EHP

EXAMEN DE
CLASIFICACIÓN

GRAMMAR
SPEAKING
 INDEX
3 PRONOUNS
5 VERB TO BE
7 POSSESSIVES
10 ARTICLE
12 PREPOSITIONS ( PLACE / TIME )
14 DEMONSTRATIVES
15 THE HOUR
17 THERE IS / ARE
19 SIMPLE PRESENT
22 SIMPLE PAST
26 SIMPLE FUTURE
28 ADJECTIVES –ED / -ING
29 PRESENT CONTINUOUS
31 PAST CONTINUOUS
33 FUTURE CONTINUOUS
34 PRESENT PERFECT
38 PAST PERFECT
40 FUTURE PERFECT
41 MODALS
42 PERFECT MODALS
43 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
45 COUNTABLE / UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
47 QUANTIFIERS
48 TOO / ENOUGH
50 ZERO CONDITIONAL
51 FIRST CONDITIONAL
51 SECOND CONDITIONAL
52 THIRD CONDITIONAL
53 USED TO / BE USED TO
55 CAUSATIVE VERBS ( PEOPLE / THINGS )
57 ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
58 PASSIVE VOICE
59 WISHES
60 SUCH, EITHER AND NEITHER
62 GERUNDS VS INFINITIVE
65 EMBEDDED QUESTIONS
66 REPORTED SPEECH
67 ARTICLE “THE”
68 ENDING “ED”
69 TIME TABLE
70 LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS
71 VOCABULARY
 PRONOUNS

ACTION NO ACTION

SAME SUBJECT

3
 EXAMPLES
S Subject
Examples
Pronouns
I I like to play the piano
You You enjoy dancing
He He wakes up early.
She She drinks coffee
It It has a beautiful skin.
We You can speak French.
They They live in Manhattan

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5
6
POSSESSIVES ADJECTIVES

7
POSSESSIVES PRONOUNS
EXAMPLES
 It is mine.
 They like theirs.
 She reads hers.
 Which is yours ?
 Mine is the shirt
that has spots.

8
NO THINGS
9
ARTICLES

10
 Peter : Honey , I bought
flowers for you !
Ann : Oh , thanks .

Next day :
Ann : Darling , I wanted the
flowers of this type.

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 PREPOSITIONS OF
TIME
✔ Parts of the day

✔ Holidays

✔ Time (hour)

✔ Years

✔Specific dates ✔ Decades

✔ Days of the week ✔Months

✔ My birthday ✔Parts of the

day
✔ time ( word )
✔Parts of
time

✔Seasons

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 PREPOSITIONS OF
PLACE
• Places in town

IN • Inside
• Transport
• Countries / Cities

• Surface
ON • Social networks
• Transport

AT • Places in town
• Specific places

In a supermarket On the table At Metro

In a box On Netflix At Makro
In a taxi

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14
 THE HOUR

15 ´
A quarter

30 ´
Half

15
 EXAMPLES
6:00
6:00
– It´s six o´clock
6:10 6:
6:1– It´s ten past six 6:
6:15
15 – It´s a quarter past six / It`s fifteen past six.
6:30
– It´s half past six / It`s thirty past six .
6:40
40 – It´s twenty to seven
6:45
- It´s a quarter to seven / It´s fifteen to seven.

6:10 16
17
18
 SIMPLE PRESENT

Routines / Habits / Facts

Structure: Subject + V + C
I / You / We / They
(+ ) I play basketball with my friends.
(-) AUXILIARES
DON´T – I / YOU / WE / THEY
DOESN´T – HE / SHE / IT
EXAMPLES :
(-) I don´t play basketball with my
friends.
(?) Do you play basketball with your
friends?

