DERUGDJHP HUD D WHV GH T DOT HU FRLVD PD SURI GD FUtWLFD

F OW UDO 3H VDU R T H JHUD VRIULPH WR VHMD HP tYHO VRFLDO R

L GLYLG DO p VHPSUH ROKDU SDUD R H WRU R SDUD DV FR GLo HV
GH SRVVLELOLGDGHV GH PD H[SHULr FLD 1HVVH VH WLGR VH D WHV
SURF UDPRV DSUHVH WDU PD UHVSRVWD PDLV R PH RV RUJD L
]DGD DFHUFD GD DW UH]D GD H[SHULr FLD H T D WR P FDPSR
L WHUV EMHWLYR R L WHUFRUSyUHR FDEH DJRUD SRGHU L YHVWLJDU
T DLV VmR DV IRUPDV GH FDSW UD GHVVD H[SHULr FLD T H SRGHP
JHUDU VRIULPH WR -i GHVGH VH V SULPHLURV HVFULWRV )ULW] 3HUOV
PRVWUR FRPR Ki PD FR VWU omR KLVWyULFD GDV IRUPDV T H
levam à evitação do contato com a experiência da novidade.
1R OLYUR H WDOW 7 HUDS R WRPR WHyULFR RRGPD SURF UD
PRVWUDU H WmR FRPR T H KLVWRULFDPH WH Ki PD D WURSROR
JLD GDV IRUPDV GH HYLWDomR GD RYLGDGH H GD YDULDELOLGDGH
R FDPSR GD H[SHULr FLD FULD GR DVVLP PD VRFLHGDGH
RUPDWL]DGD RUJD L]DGD H UHSHWLWLYD (VVDV LGHLDV SRGHP
VHU DW DOL]DGDV FRP RYDV SHUVSHFWLYDV FR WHPSRUk HDV
T H RV SHUPLWHP PD FRPSUHH VmR PDLV DFLUUDGD VREUH DV
IRUPDV GH SRGHU FR WHPSRUk HDV H DV HVWUDWpJLDV VRFLDLV GH
GRPL DomR H GHVWLW LomR GH yV PHVPRV

DQ URSRORJLD GDV IRUPDV GH DSULVLRQDPHQ R

GD H SHULrQFLD

6H SH VDUPRV EHP R VHU K PD R p P D LPDO H[WUHPD

mente frágil. Não temos garras a adas, pelagem grossa ou
FRP P LWRV SHORV SDUD RV SURWHJHU GR IULR IRUWH GH WLomR
SDUD VHUYLU GH DUPDV DVDV SDUD YRDU FDSDFLGDGH GH SDVVDU
OR JR SHUtRGR HPEDL[R GD iJ D JUD GH YHORFLGDGH SDUD
I JLU R FDoDU R DWp PHVPR JUD GHV FDPDGDV GH JRUG UD
SDUD SRGHUPRV SDVVDU OR JRV SHUtRGRV VHP D HFHVVLGDGH

SUDJPDWLVPR GH -RK HZH

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GH RV DOLPH WDUPRV 6RPRV D LPDLV SURI GDPH WH GH

SH GH WHV OHYDPRV P LWR WHPSR SDUD FRPHoDU D D GDU H
PDLV DL GD SDUD SRGHU H VDLDU T DOT HU WLSR GH L GHSH
Gr FLD VVLP PDLV GR T H PD HFHVVLGDGH DW UDO GD
K PD LGDGH RV M WDUPRV HP ED GR IRL PD HFHVVL
GDGH GH VREUHYLYr FLD SRVW UD HUHWD D FDSDFLGDGH GH
enxergar à distância mais do que apegar-se aos cheiros e
DV VH VDo HV WiWHLV DOLDGR FRP D PD RUJD L]DomR VRFLDO
SULPLWLYD FRP PD Pt LPD GLYLVmR GH WDUHIDV R ED GR
SHUPLWL T H HVVH VLPSOHV D LPDO IUiJLO S GHVVH VREUHYL
YHU D WRGDV DV YLFLVVLW GHV SUySULDV GD DW UH]D VHOYDJHP
OpP GD SRVW UD HUHWD R VHU K PD R FR VHJ L LVRODU SDU
WHV GR FRUSR H GHVH YROYHU Do HV FRJ LWLYDV GLIHUH WHV GDV
T H HVWmR VH GR SURG ]LGDV D DomR PD DO
0DV VHP G YLGD IRL FRP D FR VFLr FLD GD PRUWH T H
KR YH PD UHYRO omR R PRGR GH UHODomR GR VHU K PD R
FR VLJR H FRP R R WUR FR VFLr FLD GD PRUWH H R GHVHMR
GH YHODU VH V PRUWRV RV GLVWD FLR GH RVVR O JDU PDLV
D LPDO PRUWH RV WUR [H PD FRPSUHH VmR GR OLPLWH

“Quando a cabeça é mais autônoma e menos comprometida, uma

YLVmR HVWHUHRVFySLFD PDLV tWLGD VH GHVH YROYH FDSD] GH DYDOLDU D SHUV
SHFWLYD KDELOLGDGH GH LVRODU REMHWRV GH V DV VLW Do HV DSHUIHLoRD
a memória e é o início do processo de abstração” (PHG, 1997, p. 120).
&RP D PDW UDomR FHUHEUDO R VHU K PD R FRPHoD D SURG ]LU I
o HV FRJ LWLYDV GH PDLRU FRPSOH[LGDGH T H R SHUPLWHP GLYLGLU HP
V DV Do HV DV I o HV PDLV VLPSOHV GDV PDLV FRPSOH[DV &RP LVVR R VHU
K PD R SDVVD D GLIHUH WH GH R WURV D LPDLV VHU FDSD] GH ´VHU GHOLEHUD
GR H GH FR WHU R FRUSR P VF ODUPH WH DR PHVPR WHPSR HP T H VH SHU
mite deixar os sentidos e os pensamentos atuarem” (PHG, 1997, p. 122).
Tal como já citado, Laura Perls reconhece a importância da nitu
GH D H[SHULr FLD K PD D (VVD FRPSUHH VmR GH T H D FR VFLr FLD GD
PRUWH H R DWR GH YHODU RV PRUWRV p FR VWLW WLYD GH RVVD GLPH VmR FLYLOL
]DWyULD p H FR WUDGD HP HRUJHV DWDLOOH HP VH OLYUR 2 (URWL PR
PDV p LPSRUWD WH VDOLH WDU T H Ki HVVD GHVFULomR P LWR WDPEpP GD
L WHUSUHWDomR JHVWiOWLFD GR SH VDPH WR GH DWDLOOH DSR WDGD SRU 0 OOHU
GDT LOR T H yV mR SRGHPRV FR WURODU (OD RV IH] L VHULU
a vida em uma referência nita, com começo meio e m,
PDV WDPEpP RV SHUPLWL D PHPyULD H R UHVSHLWR D RVVD
KLVWyULD SDVVDGD ,VVR SRVVLELOLWD RV SULPHLURV VtPERORV
H R F LGDGR SDUD T H RV D LPDLV mR FRPHVVHP D FDU H
GDT HOHV T H SDGHFLDP HP RVVD FRP LGDGH 2 UHFR KH
FLPH WR GD PRUWH RV ID] WDPEpP UHFR KHFHU RVVR FR V
WD WH L DFDEDPH WR H FRP LVVR SDVVDPRV D RV FRORFDU
HP T HVWmR 3RU LVVR HVVD FR VFLr FLD H R F LGDGR FRP R
T H SDGHFH GR R WUR RV MRJD D YLYr FLD GR OLPLWH H YDL DRV
SR FRV RV ID]H GR DGH WUDU DR P GR GD OHL GD UHJUD H
GD SURLELomR e FRP D YLYr FLD GD OHL T H SRGHPRV LPSHGLU
R GHVHMR DV SDL[ HV H R PRYLPH WR GD DW UH]D SDUD T H
FRP LVVR SRVVDPRV FRORFDU RUWH HP RVVRV SURSyVLWRV
3RU LVVR SHUD WH HVVH P GR H[WUHPDPH WH DUGLORVR
imprevisível e repleto de desa os, in nito em suas possibili
dades, mas também in nito em seus desa os, o ser humano
H FR WUR PD VDtGD L WHUHVVD WH R PDSHDPH WR GDV UHJ
ODULGDGHV SRVVtYHLV HVVH P GR WmR FDyWLFR VVLP D LGHLD
GH SUHYHU H FR WURODU D DW UH]D VH WRU DP IRUPDV SRVVtYHLV
GH PDSHDU DV HVWDo HV GR D R RV KiELWRV GRV D LPDLV DV
SOD WDV YH H RVDV F UDWLYDV H FRPHVWtYHLV H WD WDV R WUDV
SRVVLELOLGDGHV GH H WH GLPH WR GD DW UH]D OHL H D RUGHP
SRVVLELOLWDP WDPEpP PDSHDU H FR WURODU RVVRV LPS OVRV
PDLV VHOYDJH V H FRP LVVR SRVVLELOLWDU T H SRVVDPRV SUR
G ]LU P FR KHFLPH WR VREUH R P GR H VREUH yV PHVPRV
)UH WH D P P GR WmR SO UDO T DOT HU SRVVLELOLGDGH GH
UHJ ODULGDGH SUHFLVD VHU DSURYHLWDGD SDUD FR VHJ LU UHG ]LU
a profunda angústia de reconhecer-se nito em um mundo
FRP WD WDV SRVVLELOLGDGHV H WmR L FR WUROiYHO

H D UHWRPDGD LHW]VFKLD D GH V D WHRULD SURSRVWD SRU 0RVp

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OL J DJHP GHV DW UDOL]R R VHU K PD R H R DIDV

WR FDGD YH] PDLV GH V D YLGD DW UDO D SDUWLU GD FULDomR
GH UHJUDV T H HVWDEHOHoDP RV PRGRV GH I FLR DPH WR GR
ODoR VRFLDO D OL J DJHP WDPEpP SRVVLELOLWD D KLVWyULD H D
UHJ ODULGDGH SRVVLELOLWD D SUHYLVmR H DEHUW UD SDUD R I W UR
(P WURFD GR JD KR LPHGLDWR GD VDWLVIDomR GH PD HFHVVL
GDGH SURHPL H WH D FULDomR GH HVWUDWpJLDV GH SOD HMDPH WR
WDPEpP LPSOLFD HP FR WURODU RV LPS OVRV H R GHVHMR SULYDU
D VH[ DOLGDGH H RV SUD]HUHV SDUD FR VWU LU PD YLGD RUGH
DGD H SOD HMDGD 1RPHDU R P GR H DV FRLVDV ID] FRP T H
SRVVDPRV FRPSUHH GHU R P GR FRP PD FHUWD HVWUD KH]D
FRP P VtPEROR T H SRVVD SHUG UDU SDUD DOpP GD PDWHULDOL
GDGH 0DV WDPEpP p SRVVtYHO HVWUD KDU D VL PHVPR SURG
]L GR PD GREUD VREUH D SUySULD H[SHULr FLD ID]H GR P
PRYLPH WR GH VH FRORFDU HP T HVWmR 2 VHU K PD R p P
D LPDO T H VH T HVWLR D OLPLWD VH V LPS OVRV UHFR KHFH
V D PRUWDOLGDGH H L VHUH D OHL FRPR I GR GRV MRJRV VRFLDLV
0DV WDPEpP p P D LPDO T H T HVWLR D R VH[R VH SUD]HU
H VH V PRGRV GH UHODomR 2 SDUDGR[DO GD RomR GH OLEHUGDGH
T H DSDUHFH R GHFRUUHU GRV WHPSRV D SDUWLU GHVVH PRYL
PH WR p M VWDPH WH SH VDU D OLEHUGDGH FRPR D HJDomR GH
RVVRV LPS OVRV H D FDSDFLGDGH GH D WRFR WUROH
VVLP HP PD OHLW UD JHVWiOWLFD SRGHPRV SHUFHEHU
FRPR D K PD LGDGH D SDUWLU GH PD VpULH GH HUURV D WUR

RomR GH GREUD FRPR R PRYLPH WR GH ROKDU SDUD VL p L D J UDGD

SRU LOOHV HOH ]H FRPR IRUPD GH V SHUDomR GD GLFRWRPLD PH WH H FRUSR
R HVStULWR H PDWpULD HOH WUD] HVVD GLVF VVmR HOH WUD] SUL FLSDOPH WH HP
G DV GH V DV REUDV )R FD OW H REUD /HLEQL H R DUURFR
8P FRUSR T H VH GREUD VREUH VL p P FRUSR T H mR VH VHSDUD FRPR
LGHLD PDV T H SRGH FRORFDU VH HP T HVWmR 5REL H WLOL]D HVVD
PHWiIRUD SDUD SH VDU P VHOI T H VH GREUD H VH GHVGREUD SURG ]L GR
P PRYLPH WR GH UHFR KHFLPH WR H DomR 2 VH OLYUR T H IRUD WUDG ]LGR
com o título “O Self desdobrado” tem o título original, “Le Plis e Le Replis
du Self” ou seja, um self que se dobra e se desdobra sobre si.
SROyJLFRV YDOH UHVVDOWDU T H SDUD RRGPD D KLVWyULD
HVWi SHUPHDGD P LWR PDLV SRU HUURV GR T H SRU DFHUWRV
SURF UR DEULU PmR GD FULDWLYLGDGH H GD HVSR WD HLGD
GH HP SURO GD VHJ UD oD H GD SUHYLVLELOLGDGH 3DUD P
D LPDO WmR IUiJLO FRPR R VHU K PD R D SUHYLVLELOLGDGH H R
FR WUROH WRU DUDP VH IRUPDV GH PD WH omR GR VWDW V T R
LGHLD p D GH T H WRGD D FR VWU omR VLPEyOLFD RUL GD GR
GHVH YROYLPH WR GD VRFLHGDGH RV GLVWD FLR GH RVVDV
UHDLV HFHVVLGDGHV H SRU LVVR KR YH P DED GR R GR
FR WDWR FRP WRGD IRUPD GH H[FLWDomR H SD ODWL DPH WH
IRPRV DOLH D GR R SRUT H mR GL]HU UHSULPL GR RVVR
FR WDWR FRP R FDPSR GD VH[ DOLGDGH GD FULDWLYLGDGH H
GR FR WDWR FRP LWiULR HFHVViULR SDUD T H RVVD HVSp
FLH WH KD FR VHJ LGR VREUHYLYHU . A nal de contas, se

Goodman (PHG, 1997) de fato apresenta o termo erro para de nir os

FDPL KRV GD K PD LGDGH 3RUpP R WHUPR HUUR p P LWR VLPSOyULR SDUD
UHFR KHFHU D FRPSOH[LGDGH GD KLVWyULD GD K PD LGDGH R PHVPR WHPSR
que ele chama de erro, Goodman não deixa de recorrer a Nietzsche e às
críticas às teorias ingênuas (PHG, 1997) que moralizam a natureza huma
na. Quando nos referimos a erros antropológicos, isso tem a ver com o que
Goodman chamou de “traição da nossa natureza” já desde o seus primeiros
HVFULWRV D DUT LVWDV RRGPD D HVVD WUDLomR H DED GR R GH RVVD
natureza, é uma discussão metafórica para se referir àquilo que Nietzsche
chamou de uma negação à vida e a nossa potência. Ou seja, foi o excesso
T H mR GHL[R GH VHU HFHVViULR GH UDFLR DOL]DomR H FR WUROH GD YLGD HP
detrimento da a rmação de nossa capacidade de deriva e transformação,
T H RV WRU R VHUHV DSiWLFRV H GHVYLWDOL]DGRV SRUpP WDOYH] mR IRVVHP
SRVVtYHLV R WURV FDPL KRV D WURSROyJLFRV 0DLV GR T H GL]HU T H WHUtDPRV
T H WHU IHLWR GLIHUH WH H DSR WDU FDPL KRV FRUUHWRV RRGPD HVWi RV DOHU
WD GR SDUD RV HIHLWRV GH RVVD KLVWyULD H GH T H mR SRGHPRV I JLU GDV
FR VHT r FLDV GH RVVD IRUPDomR F OW UDO
´FRP P LWD IUHT r FLD R D WRFR WUROH H[LJLGR VRFLDOPH WH SRGH VHU
alcançado apenas às custas da desvitalização e do enfraquecimento das
funções de grandes partes da personalidade humana” (Perls, 2002, p. 106)
´ V HVWU W UDV VLPEyOLFDV SRU H[HPSOR GL KHLUR R SUHVWtJLR R
D SD] S EOLFD R R SURJUHVVR GR VDEHU WRU DP VH R REMHWLYR H[FO VLYR
GH WRGD DWLYLGDGH D T DO mR Ki H K PD VDWLVIDomR D LPDO H SRGH DWp
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IH] FDGD YH] PDLV HFHVViULR DED GR DU W GR DT LOR T H

