Indefinite Integral

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
ELECTRONIC VERSION OF LECTURE
HoChiMinh City University of Technology

Faculty of Applied Science, Department of Applied Mathematics
(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 1 / 69

OUTLINE
1 ANTIDERIVATIVES AND INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
2 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
3 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL

FRACTIONS
4 INTEGRATION OF NONRATIONAL FUNCTIONS
5 TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

Antiderivatives and indefinite integrals Real world
CENSUS
Data on the growth of world population provided by
the U.S. Census Bureau can be used to create a
model of Earth’s population growth. According to
this model, the rate of change of the world’s
population since 1950 is given by
p(t ) = −0, 012.t 2 + 48.t − 47925, where t is the calendar
year and p(t ) is in millions of people per year.
1
Given that the population in 2000 was about 6000
million people, find an equation for P (t ), the total
population as a function of the calendar year.
2
Use the equation P (t ) to predict the world
population in 2050.
Antiderivatives and indefinite integrals Real world
1. P (t ) is the antiderivative of p(t )
p(t ) = −0, 012.t 2 + 48.t − 47925
t3 t2
⇒ P (t ) = −0, 012. + 48. − 47925.t +C
3 2
To find C , substitute 2000 for t and 6000 for P (t ). We
receive C = 31856000 and
P (t ) = −0, 004.t 3 + 24.t 2 − 47925.t + 31856000
2. Substitute 2050 for t , according to the model the

world population in 2050 should be about
P (2050) = 9250 million people.
Antiderivatives and indefinite integrals Antiderivatives
DEFINITION 1.1
A function F is called an antiderivative of f on an
interval X , if F (x) is continuous and differentiable on
X and F 0 (x) = f (x), or d F (x) = f (x)d x for all x ∈ X .
THEOREM 1.1
If F is an antiderivative of f on an interval X ⊂ R then
the most general antiderivative of f on X is
Φ(x) = F (x) +C , where C is an arbitrary constant
EXAMPLE 1.1
1
The general antiderivative of f (x) = x 2 is x 3 +C .
3
Antiderivatives and indefinite integrals Indefinite integrals
DEFINITION 1.2
Let F be any antiderivative of f on an interval X ⊂ R.
The indefinite integral of f (x) is defined by
Φ(x) = F (x) +C ,
where C is an arbitrary constant.

Z
Indefinite integral is denoted by f (x)d x.
The process of computing an integral is called
integration.
Here, f (x) is called the integrand and the term d x
identifies x as the variable of integration.
SOME BASIC FORMULAS OF INDEFINITE INTEGRALS I

Z
1
0.d x = C .
Z
2
1.d x = x +C .
x α+1
Z
α
3
x dx = +C , α 6= −1.
α + 1
dx
Z
4
= ln |x| +C .
x
ax
Z
x
5
a dx = +C , a > 0, a 6= 1.
Z ln a
6
e x d x = e x +C .

SOME BASIC FORMULAS OF INDEFINITE INTEGRALS II

dx
Z
7
p = arcsin x +C , x 6= ±1.
1 − x 2
dx
Z
8
2
= arctan x +C .
Z 1 + x
9
sin xd x = − cos x +C .
Z
10
cos xd x = sin x +C .
dx
Z
11
2x
= tan x +C .
cos
dx
Z
12
= − cot x +C .
sin2 x
SOME BASIC FORMULAS OF INDEFINITE INTEGRALS III

