ENGLISH 11 – UNIT 11

A. GRAMMAR
RELATIVE CLAUSES
(Mệnh đề quan hệ)

* Dạng rút gọn của mệnh đề quan hệ

Mệnh đề quan hệ có thể được rút gọn bằng cách dùng:
1. Cụm phân từ (participial phrase)
a. Cụm hiện tại phân từ (present participial phrase: V-ing phrase) được dùng khi động từ trong
mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ động (active), diễn đạt hành động đang diễn ra hoặc có tính thường
xuyên, lâu dài.
Ví dụ : My sister is the girl who is wearing a blue dress.
= My sister is the girl wearing a blue dress .
(Chị gái tôi là cô gái mặc áo đầm xanh .)
b. Cụm quá khứ phân từ (past participial phrase: V3/ed phrase) được dùng khi động từ trong
mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể bị động (passive).
Ví dụ : The novel which was written by Peter’s father is very interesting.
= The novel written by Peter’s father is very interesting.
(Quyển tiểu thuyết bố của Peter viết/ được viết bởi bố của Peter rất hay.)

2. Cụm động từ nguyên mẫu (to-infinitive phrase)

To-infinitive có thể được dùng khi:
* Đại từ quan hệ làm chủ ngữ đứng sau từ chỉ số thứ tự first, second, … - hoặc đứng sau các từ
last, next, only.
Ví dụ : Tom is the last person who left the office yesterday evening .
= Tom is the last person to leave the office yesterday evening .

* Mệnh đề quan hệ đứng sau dạng so sánh nhất.

Ví dụ : The Queen Elizabeth is the largest ship that has been built in that factory.
= The Queen Elizabeth is the largest ship to be built in that factory.

* Động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ chỉ một việc nên làm (should do)/ một việc có thể làm (can do) hoặc một
việc cần phải làm (must do / have to do).
Ví dụ : English is an important language which we have to master.
= English is an important language (for us) to master.

3. Cụm danh từ (noun phrase)

Ví dụ : Ms Young, who is the school librarian, often lends me reference books.
= Ms Young, the school librarian, often lends me reference books.
(Cô Young, thủ thư của trường, thường cho tôi mượn sách tham khảo.)

B. VOCABULARY
- fossil fuel (n) : nhiên liệu hóa thạch
- exhausted (adj) : cạn kiệt, kiệt sức
- alternative (adj) : luân phiên, thay thế
- geothermal heat (n) : địa nhiệt
- infinite (adj) = unlimited : không giới hạn, vô tận
- potential (n/adj) : tiềm năng
- nuclear reactor (n) : lò phản ứng hạt nhân
- radiation (n) : chất/ tia phóng xạ
- hydroelectricity (n) : thuỷ điện
- to run out : cạn kiệt
- enormous (adj) = very large : khổng lồ
- renewable (adj) able to be replaced quickly and easily : có thể khôi phục
>< non-renewable
- ecology (n) : sinh thái học
ecologist (n) a person who studies ecology : nhà sinh thái học
- fertilize (v) : bón phân, làm cho màu mỡ
fertilizer (n) : phân bón
- to consist (of) (v) = to include : bao gồm
- atmosphere (n) : khí quyển
- consumption (n) : sự tiêu thụ
consume (v) : tiêu thụ
- amount (n) : lượng , số lượng