SURG ] GHULYD GLIHUH oD WUD VP WDomR FRP LWDULVPR
o con ito genuíno e a sexualidade, pois elas são formas
FRPSOHWDPH WH GLVU SWLYDV T H RV OHYD D FDPL KRV mR
SUHGHWHUPL DGRV 3RU LVVR R H[FHVVR GH FRHUomR VH WRU D
DOJR L WURMHWDGR H D YLYr FLD WH VD H UtJLGD VH WRU D KDELW
DO PHVPR T D GR mR Ki SHULJRV HPL H WHV
V RUJD L]Do HV VRFLDLV T H VmR FR VWLW tGDV D SDUWLU
GHVVD OyJLFD FRP V DV HVWUDWpJLDV GH FR WUROH VHMDP
mR KDYHU H K PD VDWLVIDomR SHVVRDO H FR W GR IRUD GR L WHUHVVH D L
PDO R SHOR PH RV SHVVRDO mR SRGH KDYHU H K PD PHGLGD L WUt VHFD
HVWiYHO PDV VRPH WH R GHV RUWHDPH WR H SDGU HV T H FD SRGHPRV
alcançar” (PHG, 1997, p. 124).
(VVH p P GRV SR WRV EDVLODUHV GD FRPSUHH VmR GD H[SHULr FLD
H UyWLFD D HVWDOW 7HUDSLD L LELomR H UyWLFD p P HVWDGR HYRO
WLYR GH SURWHomR PDV IU WR GH PD GHVL WHJUDomR GD VRFLHGDGH H GR
O JDU FULDWLYR R P GR K PD R H ´R KRPHP H[SHULPH WD WUD VIRU
mar o fato de ‘viver à custa dos próprios nervos’ numa nova conquista
evolucionária” (PHG, 1997, p. 126). Por isso, a neurose é vista como esse
HVWiJLR GH WH VmR FU LFD
É importante compreender que quando falo “organizações sociais”,
“sistema organizado”, ou “instituições”, não me re ro a “seres” indepen
GH WHV WDO FRPR VH HVVHV FR VWU WRV I FLR DVVHP D UHYHOLD GH yV PHVPRV
&DVR LVVR IRVVH FRPSUHH GLGR GH WUR GD SHUVSHFWLYD R WROyJLFD JHVWiOWLFD
VHULD HFHVViULR L FO LU HVVH T DUWR UHJLVWUR GD H[SHULr FLD R H WmR DSR
WDU FRPR HVVH FDPSR I FLR D GH IRUPD L GHSH GH WH 1D YHUGDGH mR
H[LVWH D 6RFLHGDGH FRP 6 PDL VF OR L GHSH GH WH GH yV PHVPRV RRG
PD R T H H[LVWH p D KLVWyULD FRPSOH[D GH FRPR YDPRV FR VWU L GR
relações repressoras a partir da objeti cação do outro, da preci cação das
RVVDV Do HV GD HJDomR GD VH[ DOLGDGH H GR DIHWR H D L WU VmR D SDUWLU GR
UHVVH WLPH WR GD F OSD H GD L YHMD FRPR IRUPD GH FR WURODU W GR DT LOR
T H p 2 WUR 3RU LVVR SDUD DOpP GH DOJR T H ID]HPRV GHOLEHUDGDPH WH
HVVDV UHODo HV UHSUHVVRUDV VmR L WURMHWDGDV H VmR UHSURG ]LGDV HP RVVDV
Do HV GH IRUPD mR GHOLEHUDGD D UHYHOLD GH RVVD YROLomR 1HVVH VH WLGR
D HVWDOW 7HUDSLD SDUWH GR SUL FtSLR GH T H D WUD VIRUPDomR VRFLDO FRPHoD
FRP P ROKDU SDUD VL PHVPR D UHODomR FRP R R WUR 3HUOV /
VVLP D HVWDOW 7HUDSLD HVWi IRUWHPH WH OLJDGD DR SH VDPH WR GH EHU
quando ele a rma que aquele que busca o caminho da transformação “(...)
(OH SUHFLVD SULPHLUR SDUWL GR GH WRGRV RV SH G ULFDOKRV GH V D YLGD
DT HODV H[SOtFLWDV R DT HODV LPSOtFLWDV SURG ]HP IRUPDV
FDGD YH] PDLV UHSUHVVLYDV GH FR WURODU RV FRUSRV GRPL DU
D VH[ DOLGDGH D FULDWLYLGDGH H DV UHODo HV WUD VIRUPD GR
DV SHVVRDV HP SURG WRV PHUDPH WH FR WUROiYHLV H GRPL D
GRV VVLP R SUHoR D WURSROyJLFR GH PD VRFLHGDGH RU
JD L]DGD HP T H RV ULVFRV GD YLGD VHOYDJHP IRUDP V EVWL
W tGRV SHODV FHUWH]DV H SUHYLVLELOLGDGHV GD YLGD E URFUiWLFD
VmR D VH[ DOLGDGH UHSULPLGD D VROLWiULD L VWU PH WDOL]DomR
GR R WUR DV UHODo HV K PD DV H D L LELomR GD FULDWLYLGDGH

chegar ao seu “eu”; ele precisa se encontrar, mas não o eu evidente do

indivíduo egocêntrico, mas o “eu” profundo da pessoa que vive na relação
com o mundo. E a isso se opõe a todo costume” (Buber, 2011, p. 34).
2 &R WUROH VRFLDO GRV FRUSRV H GD VH[ DOLGDGH p GHVFULWR R OL
YUR H WDOW 7 HUDS EDVHDGR DV LGHLDV GH )UH G H 5HLFK H IRUPD PDLV
DSURI GDGD 0LFKHO )R FD OW D E F S H[ SURG ] PD
VpULH GH L YHVWLJDo HV VREUH FRPR HVVDV HVWUDWpJLDV VH DSUHVH WDP SUR
F UD GR PRVWUDU FRPR D YLGD YDL VH GR VLVWHPDWLFDPH WH FR WURODGD H
FR VWLW tGD D SDUWLU GH HVWUDWpJLDV PLFURSROtWLFDV GH FR WUROH GD RVVD
FR GLomR GH VHUHV YLYH WHV ELRSROtWLFD 2 (VWDGR H R WUDV L VWLW Lo HV
RV FR WURODP FULD GR HVWUDWpJLDV GH RV GHL[DU YLYHU SROLFLDPH WR
KRVSLWDLV FOt LFDV HWF DVVLP p GHYHU GDV L VWLW Lo HV PD WHU RVVD
YLGD HP WURFD RV DOLH DPRV HVVDV L VWLW Lo HV SURG ]L GR FRUSRV
FDGD YH] PDLV GRFLOL]DGRV SRU HVVDV HVWUDWpJLDV GH SRGHU ELRSROtWLFRV
DUWLF ODomR GD LGHLD GD D WURSRORJLD GD H URVH FRP DV LGHLDV DFHUFD
GD ELRSROtWLFD GH 0LFKHO )R FD OW IRL GLVF WLGD R WUDEDOKR GH FR FO VmR
GR & UVR GH )RUPDomR &Ot LFD HP HVWDOW 7HUDSLD GH ,VD UD &DUROL H
EUD WHV T H I L RULH WDGRU M WDPH WH FRP -RVp 5LFDUGR 6D WD D HP
0 OOHU UD ]RWWR H 0 OOHU UD ]RWWR E DSR WDP DOJ V
SR WRV GH DSUR[LPDomR H FUtWLFD DR SH VDPH WR IR FD OWLD R PDV
DFUHGLWR T H IRL R WUDEDOKR GH ,VD UD T H PDLV E VFR D L WHUORF omR
H WUH R PRGR FRPR )R FD OW SH VD DV IRUPDV GH SRGHU H D OHLW UD KLV
tórica e antropológica de Goodman em torno da neurose. Agradeço à
Isaura por contribuir suas re exões (o artigo construído desse trabalho
HVWi HP SURFHVVR GH S EOLFDomR PDV WDPEpP SHODV FR WULE Lo HV DV
GLVF VV HV VREUH D YLROr FLD GH Jr HUR FR WLGDV DT L GDGR PD SDUWH
signi cativa de seu trabalho é dedicada à compreensão e intervenção
JHVWiOWLFD HVVHV FR WH[WRV
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RRGPD FR VWU tUD HVVD KLSyWHVH L WHJUD GR DR VH

SH VDPH WR DV LGHLDV T H )ULW] 3HUOV Mi KDYLD PRVWUDGR HP
(JR )RPH H JUH mR H WUH DV YiULDV LGHLDV DSUHVH WDGDV
R OLYUR 2 FDVDO 3HUOV Mi H WH GLD T H D DJUHVVmR IRL P
WHPD PDO FRPSUHH GLGR SHOD WUDGLomR SVLFD DOtWLFD DWp
H WmR SUL FLSDOPH WH SRU )UH G H 5HLFK 2V SVLFD DOLVWDV
KDYLDP FR I GLGR DJUHVVmR FRP D LT LODomR H SRU LVVR
KDYLDP H WH GLGR T H D UHSUHVVmR GD DJUHVVLYLGDGH HUD
HFHVViULD SDUD R GHVH YROYLPH WR VRFLDO FRPR R FDVR
GH )UH G H RV SVLFyORJRV GR HJR R T H D DJUHVVmR IRVVH R
GHVGREUDPH WR GD UHSUHVVmR H GD DOLH DomR SROtWLFR VH[ DO
FRPR R FDVR GH 5HLFK 3HUOV DWH WDUD SDUD R IDWR GH T H
D JUHVVmR p D SUySULD DomR GR RUJD LVPR VREUH R PHLR H
RRGPD SURF UR DPSOLDU HVVD LGHLD FRPR R SULPDGR GD
DomR H GD FULDomR R FDPSR L WHUV EMHWLYR
HVVD IRUPD SDUD DOpP GD UHSUHVVmR GD VH[ DOLGDGH
D UHSUHVVmR GD DJUHVVmR p P GRV SUL FLSDLV UHVSR ViYHLV
SHOD VHJ UD oD VRFLDO SRUpP FRPR SUHoR HVVD UHSUHVVmR
JHUD D DSDWLD D IDOWD GH FULDWLYLGDGH H GH HVSR WD HLGDGH
DV H[SHULr FLDV SULPRUGLDLV 1HVVH VH WLGR p SRVVtYHO
perceber que há um con ito nodal entre a excitação e a
F OW UD R T H p FR GLomR LQH T D QRQ SDUD D FR VWU omR
GH PD VRFLHGDGH GLWD H UyWLFD SRUpP DR PHVPR WHPSR
em que esse con ito é constituinte de uma sociedade que
FDSW UD RVVD H[SHULr FLD mR SRGHUtDPRV LPDJL DU R
GHVH YROYLPH WR FLYLOL]DWyULR VHP HVVD OyJLFD )UH WH D
WDPD KD UHSUHVVmR mR p HVWUD KR SH VDU T H D H[FLWDomR
DL GD E VT H VH DW DOL]DU HP HVIHUDV T H DRV ROKRV GH PD
VRFLHGDGH RUJD L]DGD FR WURODGRUD H FH WUDOLVWD VmR

“é provável que esses con itos ‘irreconciliáveis’ sempre foram, e não

Vy D DW DOLGDGH D FR GLomR K PD D H T H R VRIULPH WR FR FRPLWD WH H
R PRYLPH WR HP GLUHomR D PD VRO omR GHVFR KHFLGD VHMDP DV EDVHV GR
excitamento humano” (PHG, 1997, p. 126)
FRPSOHWDPH WH L DFHLWiYHLV H VHP VH WLGR WDO FRPR D SRU
nogra a, as práticas sexuais ditas alternativas, as relações
VDGRPDVRT LVWDV DV SUiWLFDV GH YLROr FLD D J HUUD H DV
IRUPDV GH GHJUDGDomR GR SUySULR FRUSR 3RU LVVR M WR
com a lei, nasce também a transgressão. A nal, a excitação
L WHUURPSLGD SUHFLVD LU SDUD DOJ P O JDU H D WUD VJUHVVmR
p PD IRUPD GH HVFRi OD VVLP mR GHL[DP GH VHU FULD
WLYDV DV YiULDV SUiWLFDV GHVH YROYLGDV SDUD WRU DU P LWDV
YH]HV HVFR GLGRV D FDODGD GD RLWH D YLGD PL LPDPH WH
PDLV L WHUHVVD WH PHVPR T H HVVDV H[SHULr FLDV DFDEHP
FRORFD GR D SUySULD YLGD H D GH R WUDV SHVVRDV HP ULVFR
PD HLUD FRPSOHWDPH WH GHVRUGH DGD FRPR E VFDP PRGRV
GH WRU DU D YLGD L WHUHVVD WH T H H FR WUDPRV RV DG OWRV
PDV WDPEpP YHPRV FDGD YH] PDLV DGROHVFH WHV E VFD GR
SUiWLFDV WUD VJUHVVLYDV p P JULWR GH VRFRUUR GR H[FHVVR GH
UHSUHVVmR 2 JUD GH SUREOHPD p T H HVVDV WUD VJUHVV HV VmR
FRPSOHWDPH WH YD]LDV GH SURSyVLWR FRPR HODV VmR H[SOR
V HV H HVFRDPH WR GD UHSUHVVmR HODV mR PD WrP T DOT HU
FRPSURPLVVR HP DJLU VREUH DV FD VDV GD FRHUomR VRFLDO
3RU LVVR GH WUR GHVVH FR WH[WR p SRVVtYHO SHUFHEHU T H
DV SURPHVVDV DSUHVH WDGDV SHOD F OW UD HP V DV IRUPDV
UHOLJLRVDV R PHWDItVLFDV VmR WH WDWLYDV GH LPSHGLU HVVH
PDO HVWDU JHUDGR SHOD E VFD GD FULDomR SRU P ODGR H SHOR
FR WUROH GRV LPS OVRV SHOR R WUR VVLP R T H RRGPD
FKDPR HP VH Pan eto de Maio VH SULPHLUR PD LIHVWR
D DUT LVWD GH WUDLomR GH RVVD DW UH]D R VHMD D RVVD
apatia e a nossa desistência frente aos con itos cotidianos,
mR GHL[D GH VHU PD IRUPD T H VH FR VWLW L GR SR WR GH
YLVWD HYRO WLYR P LWR UHFH WHPH WH

RRGPD D
1R OLYUR H WDOW 7 HUDS Goodman a rmam que a neurose é “aqui
sição muito recente da humanidade” (PHG, 1997, p. 125).
 r G
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T L p SRVVtYHO H WmR DSUHH GHU P RYR SR WR GH