Z
13
sinh xd x = cosh x +C .
Z
14
cosh xd x = sinh x +C .
dx
Z
15
2
= tanh x +C .
Z cosh x
dx
16
2
= − coth x +C .
sinh x
dx 1 ¯x − a ¯
Z
= ln ¯ ¯ +C .
17
¯ ¯
x 2 − a 2 2a x + a
dx
Z ¯ p ¯
2
= ln ¯x + x + a ¯ +C .
p
18
¯ ¯
x2 + a
PROPERTIES
Rule I. If a 6= 0 then
Z Z
a f (x)d x = a f (x)d x.
Rule II.
Z Z Z
( f (x) ± g (x))d x = f (x)d x ± g (x)d x.
Z
Rule III. If f (t )d t = F (t ) +C then
1
Z
f (ax + b)d x = F (ax + b) +C , (a 6= 0).
a
EXAMPLE 1.2
dx
Z
Find p ·
a2 − x2
SOLUTION
x
Substitute t = from the formula
a
dt dx 1 x
Z Z
p = arcsin t +C ⇒ q =
¡ x ¢2 1 arcsin +C
1− t2 a
1− a a
dx dx
Z Z
⇒ p q =
a2 − x2 a. 1 − ax
¡ ¢2
1 x x
= · a. arcsin +C = arcsin +C .
a a a
EXAMPLE 1.3
dx
Z
Find ·
x2 + a2
SOLUTION
x
Substitute t = from the formula
a
dt dx 1 x
Z Z
= arctan t +C ⇒ ¡ x ¢2 = 1 arctan +C
t2 +1 +1 a a
a
dx dx
Z Z
⇒ =
x2 + a2
h i
x 2
¡ ¢
a 2 +1
a
1 x 1 x
= · a. arctan +C = arctan +C .
a2 a a a
Techniques of integration The substitution rule
TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
THE SUBSTITUTION RULE
THEOREM 2.1
Let composite function f (u(x)) define on interval X ,
and let function t = u(x) be differentiable on interval
X . If f (t ) has antiderivative F (t ) on an interval
T ⊇ u(X ) then
Z
f (u(x))d u(x) = F (u(x)) +C . (1)

CASE I (THE SUBSTITUTION RULE)

Z
If we can not compute the integral g (x)d x directly,
we often look for a new variable u and function f (u)
for which
Z Z Z
0
g (x)d x = f (u(x)).u (x)d x = f (u(x))d u(x)
µZ ¶¯
¯
= f (t )d t ¯¯
t =u(x)
Z
where the integral f (t )d t is easier to evaluate than
Z
g (x)d x.
EXAMPLE 2.1
Z
Find sin3 x cos xd x.
SOLUTION
Let t = sin x, d t = cos xd x. This gives us
t4 sin4 (x)
Z Z
3 3
sin x cos xd x = t d t = +C = +C .
4 4

CASE II (THE INVERSE SUBSTITUTION RULE)

Z
In some cases, the integral f (x)d x will be easier to
evaluate if we change x by a new function x = ϕ(t )
with a new variable t . At this time, we have
f (x)d x = f (ϕ(t )).ϕ0 (t )d t .
So Z Z
f (x)d x = f (ϕ(t ))ϕ0 (t )d t
In the result, we substitue t = ϕ−1 (x), where ϕ−1 is the

inverse function of ϕ.

EXAMPLE 2.2
Z p
Evaluate I = a 2 − x 2 d x, a > 0 is a constant.
π π
SOLUTION Let x = a sin t , where − É t É · Then
2 2
t = arcsin ax , d x = a cos t d t .
p p p
2
a − x = a − a sin t = a 2 cos2 t = a| cos t | =
2 2 2 2
π π
= a cos t .Note that cos t Ê 0 because − É t É · Thus
2 2
the Substitution Rule gives
Z p Z
a 2 − x 2d x = a 2 cos2 t d t
a2 a2
µ ¶
1
Z
= (1 + cos 2t )d t = t + sin 2t +C
2 2 2
Substituting t = arcsin ax , we have

a2 h x ³ x´ ³ x ´i
I= arcsin + sin arcsin cos arcsin +C
2 · a a r a
a2 x x´ x´
³ ³ ¸
2
= arcsin + sin arcsin 1 − sin arcsin +C
2 a a a
Ã !
2
r
a x x ³ x ´ 2
= arcsin + 1− +C .
2 a a a
1 p 2 a2 x
Z p
a 2 − x 2d x 2
= x a − x + arcsin +C (2)
2 2 a

