Course No: ChE 304

Experiment No. 01

Study of Heat Transfer Coefficient in a Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

Date of Performance:23/01/23

Date of Submission: 30/01/23

Submitted By, Submitted to:

Sadia Hasan Dr. Iftheker Ahmed Khan

Student ID. 1802013 Assistant Professor

Department of Chemical Engineering,
Group 03(A1)
Buet
Partner’s Student ID:

1802011,1802012,1802014,1802015
 Page |1

Summary
The major purpose of the experiment was to examine the double-pipe heat exchanger and
determine the individual and global heat transfer coefficients. In addition, the fluctuation of heat
transfer coefficients with Reynolds number and fluid velocity was investigated, and
experimentally calculated overall heat transfer coefficients were compared to theoretically
obtained values. In this experiment, the heat transfer between water and saturated steam was
examined using a double-pipe heat exchanger. Three different steam pressures of 5 psig, 10 psig,
and 15 psig were used to conduct the experiment. The water flow rate was changed while
maintaining a given steam pressure. The steam was passed through the annulus section of the
twin pipe heat exchanger, where it exchanged heat with water traveling through the tubular
section. The inlet and exit water temperatures, condensate mass and needed time, and water
volumetric flow rate were measured. For each pressure, the Nusselt number was plotted against
the Reynolds number on a log-log graph. Each pressure has a positive slope on the graph. The
slope of the log-log plot of the water side heat transfer coefficient versus velocity was also
positive. The third sort of plot used to calculate the dirt factor of the heat exchanger was the
Wilson plot. According to experimental and theoretical estimates, the overall heat transfer
coefficients increased as the water flow rate and pressure rose. Discrepancies between theoretical
and experimental data, particularly with the heat loss of steam and heat gain of water, could be
attributable to pressure fluctuations, the uneven flow of water, a weak heat shield, pipe fouling,
and the mechanism of a steam trap.
 Page |2

Experimental Section
Apparatus:

 Double pipe heat exchanger

 Pressure gauge
 Thermometer
 Flowmeter
 Balance
 Bucket

Setup

Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

 Page |3

Data collection and calculation

Observed data
Inner tube specifications:
Tube length = 7' 4''
Nominal diameter =1''
Schedule no. 40
Table 1: Observed data for the study of heat transfer co-efficient in a Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

Steam No. of Water temperature Water Condensate

Pressure observation Inlet, T1 Outlet, T2 Volume Time Weight Time
(psig) (℃) (℃) (L) (s) (kg) (s)
1 23.5 50.40 10.00 93 1.033 120
2 23.5 40.10 10.00 25 1.213 120
5
3 23.5 38.00 10.00 23 1.479 120
4 23.5 37.00 10.00 21 1.207 120
1 23.5 44.00 10.00 33 1.198 120
2 23.5 41.50 10.00 28 1.414 120
10
3 23.5 40.00 10.00 23 1.498 120
4 23.5 39.00 10.00 21 1.507 120
1 23.5 45.00 10.00 35 1.686 120
2 23.5 43.00 10.00 29 1.859 120
15
3 23.5 41.50 10.00 24 1.731 120
4 23.5 40.00 10.00 22.5 1.904 120
 Page |4

Calculated Data
Table 1 - Data of saturation temperature, heat of condensation and mass flow rate of condensate and water

Steam No. of Saturation Heat of Mass flow Mass flow

pressure observation temperature, condensation rate of rate of
(psig) Ts λs condensate water
(℃) (kJ/kg) Mc Mw
(kg/s) (kg/s)
1 8.61E-03 0.11
2 1.01E-02 0.40
5 2234.3
108.39
3 1.23E-02 0.43
4 1.01E-02 0.47
1 9.98E-03 0.30
2 1.18E-02 0.36
10 2215.5
115.20
3 1.25E-02 0.43
4 1.26E-02 0.47
1 1.41E-02 0.28
2 1.55E-02 0.34
15 2199.6
120.96
3 1.44E-02 0.41
4 1.59E-02 0.44
 Page |5