YLVWD VREUH D FRPSUHH VmR GD H URVH H URVH FR WHP
SRUk HD p M VWDPH WH HVVH PRGR T H VH FR VWLW L GH IRUPD
FULDWLYD IUH WH DR PRYLPH WR D WRUUHJ ODWyULR GR FDPSR
RUJD LVPR DPELH WH T H DVV PLPRV DV UHODo HV K PD
DV HP T H FRPR IRUPD GH SURWHomR IUH WH D P P GR
WmR L GHFLIUiYHO yV DGPLWLPRV D LGHLD GH E VFDU PD HLUDV
de evitar (a qualquer custo) os con itos vividos nele
3DUD R D LPDO K PD R HP WDO SR WR GH GHVH YROYLPH
WR FLYLOL]DWyULR p FRPSUHH VLYR T H D E VFD GD WH WDWLYD
GH FR WUROH GD L FRPH V UDELOLGDGH GD UHDOLGDGH WD WR
GH DVSHFWRV ELROyJLFRV T D WR VRFLDLV WH KD VH WRU DGR
HFHVViULD SRUpP HP WURFD GHVVH SURFHVVR yV DFDEDPRV
DED GR D GR RVVD HVSR WD HLGDGH H FULDWLYLGDGH
HVVD IRUPD R T H Ki GH SHUGLGR R L DGDSWDGR HP
RVVD VRFLHGDGH FR WHPSRUk HD mR p D DW UH]D K PD D
PDV VLP D SUySULD VRFLHGDGH GDGR T H D F OW UD RFLGH WDO
RSWR SHOD HJDomR GD YLGD R DSULVLR DPH WR GD UHDOLGDGH
HP VtPERORV H WHRULDV H D HJDomR GH WRGD D RVVD SRWr FLD
VH[ DOLGDGH D DJUHVVmR H W GR DT LOR T H RV MRJD HP
RVVD I omR PDLV SRWH WH M VWDPH WH SRU HVWDU I GDGD
D H[FLWDomR H R URPSLPH WR FRP R H WH GLPH WR IRL
V EVWLW tGR SRU P SULVPD T H ROKD SDUD D YLGD GH OR JH
WH WD GR PDLV H WH Gr OD GR T H YLYr OD FR VWU L GR PD
FLr FLD VREUH D YLGD R VHMD PDLV GR T H YLYHU D YLGD FRP
WRGD D V D SRWr FLD T HU VH H WH GHU H FR WURODU D YLGD
VVLP D D WURSRORJLD GD H URVH mR p R WUD FRLVD
VH mR PD IRUPD GH PDSHDPH WR GH FRPR RVVD IRUPD
GH I FLR DPH WR VRFLDO FR WHPSRUk HD FDSW UD RVVRV

“Na realidade, a neurose é a paci cação prematura dos con itos; é

P DJDUUDPH WR DUPLVWtFLR R L VH VLELOLGDGH FRP R REMHWLYR GH HYLWDU
con itos adicionais (...)” (PHG, 1997, p. 167).
FRUSRV H RVVD H[SUHVVLYLGDGH SRU PHLRV FRHUFLWLYRV GH
GRPL DomR VRFLDO (VVD SROtWLFD GH GRPL DomR GH RVVRV
FRUSRV H GH HJDomR GD YLGD DFR WHFH HP WRGDV DV FDPD
GDV GD SRS ODomR GH PRGRV PDLV DJUHVVLYRV H GHVWU WLYRV
HP V H GH IRUPDV PDLV DEUD GDGDV HP R WURV PDV HVVD
OyJLFD p KHJHP LFD HP RVVD VRFLHGDGH &ODUR T H mR
SRGHPRV LJ RUDU T H Ki SHOD YLD GRV PRGRV GH SURG omR
FDSLWDOLVWDV IRUPDV GH FDSW UD GH PD H RUPH SDUFHOD GD
SRS ODomR P GLDO SRU P JU SR PH RU GH SHVVRDV V
HVWUDWpJLDV GH SRGHU GH GRPL DomR GRV PHLRV GH SURG omR
VmR UHDLV H FR VWLW WLYDV SDUD R H WH GLPH WR GD GLYLVmR GD
VRFLHGDGH HP FODVVHV 6HULD L Jr R SH VDU PD HVWDOW
7HUDSLD T H HJ H D GLYLVmR GH FODVVHV RRGPD SRU
H[HPSOR H WH GLD T H HUD HFHVViULR FRPSUHH GHU mR
FRPR R (VWDGR SRGHULD VH GHIH GHU GD GRPL DomR JOREDO FD

O termo “Antropologia da neurose” (PHG, 1997, p. 115) é utilizado

R OLYUR H WDOW 7 HUDS para de nir essa história de como nossa socieda
GH FR VWUyL HVVH PRGR GH HJDomR GD YLGD 3RUpP FRPR LUHPRV GLVF
WLU DGLD WH D H URVH p Vy PD GDV IRUPDV SRVVtYHLV GH OLGDU FRP HVVD
HJDomR H FRP DV IRUPDV GH GRPt LR GH RVVRV FRUSRV 3RU LVVR SDUD
mR JHUDU H K PD FR I VmR H WUH HVVHV FR FHLWRV DFKHL PHOKRU IDODU HP
PD D WURSRORJLD GDV IRUPDV GH FDSW UD GD H[SHULr FLD H FRPSUHH GHU
D H URVH GH IRUPD PDLV FOt LFD 3RUpP FRPSUHH GHU D H URVH IRUD GR
HVSHFWUR GD PHGLFL D H L VHUL OD R FR WH[WR VRFLROyJLFR IRL PD JUD GH
FR T LVWD GR OWLPR VpF OR H GLVF WLUHPRV LVVR PHOKRU RSRUW DPH WH
0DLV PD YH] p LPSRUWD WH UHVVDOWDU D SDUWLFLSDomR GH )ULW] H /D UD R
PRYLPH WR PDU[LVWD GH HUOLP H HP (JR )RPH H JUH mR )ULW] 3HUOV
GLVF WH R FDUiWHU DOLH D WH GD HYLWDomR GR FR WDWR H T D WR L VWU PH WR
GH GRPL DomR VRFLDO SUL FLSDOPH WH DV UHODo HV GH WUDEDOKR RRGPD
Mi HUD P DWLYR PHPEUR GR PRYLPH WR D DUT LVWD JURVVR PRGR RV D DU
T LVWDV UHFR KHFLDP D O WD GH FODVVHV PDV mR DFUHGLWDYDP T H R (VWDGR
S GHVVH VRFRUUHU HVVH SUREOHPD SRLV SDUWHP GR SUHVV SRVWR T H R (VWDGR
WDPEpP SRGH VH WRU DU P L VWU PH WR GH GHVLJ DOGDGH L GHSH GH WH GH
T HP DVV PH R SRGHU 3DUD PDLV VREUH D WHRULD SROtWLFD GH RRGPD YHU D
LPSRUWD WH FROHWk HD GH H VDLRV SROtWLFRV FKDPDGD UD LQJ W H /LQH 2QFH
JDLQ RUJD L]DGD SRU 7D ORU 6WRHKU RRGPD
 r G
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SLWDOLVWD PDV VLP FRPR T H D GRPL DomR JOREDO FDSLWDOLVWD

KDYLD GRPL DGR L FO VLYH R (VWDGR HVVD IRUPD D T HVWmR
DFHUFD GDV IRUPDV GH DOLH DomR PDLV GR T H H[SOLFLWDGD DV
O WDV GH FODVVH VH WRU DP PDLV V WLV H V EOLPL DUHV
Se a questão do século XVIII que possibilitou o socialis
PR PDU[LVWD H R D DUT LVPR GH 3UR GKR R DNK L
era “porque uns tem tanto e outros tão pouco?”, Goodman
segue a esteira do século XX de autores como Wilhelm Rei
FK D DK UH GW R DWp 0LFKHO )R FD OW T H RV FRORFD
PD RYD T HVWmR GH SRVVH GR H WH GLPH WR GD GHVLJ DO
GDGH VRFLDO H GDV IRUPDV WRWDOLWiULDV GR (VWDGR SRU T H VR
PRV WmR REHGLH WHV 3RU T H ROKDPRV SDUD WRGD D YLROr FLD
YLYLGD DV IRUPDV PDLV V WLV GH UHODo HV H VLPSOHVPH WH
DFDWDPRV D HODV WDO FRPR VH DGD S GpVVHPRV ID]HU e PD
UDGLFDOL]DomR GH PD SHUJ WD D WLJD T H p SRU T H DVVLV
timos à história tal como se não zéssemos parte dela?
WHVH GD VLW DomR L DFDEDGD GH T H DV KLVWyULDV H DIH
WLYLGDGHV GR SDVVDGR E VFDP V DV UHVRO o HV R I W UR H
quando reprimidas viram formas que se repetem às vezes
SR FR H[SOtFLWDV p DT L UHWRPDGD D IRUPD GH H WH GL
PH WR GH T H D KLVWyULD p WDPEpP UHSOHWD GH UHYRO o HV L
FRPSOHWDV H DF P ORV GH IRUPDV 0DLV GR T H D V SHUDomR
GH PD HUD VREUH D R WUD R T H YHPRV p D VREUHSRVLomR GH
H[SHULr FLDV KLVWyULFDV WDO FRPR VH D SDVVDJHP GH P PR
PH WR KLVWyULFR SDUD R WUR mR R HOLPL DVVH PDV D YHUGDGH
R VREUHS VHVVH DJUHJD GR V DV T HVW HV L DFDEDGDV VREUH
DV R WUDV UHYHOD GR DVVLP mR D OL HDULGDGH GD KLVWyULD
PDV VLP V D DPELJ LGDGH UHSHWLomR H IUDW UD FR VWD WH

Para conhecer os con itos e aproximações entre os movimentos

VRFLDOLVWDV H D DUT LVWDV V JLUR R OLYUR RFLDOL PR H QDUT L PR R L tFLR
GR VpF OR GH (GJDUG &DUR H
(P VH OWLPR OLYUR HP YLGD R 1H 5HIRUPDWLRQ RRGPD UHWRPD
D RomR GH VLW DomR L DFDEDGD SDUD SH VDU R FDPSR GDV UHYRO o HV L
 6H GR DVVLP D OHLW UD GH T H R FDSLWDOLVPR GLYLGH D VRFLH
GDGH HP FODVVHV HP T H PD SHT H D SDUFHOD GD SRS ODomR
GRPL D H L VWLW L DV UHJUDV SROtWLFDV H HFR PLFDV GH R WUD p
UHDO H I GDPH WDO PDV mR GHVFUHYH PDLV FRPSOHWDPH WH
RV U PRV FR WHPSRUk HRV GR FDSLWDOLVPR 1D GpFDGD GH
P LWRV D WRUHV L FO L GR 3D O RRGPD RV PRVWUD
UDP T H DV L VWLW Lo HV GH SRGHU WDPEpP RSHUDP D SDUWLU
GH R WURV PHFD LVPRV V WLV GH GRPL DomR DOpP GDT HOHV
HFR PLFRV e FRPR VH KR YHVVH P LWR PDLV YLROr FLD H P L
WR PDLV IRUPDV GH SRGHU GR T H DT HODV H[SOLFLWDGDV SHOR
SRGHU L VWLW FLR DO GD GHVLJ DOGDGH HFR PLFD FODUR T H D
lucratividade sobre o outro se torna um m comum quase
FR VWD WH 1D YHUGDGH DOpP GD LPSRVLomR GD GRPL DomR
SHODV IRUPDV GH WUDEDOKR R FDSLWDOLVPR WDPEpP FULD R WURV
GLVSRVLWLYRV GH GRPL DomR GH RVVRV FRUSRV GRPL DomR
VH ID] SHOD LJUHMD SHODV HVFRODV SHODV IiEULFDV SHORV SRVWRV
GH WUDEDOKR SHOD PtGLD PDV WDPEpP SHODV IRUPDV GH OD]HU
institucionalizadas. A nal, se a vida laboral ocorre de forma
repetitiva de segunda a sexta, o nal de semana também é
Totalmente institucionalizado e resumido às formas de con
V PR T H DOpP GH WDPEpP UHSHWLWLYDV VHUYHP DR SURMHWR GD
SURG WLYLGDGH GR FDSLWDO HVGH FULD oD VRPRV V EPHWL
dos às diferentes instituições que participamos, e elas já pro
FRPSOHWDV D KLVWyULD ´PH REMHWLYR p PRVWUDU T H PD VRO omR FRHUFL
tiva ou inautêntica de um con ito deixou uma situação inacabada para
a próxima geração, e a di culdade se torna mais complexa nas novas
FR GLo HV ( WmR p WLO OHPEUDU R HVWDGR PDLV VLPSOHV D WHV GH DV FRLVDV
GDUHP HUUDGR p LUUHPHGLDYHOPH WH DUFDLFD FRPR UHVSRVWD DW DO PDV
WHP YLWDOLGDGH H SRGH V JHULU P RYR SURJUDPD T H H YROYD P FR
ito renovado. Esse é o uso terapêutico da história. Como Ben Nelson
disse, o objetivo da história é manter antigas causas (derrotadas) vivas”
RRGPD F S 71
´6H D SDUWH GH RVVD YLGD FR VDJUDGD DR WUDEDOKR FRPSRUWD SR FR
L WHUHVVH SR FD KR UD R SR FD GLJ LGDGH K PD D yV SRGHUtDPRV HV
perar algo melhor na parte dos lazeres?” (Goodman, 1960, p. 199 T.N.).
 r G
G G i t

G ]HP IRUPDV GH L LELU RVVD VH[ DOLGDGH RVVD IRUPD GH

YLGD FRP LWiULD H RVVD FULDWLYLGDGH ,VVR p IHLWR SRU WRGDV
HVVDV L VWLW Lo HV T H LPS HP PD SURI GD SHGDJRJLD GH
GRPL DomR H YLROr FLD FR WUD T DOT HU FRLVD T H SRVVLELOLWH
P O JDU GH GHULYD D RVVD H[SHULr FLD
3RUpP R FDSLWDOLVPR FR WHPSRUk HR WHP DSUHVH WDGR
no último século uma forma mais re nada de dominação.
OyJLFD HROLEHUDO GHL[D GH VHU VRPH WH PD SURSRVWD HFR
PLFD HP SULPHLUR O JDU PD SURSRVWD GH RUJD L]DomR
HVWDWDO T H SURS H PD GLPL LomR GD L WHUYH omR GR (VWD
GR D HFR RPLD H WRU D VH WDPEpP PD SROtWLFD T H GLWD DV
UHJUDV HFR PLFDV VRFLDLV H SVLFROyJLFDV GH I FLR DPH WR
GD VRFLHGDGH R FR WUiULR GH V DV SUHGHFHVVRUDV GH RUL