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He/She/It
(+) Verb + IES / ES / S
She plays basketball with her friends
How can I decide among … + IES / ES
/ S …?
IES – Verb ends in “ Consonant +Y ”
Cry – cries / try – tries
ES – Verb ends in “ H/O/X/S “
Go – goes
Watch –watches
Mix – mixes
S – Other cases
Want – wants / play – plays / enter –
enters

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BE CAREFUL !!
We have to stick to an important rule
here , let`s see some sentences :
She plays basketball.
She does play basketball .
She doesn´t play basketball .
Does she play basketball ?
When there are auxiliaries, you
DON´T have to change the verbs
(only in Simple Times )

✔ Simple Present
✔ Simple Past
✔ Simple Future

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 SIMPLE PAST
Actions that finished and we no
longer do them.
Struct. S + V(past) + C
REGULAR ---- +ED
V ( Past)
IRREGULAR ---- LIST ( 2nd COLUMN)
PAGE 78

How can I know if a verb is

regular or irregular ?

1st Option – Look at the list,

Is the verb included?
Yes – Verify the past form of the verb
and copy.

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NO – Assume that the
verb is REGULAR (+ED)
Degree of Certainty – 99%

 Notice how the verb changes to the

past :
I play basketball with my friends. PRESENT
I PLAYED basketball with my friends. PAST
AUXILIARIES
DID – / I /YOU/WE/THEY/HE/SHE/IT
NEGATIVE: DID NOT / DIDN´T
I didn`t play basketball with my friends.
Question Form :
Did you play basketball with your
friends? 😊
Yes , I did. / No, I didn´t.

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 Special case with the Verb to be

Verb –
To be PRESENT : am / are / is
PAST : was / were

WAS I / HE / SHE / IT

WERE YOU / WE / THEY

Affirmative Form :
We were neighbours until you decided to
move on.

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Negative Form :

 Was not / Wasn´t

He wasn`t my classmate when I was at
the university.
 Were not / Weren´t
They weren`t happy when they were in
their grandfather`s house .
Question Form :
Were they in the office when the tremor
happened ?
Yes , they were / No , they weren`t

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 SIMPLE FUTURE
2 CASES

1 ) WILL / 50 % PROBABILITY / SUDDEN

DECISSIONS

SUBJECT + WILL + V ( Base form ) + C

( + ) Affirmative Form
I Will play basketball with Patty.
( - ) Negative Form :
Will + NOT / WON´T
I won´t play basketball with Patty.
( ? ) Question Form :
Will you play basketball with Patty ?

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 2 ) BE GOING TO / 80 % PROBABILITY /
PLANS

BE GOING TO + V ( Base Form ) /

“ VOY A” + VERBO
I be going to play basketball with Patty.
be – AM/ARE/IS
( + ) Affirmative Form
I am going to play basketball with Patty.
He is going to travel to London .
( - ) Negative Form :
I am NOT going to play basketball with
Patty.
He is NOT going to travel to London .
( ? ) Question Form :
Is he going to travel to London ?

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28
 PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
Structure : VERB TO BE + V-ING
2 CASES : NOW / AS FUTURE

1 ) NOW - AT THE MOMENT

She is playing video games now.

She isn`t playing the guitar at the
moment.
Is she studying for
the test ?
Yes , she is . /
No , she isn´t.

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 2 ) As Future
SOON / SUBJECTIVE / IT DEPENDS ON
THE PERSON
Examples :
My father is coming in 5 minutes.
( for a boy who is used to seeing his
father )
My mother is coming in 2 months.
( for a boy that hasn´t seen his
mother for a lot of years)

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 PAST CONTINUOUS
VERB TO BE + V-ING
( PAST )

1 event interrupted another one (

both are past actions )

Event 1 – Past Continuous

Event 2 – Simple Past ( Interrupting
event )
( + ) Affirmative Form
She was doing her homework when
her mother called her.

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( - ) Negative Form :
+ not / was not / wasn´t
/ were not / weren´t
She wasn´t doing her homework
when her mother called her.

( ? ) Question Form :
Was she doing her homework when
her mother called her ?

