 ) = 381.22 x 103 − 53.33 x 103 − 404.4 x 10 = −76.51 x 103
3

EI = -76.51 x 103/(-50 x 106) = 1.53 GNm2

2.

d2y x2
EI = M x = R x − 5[x − 1] − 6[ x − 2 ] - 5 + MA
dx 2 A 2
Integrate

dy x2 [x − 1] 2 [x − 2] 2 x3
EI = RA − 5 − 6 − 5 + MAx + A
dx 2 2 2 6
From the boundary condition x=0, dy/dx = 0 it follows that A = 0
Put in the other boundary condition x = 6, dy/dx = 0
Integrate
x3 [x − 1] 3 [x − 2 ] 3 x4 x2
EIy = R A − 5 − 6 − 5 + MA + B
6 6 6 24 2
From the boundary condition x = 0, y = 0 it follows that B = 0
Put in the other boundary condition x = 3, dy/dx = 0 and y = 0
dy 32 [3 − 1] 2 [3 − 2] 2 33
EI = 0 = RA − 5 − 6 − 5 + 3M A
dx 2 2 2 6
0 = 4.5R A − 10 − 3 - 22.5 + 3M A
0 = 4.5R A − 35.5 + 3M A ................(1)

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 33 [3 − 1] 3 [3 − 2] 3 34 32
EIy = 0 = R A − 5 − 6 − 5 + MA
6 6 6 24 2
0 = 4.5R A − 6.67 − 1 - 16.875 + 4.5M A
0 = 4.5R A − 24.545 + 4.5M A ...............(2)
Subtract (2) – (1)
0 = 0 – 10.96 – 1.5 MA Hence MA = -7.305 kNm (since working in kN throughout)
Substitute into (2)
0 = 4.5RA – 24.542 + 4.5(-7.305)
0 = 4.5RA – 57.414 Hence RA = 12.76 kN

Now solve at x = 1.5 , y = -0.2 x 10-3 m

1.53 3 [1.5 − 1] 3 [1.5 − 2] 1.5 4 1.5 2
3 3
-6
EI(-200 x 10 ) = R A − 5 x 10 x − 6x10 x − 5 + MA
6 6 6 24 2
1.5 3
[.5] 3
[0] 3
1.5 4
1.5 2
EI(-200 x 10 - 6 ) = 12.76 x 103 x − 5 x 103 x − 6x103 x − 5 − 7.305 x 103
6 6 6 24 2
-6 3 3 3 3 3
EI(-200 x 10 ) = 7.1775 x 10 − 0.10417 x 10 − 1.0547 x 10 − 8.218 x 10 = −2.199 x 10

EI = -2.199 x 103/(-200 x 106) = 11 MNm2

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