1R OLYUR 3HGDJRJLD GR 5L FR 6LOYLR DOOR ID] PD OHLW UD GDV

SUL FLSDLV FRUUH WHV D DUT LVWDV GH HG FDomR H PRVWUD FRPR D SHUVSHF
WLYD WUDGLFLR DO HVFRODU WHP FRPR SD R GH I GR P H JHVVDPH WR GD
FDSDFLGDGH FULDWLYD H GH L YH WLYLGDGH GD FULD oD H GR MRYHP HG FD
omR WUDGLFLR DO p D OHLW UD GH DOOR P GRV SUL FLSDLV L VWU PH WRV GH
DOLH DomR H GRPL DomR VRFLDO (P VH V HVFULWRV HG FDFLR DLV RRGPD
WDPEpP WUDEDOKD FRP HVVD WHVH H WH GH GR R PRGHOR HG FDFLR DO DPH
ULFD R FRPR R SUL FLSDO L VWU PH WR GR VLVWHPD SDUD D DOLH DomR VRFLDO
0DLV GR T H R GHVFDVR FRP D HG FDomR S EOLFD R PRGHOR HG FDFLR DO
WUDGLFLR DO p P SURMHWR GH GRPL DomR HP T H D DOLH DomR VRFLDO SUR
G ]LGD SHORV PHLRV HG FDFLR DLV p SDUWH GHVVH SURMHWR 3DUD PDLV VREUH
D OHLW UD GH RRGPD VREUH D HG FDomR YHU HOPL R
3DUD 0EHPEH R V MHLWR GR P GR HROLEHUDO WRU R VH P RE
MHWR GR PHUFDGR ´HVVH KRPHP FRLVD KRPHP PiT L D KRPHP FyGLJR H
homem uxo procura antes de manda regular a sua conduta em função de
RUPDV GR PHUFDGR VHP HP VHT HU KHVLWDU HP VH D WR L VWU PH WDOL]DU
e instrumentalizar os outros para otimizar a sua parcela de fruição.” (p.
T L p LPSRUWD WH UHVVDOWDU T H R UHF UVR DR SH VDPH WR GH FKLOOLH
0EHPEH 0LFKHO )R FD OW JDPEH J &K O D - GLWK WOHU
D DK UH GW DUGRW H /DYDO LOWR .UH DN H WD WRV R WURV T H VHUmR
FLWDGRV DT L T H mR ID]HP SDUWH GD GLVF VVmR JHVWiOWLFD R GH VH V I
GDPH WRV GLUHWRV WHP D YHU FRP WHyULFRV T H SH VDP R FR WHPSRUk HR H
contribuem de forma signi cativa em relação à compreensão do contexto
T H YLYHPRV KRMH VVLP FRPR WDPEpP FR WULE HP D FRPSUHH VmR GH
uma série de ssuras históricas que o trabalho dos primeiros Gestalt-Tera
JHP OLEHUDLV R HROLEHUDOLVPR mR p VRPH WH D UHWLUDGD GR
(VWDGR PDV PD RYD IRUPD GH ID]HU SROtWLFD 1HVVH VH WL
GR ID]HU SROtWLFD p SURG ]LU RYDV IRUPDV GH DUWLF ODomR GH
SRGHU SURSR GR RYDV PD HLUDV GH VH L YH WDU DV UHODo HV
FRP RV R WURV VVLP R HROLEHUDOLVPR DV OWLPDV GpFDGDV
mais especi camente, deixa de ser uma forma especí ca de
VH SH VDU D SROtWLFD H D HFR RPLD SDUD VH WRU DU PD RYD
IRUPD GH V EMHWLYDomR R seja, uma nova forma de con gu
UDU D PD HLUD FRPR RV RUJD L]DPRV H RV UHODFLR DPRV

SH WDV GHL[R 2 I GDPH WR R WROyJLFR DT L GLVF WLGR p R PRGHOR JHVWiO

WLFR DSUHVH WDGR D WHULRUPH WH H GH IRUPD DOJ PD T HUR ID]HU T DOT HU
DUWLF ODomR FRP HVVHV D WRUHV R T H GL] UHVSHLWR DR FDPSR GD DW UH]D GR
SRGHU GD DW UH]D GD H[SHULr FLD R GD FR VWLW LomR SVtT LFD (VVHV D
WRUHV DSUHVH WDP PD VpULH GH FUtWLFDV DR FR WH[WR HROLEHUDO H FDSLWDOLVWD
FR WHPSRUk HR PDV DSUHVH WDP PRGRV GH FRPSUHH VmR GD H[SHULr FLD
H GR SVLT LVPR P LWR SHF OLDUHV H HVVHV DVSHFWRV mR VHUmR DSURSULDGRV
DT L 0H UHF UVR D HVVHV WHyULFRV p P LWR PDLV D OHLW UD KLVWyULFD FUtWLFD
H F OW UDO 1R FDVR GH )R FD OW SRU H[HPSOR p FR KHFLGR VH GHEDWH FRP
1RDP &KRPVN L WLW ODGR 1DW UH D PDQD )R FD OW &KRPVN
HP T H RV D WRUHV GLVF WHP D SRVVLELOLGDGH R mR GD DW UH]D K PD D
)R FD OW VH PRVWUD FRPSOHWDPH WH DYHVVR D T DOT HU LGHLD GH DW UH]D
K PD D H R T H HVWDPRV SURF UD GR PRVWUDU DT L p T H VHMD SHOR YLD GD
D WRUUHJ ODomR RUJD tVPLFD GH )ULW] 3HUOV R SHOD WHRULD GR VHOI GH RRG
PD p SRVVtYHO IDODU GH DOJR T H RV FDUDFWHUL]D FRPR K PD RV PHVPR
T H HVVH DOJR mR HVWHMD L VFULWR DV WHRULDV UDFLR DOLVWDV KDELW DLV 3RU HVVH
PRWLYR p HFHVViULR VHPSUH DSUHH GHU RV GLIHUH WHV I GDPH WRV GH PD
HLUD FUtWLFD H F LGDGRVD D DUWLF ODomR FRP R SH VDPH WR JHVWiOWLFR
(P QR D 5D mR GR 0 QGR DUGRW H /DYDO GHIH GHP T H R
HROLEHUDOLVPR p P LWR PDLV GR T H P PRGHOR HFR PLFR GH UHG omR
GD L WHUYH omR HVWDWDO SDUD T H D HFR RPLD I FLR H GH PD HLUD PDLV
DW UDO &RPSOHWDPH WH GLIHUH WH GH T DOT HU DW UDOLVPR R HROLEH
UDOLVPR p PD IRUPD SROtWLFD GH I FLR DPH WR VRFLDO T H SURPRYH
PD L WHUYH omR HVWDWDO SDUD D PD WH omR GH P PRGHOR HFR PLFR
que bene cia as grandes empresas e a manutenção do Estado com base
R H ULT HFLPH WR H FR FH WUDomR GH SRGHU GHVVHV JU SRV 3RUpP PDLV
GR T H L D J UDU P PRGHOR SROtWLFR HFR PLFR R HROLEHUDOLVPR HV
WDEHOHFH PD RYD UDFLR DOLGDGH T H WHP FRPR I GDPH WR D FRPSH
WLWLYLGDGH D UHG omR GD YLGD DR O FUR H DR WUDEDOKR H R L GLYLG DOLVPR
H[DFHUEDGR (VVD OyJLFD GHL[D GH VHU PD IRUPD GH SH VDU D HFR RPLD
 r G
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VVLP D OL J DJHP HROLEHUDO T H WHP WRGR P MDUJmR

HFR PLFR GH VH SH VDU D YLGD WDPEpP VH WRU D UHIHUr FLD
SDUD SH VDU RVVDV SUiWLFDV HG FDFLR DLV D HG FDomR
IRUPDO H UHODFLR DLV D HG FDomR L IRUPDO H SRU LVVR VH
WRU D D HVWUDWpJLD GRPL D WH GH I FLR DPH WR VRFLDO 2
L GLYLG DOLVPR D FRPSHWLWLYLGDGH D PHULWRFUDFLD GHVFR
ODGD GD UHDOLGDGH VRFLDO SROtWLFD H HFR PLFD D REMHWLYL
GDGH H D r IDVH D SURG WLYLGDGH S UDPH WH HFR PLFD
WHP VLGR SRVWR FRPR I GDPH WRV GH PD V SRVWD pWLFD
FR WHPSRUk HD 2 FRUSR R P GR H R R WUR SDVVDP D VHU
H[FO VLYDPH WH L VWU PH WRV SDUD DOFD oDU P FR V PR
GHVH IUHDGR GH SURG WRV SURG ]LGRV VHP T DOT HU F LGD
GR FRP R T H RV FHUFD 2 SLRU p T H HVVH FR V PLVPR
VH WRU D IDWRU GH OHL T H RULH WDP D PD HLUD FRPR RV RU
JD L]DPRV H UHSURG ]LPRV RVVDV UHODo HV 6H GR DVVLP
DV HVWUDWpJLDV FRHUFLWLYDV H GH YLJLOk FLD T H YLYtDPRV WHP
VLGR VLVWHPDWLFDPH WH V EVWLW tGD SHOR GLVF UVR HROLEHUDO
GH DOFD FH GHVH IUHDGR GH T DOT HU REMHWLYR V EPHWH GR
D VRFLHGDGH D P O JDU SURI GR GH VH VDomR GH YD]LR LP
SRWr FLD H FD VDoR JRUD DR L YpV GH YLJLDU H S LU RV

SDUD VH WRU DU R PRGR GH UHJ ODomR VRFLDO H WRGDV DV L VWLW Lo HV YmR

E VFDU D PD WH omR GHVVH PRGR GH YLGD VVLP D V EMHWLYLGDGH HR
OLEHUDO WHP FRPR RUPD ´D FRPSHWLomR PRUWtIHUD PRGHOD GR W GR GD
YLGD VRFLDO L WURMHWDGD D V EMHWLYLGDGH GRV L GLYtG RV SHOR FDSLWDO H
seu mercado” (Dardot; Laval, 2016, s/p).
(VVD WHVH GH T H D VRFLHGDGH GR FR WUROH IRL V EVWLW tGD SHOD VRFLH
GDGH GR FD VDoR p OHYD WDGD SRU J FK O D D GHIH GH
que “A sociedade do século XXI não é mais a sociedade disciplinar, mas
PD VRFLHGDGH GH GHVHPSH KR 7DPEpP VH V KDELWD WHV mR VH FKD
mam mais “sujeitos da obediência”, mas sujeitos de desempenho e pro
dução. São empresários de si mesmos.” (s/p) e mais adiante no livro,
HOH FR WL D ´D VRFLHGDGH GR GHVHPSH KR H D VRFLHGDGH DWLYD JHUDP P
FD VDoR H HVJRWDPH WR H[FHVVLYRV (VVHV HVWDGRV SVtT LFRV VmR FDUDFWH
UtVWLFRV GH P P GR T H VH WRU R SREUH HP HJDWLYLGDGH H T H p GR
PL DGR SRU P H[FHVVR GH SRVLWLYLGDGH 1mR VmR UHDo HV LP ROyJLFDV
FRPSRUWDPH WRV L DGHT DGRV SDUD FRUULJL ORV R GLVF UVR
VRFLDO p V EVWLW tGR SRU PD SRVLWLYLGDGH DEVRO WD HP T H
RV V MHLWRV VmR FR YH FLGRV GH T H VHPSUH SRGHP PDLV
VHPSUH SRGHP DOFD oDU VH V VR KRV H SURSyVLWRV 6R KRV
H SURSyVLWRV HVVHV T H IRUDP L F WLGRV D SDUWLU GH PD V
SHUSRVLomR PLGLiWLFD S UDPH WH L WURMHWDGD HVVD IRUPD
VHPSUH VH T HU PDLV GR T H p SRVVtYHO H VH YRFr mR FR
VHJ L p JUDoDV DR VH IUDFDVVR HP PD WHU VH V REMHWLYRV H
PHWDV 2 WUDEDOKR WRU D VH FRPSOHWDPH WH SUHFDUL]DGR H
R HROLEHUDOLVPR WHP FRPR PDUFD WDPEpP D V EVWLW LomR
GD IRUoD GH WUDEDOKR GR PRGHOR GH IiEULFDV SDUD PD PDLRU
SUHFDUL]DomR GR WUDEDOKR D SDUWLU GD WHUFHLUL]DomR OHYDGD
a cabo pela lógica de aplicativos (uma certa “uberização”
GR WUDEDOKR H SRU LVVR WHP GHL[DGR FDGD YH] PDLV IRUWH
R O JDU GH VD]R DOLGDGH H L VHJ UD oD GR WUDEDOKDGRU
(VFR GLGR SRU WUiV GR GLVF UVR GR HPSUHH GHGRULVPR
T DOT HU JDUD WLD GH GLUHLWRV p DUUD FDGD SRU HVFR GHU D
UHODomR GH WUDEDOKR SRU WUiV GH PD PHJDHPSUHVD JOREDO
FRPR VmR HVVHV JU SRV R FR WUiULR GR GLVF UVR JOREDOL
]DGR T H SUHVV S H D GHVFH WUDOL]DomR R T H YHPRV VmR
P LWDV PDUFDV H P LWDV HPSUHVDV HP WRGR R WHUULWyULR
JOREDO ID]H GR SDUWH GH SR FRV JU SRV T H FH WUDOL]DP R
SRGHU H R FDSLWDO 2 HROLEHUDOLVPR p WDPEpP PDUFDGR
SHOR FDSLWDO L WHOHFW DO D L G VWULD GH VLOtFLR H R GHVH YRO
YLPH WR WHF ROyJLFR PDV WDPEpP SUL FLSDOPH WH SHOR
GHVH YROYLPH WR GH PD H RUPH T D WLGDGH GH FDSLWDO
LPSURG WLYR R L YpV GH IiEULFDV SURG ]L GR SURG WRV
SDUD DOJ P WLSR GH VR YHPRV L YHVWLPH WRV HP EROVD

T H SUHVV SRULDP PD HJDWLYLGDGH GR R WUR LP ROyJLFR R FR WUi

ULR VmR FD VDGDV SRU P H[FHVVR GH SRVLWLYLGDGH 2 H[FHVVR GD HOHYDomR
do desempenho leva a um infarto da alma.” (Ibidem). Agradeço a Rosa
H UD ]RWWR H 0DWKH V 5LEHLUR T H PH DSUHVH WDUDP DV FR WULE Lo HV
GH D H FRPR HODV SRGHP VHU DUWLF ODGDV FRP R SH VDPH WR JHVWiOWLFR
 r G
G G i t