C. EXERCISES
Choose the word which is stressed differently from the rest.
1) A. electric B. potential C. plentiful D. alternative
2) A. exhausted B. geothermal C. environment D. expensively
3) A. ecologist B. fertilizer C. dangerous D. scientist
Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the rest.
4). A. geothermal B. power C. solar D. hydro
5). A. heat B. release C. great D. reach
6) A. exhaust B. source C. enormous D.cause
Choose the best option to fill in the blank.
7) Non-renewable energy sources are running ____.
A. up B. on C. to D. out
8) Oil, coal and natural gas are ____ fuels made from decayed material.
A. unleaded B. smokeless C. solid D. fossil
9) We should develop such ____ sources of energy as solar energy and nuclear energy.
A. tradition B. alternative C. revolutionary D. surprising
10) _____ heat comes from deep inside the earth.
A. Geothermal B. Solar C. Nuclear D. Hydro
11) A nuclear reactor releases ______ which is dangerous to the environment.
A. radiation B. heat C. energy D. carbon dioxide
12) Many newer cars have a much lower fuel ______.
A. consuming B. consumer C. consumation D. consumption
13) People on earth are ______need of more nuclear energy.
A. on B. at C. in D. for
14) The boy ____ the piano is my son.
A. who is playing B. that is playing C. playing D. All are correct
15) ____ by his parent, this boy was very sad.
A. Punished B. Punishing C. To be punished D. Be punished
16) He was the last person ____ in this way.
A. to kill B. who killed C. being killed D. to be killed
17) Hydroelectric power is produced by the fall of water ______ in a dam.
A. trapping B. trapped C. to be trapped D. that trapped
18) Coal was the first fuel ______ to power machinery.
A. is used B. using C. to use D. to be used
19) "Would you mind getting me a cup of coffee?" - "………………………"
A. I never drink coffee. B. It's my pleasure. C. No, thanks. D. Cream and sugar, please.
20) "What are they like?" - "……………….."
A. They like reading comic books. B. They are beautiful and handsome.
C. They are American. D. They are very nice.
Choose the letter A,B,C,D to show the underlined part that needs correction
21). Discovering in large quantities in the Middle East, oil became known as black gold because of the large
A B C D
profit it brought.
22) All fossil fuels are renewable resources that cannot be replaced after use.
A B C D
Choose the option that is CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word.
23) How long will it be before the world ‘s fuel supplies are exhausted?
A. got rid of B. used up C. put up with D. gone out
Choose the option that is OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word.
24) Solar energy is not only plentiful and infinite but also clean and safe.
A. limited B. unlimited C. non-renewable D. exhausted
Read the passage carefully and choose the correct answer to each of the questions below.
Energy is fundamental to human beings. Many poor people in developing countries do not have modern
sources of energy like electricity or natural gas, especially to poor people with which their life can be improved.
Many people who live in countryside have to gather fuel wood. This takes a lot of time. Moreover, it causes
indoor air pollution because of heavy smoke. For many people living in rural areas in developing countries of the
world, biogas is the large energy resources available and costs almost nothing. The main use of biogas is for
cooking and heating. As biogas is smoke-free, it helps solve the problem of indoor air pollution. Moreover, plant
waste and animal manure cost almost nothing.
The tendency to use renewable energy sources is on the increase when non-renewable ones are running out.
In the future, people in the developing countries may use wind or sea waves as the environment-friendly energy
sources.
25) What do poor people in countryside do to have energy?
A. They look for coal. B. They gather fuel wood.
C. They look for oil. D. They use gas cookers.
26) How long does it take to gather fuel wood in the countryside?
A. Not much time. B. A lot of time. C. Very little time. D. Half an hour a day.
27) What is the main use of biogas?
A. It is used mainly for cooking and heating. B. It is mainly used for lighting.
C. It is mainly used for operating. D. It is mainly used for producing in factories.
28) What, according to the passage, may be used as the environment-friendly energy sources?
A. Nuclear energy B. Coal C. Wind and sea energy D. Oil

Fill each numbered blank with one suitable word or phrase.

We need energy to live and work. Our major source of energy is oil. Oil is one kind of fossil fuel. The amount of
fossil fuels in the world is (29)_______ . Therefore, we must save it and must find new sources of energy.
Geothermal (30)_______ and nuclear power are alternative sources of energy. They can give us electricity. Other
alternative sources are the sun, waves (31)_______ water. These sources are not only unlimited and available
(32)_______ clean and safe for the environment. People should develop and use them more and more in the
future.
29) A. limited B. unlimited C. renewable D. nonrenewable
30) A. heat B. hot C. heated D. heating
31) A. or B. both C. also D. and
32) A. and B. both C. either D. but also
Rewrite the following sentences, using the cues provided.
33) The couples who lives in the house next door are both college professors. (Using a present participial
phrases)
-> .............................................................................................................................................................
34) She has something that she can eat now. (Using an Infinitive phrase)
-> .............................................................................................................................................................
35)Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky Way. (Using a past participial phrases)
-> .............................................................................................................................................................
36) My friend was the first student who received this kind of scholarship. (Using an Infinitive phrase)
-> .............................................................................................................................................................
Combine these pairs of sentences, using relative clauses without relative pronouns.
37) The man is my brother. He spoke to John.
-> .............................................................................................................................................................
38) The trees were blown down in last night ‘s storm. They have been moved off the road.
-> .............................................................................................................................................................
39)The man was injured in the accident . He was taken to hospital.
-> .............................................................................................................................................................
40) The road is very narrow. It joins the two villages
-> .............................................................................................................................................................

-------*****------