Table 3 - Data for water flow properties at mean temperature

Steam No. of Mean Wall Density Viscosity Thermal Specific

pressure observ temperature temperature ρm µm conductivity heat
(psig) ations Tm (℃) Tw (℃) (kg/m3) (kg/m.s) km Cp
(W/m .℃)
2
(J/kg.K)

1 36.95 72.66 993.4 6.93E-04 4179

0.62
2 31.8 70.09 994.3 7.68E-04 0.62 4179
5
3 30.75 69.56 994.7 7.85E-04 0.62 4179
4 30.25 69.31 994.8 7.93E-04 0.62 4179
1 33.75 74.50 994.1 7.37E-04 0.62 4179
2 32.5 73.88 994.6 7.53E-04 0.62 4179
10
3 31.75 73.50 994.9 7.65E-04 0.62 4179
4 31.25 73.25 994.9 7.68E-04 0.62 4179
1 34.25 77.59 993.4 7.30E-04 0.63 4179
2 33.25 77.09 993.7 7.45E-04 0.62 4179
15
3 32.5 76.72 994.3 7.57E-04 0.62 4179
4 31.75 76.34 994.5 7.68E-04 0.62 4179
 Page |6

Table 4 - Data for water flow properties at mean temperature (continued)

Steam No. of Velocity of Reynolds Prandtl Nusselt Water side heat

pressure observat water, number, number, number, transfer
(psig) ion v Re Pr Nu coefficient,
(m/s) hi (W/m2.℃)

1 0.19 7377.96 4.64 47.66

1118.96
2 0.72 24775.60 5.16 130.19 3044.23
5
3 0.78 26382.55 5.29 138.01 3216.70
4 0.86 28593.79 5.35 147.71 3442.76
1 0.55 19552.94 4.95 106.20
2487.38
2 0.64 22580.00 5.08 120.19 2801.40
10
3 0.78 27065.66 5.16 139.75 3252.02
4 0.86 29527.55 5.18 150.02 3491.13
1 0.51 18609.89 4.87 101.58
2390.54
2 0.62 22015.84 4.99 117.11 2747.25
15
3 0.75 26212.16 5.09 135.56 3164.79
4 0.80 27533.98 5.17 141.74 3308.93
 Page |7

Table 5 - Data for steam properties at film temperature

Steam No. of Film Density Viscosity Thermal Condensation

pressure observation temperature ρf µf conductivity heat transfer
(psig) , Tf (kg/m3) (kg/m.s) kf (W/m.℃) coefficient,
(℃) ho (W/m2.℃)
1 81.59 3.51E-04 0.67 8006.42
971.33
2 79.66 971.45 3.52E-04 0.67 7862.82
5
3 79.26 971.77 3.54E-04 0.67 7822.56
4 79.08 971.78 3.55E-04 0.67 7807.05
1 84.69 3.34E-04 8227.93
968.59 0.67
2 84.22 968.98 3.36E-04 0.67 8176.85
10
3 83.94 969.17 3.37E-04 0.67 8146.79
4 83.75 969.24 3.37E-04 0.67 8129.62
1 88.43 3.17E-04 8544.20
965.76 0.67
2 88.05 966.03 3.18E-04 0.67 8499.94
15
3 87.77 966.43 3.21E-04 0.67 8458.59
4 87.49 966.56 3.21E-04 0.67 8428.52
 Page |8

Table 6 - Data for experimental heat transfer coefficients

Steam Observation Rate of Rate of Mean rate Log mean Experimental

pressure no. heat taken heat given of heat temperature overall heat
(psig) up by up by transfer difference, transfer
water steam, Qm (W) ΔTlm(℃) coefficient
Qw (W) Qc (W) UOE(W/m2.℃)
1 12007.87 19233.60 15620.73 70.57 943.89
2 27590.39 22585.05 25087.72 76.27 1402.62
5
3 26206.24 27537.75 26871.99 77.39 1480.54
4 26725.30 22473.33 24599.32 77.93 1346.08
1 25807.29 22118.08 23962.68 81.07 1260.40
2 26719.93 26105.98 26412.95 82.42 1366.46
10
3 29826.89 27656.83 28741.86 83.23 1472.56
4 30687.69 27822.99 29255.34 83.76 1489.32
1 25501.57 30904.38 28202.98 86.23 1394.58
2 27923.14 34075.47 30999.31 87.32 1513.83
15
3 31163.85 31729.23 31446.54 88.12 1521.62
4 30477.45 34900.32 32688.88 88.93 1567.48
 Page |9