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 FUTURE CONTINUOUS

SUBJECT + WILL BE + V-ING + C

Actions that I will be doing for
a certain time (the action is
NOT concluded)

EXAMPLES :
( + ) I will be looking for places to travel
abroad by 2028.
( - ) I won`t be studying math by 2050.
( ? ) Will you be working
for the same company 10
years from now ?

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 PRESENT PERFECT
SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + V-PAST PART + C

AUXILIARIES : HAVE / HAS , Meaning in

Spanish

“HABER”
V-P.P – Ending “ ado/ido “ ( Spanish )
So , If I had “ I have danced “ , the meaning
in Spanish would be “ Yo he bailado “

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 2 EVENTS
1 ) ACTIONS THAT STARTED IN THE PAST
AND THEY CONTINUE TO THE PRESENT .
EMPHASIS : TIME
FOR / SINCE
PAVEL HAS WORKED FOR 6 YEARS .
(PERIOD )
PAVEL HAS WORKED SINCE 2015 .
(STARTING POINT )
( - ) Negative Form :
+ NOT / HAVE NOT / HAVEN`T
HAS NOT / HASN`T
EXAMPLES :
PAVEL HASN´T WORKED FOR 6 YEARS .
PAVEL HASN´T WORKED SINCE 2015 .

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( ? ) Question Form :
HAS PAVEL WORKED SINCE 2015 ?
Yes , he has / No , he hasn´t

2 ) ACTIONS WHERE I DON`T CARE WHEN

THEY WERE DONE .
EMPHASIS : THE FACT ,
 You can also mention the frequency (
optional ) , but TIME is NOT allowed.
( + ) Affirmative Form
PABLO HAS BEEN TO EUROPE TWICE
I HAVE PLAYED BASKETBALL in 1995 / once
( - ) Negative Form :
PAVEL HASN`T WORKED IN THAT PLACE.
I HAVEN`T PLAYED BASKETBALL WITH HER
( ? ) Question Form :
HAS PABLO WORKED FOR YOU ?

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 KEYWORDS

ALREADY
I have already done my homework .
JUST
I have just taken a shower.
EVER
Have you ever travelled to Russia ?
I haven`t ever watched that film
YET
They haven`t played the violin yet .
STILL
I still haven`t danced with Mary.
RECENTLY
She has come back to her house recently.

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 PAST PERFECT
SUBJECT + HAD + V-PAST P- + C

AUXILIARY VERB : HAD ( Había )

I / YOU / HE /
HAD SHE / IT / WE /
THEY

TO PUT IN ORDER 2 ACTIONS THAT

HAVE ALREADY FINISHED.

1ST ACTION PAST PERF.

2ND ACTION SIMP.PAST

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EXAMPLES :

I HAD PLAYED BASKETBALL WHEN MY

MOM CALLED ME.

( - ) Negative Form :
HAD + NOT / HADN`T

I HADN`T PLAYED BASKETBALL WHEN MY

MOM CALLED ME.

( ? ) Question Form :
HAD YOU PLAYED BASKETBALL WHEN
YOUR MOTHER CALLED YOU ?

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 FUTURE PERFECT
SUBJ + WILL HAVE + V-PAST.P + C

Habré ( Spanish )
TO SAY WHICH ACTIONS WE
WILL HAVE DONE BY A
CERTAIN TIME ( The action IS
concluded )
By 2021 , I will have finished my
career .
By 2025 , I won´t have bought a
house yet.
Will you have visited London by
2030 ?

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MODALS

41
 PERFECT MODALS
THEY GENERALLY REFER TO THE PAST
MODAL + HAVE + V.P-P

( +) You should have studied for your test.

Tú deberías haber estudiado …

( - ) You shouldn`t have studied for your

test.

( ? ) Should you have

studied for your test ?