Techniques of integration Integration by Parts
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
If u and v are differentiable functions, then
[u(x).v(x)]0 = u(x).v 0 (x) + u 0 (x).v(x)
Z
⇒ [u(x).v 0 (x) + u 0 (x).v(x)]d x = u(x).v(x)
Z Z
⇒ u(x).v (x)d x + u 0 (x).v(x)d x = u(x).v(x)
0
THEOREM 2.2
If functions u = u(x) and v = v(x) are differentiable on
interval X ⊂ R, then
Z Z
ud v = uv − vd u (3)
EXAMPLE 2.3
Z
Find I = x sin xd x
SOLUTION
Let
u = x, d v = sin xd x.
Then
d u = d x, v = − cos x.
Thus, using formula for integration by parts, we have
Z Z
I= x sin xd x = x(− cos x) − (− cos x)d x
Z
= −x cos x + cos xd x = −x cos x + sin x +C .
EXAMPLE 2.4
Z
Find I = ln xd x
SOLUTION Let
u = ln x, d v = d x.
Then
1
d u = d x, v = x.
x
Integrating by parts, we get
dx
Z Z
I= ln xd x = x ln x − x · =
x
Z
= −x ln x − d x = x ln x − x +C .
EXAMPLE 2.5
Z p
Find I = x 2 + a.d x, a = const ant
SOLUTION p
Suppose that we choose u = x 2 + a, d v = d x. Then
xd x
du = p , v = x.
x2 + a
Thus, using formula for integration by parts, we have
xd x
Z p p Z
I= x 2 + a.d x = x x·p x2 + a −
=
x2 + a
2
x + a ad x
p Z Z
= x x2 + a − p dx + p
x2 + a x2 + a
dx
p Z p Z
I =x x2 + a − x 2 + a.d x + a p =
x2 + a
dx
p Z
=x x2 + a − I + a p
x2 + a
dx
p Z
2
⇒ 2I = x x + a + a p
x2 + a
So
p
x x 2 + a a ¯¯
Z p p ¯
2
x + a.d x = 2
+ ln ¯x + x + a ¯ +C
¯
2 2
(4)
Note. We use method of integration by parts in the

following cases:
Z
1
x k lnm xd x (k, m ∈ Z0 )
Z
2
x k e ax d x
(k ∈ Z0 )
Z Z
k
3
x sin axd x, x k cos bxd x (k ∈ Z0 )
Z Z
4
e ax sin bxd x, e ax cos bxd x.

Techniques of integration Reduction formula
REDUCTION FORMULA
EXAMPLE 2.6
Prove the reduction formula
1 x 2n − 1
I n+1 = · + In (5)
2na 2 (x 2 + a 2 )n 2na 2
where
dx
Z
In = (n ∈ N) (6)
(x 2 + a 2 )n

SOLUTION
Let
1
u= , d v = d x.
(x 2 + a 2 )n
Then
−2nxd x
du = , v = x.
(x 2 + a 2 )n+1
So integration by parts gives
x x 2d x
Z
In = 2 + 2n
(x + a 2 )n (x 2 + a 2 )n+1
Z 2
x (x + a 2 ) − a 2
= 2 + 2n dx
(x + a 2 )n (x 2 + a 2 )n+1
x
= 2 2 n
+ 2nI n − 2na 2 I n+1
(x + a )
Therefore
x
· ¸
1
I n+1 = + (2n − 1)I n .
2na 2 (x 2 + a 2 )n
Since
dx 1 x
Z
I1 = = arctan +C ,
x2 + a2 a a
so when n = 1 we can calculate I 2 , and then I 3 , etc.

EXAMPLE 2.7
dx
Z
Find
(x 2 + 4)2
SOLUTION
By formula (5) we have a = 2, n = 1. Therefore
dx 1 x 1 dx
Z Z
= · + =
(x 2 + 4)2 8 x 2 + 4 8 x2 + 4
1 x 1 x
= · 2 + · arctan +C .
8 x + 4 16 2

Integration of rational functions by partial fractions Partial fractions
DEFINITION 3.1
The fractions of the forms
A A
1) ; 2) (k = 2, 3, . . .);
x −a (x − a)k
Mx +N Mx +N
3) ; 4) (m = 2, 3, ...)
x 2 + px + q (x 2 + px + q)m
p2
where A, a, M , N , p, q are constants and q − > 0, are
4
called partial fractions.

Integration of rational functions by partial fractions Partial fractions
The
Z indefinite integrals of these partial fractions are:
A
1. d x = A ln |x − a| +C .
Z x −a
A A
2. n
d x = n−1
+C , (n 6= 1).
(x − a) (1 − n)(x − a)
Mx +N M (2x + p)d x
Z Z
3. dx = +
x 2 + px
¶Z + q 2 x 2 + px + q
Mp dx M
µ
N− 2 2
= ln |x 2 + px + q| +
2 ¶ (x + p/2) + q − p /4 2
Mp x + p/2
µ
1
N− ·p arctan p +C
2 q − p 2 /4 q − p 2 /4