Table 7 - Data for calculation of theoretical heat transfer coefficients

Steam Observation Theoretical 1 1 1

U OE U OT 0.8
Vm
pressure no. overall heat
(psig) transfer
coefficient
UOT(W/m2.℃)
1 801.89 1.06E-03 1.25E-03 3.72
2 1853.07 7.13E-04 5.40E-04 1.30
5
3 1929.81 6.75E-04 5.18E-04 1.22
4 2029.19 7.43E-04 4.93E-04 1.13
1 1596.58 7.93E-04 6.26E-04 1.62
2 1752.80 7.32E-04 5.71E-04 1.42
10
3 1965.18 6.79E-04 5.09E-04 1.22
4 2071.80 6.71E-04 4.83E-04 1.13
1 1556.92 7.17E-04 6.42E-04 1.70
2 1740.04 6.61E-04 5.75E-04 1.46
15
3 1941.84 6.57E-04 5.15E-04 1.26
4 2007.57 6.38E-04 4.98E-04 1.20
 P a g e | 10

Graphical Representation

Nu vs Re at 5psig
1000.00

Nusselt
number, Nu

100.00 f(x) = 0.0284684504434643 x^0.833427997453646

R² = 0.99996793883576

10.00
1000.00 10000.00 100000.00
Reynolds number, Re

Figure 2: Variation of Nusselt Number with Reynolds Number (Steam Pressure of 5 psig)

Nu vs Re at 10psig
1000.00

Nusselt 100.00 f(x) = 0.0270153847153249 x^0.837782580998351

number, Nu R² = 0.999901366936263

10.00
1000.00 10000.00 100000.00
Reynolds number, Re
Figure 3: Variation of Nusselt Number with Reynolds Number(Steam Pressure of 10 psig)
 P a g e | 11

Nu vs Re at 15psig
1000.00

Nusselt
number, Nu
100.00 f(x) = 0.0244457007225231 x^0.847480157079173
R² = 0.999940232458741

10.00
1000.00 10000.00 100000.00
Reynolds number, Re

Figure 4: Variation of Nusselt Number with Reynolds Number (Steam Pressure of 15 psig)

Logarithmic plot of water side heat transfer coefficient (hi) versus velocity of water

10000.00
Heat Transfer Co-efficient (hi)

1000.00
0.10 1.00
Velocity of Water (v)

Figure 5: Variation of Water Side Heat Transfer Coefficient with Velocity of Water (Steam Pressure of 5 psig)
 P a g e | 12

10000.00
Heat Transfer Co-efficient (hi)

1000.00
0.10 1.00
Velocity of Water (v)

Figure 6: Variation of Water Side Heat Transfer Coefficient with Velocity of Water (Steam Pressure of 10 psig)

10000.00
Heat Transfer Co-efficient (hi)

1000.00
0.10 1.00 10.00

Velocity of Water (v)

Figure 7: Variation of Water Side Heat Transfer Coefficient with Velocity of Water (For Steam Pressure of 15 psig).
 P a g e | 13

1 1 0.8
Wilson plot i.e. ( ) versus ( ¿ ¿
U v

Figure 8: Wilson Plot (For Steam Pressure of 5 psig)

Figure 9: Wilson Plot (For Steam Pressure of 10 psig)

 P a g e | 14

Figure 10: Wilson Plot (For Steam Pressure of 15 psig)