paraísos scais, especulação e outras formas de rentabili

dade que são in mamente tributadas e não geram nenhum
FUHVFLPH WR UHDO SDUD D SRS ODomR
Nesse contexto, o individualismo é levado às últimas
FR VHT r FLDV 9RFr GHYH E VFDU H[FO VLYDPH WH SHORV
VH V PHLRV DOFD oDU FDPL KRV LPSRVVtYHLV H R R WUR VH
mR IRU P FRPSHWLGRU HVVD FRUULGD GHVH IUHDGD GH P
V FHVVR LPSRVVtYHO p DOJ pP T H mR VH HVIRUoR R EDVWD
WH H SRU LVVR PHUHFH D VLW DomR T H YLYH ,VVR SURG ] PD
Para mais sobre essa discussão da nova con guração do capitalis
PR H V D IRUPD LPSURG WLYD GH JHUDU UH GD YHU (UD GR DSLWDO ,PSUR
G WL R RZERU
(P P H VDLR WUDG ]LGR SDUD R 3RUW J rV SHOD (O 3Dt D
FRORFD HP T HVWmR SRUT H T H D UHYRO omR VH WRU R P HPSUHH GL
PH WR LPSRVVtYHO 3DUD HOH D OyJLFD HROLEHUDO L YHUWH RV YDORUHV H RV
WRU R RVVR SLRU L LPLJR VVLP WRGR R IUDFDVVR GR GHVH YROYLPH WR
GH DOJ pP p DWULE tGR D HOD PHVPR H DVVLP RV WRU DPRV RVVR SLRU
L LPLJR ´3RU T H R UHJLPH GH GRPL DomR HROLEHUDO p WmR HVWiYHO 3RU
T H Ki WmR SR FD UHVLVWr FLD 3RU T H WRGD UHVLVWr FLD VH GHVYD HFH WmR
UiSLGR 3RU T H D UHYRO omR Mi mR p PDLV SRVVtYHO DSHVDU GR FUHVFH WH
DELVPR H WUH ULFRV H SREUHV 2 VLVWHPD GH GRPL DomR HROLEHUDO HVWi
HVWU W UDGR GH PD IRUPD WRWDOPH WH GLIHUH WH 2 SRGHU HVWDELOL]DGRU
GR VLVWHPD Mi mR p UHSUHVVRU PDV VHG WRU R VHMD FDWLYD WH -i mR p
WmR YLVtYHO FRPR R UHJLPH GLVFLSOL DGRU 1mR H[LVWH P RSR H WH P
L LPLJR T H RSULPH D OLEHUGDGH GLD WH GR T DO D UHVLVWr FLD HUD SRVVt
YHO 2 HROLEHUDOLVPR WUD VIRUPD R WUDEDOKDGRU RSULPLGR HP HPSUHVi
ULR HP HPSUHJDGRU GH VL PHVPR RMH FDGD P p P WUDEDOKDGRU T H
H[SORUD D VL PHVPR HP V D SUySULD HPSUHVD &DGD P p DPR H HVFUDYR
HP PD SHVVRD 7DPEpP D O WD GH FODVVHV VH WRU D PD O WD L WHU D
FR VLJR PHVPR R T H IUDFDVVD F OSD D VL PHVPR H VH H YHUJR KD
pessoa questiona-se a si mesma, não a sociedade.” (s/p). Essa posição,
VH DVVHPHOKD D LGHLD T H )ULW] 3HUOV Mi D FLDYD HP (JR )RPH H
JUH mR, quando mostra que a retro exão é uma marca fundamental
GD FLYLOL]DomR RFLGH WDO DJUHVVmR GHL[D GH VHU GLULJLGD SDUD R P
GR SDUD DWDFDU R SUySULR RUJD LVPR -i R WRPR WHyULFR GR OLYUR H WDOW
7 HUDS RRGPD 3 SDUWH GD LGHLD GH 3HUOV H H WH GH T H
D H[SHULr FLD R VLVWHPD HOI busca apaziguar o con ito e desenvolve
um processo de autoconquista, em que a tensão do con ito do campo é
GLULJLGR DR SUySULR HOI E VFD GR L LELU T DOT HU IRUPD GH H[SUHVVmR H
VRFLHGDGH SURI GDPH WH FD VDGD H IU VWUDGD SRU FD
FR VHJ LU VHU PDLV GR T H VH p e WDPEpP PD VRFLHGDGH
T H Yr R R WUR FRPR L FRPSHWH WH R FR FRUUH WH H SRU
LVVR R GLVWD FLDPH WR VH WRU D FR VWLW WLYR GDV UHODo HV
0HVPR T H KDMD HVVH DEVRO WR GLVWD FLDPH WR SHOD
L VWU PH WDOL]DomR GR R WUR R R WUR p WDPEpP SDUD
doxalmente, a referência da quantidade de “likes” que
H PHUHoR HP PD UHGH VRFLDO T H PH LPS H PD WRWDO

WRU D GR KDELW DO D IRUPDomR GH PD ULJLGH] D H[SHULr FLD 3RUpP D

VRFLHGDGH GR FD VDoR H HP R WURV OLYURV D DUJ PH WD T H D
GHSUHVVmR p PD GDV PDUFDV GHVVH RYR PRGHOR GH VRFLHGDGH M VWDPH
WH SRU HVVD VH VDomR GH IUDFDVVR H SRU LVVR GH GHVLVWr FLD SHUD WH HVVHV
DVSHFWRV SRVLWLYRV FUHGLWR T H D HVWDOW 7HUDSLD YDL HP P FDPL KR
SDUHFLGR PDV mR FRPSOHWDPH WH 3H VDU D GHSUHVVLYLGDGH FRPR D GH
sistência perante os con itos e ao excesso de positividade é somente
PD GDV IDFHV GD H[SHULr FLD T H R YLPRV FOL LFDPH WH DFHUFD GDT L
OR T H p FKDPDGR GH GHSUHVVmR H IDWR FOL LFDPH WH RV GHSDUDPRV
com pessoas que desistiram dos con itos e de toda essa positividade se
V EPHWH GR D P O JDU GR mR GHVHMR H GH WRWDO ED DOL]DomR GD YLGD D
FOt LFD GD ED DOLGDGH VHUi GLVF WLGD RV SUy[LPRV FDStW ORV 3RUpP R
T H p FKDPDGR GH GHSUHVVmR WDPEpP DSDUHFH DV H[SHULr FLDV SVLFyWL
FDV WLGDV FRPR PHOD FyOLFDV T H DSDUHFHP FRPR P PRGR GH RSHUDU
SHUD WH P H[FHVVR GH H[FLWDomR GR FDPSR 0DV WDPEpP DV H[SH
ULr FLDV H UyWLFDV RV GHSDUDPRV FRP H[SHULr FLDV FKDPDGDV GH GH
pressivas que tem a ver não com a ausência de con ito, mas justamente
FRP LVVR T H GL] UHVSHLWR D PD GLWD O WD L WHU D FRPR R SUySULR D
IDOD HVVD FLWDomR R PDV SUHFLVDPH WH FRP R T H )UWL] 3HUOV FKDPD
de uma cultura da retro exão. Nossa cultura suprime o con ito, mas
mR ID]H GR HOH GHVDSDUHFHU 1D YHUGDGH R T H ID]HPRV p MRJi OR FR
WUD yV PHVPRV (VVD IRUPD GH D WRFR T LVWD DSDUHFH D H[SHULr FLD
H UyWLFD FRPR F OSD UHVVH WLPH WR H IU VWUDomR PDV SUL FLSDOPH WH
FRPR D VLHGDGH 3RU PDLV T H DRV ROKRV V LVVR VRH FRPR LPRELOLGDGH
R T H R YLPRV D FOt LFD VmR SHVVRDV SURI GDPH WH YROWDGDV DRV VH V
con itos e suas incertezas agindo contra si mesmas. Por isso, a marca
do contemporâneo não é a ausência do con ito como pensa Han, mas a
supressão do con ito pela via da autoagressão e da lógica da autocon
T LVWD /LEHUDU D DJUHVVmR H T D WR H HUJLD GH DomR FR WUD R P GR H
mR FR WUD VL VH WRU D YLWDO HVVH FR WH[WR
 r G
G G i t

WUD VSDUr FLD HYR PRVWUDU W GR mR HVFR GHU DGD

SDUD VHU FR VWD WHPH WH DYDOLDGR SHOR ROKDU FUtWLFR GH P
R WUR L YLVtYHO T H HP VHL DR FHUWR T HP p 1D FROHWk HD
GH VHJ LGRUHV DV UHGHV VRFLDLV VR V EPHWLGR D FR V
WD WH DYDOLDomR T H SHGH T H H PH PRVWUH GH PD HLUD
pornográ ca, sem mistério, sem nada escondido (VVD
LPSRVVtYHO WUD VSDUr FLD Vy JHUD PDLV IU VWUDomR SRU OLGDU
FR VWD WHPH WH FRP P SHGLGR VRFLDO GH DOJR T H H mR
VHL H[DWDPH WH R T H p H SRU LVVR WH KR VHPSUH T H GDU
algo a mais em um “feed” in nito de publicações genéri
cas. As redes sociais impuseram uma nova con guração
GH KLSHUWH[WR T H WHP FRPR FDUDFWHUtVWLFD I GDPH WDO
justamente isso, uma tela in nita que, ao passar por ela,
YRFr YLVLWD IRWRV RWtFLDV H L IRUPDo HV GDV PDLV GLYHUVDV
sobre pessoas que seu nível de relação vai do super cial

J &K O D HP R WUR OLYUR FKDPDGR RFLHGDGH GD 7UDQ SDUrQ

FLD D PRVWUD T H D VRFLHGDGH GR GHVHPSH KR p WDPEpP PD
VRFLHGDGH GD SRVLWLYLGDGH H GD WUD VSDUr FLD ´ V FRLVDV VH WRU DP WUD V
SDUH WHV T D GR HOLPL DP GH VL WRGD H T DOT HU HJDWLYLGDGH T D GR VH
WRU DP UDVDV H SOD DV T D GR VH H FDL[DP VHP T DOT HU UHVLVWr FLD DR
curso raso do capital, da comunicação e da informação.” (Han, 2017, p.
9-10). A sociedade da transparência é pornográ ca porque busca mostrar
W GR HOLPL DU WRGD D HJDWLYLGDGH H WRGR R PLVWpULR GD H[SHULr FLD V UH
GHV VRFLDLV DVV PLUDP P RYR O JDU GR SD ySWLFR GHVFULWR SRU )R FD OW
DJRUD WHP T H VH PRVWUDU W GR H VHU GHV GR DV UHGHV SRUpP VH mR
VRPRV WUD VSDUH WHV SDUD yV PHVPRV FRPR SRGHPRV RV PRVWUDU VHP
PiVFDUDV SDUD RV R WURV V SHUH[LJr FLD GD WUD VSDUr FLD DOLD VH FRP
D GR GHVHPSH KR H H WmR WHPRV PD VRFLHGDGH HVJRWDGD H T H E VFD GH
H[LPLU GH T DOT HU HJDWLYLGDGH GH T DOT HU FRLVD T H mR PRVWUH W GR
(VVD H[LJr FLD GH PRVWUDU W GR SHUPLWH T H R FR WUROH DVV PD RYRV SD
WDPDUHV MDPDLV H[SHULPH WDGRV D KLVWyULD
“obscena é a hipervisibilidade, à qual falta qualquer traço de ne
JDWLYLGDGH GR RF OWR GR L DFHVVtYHO GR PLVWpULR 2EVFH RV VmR WDPEpP
RV FD DLV UDVRV GD KLSHUFRP LFDomR OLEHUWRV GH WRGD H T DOT HU HJD
tividade da alteridade. Obscena é a coação de colocar tudo à mercê da
comunicação ou da visibilidade. Obsceno é o pornográ co colocar corpo
e alma sob foco da visão” (Han, 2017, p. 34).
DR SURI GR VHP FD DFDEDU SRU LVVR FD VH VDWLV
ID] WRWDOPH WH FRP DV L IRUPDo HV DOL SRVWDGDV 6HPSUH
VH SRGH YHU PDLV GHVOL]DU PDLV SDUD EDL[R D WHOD H E VFDU
mais informações que não integram à nossa experiência.
(VVH P GR SURI GDPH WH H[LJH WH p FRPSOHWDPH WH
L WHULRUL]DGR H SRU LVVR VH WRU D FRPSOHWDPH WH IU VWUDGRU
,VVR SRUT H R RYR L LPLJR p YRFr PHVPR H SRU LVVR T DO
T HU IRUPD GH UHYROWD p LPSRVVtYHO 6H YRFr mR p PDLV ER
LWR PDLV ULFR PDLV L WHUHVVD WH WHP P HPSUHJR PHOKRU
RWDV PDLV DOWDV R PHOKRUHV t GLFHV HVSRUWLYRV LVVR mR
WHP DGD D YHU FRP OLPLWHV LPSOtFLWRV GRV FDPSRV ELROyJL
FRV VRFLDLV SROtWLFRV H HFR PLFRV R DWp PHVPR FRP PD
KLVWyULD GH RSUHVV HV H GHVLJ DOGDGHV YLYLGDV LVVR p JUDoDV
D V D L FRPSHWr FLD HP VHU PHOKRU (VVD OyJLFD GH GHVHP
SH KR H SRVLWLYLGDGH UHWLUD GD VRFLHGDGH W GR DT LOR T H VH
DSUHVH WD FRPR HJDWLYR R VHMD DT LOR T H WHP D YHU FRP
R PLVWpULR R GHVFR KHFLGR R L GHWHUPL DGR SRVLWLYLGDGH
UHWLUD R GLUHLWR D HVWDU WULVWH SDWRORJL]D GR WRGD H T DOT HU
DIHWLYLGDGH T H VDLD GR T H p SUHYLVtYHO H FR WURODGR ([LJH
VH T H VH HVWHMD IHOL] R WHPSR L WHLUR VHP T DOT HU SRVVLEL
OLGDGH GH VH H WULVWHFHU H VH LVVR RFRUUH R VH WLPH WR SUHFLVD
VHU HOLPL DGR H WUD VIRUPDGR VVLP T D GR HVVD YLGD GR
DOWR GHVHPSH KR mR p DOFD oDGD VDEH GR T H HOD FD
p DOFD oDGD DSDUHFH D VH VDomR GH IUDFDVVR HP O WDU FR WUD
VL PHVPR H SRU LVVR DSDUHFH R U R W DV GHSUHVV HV DV
FULVHV UHDWLYDV E VFD VH DV GURJDV H DV EHELGDV R R YtFLR HP
HOHWU LFRV H D GHVWU LomR GH T DOT HU FR WDWR FRP D H[SHUL
r FLD SDUD T H mR VH SUHFLVH FR WL DU YLYH GR D IU VWUDomR
GH VH UHFR KHFHU FRPR P L FRPSHWH WH SHUD WH DT HOHV
REMHWLYRV T H mR VH VDEH H[DWDPH WH T HP RV WUDoR
3RU LVVR PDLV GR T H O WDU FR WUD RV L VWU PH WRV
RFLYRV T H GHVWURHP D YLGD H D SRVVLELOLGDGH GH WUD VFH
 r G
G G i t

Gr FLD R T H H FR WUDPRV HP RVVD VRFLHGDGH p D E VFD

GH SRWH FLDOL]DU R GHVHPSH KR FRP T DOT HU IRUPD GH
GRSL J PD DLV GH GHVH YROYLPH WR SHVVRDO SURPHVVDV
GH F UD PHVVLk LFDV R VR GH RYRV MDUJ HV OL J tVWLFRV H
FRPSRUWDPH WDLV R DWp PHVPR SVLFRWHUDSLDV H WUHL DPH
tos especí cos que foquem no desenvolvimento individual
DSH DV VHPSUH IRFD GR D LGHLD GD SRVLWLYLGDGH H GR FUHV
FLPH WR VHP OLPLWHV SRU PDLV T H mR VH VDLED SDUD R GH
8PD GDV SUL FLSDLV HVWUDWpJLDV GH H JD DomR HROLEHUDO p
a ideologia de que é possível o ganho in nito, o desenvol
YLPH WR VHP OLPLWHV GH FUHVFLPH WR H GHVH YROYLPH WR 2
problema é que frente a uma vida nita e uma natureza
nita, a concentração in nita de renda e recursos implica
VHPSUH D GHVWU LomR GR R WUR H GR P GR
(VVD IRUPD GH YLGD PD WpP PDV WDPEpP OHYD D RYRV
SDWDPDUHV HVVD IRUPD GH YLGD T H RV HVFULWRV RULJL DLV GD
HVWDOW 7HUDSLD DSR WDYDP D VDEHU PD DSDWLD JH HUDOL]D
GD WDO FRPR VH HVWLYpVVHPRV FRPSOHWDPH WH DOKHLRV D yV
PHVPRV FD VDGRV GH L VLVWLU HP ROKDU SDUD yV PHVPRV
H RVVR H WRU R 8PD FRPSOHWD ED DOL]DomR HP T H RV