ZIntegration of rational functions by partial fractions Partial fractions
Mx +N
4. 2 m
dx =
Z (x + px + q)
M 2x + p Mp dx
µ ¶Z
m
dx + N − =
2 2
(x + px + q) 2 (x + px + q)m
2
M (x 2 + px + q)−m+1 Mp dx
µ ¶Z
· + N− ,
2 −m + 1 2 (x 2 + px + q)m
where
dx dx
Z Z
= ¶¸m
(x 2 + px + q)m p ´2 p2
·³ µ
x+ + q−
2 4
p p2
can be found by putting t = x + , q − = a 2 and
2 4
applying reduction formula.
Integration of rational functions by partial fractions Integration of rational functions by partial fractions
P n (x)
Z
Integration of rational functions I = d x,
Q m (x)
where P n (x),Q m (x) are polynomials with degrees n
and m respectively.
Method of partial fractions
1
If n Ê m then we divide P n (x) into Q m (x)
P n (x) R(x)
= S(x) +
Q m (x) Q m (x)
2
If n < m then we factorize the denominator as
Q m (x) = (x − a)k . . . (x 2 + px + q)` ,
p2
where k + . . . + 2` = m, −q <0
4
The partial fraction decomposition of the integrand

P n (x)
has the form
Q m (x)
P n (x) A1 A2 Ak
= + + . . . + +
Q m (x) x − a (x − a)2 (x − a)k
M 1 x + N1 M ` x + N`
+...+ + . . . +
x 2 + px + q (x 2 + px + q)`
In order to find the coefficients A 1 , A 2 , . . . , A k ,
M 1 , . . . , M ` , N1 , . . . , N` , we can choose values x that
simplify the equation.

EXAMPLE 3.1
x3 + x
Z
Find d x.
x −1
SOLUTION Since the degree of the numerator is

greater than the degree of the denominator, we
perform the division.
x3 + x
Z µ ¶
2
Z
2
dx = x +x +2+ dx =
x −1 x −1
x3 x2
= + + 2x + 2 ln |x − 1| +C .
3 2

EXAMPLE 3.2
x 2 + 2x + 6
Z
Evaluate I = d x.
(x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 4)
SOLUTION The method of partial fractions gives

x 2 + 2x + 6 A B C
= + +
(x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 4) x − 1 x − 2 x − 4
⇒ x 2 + 2x + 6 ≡ A(x − 2)(x − 4) + B (x − 1)(x − 4)+
+C (x − 1)(x − 2), ∀x ∈ R

We put x = 1 and get: 9 = A(1 − 2)(1 − 4) ⇒ A = 3

We put x = 2, we get: 14 = B (2 − 1)(2 − 4) ⇒ B = −7
We put x = 4, we get: 30 = C (4 − 1)(4 − 2) ⇒ C = 5
dx dx dx
Z Z Z
I =3 −7 +5 =
x −1 x −2 x −4
= 3 ln |x − 1| − 7 ln |x − 2| + 5 ln |x − 4| +C =
¯ (x − 1)3 (x − 4)5 ¯
¯ ¯
= ln ¯¯ 7
¯ +C
(x − 2) ¯

EXAMPLE 3.3
x2 + 1
Z
Evaluate I = d x.
(x − 1)3 (x + 3)
SOLUTION The partial fraction decompostion is

x2 + 1 A B C D
= + + +
(x − 1)3 (x + 3) (x − 1)3 (x − 1)2 x − 1 x + 3
⇒ x 2 + 1 ≡ A(x + 3) + B (x − 1)(x + 3) +C (x − 1)2 (x + 3)+
+D(x − 1)3 , ∀x ∈ R

1
We put x = 1, we get: 2 = 4A ⇒ A =
2
5
We put x = −3, we get: 10 = −64D ⇒ D = −
32
Now we equate coefficients of x 3 in both sides, we
5
get C + D = 0 ⇒ C =
32
3
We put x = 0, we get: 1 = 3A − 3B + 3C − D ⇒ B = . So
8
I=
1 dx 3 dx 5 dx 5 dx
Z Z Z Z
= + + − =
2 (x − 1)3 8 (x − 1)2 32 x − 1 32 x + 3
¯ ¯
1 3 5 ¯¯ x − 1 ¯¯
=− − + ln +C
4(x − 1)2 8(x − 1) 32 ¯ x + 3 ¯
EXAMPLE 3.4
dx
Z
Evaluate I =
x5 − x2
SOLUTION We factorize the denominator
x 5 − x 2 = x 2 (x − 1)(x 2 + x + 1).
Then the partial fraction decompostion is