 Yes I should
 No , I shouldn´t

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 COMPARATIVES /
SUPERLATIVES

CASE II

ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

big LESS big THE LEAST big

beautiful LESS beautiful THE LEAST beautiful
bored LESS bored THE LEAST bored

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* Ryan is taller than Lisa.
*Ann is the tallest .
.

EXERCISES:
1. Use comparative adjectives.
1. I am ___________ (tall) my sister.
2. My mum thinks that cats are ___________ (good) pets than
dogs.
3. Cycling is one of ___________ (dangerous) sports.
4. I want to have ___________ (big) car.
5. A blue whale is ___________ (heavy) twenty-five
elephants.
6. You look ___________ (thin) last month. Have you lost
weight?
7. Bicycles are ___________ (slow) cars.
8. She is ___________ (nice) person I know.
9. What is ___________ (good) film you´ve seen?
10. Computers are ___________ (cheap) mobile phones.
11. Is your brother ___________ (tall) you?
12. I think Spanish is ___________ (easy) Japanese.
13. Our dog is ___________ (nice) your dog.
14. Glass bottles are ___________ (good) plastic bottles.
15. I think Rafael Nadal is ___________(good) tennis player in
Spain.

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COUNTABLE NOUNS

45
COUNTABLE
NOUN

46
 QUANTIFIERS
COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE
POCO A FEW A LITTLE
MUY POCO FEW LITTLE

ALGO DE
(uncountable) SOME (+) (?) . SOME (+) (?)
ALGUNOS
( countable ) ANY (-)(¿) ANY (-)(¿)

MUCHO A LOT OF (+)

MANY (-)(¿) MUCH (-) (¿)

COUNTAB UNCOUNTAB
LE LE

- She has A FEW apples. - She has A LITTLE rice in her kitchen.
- She doesn’t have A FEW apples - She doesn’t have A LITTLE rice.

- She bought SOME apples. - She drinks SOME water.

- she didn´t buy ANY apples - She doesn’t drink ANY water.
- Would you like SOME bananas ? - Do you want SOME cheese ?
- Are there ANY chairs ? - Is there ANY sugar for my coffee ?

- I buy A LOT OF computers. - I buy A LOT OF coffee.

- I don´t buy MANY computers. - I don´t buy MUCH coffee

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48
49
 CONDITIONALS
2 EVENTS:
Relationship:
CAUSE AND EFFECT

ZERO CONDITIONAL
100 % probabilidad

IF + S.Present + S.Present

If I freeze water , it
turns into ice .

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 1ST CONDITIONAL
80 % probabilidad

IF + S.Present+ Will

Do NOT use “Be going to”

If I sell my house , I will buy your car.

2ND CONDITIONAL

0 - 20 % probabilidad

IF + S.Past + Modal ( would )

If they were rich , they would help people.

Do NOT use WAS
If I were you , I would say “Yes”

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 3rd CONDITIONAL
Regrets / Lamentos

IF +Past Perfect+ Perfect Modal

If you had studied a lot , you would

have passed the exam.
If we had had more time, we would
have visited Pompeii.
If I had studied more, I would have
passed the exam.
If I had been able to afford it, I would
have bought the jacket.

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 USED TO
USED TO + Verb ( Base form )

Actions you often did in the past

* Examples:

I used to play soccer with

my friends when we were
children.
He used to go to the movies every
weekend 5 years ago .
They didn`t use to smoke when they
were in hospitals .
Did you use to sing salsa music when
you were younger ?

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 BE USED TO
VERB TO BE +USED TO + V-ING

Actions that you usually do in the

present.
• I am used to getting up early.
• He is used to working all the day.
• I am used to living in a flat.
• Are you used to going to the beach
every summer?
• They are used to playing tennis
• He isn´t used to smoking.

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55
56
ADVERBS OF
FREQUENCY

57
 44
PASSIVE
VOICE

TO BE + VERB ( past participle) + BY

TENSE SUBJECT VERB OBJECT

Simple Present Active: Rita writes a letter.