(P (LF PDQQ HP -HU DOpP 8P UHODWR REUH D EDQDOLGDGH GR PDO D

nah Arendt (2001) apresenta uma profunda re exão sobre o modo como
no século XX o mal tornou-se banalizado e fruto da irre exão. Mais do
T H PD SUiWLFD GHVH YROYLGD SRU DOJ V OtGHUHV IDVFLVWDV D DWLW GH ED D
OL]DGD L VWLW tGD HP RVVD VRFLHGDGH RFLGH WDO p UHSOLFDGD SHOD SRS ODomR
SDUD DOpP GRV PRGHORV IDVFLVWDV e FRPR VH R IDVFLVPR WLYHVVH VH WRU DGR
R SDUDGLJPD I GDPH WDO GH RVVD VRFLHGDGH OJR T H WDPEpP SRGH
PRV H FR WUDU GLVF WLGR HP JDPEH D SDUWLU GHOD GH 6FKPLWW H
H MDPL 0 OOHU UD ]RWWR H 0 OOHU UD ]RWWR D SDUWHP GD R
omR GH ED DOLGDGH SDUD SH VDU PD RYD FOt LFD FR WHPSRUk HD HP T H
Ki D UDGLFDOL]DomR GD DOLH DomR H SRU LVVR Ki PD I JD GD SDUWLFLSDomR
GRV MRJRV SROtWLFRV (VVD p D FOt LFD GDV DGLo HV GRV WUD VWRU RV DOLPH
WDUHV H GH R WUDV IRUPDV GH V EVWLW LU D H[FLWDomR R D SHUVR DOLGDGH SRU
VHPEOD WHV F OW UDLV R SRU GLIHUH WHV WLSRV GH V EVWk FLDV iOFRRO GUR
JDV OtFLWDV H LOtFLWDV HWF T H VHUi GLVF WLGD R FDStW OR ,9 9HU D REUD
WRU DPRV FRPSOHWDPH WH DOKHLRV DR RVVR VRIULPH WR H GR
R WUR DVVLP FRPR DV IRUPDV GH V EPLVVmR GH yV PHVPRV
H RVVRV VHPHOKD WHV VVLP Yr VH R VRIULPH WR GH DOJ pP
D U D FRP IRPH GH P PRULE GR HP P KRVSLWDO GH P
GHVDEULJDGR SRU P GHVDVWUH DPELH WDO H SRU PDLV T H LVVR
SRVVD WRFDU SRU DOJ V PL WRV R DWp VRPH WH VHJ GRV
R VH WLPH WR GH LPSRWr FLD p UDSLGDPH WH V EVWLW tGR SH
ORV RVVRV SUySULRV SUREOHPDV FRWLGLD RV
2V MRU DLV GH 79 R DT HOHV ItVLFRV R R OL H DPR WR
DP RWtFLDV T H DSUHVH WDP D YLROr FLD UED D D YLROr FLD
HVWDWDO D FKDFL D GDV PL RULDV DV IRIRFDV VREUH DV FHOHEUL
GDGHV RV UHV OWDGRV GRV MRJRV GH I WHERO H R UHV OWDGR GD
0HJD 6H D DF P ODGD HP P PHVPR ERMR GH RWtFLDV VHP
T DOT HU YL F ODomR DIHWLYD R T DOT HU FRPSUHH VmR FUt
WLFD 2 DWR GH L IRUPDU UHWLUD T DOT HU LPSOLFDomR H GHL[D
de ser instrumento de transformação social (a nal, o conhe
FLPH WR VHPSUH IRL P SRWH FLDO GH HPD FLSDomR H WUD V
IRUPDomR VRFLDO R FDPSR GD HG FDomR SURJUHVVLYD SDUD
VH WRU DU P L VWU PH WR GH H WUHWH LPH WR DSiWLFR R GH
SROtWLFD GH FR V PR WDO FRPR VH D KLVWyULD H R T H DFR WHFH
R P GR L FO L GR DV O WDV GH SRGHU H VH V DJH WHV I
cionasse completamente à revelia de nós mesmos

FLWDGD SDUD FR KHFHU PDLV D SURSRVWD

´1RVVD SVLFRORJLD HP UHV PR p T H D KLVWyULD HVWi IRUD GR FR
WUROH 1mR p PDLV DOJR T H yV ID]HPRV PDV DOJR T H DFR WHFH FR RVFR
3ROtWLFD mR p FDPL KDU SU GH WHPH WH SRU FDPL KRV GLItFHLV PDV p D
FLr FLD SROtWLFD DW DO FRPR JD KDU SRGHU H PD WHU R SRGHU PHVPR
T H D HVIHUD GR SRGHU HIHWLYR VHMD H[WUHPDPH WH OLPLWDGD H IDoD SR FD
GLIHUH oD T HP HVWi R SRGHU SVLFRORJLD GD LPSRWr FLD KLVWyULFD p
HYLGH WH R T H HVWi UHODWDGR H p OLGR R MRU DO Ki PD SHT H D D iOLVH
GH FRPR RV HYH WRV HVWmR VH FR VWU L GR PDV yV OHPRV FRP H[FLWDomR
R GHVSHLWR GHSH GH GR GRV SHUVR DJH V DV PD FKHWHV VREUH DV FULVHV
para as quais nós estamos despreparados” (Goodman, 1968, p. 337 T.N.).
 r G
G G i t

3RUpP mR SRGHPRV LJ RUDU T H SRU WUiV GHVVD FRUWL D

GH I PDoD GD DSDWLD VRFLDO GHVVH PRGHOR GH V SHUH[LJr FLD
de si, há ainda uma signi cativa parcela da população mais
SURI GDPH WH YLROH WDGD SHOD UHDOLGDGH L VWLW FLR DO GH
FR WUROH T HOHV JU SRV FKDPDGRV GH PL RULDV T H HP
DGD WHP D YHU FRP PHUR GH SHVVRDV PDV D YHUGDGH
FRP R O JDU GH D Vr FLD GH DVVLVWr FLD H UHFR KHFLPH WR
R FDPSR GD DOWHULGDGH VmR VLVWHPDWLFDPH WH SHUVHJ L
GRV DVVDVVL DGRV GHVSURYLGRV GH VH V GLUHLWRV EiVLFRV H
GHVWLW tGRV GH VH O JDU GH K PD LGDGH
V P OKHUHV RV HJURV RV L GtJH DV H D SRS ODomR
LGBTQI+ vivem diretamente essas formas de violência
GDV T DLV D SDUFHOD SULYLOHJLDGD GD SRS ODomR LJ RUD D
PDLRU SDUWH GDV YH]HV (VVD YLROr FLD WRU D HVVDV YLGDV
DL GD PDLV Y O HUiYHLV WDO FRPR VH HODV IRVVHP PDLV ´PD
táveis” ou violadas

0 LWRV SyV IR FD OWLD RV FRPR LRUJLR JDPEH - GLWK WOHU

H FKLOOLH 0EHPEH WHP DPSOLDGR D OHLW UD T H )R FD OW ID] VREUH DV
IRUPDV H GLVSRVLWLYRV GH VDEHU H GH SRGHU SDUD WH WDU SH VDU DV IRUPDV
FR WHPSRUk HDV GH YLROr FLDV RV MRJRV GH SRGHU GR P GR HROLEHUDO
1D YHUGDGH D SDUWLU GD OyJLFD IR FD OWLD D R T H HVVHV D WRUHV WrP
DSUHVH WDGR p FRPR DV IRUPDV GH YLROr FLDV HVWU W UDLV VH DW DOL]DP
PDV VH PD WpP GHVGH V DV IRUPDV H[SOtFLWDV DWp V DV IRUPDV LPSOtFLWDV
GH YLROr FLD L VWLW FLR DO H LGH WLWiULD 3RU H[HPSOR - GLWK WOHU
PRVWUD FRPR HVVDV YLROr FLDV VH DSUHVH WDP R FDPSR GDV LPSRVLo HV
GH Jr HUR H GD HVWU W UD SDWULDUFDO GH RVVD VRFLHGDGH SH VD GR FRPR
D SO UDOLGDGH GH Jr HUR p YLROH WDGD SRU PD OyJLFD HVVH FLDOLVWD H
SUL FLSDOPH WH IDORFr WULFD H PDFKLVWD GH VH SH VDU DV UHODo HV VVLP
DT HOHV T H mR HVWmR D RUPD VmR SUHFDUL]DGRV H YLRODGRV SRU V D
FR GLomR WOHU E JDPEH FKDPD D DWH omR SDUD R O JDU
GR HVWUD JHLUR H GR P o OPD R FRPR HVVH V MHLWR VDFUDOL]DGR T H WHYH
VH GLUHLWR GH VHU H WH GLGR FRPR K PD R DUUD FDGR VVLP D VREHUD
LD DPHULFD D H H URSHLD ID] FRP T H T DOT HU P T H mR IDoD SDUWH
GHVVHV FH WURV VHMD GHVWLW tGR GR VH O JDU GH K PD LGDGH H UHFR KH
cimento. Também as re exões de Mbembe (2018), que denuncia todo o
colonialismo da loso a europeia e americana, que se apresentam como
 OyJLFD VH[LVWD T H HVWDEHOHFH YDORUHV H FULWpULRV FRPSOH
WDPH WH YLROH WRV SDUD D YLYr FLD IHPL L D p P GHVVHV HV
SDoRV GHVLJ DOGDGH VRFLDO YLYLGD SRU KRPH V H P OKH
res nos cargos de trabalho ainda são signi cativas, havendo
DL GD P OKHUHV RF SD GR R PHVPR FDUJR T H KRPH V FRP
GLIHUH oDV VDODULDLV JULWD WHV OpP GLVVR p FRPR VH SDUD DV
V PLU FDUJRV GH PDLRU UHVSR VDELOLGDGH R GH OLGHUD oD H[L
gissem sempre que as mulheres se “masculinizassem” para
VHUHP GLJ DV GH RF Si ORV VHMD HP V DV DWLW GHV VHMD DWp DV
UR SDV T H YHVWHP (P WRGDV DV FODVVHV VRFLDLV SUL FLSDO
PH WH DV PDLV SREUHV DV P OKHUHV DL GD VmR V EPHWLGDV D
regimes de trabalho triplo, a nal de contas elas também são
incubidas de cuidar da casa e dos lhos como algo que é de
PD HLUD LPSOtFLWD FRORFDGR FRPR SDSHO IHPL L R
H[LJr FLD GD PDWHU LGDGH H D PHGLFDOL]DomR GR FRUSR
IHPL L R p DOJR WDPEpP HVWU W UDO D RVVD VRFLHGDGH 2
FRUSR IHPL L R p P LWR PDLV L YDGLGR SHORV SURFHGLPH WRV
PpGLFRV SHORV PHGLFDPH WRV H WDPEpP SHOD V SHUH[LJr

FH WUR GR P GR YLROr FLD FR WUD RV HJURV T H VHPSUH IRUDP UHOH

JDGRV D PHUFDGRULDV R D PD FODVVH L IHULRU GH K PD RV p GH FLDGD
SRU 0EHPEH T H PRVWUD WRGD D HVWU W UD YLROH WD T H D VRFLHGDGH LP
põe à população negra. Em outra perspectiva, Krenak (2019) denuncia
WRGD D YLROr FLD T H D SRS ODomR L GtJH D EUDVLOHLUD YHP VRIUH GR RV
D RV GD L YDVmR H URSHLD HP VROR EUDVLOHLUR 1R UDVLO PDV WDP
EpP HP R WURV SDtVHV RV GLUHLWRV GD SRS ODomR L GtJH D VmR VLVWHPDWL
FDPH WH DUUD FDGRV DVVLP FRPR V DV WHUUDV H V DV F OW UDV 2 REMHWLYR
DT L p SH VDU PD HVWDOW 7HUDSLD T H UHFR KHoD HVVDV YLROr FLDV SH
VH H FULH Do HV VREUH HODV SDUD T H SRVVDPRV SH VDU PD HVWDOW 7HUDSLD
UHDOPH WH L FO VLYD H T H UHVSHLWH WRGD IRUPD GH DOWHULGDGH
3DUD FR KHFHU PDLV DV SD WDV GDV O WDV IHPL LVWDV FR WHPSRUk HDV
H RV GLIHUH WHV PRYLPH WRV YHU 2 )HPLQL PR p SDUD WRGR P QGR GH HOO
RRNV RRNV PRVWUD FRPR D O WD IHPL LVWD SUHFLVD HFHVVDULD
PH WH HVWDU DWUHODGD DRV PRYLPH WRV GH FODVVH H DR PRYLPH WR D WLU
UDFLVWD H FRPR WDPEpP Ki PD GHW USDomR GRV SURSyVLWRV IHPL LVWDV
D SDUWLU GH PD PtGLD SDWULDUFDO T H GHVWLW L RV UHDLV SURSyVLWRV H DV
JUD GHV FR T LVWDV T H RV GLIHUH WHV PRYLPH WRV Mi DOFD oDUDP
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FLD GRV SURFHGLPH WRV HVWpWLFRV OpP GH WUDEDOKDU F LGDU

da casa e dos lhos, é a mulher também a responsável pelo
controle de natalidade (a nal de contas, os anticoncepcionais
DL GD VmR I GDPH WDOPH WH UHPpGLRV WRPDGRV SHODV P
lheres, e as cirurgias de laqueaduras são ainda in nitamente
PDLV FRP V GR T H DV YDVHFWRPLDV 2V SURFHGLPH WRV
HVWpWLFRV VmR SULRULWDULDPH WH YROWDGRV DR S EOLFR IHPL L R
H DOpP GH WRGD HVVD MRU DGD GH WUDEDOKR H F LGDGR GR ODU p
WDPEpP H[LJLGR T H D P OKHU PD WH KD VH FRUSR SHUIHLWR
R FDEHOR H DV KDV WUDWDGRV H WD WRV R WURV SURFHGLPH WRV
L YDVLYRV FRPR RWR[ SOiVWLFDV H R WURV SURFHGLPH WRV
SRS ODomR HJUD p DL GD V EPHWLGD D PDLV SURI GD
GHVLJ DOGDGH VRFLDO 1R UDVLO SRU H[HPSOR T H IRL P
SDtV DWp SR FR WHPSR HVFUDYRFUDWD HOH DL GD PD WpP D HV
trutura da escravidão ao deslocar uma parte signi cativa da

3DUD 1DRPL :ROI D OyJLFD SDWULDUFDO IRL DW DOL]DGD GH PD

HLUD LGHRORJLFDPH WH GRPL DGRUD D SUREOHPiWLFD FR WHPSRUk HD GR
PLWR GD EHOH]D W DOPH WH SRU PDLV T H Mi KDMD SRVVLELOLGDGHV HP
DOJ V FR WH[WRV GH LJ DOGDGHV H WUH KRPH V H P OKHUHV R FDPSR GR
WUDEDOKR H DWp DV WDUHIDV GRPpVWLFDV JUDoDV D PD VpULH GH SROtWLFDV GH
LJ DOGDGH D LGHRORJLD GD EHOH]D p R SDUkPHWUR PDLV YLROH WR FR WHPSR
Uk HR GH V EM JDU R IHPL L R VVLP D LGHRORJLD GD EHOH]D ´VH IRUWDOHFH
SDUD DVV PLU D I omR GH FRHUomR VRFLDO T H RV PLWRV GD PDWHU LGDGH
GRPHVWLFLGDGH FDVWLGDGH H SDVVLYLGDGH Mi mR FR VHJ HP LPSRU (OD
procura neste instante destruir às ocultas e em termos psicológicos tudo
de positivo que o movimento proporcionou às mulheres abertamente e
em termos tangíveis.” (Wolf, 2018 s/p) claro que se pensarmos a popu
ODomR HJUD H SH VDUPRV P UHFRUWH GH FODVVH H FR WUDUHPRV JUD GHV
GLIHUH oDV HVVDV FR T LVWDV L GD DVVLP D OyJLFD GD LGHRORJLD GD EH
OH]D DOFD oD D WRGDV DV P OKHUHV H SRU LVVR HOD FULD PD OyJLFD GH FRP
SHWLWLYLGDGH H SDGU HV DEV UGRV GH EHOH]D T H YLROH WDP DV P OKHUHV
W GR LVVR SDUD D PD WH omR GD GRPL DomR PDVF OL D ´ EHOH]D p P
VLVWHPD PR HWiULR VHPHOKD WH DR SDGUmR R UR &RPR T DOT HU VLVWHPD
HOH p GHWHUPL DGR SHOD SROtWLFD H D HUD PRGHU D R P GR RFLGH WDO
FR VLVWH R OWLPR H PHOKRU FR M WR GH FUH oDV D PD WHU L WDFWR R GR
mínio masculino” (Wolf, 2018 s/p).
população negra às favelas, e mantendo os trabalhos com
PH RUHV VDOiULRV H WLGRV FRPR GHJUDGD WHV SDUD D HOLWH FRPR
WUDEDOKRV GD SRS ODomR HJUD LYHUVLGDGH DL GD p P
HVSDoR SULRULWDULDPH WH EUD FR SUL FLSDOPH WH VH SURF UD
IRUPDo HV T H WH GHP D WHU RV PHOKRUHV VDOiULRV H PDLRU
UHFR KHFLPH WR VRFLDO (P FRPSH VDomR DV HVFRODV S EOL
FDV VmR RF SDGDV SHOD SRS ODomR HJUD RV J HWRV H IDYHODV
WDPEpP VmR GH PDLRULD HJUD H D SRS ODomR FDUFHUiULD GR
SDtV p HP V D PDLRULD RF SDGD SRU HJURV 2 UDFLVPR mR
p Vy PD SDWRORJLD L GLYLG DO R VH WLGR GH SH VDU T H DV
SHVVRDV SRVV HP FRPSRUWDPH WRV UDFLVWDV SRU PD IDOKD
D FR VWU omR GR SH VDPH WR GH P L GLYtG R 3UHFLVDPRV
DPSOLDU HVVD FRPSUHH VmR SDUD PD OHLW UD HVWU W UDO GR
UDFLVPR SHUFHEH GR R T D WR T H D OyJLFD GD VRFLHGDGH p
WRGD EDVHDGD D GHVLJ DOGDGH UDFLDO (VVD GHVLJ DOGDGH
HVWU W UDO WHP D YHU FRP D PD WH omR GH PD OyJLFD VRFLDO
GLVFULPL DWyULD HP T H D HVFUDYLGmR HP DGD IRL UHSDUDGD
VRFLDO H HFR RPLFDPH WH DEROLomR GD HVFUDYDW UD VRPH WH
UHOHJR R HJUR D P SDSHO V EVRFLDO VHP H K PD JDUD WLD