1 A B C Dx +E
= + + + 2
x5 − x2 x 2 x x −1 x +x +1
⇒ 1 ≡ A(x − 1)(x 2 + x + 1) + B x(x − 1)(x 2 + x + 1)+
+C x 2 (x 2 + x + 1) + (D x + E )x 2 (x − 1), ∀x ∈ R.
We put x = 0, we get: 1 = −A ⇒ A = −1
1
We put x = 1, we get: 1 = 3C ⇒ C =
3
Now we equate coefficients of x 4 , x 3 , x 2 in both sides
1 ≡ A(x 3 −1)+B (x 4 −x)+C (x 4 +x 3 +x 2 )+D x 4 +E x 3 −D x 3 −E x 2 ,
we have

 B =0 

 B +C + D = 0 1



A +C + E − D = 0 ⇔ D = −
3
 E=1
 
 C −E = 0 

3

Therefore
dx dx 1
1 x −1
Z Z Z
I =− −+ dx =
x2 3
x − 1 3 x2 + x + 1
1 1 1 2x + 1 − 3
Z
= + ln |x − 1| − dx =
x 3 6 x2 + x + 1
1 1 1 1 dx
Z
2
= + ln |x − 1| − ln(x + x + 1) + =
x 3 6 2 x2 + x + 1
1
¡ ¢
1 1 1 1 d x +
Z
2
= + ln |x − 1| − ln(x 2 + x + 1) + ¢2 3 =
x 3 6 2 1
¡
x+ + 2 4
2
1 1 (x − 1) 1 2x + 1
= + ln 2 + p arctan p +C .
x 6 x +x +1 3 3
Integration of nonrational functions Type 1
ax + b p 1 ax + b p 2 ax + b p n
Z µ µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶ ¶
R x, , ,..., dx
cx + d cx + d cx + d
where
p 1 , p 2 , . . . , p n are rational numbers,
a, b, c, d are real numbers.
SOLUTION Let
ax + b
= t m,
cx + d
where m is the lowest common multiple of
denominators of rational numbers p 1 , p 2 , . . . , p n

EXAMPLE 4.1
dx
Z
Evaluate I = p
3
p
(2x + 1)2 − 2x + 1
SOLUTION Let
t6 −1
6
2x + 1 = t ⇒ x = , d x = 3t 5 d t .
2
3t 5 d t
Z 2
t dt
Z µ ¶
1
Z
I= =3 =3 t +1+ dt =
t4 − t3 t −1 t −1
3
= t 2 + 3t + 3 ln |t − 1| +C .
2
Substitute t = (2x + 1)1/6 , we have
3
I = (2x + 1)1/3 + 3(2x + 1)1/6 + 3 ln |(2x + 1)1/6 − 1| +C .
2
dx
Z
p
ax 2 + bx + c
EXAMPLE 4.2
dx
Z
Evaluate I = p
x 2 + 2x + 5
SOLUTION
dx d (x + 1)
Z Z
I= p p = =
x 2 + 2x + 1 + 4 (x + 1)2 + 4
¯ p ¯
¯ 2
= ln ¯x + 1 + x + 2x + 5¯ +C .
¯

EXAMPLE 4.3
dx
Z
Evaluate I = p
−3x 2 + 4x − 1
SOLUTION
¶ µ
2
d x−
dx 1
Z Z
3
I= s · µ ¶¸ = p3 s ¶2 =
1 2 4
µ
1 2
3 − x2 − 2 · · x + − x−
9 3 9 9 3
1 x − 2/3 1
= p arcsin +C = p arcsin(3x − 2) +C .
3 1/3 3

Ax + B
Z
p dx
ax 2 + bx + c
SOLUTION
A
Ax + B (2ax + b) + B − Ab
Z Z
2a 2a
p dx = dx p
ax 2 + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c
A d (ax 2 + bx + c) Ab dx
Z µ ¶Z
= p + B− p
2a ax 2 + bx + c 2a ax 2 + bx + c