Passive: A letter is written by Rita.
Simple Past Active: Rita wrote a letter.
Passive: A letter was written by Rita.
Present Perfect Active: Rita has written a letter.
Passive: A letter has been written by Rita.
Future Simple Active: Rita will write a letter.
Passive: A letter will be written by Rita.
Modal Verb Active: Rita can write a letter.
Passive: A letter can be written by Rita.

TENSE SUBJECT OBJECT OBJECT

Present Active: Rita is writing a letter.

Continuous Passive: A letter is being written by Rita.
Past Active: Rita was writing a letter.
Progressive Passive: A letter was being written by Rita.
Past Perfect Active: Rita had written a letter.
Passive: A letter had been written by Rita.
Future Perfect Active: Rita will have written a letter.
Passive: A letter will have been written by Rita

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 43
WISHES
(I wish / If only)

Simple Present I wish Simple Past

I don’t like this place. I wish I lived in somewhere more interesting.

Simple past I wish Past Perfect

I wish I had worked harder when I was at school.

will I wish would

I wish you would stop talking.

Exercises:
Complete the sentences.
Use contractions where possible.
1. I wish we (not have) a test today.
2. I wish these exercises (not be) so difficult.
3. I wish we (live) near the beach.
4. Do you ever wish you (can travel) more?
5. I wish I (be) better at math.
6. I wish we (not have to) wear a school uniform.
7. Sometimes I wish I (can fly).
8. I wish we (can go) to Disney World.

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 SO / SUCH / BOTH / EITHER AND NEITHER

SO + ADJECTIVE
It’s so hot!

She is so tall.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SUCH + A/AN + ADJECTIVE + NOUN (singular)

You are such a nice student.

That’s such a pretty dress

SUCH + ADJECTIVE + NOUN (plural)

They are such nice children.

Those are such big shoes.

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Both Frank and Bob live in Chicago.

Either Frank or Bob lives in Chicago.

Neither Frank nor Bob live in Chicago.

* Both students can take the test.

* Either student can take the test.

(Cualquier estudiante puede tomar el examen.)

* Neither student can take the test.

(Ningún estudiante puede tomar el examen.)
 Using the Article “The” ( Definite )
Both of the students can go to the party.
Either of the students can go to the party.
Neither of the students can go to the party.

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 Gerunds vs Infinitive vs
Base Form

Gerunds
V-ing

1) Continuous Times / -ando / -endo

I am eating healthy food.

2) Nouns/ -ar/ -er /-ir

Eating healthy food is Good for
you.
I think eating healthy food could
be a great idea.
The only alternative you have is
studying French.

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 Base Form
( Order )

Go to your bed.
Do your homework .
Be punctual

Infinitive
Context of purpose
/ To + V-base form /
To play / to walk / to study
I went here to play basketball.
The purpose of this lesson is to study
grammar.
To study grammar is good.
Studying grammar is helpful

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 Verbs with Infinitive / Gerunds / Both

1 ) VERB + INFINITIVE ( 80 % )
Want, have, try I want to eat
I want to eat .
I avoid to eat
2 ) VERB + GERUND ( 15 % )
I avoid talking a lot .
Enjoy , avoid , dislike

3 ) VERB + BOTH ( 5 % )

Same meaning -- I like to play / playing

Dif. Meaning – Stop / Remember
1. I stopped smoking for my health.
I stopped to smoke because my mom saw me.

2. I remembered doing my homework.

I remembered to do my homework.

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 EMBEDDED
QUESTIONS

EXERCISES:

1. “ What are you doing here?”She would like to

kow___________________________

2. “ How old are you?”I wanted to know

____________________________

3. “ Where is he from?”They wanted to know

____________________________

4. “ How many sisters has she got?” Could you tell

me______________________________

5. “ Why are you sad?”Jack would like to know

________________________
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 REPORTED SPEECH

A. Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note

whether the sentence is a request, a statement or a
question.