Jessé de Souza (2017) a rma que “Nossa forma de família, de eco

RPLD GH SROtWLFD H GH M VWLoD IRL WRGD EDVHDGD D HVFUDYLGmR 0DV RV
VD D WR L WHUSUHWDomR GRPL D WH RV Yr FRPR FR WL LGDGH SHUIHLWD GH
PD VRFLHGDGH T H MDPDLV FR KHFH D HVFUDYLGmR D mR VHU GH PRGR
muito datado e localizado”. (s/p)
3DUD OPHLGD SUHFLVDPRV ROKDU SDUD DOpP GR DVSHFWR L GL
YLG DO GR UDFLVPR GH T H R UDFLVPR VHULD IU WR GH SHVVRDV SUHFR FHL
W RVDV H T H HODV FR VWUyL R UDFLVPR FRPR FRPSRUWDPH WRV L GLYLG DLV
H GH PD OHLW UD L VWLW FLR DO GR UDFLVPR GH T H DV L VWLW Lo HV VmR
UDFLVWDV R UDFLVPR p HVWU W UDO HOH ID] SDUWH GR PRGR FRPR RV FR V
WLW tPRV VRFLDOPH WH HP WRGRV RV kPELWRV ´R UDFLVPR p PD GHFRUUr
FLD GD SUySULD HVWU W UDO VRFLDO R VHMD GR PRGR RUPDO FRP T H VH
FR VWLW HP DV UHODo HV SROtWLFDV HFR PLFDV M UtGLFDV H DWp IDPLOLDUHV
mR VH GR PD SDWRORJLD VRFLDO H HP P GHVDUUD MR L VWLW FLR DO 2
UDFLVPR p HVWU W UDO &RPSRUWDPH WRV L GLYLG DLV H L VWLW FLR DLV VmR
derivados de uma sociedade cujo racismo é regra e não exceção.” (p. 50)
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de direitos de poder ser integrado à sociedade de maneira

íntegra e coerente. A nal de contas, uma leitura estrutural
PDLV FRHUH WH RV SHUPLWH SHUFHEHU T H mR p SRVVtYHO RSRU
GHPRFUDFLD FDSLWDOLVWD H HVFUDYLGmR GDGR T H R FDSLWDOLVPR
DW DOL]R V DV IRUPDV GH I FLR DPH WR HVFUDYRFUDWD DWUD
YpV GH HVWU W UDV VRFLDLV T H UHWLUDP T DOT HU D WR RPLD
GLJ LGDGH H FUHVFLPH WR GR WUDEDOKDGRU SUL FLSDOPH WH VH
OHYDPRV HP FR VLGHUDomR R DVSHFWR HVWU W UDO GR UDFLVPR
Até o início do século XX, a “mestiçagem” era vista
SHOD SVLT LDWULD FRPR D UDL] GH P SUREOHPD VRFLDO T H
SURG ]LULD PD SRS ODomR SUHJ LoRVD H GLVI FLR DO
1HVVH SHUtRGR D FDVWUDomR GRV HJURV H PHVWLoRV IRL SUR
SRVWR FRPR L VWU PH WR PpGLFR H VRFLDO GH VRO omR GRV
SUREOHPDV VRFLDLV OJR P LWR SDUHFLGR FRP DV SUiWLFDV
KLJLH LVWDV VmR DSUHVH WDGDV SHORV JRYHU RV FR WHPSR

´2 UDFLVPR mR p P UHVWR GD HVFUDYLGmR DWp PHVPR SRUT H mR Ki

RSRVLomR H WUH PRGHU LGDGH FDSLWDOLVPR H HVFUDYLGmR HVFUDYLGmR H R
UDFLVPR VmR HOHPH WRV FR VWLW WLYRV WD WR GD PRGHU LGDGH T D WR GR FD
SLWDOLVPR GH WDO PRGR T H mR Ki FRPR GHVDVVRFLDU P GR R WUR 2 UD
FLVPR GH DFRUGR FRP HVWD SRVLomR p PD PD LIHVWDomR GDV HVWU W UDV GR
capitalismo, que foram forjadas pela escravidão. Isso signi ca dizer que a
GHVLJ DOGDGH UDFLDO p P HOHPH WR FR VWLW WLYR GDV UHODo HV PHUFD WLV H GH
FODVVH GH WDO VRUWH T H D PRGHU L]DomR GD HFR RPLD H DWp VH GHVH YROYL
PH WR SRGHP UHSUHVH WDU PRPH WRV GH DGDSWDomR GRV SDUkPHWURV UDFLDLV
D RYDV HWDSDV GH DF P ODomR FDSLWDOLVWD (P V PD SDUD VH UH RYDU R FD
SLWDOLVPR SUHFLVD P LWDV YH]HV UH RYDU R UDFLVPR FRP SRU H[HPSOR V EV
tituir o racismo o cial e a segregação legalizada pela indiferença diante da
igualdade racial sob o manto da democracia” (Almeida, 2019, p. 183-184).
A psiquiatria brasileira do início do século XX foi muito in uen
FLDGD SHODV SURSRVWDV KLJLH LVWDV H D H JH LD DGYL GD GR SH VDPH WR
DOHPmR VVLP SRU H[HPSOR D /LJD UDVLOHLUD GH LJLH H 0H WDO FULDGD
R 5LR GH -D HLUR HP DFUHGLWDYD T H D PLVW UD GH UDoDV JHUDYD
SUREOHPDV SVLFROyJLFRV H VRFLDLV R GHVH YROYLPH WR GD VRFLHGDGH UD
sileira, e apresentavam propostas de “limpeza” das raças para poder
VRO FLR DU HVVHV SUREOHPDV T H HOHV DFUHGLWDYDP VHU JHUDGRV SRU HVVH
FR WH[WR 3DUD PDLV VREUH HVVD GLVF VVmR YHU HOPL R E
Uk HRV E VFD GR IRUPDV GH FR WUROH GRV FRUSRV GRV PDLV
SREUHV D SDUWLU GD FR VWD WH YLJLOk FLD H SDUDPHWUL]DomR GH
V DV YLGDV L FO L GR L WHUYH o HV FRHUFLWLYDV H FRPS O
VyULDV WH GR FRPR EDVH P GLVF UVR GH F LGDGR PDV T H
R I GR SRVV L PD IRUPD DJUHVVLYD GH FR WUROH VRFLDO
SRS ODomR HJUD p VLVWHPDWLFDPH WH GL]LPDGD SHOD IRU
oD SROLFLDO R WHPSR L WHLUR WH GR FRPR PRWH P V SRVWR
combate à criminalidade. Isso se vê na constante guerra às
GURJDV HP T H R DOYR GD DomR HVWDWDO p VHPSUH R HJUR H R
SREUH T H PRUD DV IDYHODV GHL[D GR EOL GDGRV RV YHUGD
deiros donos dos cartéis e dos trá cos milionários
O mesmo ocorre com a população LGBTQI+. A partir
GD GpFDGD GH D SDUWLU GH YiULRV HVW GRV GHVH YRO
YLGRV L FO L GR DV LGHLDV GH 6LPR H GH HD YRLU H SHODV
loso as pós-estruturalistas, a compreensão de gênero
DWUDYHVVD WUD VIRUPDo HV I GDPH WDLV DV OWLPDV GpFD
GDV R FRPSUHH GHU T H D RomR GH Jr HUR H VH[R VmR
IRUPDV GH DSULVLR DPH WR H GHWHUPL DomR GR FRUSR P LWR
PDLV YL F ODGR D P I GR KLVWyULFR H FR VHUYDGRU GR
T H D UHDO H[SUHVVmR GD H[SHULr FLD GD SHVVRD DV SHVVRDV
puderam a rmar mais suas expressividades e formas de
YLYHU V DV UHODo HV DIHWLYR VH[ DLV H 7DPEpP V DV UHODo HV
FR VLJR PHVPDV H FRP VH V FRUSRV 3RUpP WDPEpP

OPHLGD
RomR GH SHUIRUPDWLYLGDGH GHVH YROYLGD SRU - GLWK WOHU
SUHVV S H D LGHLD GH T H R Jr HUR p DOJR T H p IHLWR DV UHODo HV VRFLDLV
H T H mR VH FR VWLW L D SDUWLU GH PD HVVr FLD GR T H p VHU KRPHP
R P OKHU 1D YHUGDGH FDPL KD GR HP PD WUDGLomR T H DVFH FRP
6LPR H GH HD YRLU SDUD WOHU Jr HUR p WDPEpP PD FDWHJRULD
SROtWLFD H FRPR WDO p WLOL]DGD FRPR L VWU PH WR GH GRPL DomR Jr HUR
se “cristaliza” ou se solidi ca numa forma que faz com que ele pareça
ter estado lá o tempo todo, e tanto Butler quanto Beauvoir a rmam que
o gênero é um processo que não tem origem nem m, de modo que é
algo que “fazemos”, e não algo que “somos”.
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DR PHVPR WHPSR H[SOLFLWR VH DOJR T H Mi HUD VDELGR Ki

VpF ORV D VDEHU R T D WR T H R PRYLPH WR GH SHUVHJ LomR
FR WUD DT HOHV T H YLYHP V D VH[ DOLGDGH IRUD GR VWDW V
T R p YLROH WR 3RU PDLV T H D KRPRDIHWLYLGDGH Mi IRV
VH YLROH WDGD SDWRORJL]DGD R FULPL DOL]DGD HP P LWRV
O JDUHV D DPSOLDomR GRV GHEDWHV VREUH Jr HUR FRPHoR
D PRVWUDU PDLV H[SOLFLWDPH WH RV PHFD LVPRV SHUYHUVRV
dessa perseguição. A partir dos movimentos sociais a r
PDWLYRV GHVVDV SRS ODo HV D SHUVHJ LomR VH DJ oR H HV
VDV YLROr FLD VH DSUHVH WDP DV V DV PDLV YDULDGDV IRUPDV
na matança da população travesti, na di culdade da po
S ODomR WUD VH[ DO L JUHVVDU R PHUFDGR GH WUDEDOKR RV
ROKDUHV GLVFULPL DWyULRV DRV FDVDLV KRPRDIHWLYRV DV U DV
nas propostas parlamentares de “cura gay” D L YLVLEL
6REUH LVVR DL GD p I GDPH WDO D OHLW UD GDV WUrV SDUWHV GD KLVWyULD
GD VH[ DOLGDGH GH 0LFKHO )R FD OW D E F
5HVRO omR GR &R VHOKR )HGHUDO GH 3VLFRORJLD SURtEH T DO
T HU WLSR GH L WHUYH omR VHMD SVLFRWHUDSr WLFD R mR D iUHD GD SVL
FRORJLD T H SRVVD SURPRYHU D GLVFULPL DomR GH Jr HUR 6H GR DVVLP p
SURLELGR T DOT HU WLSR GH SVLFRWHUDSLD GH UHYHUVmR VH[ DO R SHVT LVD
T H WH KD HVVH L W LWR L GD DVVLP PRELOL]DGR SRU SD WDV FR VHUYDGR
UDV H GH F KR UHOLJLRVR KR YH PD DomR SRS ODU FULDGD SRU P JU SR
GH SVLFyORJDV H SVLFyORJRV T H T HULDP GHVH YROYHU D SUiWLFD GH UHYHUVmR
VH[ DO (VVH SURFHVVR OHYR D P HPEDWH M UtGLFR PDV WDPEpP WHyULFR
e cientí co com o objetivo de discutir essas práticas, seus efeitos e seus
SURSyVLWRV 3RU PDLV T H R &)3 WH KD VDtGR YLWRULRVR H UHVJDWDGR D REUL
gatoriedade da resolução, esse embate em torno do que cou conhecido
como “cura gay” ainda é intenso e necessário. Por um lado, há grupos que
GHIH GHP R GLUHLWR GD SHVVRD WHU D PmR D SRVVLELOLGDGH GH VH V EPHWHU
D HVVDV SUiWLFDV FDVR HODV T HLUDP GR R WUR R UHFR KHFLPH WR GH T H
HVVDV SUiWLFDV UHIRUoDP D GLVFULPL DomR H T H R IRFR mR GHYHULD VHU D
busca de uma “cura” para as vivências não heterossexuais, mas sim o re
FR KHFLPH WR T H p R SUHFR FHLWR T H JHUD DGRHFLPH WR 6H GR D HVWDO
W 7HUDSLD PD DERUGDJHP IH RPH ROyJLFD p HFHVViULR GHV DW UDOL]DU DV
YLYr FLDV GH Jr HUR H SHUFHEHU D SO UDOLGDGH GH IRUPDV GH H[SUHVVmR GH
nossas experiências sexuais e de outras ordens. Qualquer forma de “cura”
p VHPSUH PD PD HLUD YLROH WD GH DW UDOL]DomR GH RVVDV IRUPDV GH H[
SUHVVmR H SRU LVVR D HVWDOW 7HUDSLD p FRPSOHWDPH WH DYHVVD D T DOT HU
OLGDGH GD SRS ODomR ELVVH[ DO HWF 3RUpP DV HVWUDWpJLDV
GH PHUFDGR DR PHVPR WHPSR T H GLVFULPL DP WDPEpP
E VFDP VH DSURYHLWDU GHVVD SRS ODomR SDUD GHVH YROYHU
mais lucratividade, o chamado “Pink Money”
SRS ODomR L GtJH D WDPEpP SRGHUtDPRV GL]HU VHP
PHGR GH VH VDFLR DOLVPR T H VRIUH RV HIHLWRV GD J HUUD GH
L YDVmR GH V DV WHUUDV GHVGH RV SULPHLURV EDUFRV H URSH V
T H DWUDFDUDP R UDVLO 7H GR V DV WHUUDV VDT HDGDV H L
YDGLGDV V D F OW UD L YDOLGDGD H WLGRV FRPR SUHJ LoRVRV
H L IHULRUHV D SRS ODomR L GtJH D mR VH UHFR KHFH RV
GLVF UVRV KHJHP LFRV T H DSDUHFHP R FDPSR EUDVLOHLUR
Sua língua, seus costumes, seu direito à terra são sistemati
FDPH WH GHVWU tGRV H FRP LVVR DV V DV YLGDV UHG ]LGDV DR
H WH GLPH WR GH T H HODV VmR DWUDVDGDV H mR FLYLOL]DGDV
VH GR DVVLP SDUD P LWD JH WH D VRO omR SDUD D SRS ODomR
L GtJH D T D GR mR p GL]LPi ODV WRU D GR PD PHUD
HVWDWtVWLFD GH DVVDVVL DWRV SRU JULOHLURV GR RV GH WHUUDV H
R WURV JU SRV T H Ki VpF ORV PDWDP HVVD SRS ODomR p GL
zimar sua cultura e querer submetê-los à lógica capitalista
GH HJDomR GD DW UH]D L YDVmR GH V DV WHUUDV GHVWU LomR
GH V D F OW UD 2 PDLV DEV UGR GHVVD OyJLFD p T H VH RV