EXAMPLE 4.4
5x − 3
Z
Evaluate I = p dx
2x 2 + 8x + 1
SOLUTION
5
5x − 3 (4x + 8) − 13
Z Z
4
I= p dx = p =
2x 2 + 8x + 1 2x 2 + 8x + 1
5 4x + 8 dx
Z Z
= p d x − 13 p =
4 2x 2 + 8x + 1 2x 2 + 8x + 1
5p 2 13 dx
Z
= 2x + 8x + 1 − p q =
2 2 2
(x + 2) − 27
¯ r ¯
5p 2 13 ¯¯ 2
1 ¯
= 2x + 8x + 1 − p ln ¯x + 2 + x + 4x + ¯ +C .
¯
2 2 ¯ 2¯
dx
Z
p
(x − α) ax 2 + bx + c
1
SOLUTION Let x − α =
t
EXAMPLE 4.5
dx
Z
Evaluate I = p
x 5x 2 − 2x + 1
1 1
SOLUTION Let x = ⇒ d x = − 2 d t . Then
t t
dt dt
Z Z
I =− r =− p =
1 5 2 t 2 − 2t + 5
t2 · − +1
t t2 t
¯ p ¯
¯ 2
I = − ln ¯t − 1 + t − 2t + 5¯ +C =
¯
¯ r ¯
¯1 1 2 ¯
= − ln ¯ − 1 + − + 5 ¯ +C =
¯ ¯
¯x x 2 x ¯
¯ 1 − x + p5x 2 − 2x + 1 ¯
¯ ¯
= − ln ¯ ¯ +C .
¯ ¯
¯ x ¯

dx
Z
p
(x 2 + α) ax 2 + c
r
c
SOLUTION Let t = a+
x2
EXAMPLE 4.6
dx
Z
Evaluate I = p
(x 2 + 2) x 2 − 1
xd x
Z
SOLUTION I = r ·
1
x 2 (x 2 + 2) 1− 2
x

r
1 2 1 tdt
Let t = 1− ⇒ x = ⇒ xd x =
x2 1− t2 (1 − t 2 )2
tdt
Z
I= µ ¶ =
1 1
(1 − t 2 )2 · · + 2 .t
1− t2 1− t2
" ¯p ¯#
dt 1 ¯ 3/2 + t ¯
Z
= = p ln ¯ p ¯ +C
¯ ¯
2
2(3/2 − t ) 2 6 ¯ 3/2 − t ¯
So ¯ 
r ¯
¯p
¯ 3/2 + 1 − 1 ¯
¯
1  ¯
x 2 ¯
¯
I = p ln ¯ ¯ +C
 ¯
r
2 6  ¯¯ p 1 ¯¯
¯ 3/2 − 1 − 2 ¯
x
Trigonometric Integrals Type 1
Z
R(sin x, cos x)d x
Where R(sin x, cos x) is a rational function with

respect to variables sin x, cos x.
x
SOLUTION Let t = tan · Then
2
2d t
x = 2 arctan t , d x = ,
1+ t2
2t 1− t2
sin x = , cos x =
1+ t2 1+ t2

EXAMPLE 5.1
dx
Z
Evaluate I =
sin x
SOLUTION
x
Let t = tan · Then
2
2t 2d t
sin x = , d x = ·
1+ t2 1+ t2
So
2d t
dt x ¯¯
Z Z ¯
1+t 2
I= = = ln |t | +C = ln ¯tan ¯ +C .
¯
2t
1+t 2
t 2

EXAMPLE 5.2
dx
Z
Evaluate I = ·
cos x
x
2
1− t2 2d t
cos x = , d x = ·
1+ t2 1+ t2
So
2d t
2d t
(1 + t ) + (1 − t )d t
Z Z Z
1+t 2
I= = = =
1−t 2 1− t2
(1 − t )(1 + t )
1+t 2
¯ ¯
¯ 1 + tan x ¯
2¯
= − ln |1 − t | + ln |1 + t | +C = ln ¯ ¯ +C .
¯
x
¯ 1 − tan ¯
2
EXAMPLE 5.3
dx
Z
Evaluate I =
4 sin x + 3 cos x + 5
x
2
2t 1− t2 2d t
sin x = 2
, cos x = 2
,dx = ·
1+t 1+t 1+ t2
So
2d t
dt
Z Z
1+t 2
I= =2 =
2t 1−t 2 2t 2 + 8t +8
4. 1+t 2 + 3. 1+t 2 +5
dt 1 1
Z
= =− +C = − +C .
(t + 2) 2 t +2 tan x2 + 2
SOME SPECIAL CASES
1
If R(sin x, cos x) is odd function with respect to
sin x, that means R(− sin x, cos x) = −R(sin x, cos x),
then we let t = cos x.
2
If R(sin x, cos x) is odd function with respect to
cos x, that means R(sin x, − cos x) = −R(sin x, cos x),
then we let t = sin x.
3
If R(sin x, cos x) is even function with respect to
sin x, cos x, that means
R(− sin x, − cos x) = R(sin x, cos x),
then we let t = tan x.