1. He said, "I like this song."

→ He said _________________________________

2. "Where is your sister?" she asked me.

→ She asked me __________________________________

3."I don't speak Italian," she said.

→ She said ____________________________________

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 THE --- ARTICLE ( DEFINITE )

/ DA / - CONSONANT SOUND
THE CAT
THE DOG
THE NOISE
THE UNIVERSITY

/ DI / - VOWEL SOUND

THE END
THE ONLY
THE UMBRELLA

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 “ED”
1 ) / ED / - / ID /
VERBO (B.F) TERMINA – SONIDO EN “T, D”
WANT – WANTED
MIND – MINDED
DECIDE – DECIDED
2)/D/
TERMINACION-SONIDO VIBRA
TRAVEL – TRAVELLED – // TRAVELDi //
PLAN – PLANNED
ENJOY – ENJOYED
LIKE – LIKED / LAIKD /
LOVE - LOVED
3 ) / T / TERMINACION SONIDO - NO VIBRA
WORK – WORKED
STOP – STOPPED
LIKE – LIKED

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69
 LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

70 PRESENT PAST PAST PARTICIPLE

 LINKING WORDS

Order

First parragraph

At first sight: A primera vista

First: En primer lugar
First of all: Antes que nada
In the first place: En primer
lugar
To start with: Para empezar

Second parragraph

In the second place: En

segundo lugar
Second: Segundo
Secondly: En segundo lugar
Third: Tercero
Thirdly: En tercer lugar

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Conclusion

Finally: Por último

In conclusion: Para concluir
Lastly: Por último
And eventually: Y finalmente

Adding information

apart from: Aparte de

in addition: Además
in addition to: Además de
What’s more: Además; lo que es más
moreover: Además
on top of that: Además
besides: Además
On the one hand: Por una parte
On the other hand: Por otra
parte
and eventually: Y finalmente
Furthermore : Además

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Contrast

all the same: a pesar de todo

however: sin embargo
instead of: en vez de
in spite of / despite: a pesar de
nevertheless: no obstante
on the contrary: por el contrario
whereas / while: mientras
though / although: aunque

Reason

because of + noun: a causa de

due to + noun: debido a
due to the fact that + sentence: debido a que
for this / that reason: por esta / esa razón
owing to + noun: debido a
owing to the fact that + sentence: debido a que

Result

as a result: como resultado

because of: a causa de
consequently: en consecuencia
so: por lo tanto
that's why: por eso, por esa
razón...
therefore: por lo tanto
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Expressing facts
actually: en realidad
as a matter of fact: de hecho
in fact: de hecho
really: en realidad

Expressing a personal opinion

as far as I am concerned por lo que a mí respecta
from my point of view desde mi punto de vista
I agree estoy de acuerdo
I disagree no estoy de acuerdo
in my opinion en mi opinión
in my view según lo veo
I think that creo que
it is true that es verdad que
personally personalmente
to be honest, para ser honesto
to tell the truth, a decir verdad

Explain
that is (to say): es decir
in other words: en otras palabras
in short: en resumen
above all: sobre todo
all in all: en general
at least: al menos
basically: básicamente, fundamentalmente
especially: especialmente, sobre todo
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essentially: esencialmente
in general: en general
in particular: en particular
more or less: más o menos
on the whole: en general
to a certain extent: hasta cierto punto

Exemplifying
and so on: etcétera
for example: por ejemplo
for instance: por ejemplo
such as : tal(es)como
Take the example of :
Toma el ejemplo de

Summarizing
all in all: en suma
in brief: en resumen
in conclusion: Para concluir
in short: en resumen
on the whole: en general
to sum up: Para resumir

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Sequencing
after that: después de eso
all of a sudden: de repente
Finally: Finalmente
First of all: En primer lugar
in the end: al final
in the meantime: mientras tanto
meanwhile: mientras tanto
next: luego
suddenly: de repente
then: entonces, después
while: mientras

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