IRUPD GH WH WDWLYD GH F UD GR T H mR p GRH oD H WUR GHVVD SHUVSHFWL

YD mR SRGHPRV GL]HU T H D KHWHURVVH[ DOLGDGH p PDLV R PH RV DW UDO
T H D KRPRVVH[ DOLGDGH R D WUD VH[ DOLGDGH HWF ,VVR SRUT H D VH[ D
OLGDGH K PD D mR p DW UDO HOD p VHPSUH FR VWU tGD P P GR T H
a dicotomia “natural” e “cultural” foi completamente superada. Porém,
DL GD VLP Ki H[SUHVV HV GH Jr HUR T H DL GD VmR SURI GDPH WH PDLV
submetidas às formas de violência social. Paul Goodman (2012) em HU
HHU SURF UD PRVWUDU R VRIULPH WR T H OKH p LPSRVWR SRU VHU ELVVH[ DO H
WRGDV DV UHSHUF VV HV SROtWLFDV GHVVD H[SHULr FLD
3L N 0R H p PD H[SUHVVmR WLOL]DGD SHOR FDPSR GR 0DUNHWL J SDUD
falar do dinheiro gasto pela população LGBTQI+. Assim, mais do que dis
FULPL DU D OyJLFD GR FDSLWDO H FR WUR P PHUFDGR SRVVtYHO GH DOpP GH
manter a segregação e violência, também construir um nicho especí co de
YH GD H O FUR SDUD HVVH S EOLFR
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L GtJH DV UHFR KHFHP D DW UH]D FRPR SDUWH GH V DV YLGDV

H VH V FRVW PHV WHP FRPR REMHWLYR D PD WH omR GRV OD
ços e do reconhecimento do outro (as orestas, os rios e os
D LPDLV WDPEpP VmR DV F OW UDV L GtJH DV P R WUR T H
GHYH VHU UHVSHLWDGR HP V D DOWHULGDGH H UHFR KHFLPH WR
RV mR L GtJH DV DFKDP T H D IRUPD FRUUHWD GH YLGD p D
HJDomR GLVVR T H p D H[SORUDomR D PRUWH H D GHVWU LomR H
T HUHP T H RV L GtJH DV VH L WHJUHP D HVVD OyJLFD
e FRPR VH HVVDV SRS ODo HV VRIUHVVHP GHVVH PDO V DV
YLGDV VmR PDWiYHLV H VH V VRIULPH WRV LJ RUDGRV SHOR
GLVF UVR KHJHP LFR 2 VHMD R PRYLPH WR FROR LDOLVWD
T H VRIUHPRV UHFR KHFH T H VRPH WH DT LOR T H WHP FRPR
UHIHUr FLD R KRPHP EUD FR FLVJr HUR KHWHURVVH[ DO
DG OWR GH FODVVH PpGLD DOWD H GH F OW UD DGYL GD GR PRGH
OR RUWH DPHULFD R R H URSH SRGH VHU UHFR KHFLGR FRPR
V SHULRU R FRPR EDVH SDUD VH SH VDU DV UHODo HV SROtWLFDV
LJ DOLWiULDV (VVDV SRS ODo HV T H mR ID]HP SDUWH GHVVD
de nição se tornam invisíveis a esse discurso hegemônico,
H SRU LVVR p R GLUHLWR GH VHUHP UHFR KHFLGRV FRPR K PD RV
SOH RV GH GLUHLWRV T H p UR EDGR GH V DV H[SHULr FLDV 2
PHGR GH VHU SUHVR HVW SUDGR DVVDVVL DGR SDUDGR SHOD

6H SH VDUPRV EHP HP VROR EUDVLOHLUR RV L GtJH DV HVWmR HP J HUUD

FRP R HVWDGR Ki PDLV GH D RV HVGH D L YDVmR GR UDVLO SHORV SRU
W J HVHV D SRS ODomR L GtJH D WHP VLGR YLROH WDPH WH DVVDVVL DGD H V D
F OW UD GHVWU tGD 6HJ GR .UH DN D OyJLFD GH GHVWLW LomR GD F OW UD
L GtJH D H GD L YDVmR GH V DV WHUUDV WHP FRPR I GDPH WR D PD WH omR
GH P SURMHWR FDSLWDOLVWD T H YDL D FR WUDPmR GDV LGHLDV GRV SRYRV L GtJH
DV H HP RPH GHVVH SURMHWR Ki WRGD HVVD OyJLFD YLROH WD D V DV F OW UDV
WHUUDV H V DV YLGDV ´2 T H HVWi D EDVH GD KLVWyULD GR RVVR SDtV T H FR
WL D D VHU L FDSD] GH DFROKHU RV VH V KDELWD WHV RULJL DLV VHPSUH UHFRU
UH GR D SUiWLFDV GHV PD DV SDUD SURPRYHU P GD oDV HP IRUPDV GH YLGD
T H HVVDV SRS ODo HV FR VHJ LUDP PD WHU SRU P LWR WHPSR PHVPR VRE R
DWDT H IHUR] GDV IRUoDV FROR LDLV T H DWp KRMH VREUHYLYHP D PH WDOLGDGH
FRWLGLD D GH P LWRV EUDVLOHLURV p D LGHLD GH T H RV t GLRV GHYHULDP HVWDU
contribuindo para o sucesso de um projeto de exaustão da natureza.” (s/p)
SROtFLD VHP PRWLYR YLVWR FRP ROKDUHV M OJDGRUHV p D IDOD
FRP P GH JU SRV VRFLDLV T H Vy E VFDP R UHFR KHFLPH WR
EiVLFR GH VHUHP SROLWLFDPH WH UHFR KHFLGR FRPR SDUWH GR
P GR FRP P L GD DVVLP D VRFLHGDGH UHFKDoD HVVHV JU
SRV H E VFD D WRGR F VWR GHVWLW LU V D F OW UD VH V FRVW PHV
VH V GLUHLWRV V D OL J DJHP VH V FRUSRV V D VH[ DOLGDGH
FRPR HVWUDWpJLDV GH HOLPL DU D WRGR F VWR D SDUWLU GH PD
IRUPD FR VHUYDGRUD D SRVVLELOLGDGH GH GLIHUH oD
VVLP HVVH SDGUmR VRFLDO FR VWLW tGR mR p R WUD FRL
VD VH mR D PD WH omR GD E VFD GH HOLPL DomR GH WRGD H
T DOT HU IRUPD GH GLIHUH oD 2 T H WHPRV FRPR IH PH R
KLVWyULFR VmR RV PRGRV GH FR VWU omR GH PD OyJLFD VRFLDO
DGPL LVWUDGD SHOD E VFD GR SRGHU H SHOR H WH GLPH WR GH
T H SDUD D PD WH omR GR SRGHU p HFHVViULR D HOLPL D
omR GD GLIHUH oD 7UD VIRUPDPRV HP SURFHVVR UHODFLR DO
HOLPL DU DT LOR T H p HVWUD JHLUR SUL FLSDOPH WH R
DSD]LJ DPH WR SUHPDW UR GR HVWUD KDPH WR R T H PDLV
DGLD WH YHUHPRV T H WHP D YHU FRP RV PHFD LVPRV T H
tentam desenvolver a supressão do con itivo). Criamos
HVVH PRGHOR RV V EPHWHPRV L WURMHWDPRV D HOH H R UH
produzimos de forma irre etida. A exigência do igual cria
P URV YLVtYHLV H L YLVtYHLV D VRFLHGDGH HP T H RV V MHLWRV
VmR GLYLGLGRV VRFLDOPH WH SRU V D FODVVH VH Jr HUR H V DV
SRVVLELOLGDGHV GH YLGD 2V VKRSSL JV VHSDUDP D SRS OD
omR T H mR FR YLYH PDLV DV SUDoDV H RV HVSDoRV S EOL
FRV FRP PHGR GD PLVW UD FRP D GLIHUH oD V IDYHODV VmR
MRJDGDV SDUD FLPD GRV PRUURV SDUD D YLJLOk FLD HVWDWDO H
SDUD T H D YLROr FLD DFR WHoD HVFR GLGD HVVHV O JDUHV 2V
FR GRPt LRV H SUpGLRV M WDP RV LJ DLV H LPSRVVLELOLWDP D
FR YLYr FLD FRP D GLIHUH oD D mR VHU T D GR DV IRUPDV
RF OWDV GH SRGHU VH PRVWUDP R IDWR GH T H R SRUWHLUR GR
SUpGLR p P HJUR RUGHVWL R H T D WR D GLDULVWD p PD
 r G
G G i t

HJUD YL GD GH PD FRP LGDGH DIDVWDGD (VVDV IRUPDV

VRFLDLV FR VHJ HP GH IRUPD H[WUHPDPH WH DPEtJ D
HVFD FDUDU D GHVLJ DOGDGH VRFLDO DR PHVPR WHPSR T H D
HVFR GH D DW UDOL]DomR GHVVDV H[SHULr FLDV FRWLGLD DV
6H GR DVVLP LVVR T H p WLGR FRPR PD D WURSRORJLD GD
H URVH GHVFULWD R WRPR WHyULFR GR OLYUR H WDOW 7 HUDS
SRGH VHU DW DOL]DGD R H WH GLPH WR GH DOJR T H YDL DOpP
GD H URVH R VHMD R UHFR KHFLPH WR GH FRPR D UHDOLGDGH
VRFLDO SURF UD FDSW UDU D GLIHUH oD H PD WHU D WRGR F VWR D
OyJLFD HROLEHUDO FDSLWDOLVWD H HVWDWL]D WH HP T H RV FRUSRV
VmR H[SOtFLWD H LPSOLFLWDPH WH FDSW UDGRV H GHWHUPL DGRV
SRU HVVDV OyJLFDV HVWU W UD GH RVVR PRGHOR VRFLDO T H p
SDWULDUFDO FROR LDOLVWD UDFLVWD p PD WLGD SRU PD HVWU W UD
GH SRGHU T H D WHV GH T DOT HU FRLVD O FUD FRP D YLROr
FLD i H WmR PD GLIHUH oD H WUH D OHLW UD GD VRFLHGDGH
FR WHPSRUk HD H D V DV IRUPDV GH FDSW UD GH RVVD H[SH
ULr FLD D D WURSRORJLD GD H URVH H PD GDV SRVVtYHLV IRU
PDV GH UHVLVWr FLD D HVVH PRGHOR RV DM VWDPH WRV H Uy
ticos, que serão descritos mais à frente). A Gestalt-Terapia
SUHFLVD VHU UHFR KHFLGD FRPR P PRYLPH WR GH UHVLVWr FLD
H WUD VIRUPDomR VRFLDO HP T H D T HVWmR p SRVWD IUH WH D
PD VRFLHGDGH T H RV ID] T HVWLR DU 2 T H ID]HU

&KULVWLD NHU WLOL]D D H[SUHVVmR ´ OyJLFD GR FR GR

mínio” (p. 47) para descrever essa lógica contemporânea de segregação
VRFLDO SHODV GLYLV HV SURG ]LGDV H WUH DV FODVVHV VRFLDLV H WDPEpP D VH
JUHJDomR UDFLDO SHORV HVSDoRV UED RV 2V VKRSSL JV FH WHUV RV SUpGLRV H
RV FR GRPt LRV DWp RV FKDPDGRV OSKDYLOOHV FULDP P URV T H GLYLGHP
D VRFLHGDGH H FULD V DV SUySULDV HVWUDWpJLDV GH SROLFLDPH WR P LWDV YH
]HV SDUWLF ODU T H LPSHGHP VHMD H[SOLFLWDPH WH R SRU RUPDWL]Do HV
a entrada daqueles que não fazem parte daquele grupo social especí co.
(VVD p D PD WH omR GD OyJLFD GH DVVHSVLD VRFLDO HP T H WRGD D YLROr FLD
social é maquiada em um espaço que só se tem acesso ao mesmo, a nal,
WRGD IRUPD GH GLIHUH oD p GHL[DGD GH IRUD GRV P URV FR GRPL LDLV
 (VWDPRV IDOD GR GH PD OyJLFD VRFLDO RSUHVVRUD H PD
IRUPD GH DOLH DomR SURG ]LGD SRU HVVD OyJLFD 3RUpP p H
FHVViULR UHFR KHFHU T H Ki VLP PD HVSHUD oD R VH WLGR
GH T H VHPSUH SRGHPRV SH VDU DOpP GDV FR GLo HV Mi GDGDV
SDUD SH VDU VRO o HV FULDWLYDV mR LGHDOLVWD H mR LYHUVD
OLVWD T L WHPRV R H WH GLPH WR GH T H D HVWDOW 7HUDSLD
mR p P SURJUDPD GH VRO omR GRV SUREOHPDV VRFLDLV WDO
FRPR VH S GpVVHPRV FR VWU LU P FDPL KR T H OHYDVVH
à felicidade. A Gestalt-Terapia não acredita em um cami
KR PDV DFUHGLWD T H p SRVVtYHO D FDGD PRPH WR WUDoDU
GLIHUH WHV FDPL KRV GH UHVLVWr FLD H H IUH WDPH WR GHVVDV
FR GLo HV 3RU LVVR D HVWDOW 7HUDSLD UHFR KHFH T H mR
VRPRV PHURV SURG WRV GR PHLR PHVPR VDEH GR T H mR
SRGHPRV SH VDU RVVD DomR GHVFRODGD GD UHDOLGDGH PDWH
ULDO LGHLD GH DM VWDPH WR FULDWLYR SUHVV S H HVVH SRWH
FLDO GH WUD VIRUPDomR GD UHDOLGDGH SDUD DOJR T H mR HVWi
GHVFULWR D SULRUL D UHDOLGDGH e SRUT H VHUi VHPSUH DOpP
GDV FR GLo HV PDWHULDLV T H SRGHPRV SH VDU PD pWLFD H
PD FOt LFD 3RU LVVR D OHLW UD JHVWiOWLFD mR p R WUD FRLVD VH
mR PD SURSRVWD pWLFD L GR P LWR DOpP GH PD SURSRVWD
H[FO VLYDPH WH SVLFRWHUDSr WLFD SUDWLFDGD HP FR V OWyULR
0DV FRPR p SRVVtYHO SH VDU HVVH LU DOpP (P T H PHGLGD
VRPRV FDSD]HV GH SURG ]LU PD DomR T H SRVVD JHUDU PD
GHULYD D VLW DomR FR FUHWD (P T H PHGLGD HVVD LGHLD mR
HVWi VLW DGD HP PD LGHLD GH UDFLR DOLGDGH H SRGH PD WHU
D RVVD FRPSUHH VmR GH FDPSR 3DUD WD WR SUHFLVDPRV GLV
F WLU P FR FHLWR SROrPLFR PDV I GDPH WDO SDUD SH VDU R
FDPSR GD pWLFD D VDEHU R FR FHLWR GH OLEHUGDGH