 P a g e | 15

Discussion
In this experiment, three distinct types of graphs were plotted to examine the relationship
between the Reynolds number and fluid velocity and the heat transfer coefficients. The link
between the Nusselt number and Reynolds number is depicted in Figures 2, 3, and 4. Each of
these graphs displayed a rise in the Nusselt number as the Reynolds number grew, indicating that
the heat transfer coefficient, which is proportional to the Nusselt number, increased with rising
Reynolds number, i.e., velocity. Figures 5, 6, and 7 depict the variation trend of the water's heat
transfer coefficient with respect to its velocity. Although the fluctuation in heat transfer
coefficient with Reynolds number and velocity was in accordance with theory, the amount of
heat transferred from the hot steam to the cold water, i.e., from the annulus section to the tubular
section, was not in accordance with theory. As the heat gain of water was greater than the heat
loss of steam, this experiment clearly demonstrated fouling. As depicted in Figures 8, 9, and 10,
the fouling factor, also known as the dart factor, of the double-pipe heat exchanger was
determined at each pressure in order to investigate this discrepancy.

Despite rigorous efforts to minimize experimental mistakes, differences were discovered in the
experiment's outcomes. Possible unavoidable causes for these disparities are as follows:

• The fluctuating steam pressure during the experiment may be the leading cause of erroneous
data. The steam originated from a central pipe. Occasionally, the pressure of the steam was
lowered as a result of the concurrent use of the pipeline by additional parties. When the steam
trap opened to eliminate the condensate, the steam pressure dropped once more. • The steam trap
was opening and closing erratically. The condensate collected may not accurately represent the
condensate that produced during the measurement time.

• The temperature of the water was measured with an analog thermometer, which may have been
erroneous due to human error.

• The flow rate of incoming water may not be constant, or the flow meter may provide erroneous
readings.
 P a g e | 16

Safety Precautions:
 Protective gear such as gloves and eye protection should be worn.
 The heat exchanger and fluid used must be ensured to be safe for handling and
compatible.
 Proper electrical safety must be observed for any connected equipment.
 Hot surfaces should be avoided for skin contact.
 Caution should be used when working with pressurized systems.
 Adequate ventilation should be ensured.
 A fire extinguisher should be kept nearby.
 Relevant safety protocols and guidelines should be followed.

Industrial Relevance
Double pipe heat exchangers are widely used in various industrial applications due to the
following reasons:

High efficiency: They offer a compact design and high heat transfer efficiency, which makes
them suitable for use in limited spaces.

Wide range of applications: They are used in industries such as chemical, petrochemical, food
and beverage, HVAC, power generation, and others.

Versatility: They can handle a wide range of temperatures, pressures, and fluid types, making
them suitable for many different processes.

Cost-effectiveness: They are relatively inexpensive to manufacture and maintain, which makes
them a cost-effective solution for many applications.

High durability: The simple design of a double pipe heat exchanger makes it a robust and
durable solution for many industrial processes.
 P a g e | 17

Appendix
Sample calculation
For observation No. 03 (5 psig steam pressure),

Water inlet temperature, T1 = 23.5 oC

Water outlet temperature, T2 = 38 oC

(T 1+T 2) (24.5+34 ) o
Mean temperature of water, Tm = = C = 30.75 oC
2 2

Properties at mean temperature, Tm= 30.75 oC :

Density of water, ρm = 994.7 kg/m3

Viscosity of water, μm = 7.85 x 10-4 Pa.s

Thermal conductivity of water, km = 0.62 W/m.oC

Specific heat of water, Cp= 4179 J/kg.K

Volumetric flow rate of water, Ww =0.43 L/s

0. 43 ×99 4.7
Mass flow rate of water, Mw = W w × ρm = ( ) kg/s = 0.43 kg/s
1000

Mass of condensate collected Wc = 1.479 kg

Condensate collection time, tc = 120 s

Wc 1. 479
Mass flow rate of condensate, MC = =( ) kg/s = 0.0123 kg/s
tc 120

Rate of heat taken by water, Qw = Mw × Cp× (T2-T1)