EXAMPLE 5.4
(sin x + sin3 x)d x
Z
Evaluate I =
cos 2x
SOLUTION Since the integrand is odd function with

respect to sin x, then we let
t = cos x ⇒ d t = − sin xd x, sin2 x = 1 − t 2 , cos 2x = 2t 2 − 1.
Therefore
(2 − t 2 )(−d t )
Z 2
(t − 2)d t 1 3 dt
Z Z Z
I= = = d t − =
2t 2 − 1 2t 2 − 1 2 2 2t 2 − 1
¯ p ¯ ¯p ¯
t 3 ¯t 2 − 1¯ 1 3 ¯ 2 cos x − 1 ¯
= − p ln ¯ p ¯+C = cos x− p ln ¯ p ¯+C
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
2 2 2 ¯t 2 + 1¯ 2 2 2 ¯ 2 cos x + 1 ¯
EXAMPLE 5.5
(cos3 x + cos5 x)d x
Z
Evaluate I =
sin2 x + sin4 x
SOLUTION Since the integrand is odd function with
respect to cos x, then we let t = sin x ⇒ d t = cos xd x,
cos2 x = 1 − t 2 . Therefore
cos2 x(1 + cos2 x) cos xd x (1 − t 2 )(2 − t 2 )d t
Z Z
I= = =
sin2 x + sin4 x t2 + t4
Z µ ¶
2 6 2
= 1+ 2 − d t = t − − 6 arctan t +C =
t 1+ t2 t
2
= sin x − − 6 arctan(sin x) +C .
sin x
EXAMPLE 5.6
dx
Z
Evaluate I =
sin2 x + 2 sin x cos x − cos2 x
SOLUTION
Since the integrand is even function with respect to
sin x, cos x, then we let
t 1
t = tan x ⇒ sin x = p , cos x = p
1+ t2 1+ t2
dt
⇒ x = arctan t , d x = ·
1+ t2

Therefore
Z dt
1+t 2
I= =
t2
1+t 2
+ p 2t 2
·p1 2
1
− 1+t 2
1+t 1+t
dt d (t + 1)
Z Z
= = =
t 2 + 2t − 1 (t + 1)2 − 2
¯ t + 1 − p2 ¯
¯ ¯
1
= p ln ¯ p ¯ +C =
¯ ¯
2 2 ¯t + 1 + 2¯
¯ p ¯¯
1 ¯ tan x + 1 − 2 ¯
¯
= p ln ¯ p ¯ +C
2 2 ¯ tan x + 1 + 2 ¯

Z
sinm x cosn xd x
1
If n > 0 is odd, then substitute t = sin x.
2
If m > 0 is odd, then substitute t = cos x.
3
If both m, n > 0 are even then we use the
trigonometric identities
1
sin x cos x = sin 2x,
2
1
sin2 x = (1 − cos 2x),
2
1
cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x).
2
EXAMPLE 5.7
Z
Find I = sin4 x cos5 xd x
SOLUTION Let t = sin x, then d t = cos xd x. So

Z Z
4 2 2
I= t (1 − t ) d t = (t 4 − 2t 6 + t 8 )d t =
1 2 1
= t 5 − t 7 + t 9 +C =
5 7 9
1 2 1
= sin5 x − sin7 x + sin9 x +C .
5 7 9

EXAMPLE 5.8
sin3 xd x
Z
Find I = p
cos x. 3 cos x
SOLUTION Let t = cos x, then d t = − sin xd x. So

Z
I= (1 − cos2 x) cos−4/3 x sin xd x =
Z Z Z
2
=− (1 − t )t −4/3
dt = − t −4/3
dt + t 2/3 d t =
3 3 3 p
3
= 3t −1/3 + t 5/3 +C = p
3
+ cos x. cos2 x +C .
5 cos x 5

EXAMPLE 5.9
Z
Find I = sin2 x cos2 xd x
SOLUTION
1 1
Z Z
2
I= sin 2x = (1 − cos 4x)d x =
4 8
1 1 1 1
Z Z
= dx − cos 4xd x = x − sin 4x +C .
8 8 8 32

Z Z Z
sin mx cos nxd x, cos mx cos nxd x, sin mx sin nxd x
We can make use of set of the trigonometric

identities
1
sin α cos β = [sin(α + β) + sin(α − β)]
2
1
cos α cos β = [cos(α + β) + cos(α − β)]
2
1
sin α sin β = [cos(α − β) − cos(α + β)]
2

EXAMPLE 5.10
x x
Z
Find I = cos x cos cos d x
2 4
SOLUTION
x x
Z µ ¶
1 3x
I= cos + cos cos d x =
2 2 2 4
1 3x x 1 x x
Z Z
= cos cos d x + cos cos d x =
2 2 4 2 2 4
x
Z µ ¶ Z µ ¶
1 7x 5x 1 3x
= cos + cos dx + cos + cos d x =
4 4 4 4 4 4
1 7x 1 5x 1 3x x
= sin + sin + sin + sin +C .
7 4 5 4 3 4 4
a 1 sin x + b 1 cos x
Z
dx
a 2 sin x + b 2 cos x
SOLUTION We express numerator as
a 1 sin x + b 1 cos x =
A(a 2 sin x + b 2 cos x)0 + B (a 2 sin x + b 2 cos x)
⇔ a 1 sin x + b 1 cos x = A(a 2 cos x − b 2 sin x)+
+B (a 2 sin x + b 2 cos x)
⇔ a 1 sin x + b 1 cos x = (B a 2 − Ab 2 ) sin x + (Aa 2 + B b 2 ) cos x
½
a 1 = B a 2 − Ab 2
⇒
b 1 = Aa 2 + B b 2
⇒ Solve this system of equations to find out A, B.
Therefore I = A ln |a2 sin x + b2 cos x| + B x +C .
EXAMPLE 5.11
2 sin x + 3 cos x
Z
Find I = dx
sin x + 3 cos x
SOLUTION
2 sin x + 3 cos x = A(sin x + 3 cos x)0 + B (sin x + 3 cos x)
⇔ 2 sin x + 3 cos x = A(cos x − 3 sin x) + B (sin x + 3 cos x)

⇔ 2 sin x + 3 cos x = (B − 3A) sin x + (A + 3B ) cos x
½ ½ 3
2 = B − 3A A = − 10
⇒ ⇔
3 = A + 3B B = 11
10
3 11
Therefore I = − ln | sin x + 3 cos x| + x +C .
10 10
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Indefinite Integral

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Indefinite Integral

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INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

ELECTRONIC VERSION OF LECTURE

HoChiMinh City University of Technology

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 1 / 69

1 ANTIDERIVATIVES AND INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

3 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL

4 INTEGRATION OF NONRATIONAL FUNCTIONS

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 2 / 69

1. P (t ) is the antiderivative of p(t )

p(t ) = −0, 012.t 2 + 48.t − 47925

P (t ) = −0, 004.t 3 + 24.t 2 − 47925.t + 31856000

2. Substitute 2050 for t , according to the model the

where C is an arbitrary constant.

SOME BASIC FORMULAS OF INDEFINITE INTEGRALS I

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 7 / 69

SOME BASIC FORMULAS OF INDEFINITE INTEGRALS II

SOME BASIC FORMULAS OF INDEFINITE INTEGRALS III

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 13 / 69

CASE I (THE SUBSTITUTION RULE)

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 15 / 69

CASE II (THE INVERSE SUBSTITUTION RULE)

f (x)d x = f (ϕ(t )).ϕ0 (t )d t .

In the result, we substitue t = ϕ−1 (x), where ϕ−1 is the

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 16 / 69

Substituting t = arcsin ax , we have

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 18 / 69

Note. We use method of integration by parts in the

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 24 / 69

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 25 / 69

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 27 / 69

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 28 / 69

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 29 / 69

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 30 / 69

The partial fraction decomposition of the integrand

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 33 / 69

SOLUTION Since the degree of the numerator is

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 34 / 69

SOLUTION The method of partial fractions gives

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 35 / 69

We put x = 1 and get: 9 = A(1 − 2)(1 − 4) ⇒ A = 3

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 36 / 69

SOLUTION The partial fraction decompostion is

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 37 / 69

SOLUTION We factorize the denominator

Then the partial fraction decompostion is

1 ≡ A(x 3 −1)+B (x 4 −x)+C (x 4 +x 3 +x 2 )+D x 4 +E x 3 −D x 3 −E x 2 ,

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 40 / 69

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 42 / 69

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 44 / 69

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 45 / 69

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 46 / 69

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 49 / 69

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 50 / 69

Where R(sin x, cos x) is a rational function with

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 52 / 69

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 53 / 69

SOME SPECIAL CASES

R(− sin x, − cos x) = R(sin x, cos x),

then we let t = tan x.

SOLUTION Since the integrand is odd function with

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 59 / 69

(HCMUT-OISP) INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 60 / 69