= 0.43 × 4179.00 × (38-23.5) J/s

 P a g e | 18

= 26206.24 W

Heat of condensation of steam at 5 psig (1.3578 bar), λs = 2234.3 kJ/kg

Rate of heat given by steam, Qc = Mc × λs

= (0.0123 × 2234.3) kJ/s

= 27537.75 J/s

Mean rate of heat flow,

QW +QC 26206.34 +27537.75

Qm = = J /s = 26871.99 J/s
2 2

Saturation temperature of steam at 5psig (1.3578 bar), Ts = 108.37 oC

Temperature difference at inlet,

ΔT1 = Ts - T1 = (108.37 – 23.5) oC = 84.87 oC

Temperature difference at outlet,

ΔT2 = Ts - T2 = (108.37 – 38) oC = 70.37 oC

Log mean temperature difference,

ΔT 1 −ΔT 2
ΔT 1 8 4 .87−7 0 .37
ln 8 4 .87
ΔT 2 ln
7 0 .37
o
ΔTlm = = C = 70.37 oC

For 1 in. nominal diameter & schedule 40 steel tube,

The outside surface per linear feet, Ao = 0.344 ft2/ft.

Inside diameter (ID) of the pipe, Di = 1.049 in. = 0.027 m.

 P a g e | 19

Outside diameter (OD) of the pipe, Do = 1.32 in. = 0.033 m.

Tube length = 7 ft. 4 in. = 88 in. = 7.33 ft.

Outside area available for heat transfer, Ao = 0.344×7.33 ft2 = 23.54 x 10-2 m2.

Qm
Experimental overall heat transfer coefficient, UOE = ΔT lm . A0

26871.99 2 o
= −2 W/m . C
7 0 .37 × 23.54 ×10

= 1480.54 W/m2.oC

Now,
0. 43
Ww 1000
Velocity of water flow, v = = m/s = 0.78 m/s
Ai 0.02665 2
3.1416 ×( )
4

Di × ρ× v 0.027 ×99 4 .7 0×1.123

Reynolds number of water, Re = = (−4) = 26382.55
μm 7.85 ×10

C P × μm 4179 ×7.85 ×1 0−04

Prandtl no. of water, Pr = = = 5.29
km 0.6 2

1
Nusselt number of water, Nu=0.023 × ℜ0.8 × Pr 3 = 138.01

Water side heat transfer coefficient for turbulent flow using Dittus-Boelter equation,
km
hi = 0.023 × D i ×(Re)0.8 ×(Pr)1/3

0.6 2
= 0.023× × (26382.55)0.8× (5.29)1/3
0.027

= 3216.7 W/m2.oC
 P a g e | 20

T s+T m 108.37+29.25
Wall temperature, Tw= = ℃=6 9 .56 ℃
2 2

Film temperature, Tf = Ts - 0.75 × (Ts-Tw)

= 108.37 - 0.75× (108.37–69.56) oC

= 79.26 oC

Properties of condensate at film temperature, Tf = 79.26oC:

Density, ρf = 971.77 kg/m3 [3]

Viscosity of condensate, μf = 3.54 ×10−4 kg/m.s

Thermal conductivity of condensate, kf = 0.67 W/m.oC

Steam side heat transfer coefficient using Nusselt equation for film type condensation,

k 3 . ρ 2 . g . λS
f f 0. 25
0 . 725×[ ]
ho = D 0 (T S −T W )μ f

=0.725 ׿ W/m2.oC

= 7822.56 W/m2.oC

Carbon-steel metal’s thermal conductivity, kM = 43 W/m.oC

Theoretical overall heat transfer coefficient,

UOT = ¿

= ¿ W/m2.oC

= 1080.41 W/m2.oC

1 1
Now, = =¿ 0.000675 m2.oC/W
U OE 1328.25
 P a g e | 21

1 1
= = 0.000518 m2.oC/W
U OT 1 977 .50

1 1
= 0.8
v
0.8 ¿ ¿ (s/m)

Marking Scheme
Report on
‘Study of Heat Transfer Coefficient in a Double Pipe Heat Exchanger’

Name: Sadia Hasan

Student ID: 1802013

Section and % marks allocated Marks

Summary (10%)

Experimental set up (20%)

Observed Data (5%)

Calculated Data (10%)

Sample Calculation (20%)

Result and discussion (20%)

Quality of Tables and figures (10%)

Overall presentation (5%)

 P a g e | 22

Total (100%)